Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Controlled Human Infection Studies (CHIS)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- A recent paper from August 2023 discusses the ethical and financial aspects of Controlled Human Infection Studies (CHIS), where participants are deliberately infected with pathogens.
- The paper argues that $20,000 for a six-month hepatitis C virus challenge study in the U.S. is reasonable, based on participant experiences and responses from potential participants.
Ethical Considerations in CHIS
- Contentious Issues: One major ethical concern in CHIS is the potential for disproportionate payment, which could be seen as an inducement for participation.
- ICMR’s Bioethics Unit Stance: Emphasizes altruism in CHIS participation, suggesting compensation should cover lost wages, incidental expenses, time, and effort.
Views on Altruism and Compensation
- Jake D Eberts’ Perspective: Disagrees with the ICMR’s emphasis on altruism, arguing that monetary motivation, if accompanied by informed consent and risk understanding, isn’t inherently negative.
- Compensation in Past Studies: Eberts received $7,350 for a Shigella study and less than $5,000 for a Zika study. He advocates for higher compensation in CHIS in the U.S.
Compensation Models and Ethical Frameworks
- Dr. Anna Durbin and Dr. Wilbur H. Chen’s Approaches: Compensation based on time, specimen collection, and regional study pay standards. Dr. Chen uses a Wage-Payment model, aligning compensation with unskilled labor wages in somewhat risky jobs.
- Compensation Calculation: For the Shigella study, compensation totaled $7,350, based on various factors like visit duration, risk level, and activities completed.
Differing Opinions on CHIS Compensation
- Paul Zimmer-Harwood’s Experience: Participated in malaria and COVID-19 CHIS, with compensation based on study duration, visits, and inconvenience, not risk.
- COVID-19 CHIS Concerns: Dr. Chen questions the rationale for COVID-19 CHIS, citing the absence of effective therapies and the risk of Long COVID.
Participant Perspectives and Decisions
- Paul’s Decision-Making: Chose to participate in the COVID-19 CHIS due to low perceived risk, previous infection, and vaccination status. Compensation was higher but proportional to study demands.
- Risk Assessment: Paul viewed the risks as acceptable compared to the potential scientific contributions, emphasizing that his decision was informed and measured.
Conclusion
- Complex Ethical Landscape: CHIS presents a nuanced ethical landscape where compensation, risk, and participant motivation must be carefully balanced.
- Importance of Informed Consent: Ensuring participants are fully informed and understand the risks is crucial in maintaining ethical standards in CHIS.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Crimes against Women
Central Idea
- Despite a decline in overall crime rate in 2022, the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report highlights a 4% rise in crimes against women.
- The crime rate dropped to 258.1 per lakh population in 2022 from 268 per lakh in 2021, but crimes against women increased.
Nature of Crimes Against Women
- Major Categories: The majority of crimes included:
- Cruelty by husband or relatives (31.4%),
- Kidnapping and abduction (19.2%),
- Assault with intent to outrage modesty (18.7%), and
- Rape (7.1%).
- Dowry Prohibition Act: 13,479 cases were registered under this act.
Societal and Legal Perspectives
- Patriarchal Society: Activists and lawyers attribute the rise to deep-rooted patriarchal mind-sets in Indian society.
- Legal Framework: Key laws for women’s safety include The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, The Dowry Prohibition Act, The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, and others.
- Implementation Challenges: Despite strong laws, their effective implementation remains a challenge.
Interpretation of Increased Crime Registration
- NCRB Report Findings: Over 4.45 lakh cases of crimes against women were registered in 2022, indicating a high rate of 66.4 crimes per lakh population.
- Charge Sheet Filing Rate: The rate of filing charge sheets in such cases was 75.8%.
- Views on Increased Registration: Some experts view the rise as indicative of women’s increased confidence in approaching police, while others see it as a reflection of persistent inequality and societal attitudes.
Regional Variations in Crime Registration
- Delhi’s High Crime Rate: With 14,247 cases, Delhi recorded the highest rate of crimes against women at 144.4 per lakh.
- Contrast with Other Regions: In many parts of India, especially rural areas, crime registration is low, and fear of police is high.
Challenges in Law Enforcement and Judiciary
- Policing Issues: There is a lack of trained police officers for investigations, leading to poor charge sheet preparation.
- Judicial Delays: Cases take years in trial courts, with appeals extending the duration further.
- Fast-Track Courts: Despite their existence, fast-track courts for grievous crimes are as slow as regular courts.
Representation of Women in Police Force
- Low Proportion: Women police officers’ representation in the force is low, leading to disproportionate workloads and slower charge sheeting and convictions.
- Ministry of Home Affairs Data: As of January 1, 2022, women constituted only 11.7% of the total state police force.
Conclusion
- Need for Strong Political Will: Effective policies and programs are required to elevate women’s status and address the root causes of gender-based violence.
- Improving Law Enforcement and Judiciary: Enhancing police training, increasing women’s representation in the force, and expediting judicial processes are crucial steps.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: EU's AI Legal Framework
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- European Commissioner Thierry Breton announced on the provisional deal on the world’s first comprehensive AI regulation.
- Finally, the EU becomes the first continent to set clear rules for AI use, following a long negotiation between the European Parliament and EU member states.
EU’s AI Legal Framework
- Safeguards and Restrictions: The legislation includes strict guidelines on AI use by law enforcement and consumer rights to file complaints against violations.
- Facial Recognition and Manipulation: Strong restrictions are placed on facial recognition technology and AI that manipulates human behavior.
- Biometric Surveillance: Governments are limited to using real-time biometric surveillance in public areas only under serious threats, like terrorist attacks.
- Breton’s Vision: The legislation is seen as a launch pad for EU startups and researchers to lead in AI, aiming for technology development that respects safety and rights.
Details of the EU AI Act
- Risk-Based Classification: AI applications are divided into four risk classes, ranging from largely banned applications to high-risk and medium-risk categories.
- High-Risk Applications: Includes AI tools for self-driving cars, subject to certification and public scrutiny.
- Medium-Risk Applications: Such as generative AI chatbots require detailed documentation and transparency obligations.
Europe’s Leadership in Tech Regulation
- Contrast with the US: Europe has led in tech regulation, with laws like GDPR, DSA, and DMA, focusing on privacy and curbing tech majors’ dominance.
- US Approach: The White House Executive Order on AI and an AI Bill of Rights aim to provide a blueprint for AI regulation.
Different Approaches to AI Regulation
- Global Policy Scrutiny: Policymakers worldwide are increasingly focusing on regulating generative AI tools, with concerns over privacy, bias, and intellectual property.
- EU’s Stringent Stance: The EU adopts a tougher approach, categorizing AI based on invasiveness and risk.
- UK’s Light-Touch Approach: Aims to foster innovation in AI.
- US’s Intermediate Position: The US approach lies between the EU and the UK.
- China’s Regulatory Measures: China has also released its guidelines to regulate AI.
India’s Approach to AI
- Focus on Sovereign AI: India emphasizes developing its sovereign AI, particularly for real-life applications in healthcare, agriculture, governance, and language translation.
- Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) Model: India’s DPI approach involves government-sanctioned technology offered to private entities for various use cases.
- Minister Rajeev Chandrasekhar’s Vision: The goal is to leverage AI for economic development, with a focus on Indian startups and companies driving the AI ecosystem.
Conclusion
- Worldwide Impact: The EU’s AI Act sets a precedent for global AI regulation, influencing how countries approach AI governance.
- Balancing Innovation and Regulation: The challenge lies in fostering AI innovation while ensuring ethical use and safeguarding individual rights.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Operation Storm Makers II
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Interpol operation Storm Makers II against fraud schemes fuelled by victims of human trafficking has unearthed further evidence that the trend is expanding beyond the Southeast Asian region.
About Operation Storm Makers II
- This operation was a special mission organized by Interpol Headquarters in Lyon, France.
- The operation took place from October 16 to 20.
- It involved law enforcement in 27 countries across Asia and other regions.
The operation targeted human trafficking and cyber scams. It resulted in:
- Rescue of 149 human trafficking victims
- Hundreds of arrests
- More than 270,000 inspections and police checks
Back2Basics: INTERPOL
|
Details |
| Full Name |
International Criminal Police Organization |
| Member Countries |
Comprises 195 member countries |
| Function |
Facilitates coordination among police forces globally; shares data on crimes and criminals |
| Headquarters |
Located in Lyon, France |
| Global Complex |
Has a Global Complex for Innovation in Singapore |
| Satellite Offices |
Several regional offices in different parts of the world |
| India’s Membership |
Joined in June 1956 |
| National Central Bureau (NCB) |
Each member country has an NCB; in India, it’s under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
NCBs are the contact points for Interpol’s General Secretariat and other NCBs; run by police officials of the country |
| Databases |
Manages 19 police databases with real-time access to information on crimes and criminals |
| Investigative Support |
Provides forensic, analysis, and assistance in locating fugitives globally |
| Red Notice (RN) |
Issued to alert police worldwide about fugitives wanted for prosecution or to serve a sentence; for provisional arrest pending extradition or similar legal action |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PM Vishwakarma Scheme
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The PM Vishwakarma Scheme, launched by the Centre on September 17, has received over 21 lakh applications in two and a half months, data from the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) show.
PM Vishwakarma Scheme
- The PM Vishwakarma Scheme boasts an impressive allocation of Rs 13,000 crore, fully funded by the Central government.
- It aims to benefit individuals predominantly from the OBC community engaged in traditional skills and crafts such as carpentry, gold-smithing, masonry, laundry services, and more.
- The scheme derives its name from Vishwakarma, a revered figure in Hindu mythology known as the architect of the gods.
- Vishwakarma was the divine carpenter and master craftsman responsible for crafting the gods’ weapons, building their cities and chariots.
- He is considered the patron deity of workers, artisans, and artists.
Eligibility for the Scheme
- Supported Sectors: The PM Vishwakarma Scheme extends assistance to families associated with 18 diverse sectors, including carpentry, boat making, blacksmithing, goldsmithing, pottery, and more.
- Registration: Vishwakarma workers can register for free through Common Services Centres using the biometric-based PM Vishwakarma portal.
Features of the Scheme
- Recognition: Workers will receive recognition through the PM Vishwakarma certificate and ID card.
- Skill Upgradation: The scheme offers basic and advanced training to enhance skills.
- Toolkit Incentive: Artisans receive a toolkit incentive of ₹15,000.
- Credit Support: Collateral-free credit support is provided up to ₹1 lakh (first tranche) and ₹2 lakh (second tranche) at a concessional interest rate of 5%.
- Digital Transactions: Incentives for digital transactions and marketing support are available.
- Knowledge Enhancement: A toolkit booklet, available in 12 Indian languages with accompanying videos, helps workers stay updated on new technologies in their field.
- Skill Training Stipend: Artisans can benefit from a stipend of Rs 500 for skill training and Rs 1,500 for purchasing modern tools.
- Coverage: The scheme aims to cover five lakh families in the first year and 30 lakh families over five years.
- Global Integration: It also seeks to integrate Vishwakarma into domestic and global value chains.
Need for such scheme
- Traditional craftsmen and skilled artisans, often taught these crafts by family elders, have encountered several hurdles.
- These include a lack of professional training, access to modern tools, geographical remoteness from relevant markets, and limited capital for investment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: gene and cell therapy
Mains level: gene and cell therapy
Central idea
The article underscores the transformative potential of gene and cell therapy in addressing India’s healthcare challenges, particularly genetic disorders, cancer, and infectious diseases. It emphasizes the imperative for a paradigm shift, highlighting the need for collaborative efforts, regulatory frameworks, and increased awareness to integrate these therapies into mainstream healthcare.
Key Highlights:
- Genetic Disorders in India: Over 40 million individuals in India suffer from genetic disorders, emphasizing the urgent need for advanced treatments like gene therapy.
- Haemoglobinopathies: Conditions like Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anaemia affect millions, and gene therapy offers a potential cure by addressing the root genetic mutations.
- Cancer Treatment: With 1.16 million new cancer cases annually, gene and cell therapy, especially CAR-T therapy, present precision medicine solutions tailored to individual genetic profiles.
- Infectious Diseases: Gene therapy shows promise in treating infectious diseases, including potential applications against viral threats like dengue, HIV/AIDS, and others.
- Future Vision: Gene and cell therapies anticipate a future of precise and personalized treatments, reducing economic burdens associated with chronic conditions.
Key Challenges:
- Infrastructure Limitations: Integrating gene and cell therapy into mainstream healthcare faces challenges related to infrastructure readiness.
- Ethical Considerations: The ethical implications of gene therapy, including issues of consent and long-term consequences, pose challenges to widespread adoption.
- Awareness Gap: Limited awareness among healthcare professionals and the public about gene and cell therapy hinders successful integration.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Precision Medicine: Tailored medical approaches considering the unique genetic makeup of each patient.
- Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T): Modifying a patient’s immune cells to target cancer cells, exemplifying precision medicine.
- mRNA Vaccines: Groundbreaking gene-therapy products, as seen in Covid-19 vaccines like Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna.
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID): A genetic disorder potentially treatable with gene therapy to restore normal immune function.
Key Quotes:
- “Gene therapy is not just about managing symptoms — it is about rewriting the genetic code that underlies these conditions.”
- “The imperative lies in investing in research and infrastructure to make these transformative therapies accessible to those who need them.”
- “Gene and cell therapy are not just treatments; they are the future of healthcare.”
Key Examples and References:
- Haemoglobinopathies Impact: Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anaemia affecting 40 million individuals in India.
- Cancer Cases: Over 1.16 million new cancer cases annually, highlighting the demand for advanced treatments.
- mRNA Vaccines: Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna Covid-19 vaccines as groundbreaking gene-therapy products.
Key Facts and Data:
- Demographic Impact: Genetic disorders affect millions in India, necessitating advanced treatments.
- Cancer Statistics: Over 1.16 million new cancer cases reported annually in India.
- Economic Burden: Gene therapy’s potential to reduce long-term healthcare costs for chronic genetic conditions.
Critical Analysis:
- Integration Challenges: Infrastructural and ethical challenges pose hurdles to the mainstream integration of gene and cell therapy.
- Opportunities for Collaboration: Challenges present opportunities for collaborative efforts among scientific communities, industries, policymakers, and healthcare providers.
- Need for Awareness: Limited awareness emphasizes the importance of enhancing awareness among healthcare professionals and the public for successful integration.
Way Forward:
- Collaborative Efforts: Encourage collaboration between scientific communities, industries, policymakers, and healthcare providers to overcome challenges.
- Regulatory Frameworks: Develop regulatory frameworks balancing innovation with ethical considerations to guide gene therapy integration.
- Research and Development: Invest in research and development to advance gene and cell therapy, addressing infrastructure limitations and ethical concerns.
- Public Awareness: Foster awareness among healthcare professionals and the public to ensure successful integration into the broader healthcare landscape.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Key Facts and Data, Incremental Capital-Output Ratio (ICOR)
Mains level: India's growth prospects amidst global challenges
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kesavananda Bharati Case
Mains level: Basic Structure
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: Israel’s “right to defend”
Central idea
The article explores the tragic situation in Palestine, emphasizing the West’s complicity in enabling Israel’s actions. It highlights the suppression of freedom of expression, media bias, and challenges in Europe, calling for an exposé of Western democracies’ hypocrisies and a truthful reckoning to address the root causes of Palestinian oppression.
Key Highlights:
- Tragic Toll: The passage reveals the staggering death toll of over 17,000 Gazans since October 7, underscoring the magnitude of the ongoing tragedy.
- West’s Enabling Role: The West is implicated in enabling Israel’s actions through support, framing the conflict, and reducing Palestine to the actions of Hamas.
Key Challenges:
- Freedom of Expression Suppression: Western societies, despite professing democracy, are suppressing freedom of expression, particularly in universities, where pro-Palestine advocates face public exposure.
- Media Bias: The media, a significant influencer, is criticized for its overwhelming bias towards Israel, neglecting the historical roots and international illegality of Israeli occupation.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Zionism and Apartheid: These terms highlight ideological aspects and the discriminatory nature of certain Israeli policies.
- Genocidal Intent and Settler Colonialism: These phrases emphasize the severity of actions and the historical context of Israeli actions in Palestinian territories.
Key Quotes:
- “The West has shockingly enabled this [tragedy] in various ways,” pointing to the culpability of Western nations.
- “The media has been key in framing the Palestine-Israel conflict for 75 years,” exposing the media’s role in shaping public perception.
Key Examples and References:
- University Actions: Instances of Harvard and Columbia exposing details of pro-Palestine students highlight the suppression faced by advocates.
- European Countries’ Stance: The passage cites bans on pro-Palestinian protests in countries like the U.K., France, Germany, and Italy as concrete examples of European support for Israel.
Key Facts and Data:
- Death Toll: Over 17,000 Gazans killed since October 7, quantifying the scale of the tragedy.
- Harvard’s Philanthropy Dependency: Highlighting that 45% of Harvard’s revenue in 2022 came from philanthropy underscores the potential influence of donors.
Critical Analysis:
- Suppression of Free Speech: The critical analysis underscores the severe impact of suppressing freedom of expression on informed dialogue.
- Media’s Role: Emphasizing media bias prompts reflection on the potential manipulation of public opinion.
Way Forward:
- Expose Hypocrisies: Advocates for change should actively expose the hypocrisies of Western democracy, challenging the status quo.
- Acknowledge Complicity: A call to acknowledge Western complicity in Palestinian oppression encourages introspection and accountability.
- Listen to Dissenting Voices: Encouraging the acknowledgment of dissenting voices, including Jewish dissenters, fosters a more inclusive dialogue.
- Truthful Reckoning: Highlighting the need for a truthful reckoning emphasizes the importance of understanding historical roots and actions for a sustainable resolution.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Raja Ram Pal Case (2007), Article 105 , Article 20
Mains level: Parliamentary ethics and morals
Central Idea: Expulsion of Mahua Moitra
- A Member of Parliament from West Bengal was expelled from the Lok Sabha over allegations of a cash-for-query scandal.
- Her expulsion highlights the importance of maintaining strict ethical standards and parliamentary etiquette in legislative proceedings.
Parliamentary Etiquette and Rules
- Expected Conduct of MPs: MPs must adhere to rules of parliamentary etiquette, such as not interrupting speeches, maintaining silence, and avoiding obstruction during debates.
- Updated Rules for Modern Protests: In 1989, rules were updated to include prohibitions against shouting slogans, displaying placards, tearing documents, and using electronic devices for protest in the House.
- Rajya Sabha’s Similar Rules: The Rajya Sabha, like the Lok Sabha, has similar rules to ensure smooth conduct of proceedings.
Power of Suspension in Parliament
- Presiding Officer’s Authority: The presiding officer of each House can direct an MP to withdraw from the chamber for disorderly conduct, resulting in absence for the day.
- Naming and Suspension Process: MPs obstructing House business can be “named” by the presiding officer, leading to a possible suspension motion by the Parliamentary Affairs Minister.
- Duration of Suspension: Suspensions can last until the end of the session.
Legal Recourse: Approaching the Supreme Court
- Option for Judicial Review: The expelled MP has the option to challenge the expulsion in the Supreme Court, as explained by former Lok Sabha Secretary General P D T Achary.
- Constitutional Provisions: Article 122 of the Constitution provides immunity to parliamentary proceedings from judicial scrutiny based on procedural irregularity.
- Scope for Judicial Review: Despite this immunity, the Supreme Court in the 2007 Raja Ram Pal case clarified that judicial review is possible in cases of substantive or gross illegality.
The Raja Ram Pal Case (2007)
- Case Background: Raja Ram Pal, a BSP leader, was among 12 MPs expelled in the 2005 cash-for-query scam.
- Supreme Court’s Stance: The Court upheld the expulsion but noted that proceedings tainted by substantial illegality are open to judicial scrutiny.
- Judicial Review of Parliamentary Actions: The Court affirmed its role in scrutinizing legislative actions that infringe on fundamental rights.
Article 105 of the Constitution
- Powers and Privileges of Parliament: Article 105 deals with the powers, privileges, and immunities of Parliament and its Members.
- Judicial Scrutiny of Privilege Enforcement: The Court recognized that the enforcement of privilege by the legislature can be subject to judicial review, within certain constitutional limits.
Grounds for Challenging Expulsion
- Examining Privilege and Procedure: The court can scrutinize whether the privilege cited for expulsion existed and if proper procedures were followed.
- Functioning of Committees: The roles of the Privileges Committee and Ethics Committee are distinct, focusing on investigating misconduct and ensuring dignity in the House.
- Investigative Procedures: Proper investigative procedures, including the right to depose and cross-examine, are essential for fairness and truth-finding.
Determining Offense and Punishment
- Article 20 of the Constitution: This article stipulates that punishment requires an existing law defining the act as an offense.
- Case-Specific Issues: In the case of the expelled MP, issues like sharing Parliament login-passwords and accepting money for questions are examined for rule violations.
- Breach of Privilege and Inquiry: Accepting money for asking questions in Parliament is a breach of privilege warranting inquiry by the Privileges Committee.
Conclusion
- Ongoing Debate and Implications: The case continues to spark debate on the limits of parliamentary privilege, the role of the judiciary, and the ethical standards expected of elected representatives.
- Balancing Authority and Rights: The expulsion case underscores the delicate balance between parliamentary authority and the rights of its members.
- Importance of Judicial Oversight: The potential for judicial review emphasizes the importance of legal oversight in maintaining democratic principles and fairness in legislative processes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mauritian Dodo
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Mauritian authorities are now working to resurrect the human-caused extinct bird ‘Dodo’.
About Mauritian Dodo
|
Details |
| Scientific Name |
Raphus cucullatus |
| Physical Characteristics |
Large, flightless bird; about 1 meter tall, weighing 10-18 kg; large beak, stubby wings. |
| Habitat |
Endemic to Mauritius, an island in the Indian Ocean; lived in forests and possibly coastal areas. |
| Discovery and Extinction |
Discovered by Dutch Colonist in late 16th century; extinct by the late 17th century, last sighting around 1662. |
| Causes of Extinction |
Human hunting and introduced species like rats, pigs, and monkeys. |
| Diet |
Likely fruits, nuts, seeds, bulbs, and possibly small animals. |
| Behavior |
Exhibited no fear of humans due to lack of natural predators. |
| Cultural Impact |
Symbol of extinct and endangered species; featured in the phrase “as dead as a dodo.” |
| Representation |
Depicted in literature and art, notably in Lewis Carroll’s “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland.” |
Science of De-Extinction
- Genetic Blueprint: The first step in de-extinction is obtaining a complete and accurate genome of the species.
- Genome Sequencing: Paleo-geneticists have successfully sequenced the dodo’s genome using DNA from a museum specimen.
- Comparative Genomics: The dodo’s genome is being compared with that of its closest extinct and extant relatives to identify unique dodo traits.
Process of Resurrecting
- Editing Genetic Material: The project involves editing the primordial germ cells (PGCs) of the Nicobar pigeon, the dodo’s closest living relative, to express dodo traits.
- Interspecies Surrogacy: These edited PGCs will be inserted into chicken embryos, with chickens acting as interspecies surrogates to potentially birth a dodo offspring.
- Physical Resemblance: The aim is to create a bird physically indistinguishable from historical accounts of the dodo.
Challenges and Concerns
- Scientific Hurdles: Experts emphasize the complexity of recreating a species and the time required for selective breeding to achieve dodo-like characteristics.
- Habitat Restoration: Mauritius’ transformed landscape poses challenges for reintroducing the dodo, necessitating the control or removal of invasive species.
- Alternative Habitats: The project considers reintroducing dodos to more pristine, uninhabited islands like Round Island and Aigrettes.
Motivations behind the Project
- Ecosystem Restoration: Reintroducing the dodo could help restore mutualistic relationships in Mauritius’ ecosystem, particularly in seed dispersal.
- Conservation Technology: The techniques developed could aid in conserving and restoring other endangered avian species.
- Symbolic Value: The project is driven by a desire to create ‘conservation optimism’, using the dodo as a symbol of hope in the face of human-caused extinctions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Meftal drug
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Pharma standard body Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) has issued a drug safety alert for commonly used painkiller mefenamic acid, popularly sold under the brand name Meftal.
What is Meftal used for?
- Meftal 500, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) is usually prescribed in treatment for conditions like menstrual pain, headache, muscle, joint, or dental pain.
- It has been advised to take the table with food.
- The most common side effects of the medicine include mild vomiting, stomach pain, nausea, headache, and dizziness.
What does the alert against Meftal say?
- IPC stated that a preliminary analysis of adverse drug reactions from the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI) database revealed drug reactions with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome.
- DRESS, also known as drug induced hypersensitivity syndrome, is an adverse drug reaction that can even be life threatening.
- It may cause damage to several organs, especially to the kidneys, heart, lungs, and pancreas.
- The mortality rate is high and is about 10 per cent.
Back2Basics: Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC)
|
Details |
| Establishment |
1956,
An autonomous body under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare |
| Primary Objective |
To promote public health by setting and updating standards for drug quality in India. |
| Key Publication |
Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP), a legally recognized book of drug standards. |
| Role in Drug Regulation |
Standards set in the IP are enforceable by law, crucial for India’s drug regulatory framework. |
| International Recognition |
Collaborates with WHO and aligns with global drug standards. |
| Pharmacovigilance Program |
Involved in monitoring and analyzing adverse drug reactions through the PvPI. |
| Quality Control & Training |
Engages in drug quality control and provides training to regulatory bodies and the pharmaceutical industry. |
| Publication Updates |
Periodically updates the IP to include new drugs and revise existing standards. |
| Collaboration |
Works with the pharmaceutical industry, academia, and regulatory bodies. |
| Global Harmonization |
Aims to harmonize the IP with international pharmacopoeias like the USP and BP. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Legal Practitioners Act, 1879
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The primary aim of the recent legislative changes is to eliminate ‘touts’ from the legal system and streamline legal practice in India.
- The Legal Practitioners Act, 1879, a colonial-era law, and the Advocates Act, 1961, have been central to the regulation of legal practitioners in India.
- The Bill repeals the 1879 Act and amends the 1961 Act to reduce redundant laws and repeal obsolete ones.
The Legal Practitioners Act, 1879
- Inception and Scope: Enacted in 1880, it aimed to consolidate the law relating to legal practitioners in certain Indian provinces.
- Definition of Legal Practitioner: The Act defined legal practitioners as advocates, vakils, or attorneys of any High Court.
- Introduction of ‘Tout’: A significant aspect was the definition of ‘tout’, referring to individuals who procure clients for legal practitioners for remuneration.
The Advocates Act, 1961
- Consolidation of Legal Practice Laws: This Act was enacted to unify and amend laws relating to legal practitioners and establish Bar Councils and an All-India Bar.
- Pre-1961 Legal Framework: Previously, legal practitioners were governed by multiple acts, including the 1879 Act.
- Law Commission and All-India Bar Committee Recommendations: Post-independence, reforms were suggested by the Law Commission and the All-India Bar Committee, leading to the 1961 Act.
The Advocates Amendment Bill, 2023
- New Provisions: The Bill introduces a new section (Section 45A) in the 1961 Act, focusing on illegal practice and the regulation of touts.
- Punishment for Illegal Practice: It prescribes imprisonment for persons illegally practicing in courts and other authorities.
- Regulation of Touts: The Bill empowers High Courts and district judges to frame and publish lists of touts, ensuring due process before inclusion.
- Penalties for Touts: It includes provisions for punishing individuals acting as touts with imprisonment, fines, or both.
Rationale and Implications
- Streamlining Legal Enactments: The Bill aims to reduce superfluous laws and repeal those that have become obsolete.
- Government’s Policy on Obsolete Laws: In line with the government’s policy to repeal outdated pre-independence Acts, the Bill seeks to modernize legal practice regulations.
- Consultation with Bar Council of India: The amendments were made in consultation with the Bar Council of India, reflecting a collaborative approach to legal reform.
Conclusion
- Addressing Legal System Complexities: The Bill addresses long-standing issues in the legal system, particularly the exploitation of legal complexities by touts.
- Balancing Tradition and Modern Needs: By repealing outdated laws and amending existing ones, the Bill balances the need to respect legal traditions with the demands of contemporary legal practice.
- Future Outlook: These changes are expected to enhance the integrity and efficiency of legal practice in India, contributing to a more transparent and accessible legal system.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Essential Services Maintenance Act (ESMA)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Odisha Government invoked its Essential Services (Maintenance) Act (ESMA) prohibiting strikes by paramedical staff, including nurses, pharmacists and technicians to ensure that medical services are not disrupted.
About Essential Services Maintenance Act (ESMA)
- Description: The Essential Services Maintenance Act (ESMA) is a significant piece of legislation enacted by the Parliament in 1968.
- Constitutional Placement: It falls under list no. 33 in the 7th schedule under the concurrent list of the Indian Constitution.
- Purpose: ESMA is primarily used by states to manage strikes by employees, especially in essential services.
- Essential Services: The Act empowers the government to designate any economic activity or service as ‘essential’, where disruption would impact the normal life of people.
Provisions and Powers under ESMA
- Police Authority: The Act grants police the authority to arrest protestors without a warrant if they violate the provisions of ESMA.
- State-Specific Provisions: Each Indian state has its unique version and provisions of the ESMA.
Right to Strike in Context
- Worker’s Basic Right: Striking is a fundamental means for workers to legitimately promote and defend their economic and social interests.
- Legal Status: While the right to protest is a fundamental right under Article 19 of the Indian Constitution, the right to strike is a legal right with certain restrictions.
- Industrial Dispute Act 1947: This act outlines the legal framework and restrictions for strikes, especially in public sectors and essential services.
- Restrictions in Specific Sectors: Strikes are particularly restricted for public sector employees, banking, oil, metropolitan transport, and education sectors under state jurisdiction.
International Labor Organization (ILO) and the Right to Strike
- ILO’s Stance: The ILO’s Committee on Freedom of Association has established principles regarding the right to strike.
- Essential Services Definition: Essential services are those whose interruption could endanger the life, safety, or health of part or all of the population.
- Examples of Essential Services: The committee identifies sectors like hospitals, electricity, water supply, telephone services, and air traffic control as essential services.
- Restriction on Strikes: Employees in these essential services are generally not permitted to strike.
Problems and Criticisms of ESMA
- Irresponsible Use: The Act has been criticized for its sometimes irresponsible and unwise implementation.
- Suppression of Democratic Rights: ESMA is seen as monopolizing power and suppressing the democratic rights of stakeholders, particularly the right to protest or strike.
- Government’s Overpowering Role: Critics argue that ESMA dangerously skews the balance in industrial relations towards the government in the public sector.
Conclusion
- Debate on ESMA’s Role: The Essential Services Maintenance Act remains a contentious topic, balancing the need for uninterrupted essential services with the rights of workers to strike.
- Need for Responsible Implementation: Responsible and democratic application of ESMA is crucial to maintain this balance.
- Ongoing Discussions: The Act continues to spark debate about the extent of government power and the protection of workers’ rights in essential sectors.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement
Mains level: Sri Lanka's land connectivity with India for regional economic integration
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)
Mains level: RBI's use of measures like an incremental cash reserve ratio and open market sales to manage liquidity
Central idea
The RBI’s recent monetary policy decision maintains a cautious stance, driven by concerns over persistent food inflation and global central banks signaling higher interest rates. Despite a positive economic outlook, challenges include incomplete transmission of past rate hikes and potential risks from interconnectedness between banks and non-banks.
Key Highlights:
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) maintained its pause on monetary policy and retained the withdrawal-of-accommodation stance.
- Reasons for the decision include ongoing concerns about inflation, particularly in critical food items, despite a recent decrease.
- Influences from systemically important central banks, such as the US Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank, impact India’s monetary policy.
Key Challenges:
- Persistent risks from food inflation, driven by factors like an uneven monsoon and global food supply uncertainties.
- Impact of higher interest rates signaled by central banks like the US Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank on India’s economy.
- Incomplete transmission of past rate hikes into lending rates poses challenges for the RBI.
Key Terms:
- Monetary Policy Committee (MPC): A committee responsible for framing India’s monetary policy.
- Core CPI Inflation: Consumer Price Index inflation excluding volatile food and fuel components.
- Macroprudential Tools: Measures used by central banks to ensure the stability of the financial system.
Key Phrases:
- “The battle against inflation is far from over.”
- “Systemically important central banks signal higher-for-longer interest rates.”
- “Transmission of past rate hikes into lending rates remains incomplete.”
Key Quotes:
- “The RBI expects consumer inflation at 5.4 per cent this fiscal, while our forecast is slightly higher at 5.5 per cent.” (Authors)
- “The RBI Governor flagged increasing interconnectedness between banks and non-banks, raising the possibility of stress contagion.” (RBI Governor)
Key Statements:
- “Despite rate increases, bank credit growth has sustained over 15 per cent this fiscal, unchanged from last year.”
- “India will continue to be a growth outperformer among large economies this fiscal.”
Key Examples and References:
- Influence of US Federal Reserve and European Central Bank’s higher interest rates on global monetary policies.
- RBI’s use of measures like an incremental cash reserve ratio and open market sales to manage liquidity.
Key Facts and Data:
- RBI’s forecast for consumer inflation: 5.4 per cent.
- GDP growth forecast lifted to 7 per cent for the fiscal year.
Critical Analysis:
- Emphasizes ongoing concerns about inflation, particularly in critical food items.
- Highlights the impact of global central banks’ policies on India’s monetary decisions.
- Raises the challenge of incomplete transmission of rate hikes into lending rates.
Way Forward:
- Monitor and address risks related to food inflation and global interest rate dynamics.
- Continue using measures like liquidity management and macroprudential tools for financial stability.
- Assess and manage potential challenges arising from the interconnectedness of banks and non-banks.
- Anticipate and address the impact of rising interest rates on India’s economy.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
Mains level: safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products
Central idea
The study reveals a startling prevalence of unapproved and banned Fixed Dose Combinations (FDCs) of antibiotics in India, posing risks of antimicrobial resistance. The pharmaceutical industry’s exploitation of FDCs to evade regulations, coupled with regulatory inefficiencies, calls for urgent interventions to safeguard public health
Key Highlights:
- Alarming Prevalence: In 2020, 60.5% of antibiotics in India were unapproved FDCs, with an additional 9.9% banned, raising concerns about antimicrobial resistance.
- Patient Compliance vs. Risks: FDCs, aimed at improving patient adherence, pose risks due to potential interactions between combined drugs, necessitating a stringent approval process.
- Pharmaceutical Industry’s Strategy: Exploitation of FDCs allows the industry to evade drug price regulations, contributing to the proliferation of irrational combinations.
Key Challenges:
- Regulatory Framework Inefficiency: Continued sale of unapproved FDCs highlights regulatory inefficiency, allowing non-compliance despite existing legal provisions.
- Reactive Regulatory Measures: Reliance on Section 26A orders reveals a reactive rather than proactive regulatory approach, indicating systemic challenges.
Key Terms:
- Fixed Dose Combination (FDC): Combinations of multiple drugs in a single dosage form, potentially affecting drug interactions and therapeutic efficacy.
- Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): The ability of microorganisms to resist the effects of medications, posing a global health threat.
Key Phrases:
- Pharmaceutical Industry’s Exploitation: The strategic use of FDCs to avoid regulatory scrutiny undermines the integrity of drug pricing and quality.
- Ineffectiveness of Regulatory Measures: Despite legal provisions, the regulatory system relies on reactive prohibitions rather than proactive prevention.
Key Quotes:
- “Unapproved FDCs may contribute to the AMR problem in India.”
- “The pharmaceutical industry gets to provide its own standards for government testing of FDCs.”
Key Statements:
- Extent of the Issue: The study underscores the alarming prevalence of unapproved and banned FDCs in India, emphasizing the urgent need for regulatory intervention.
- Industry Motives: The article critically examines the pharmaceutical industry’s profit-driven motives, exposing the imbalance between pseudo-innovation for profit and genuine drug development.
- Regulatory Challenges: Scrutiny of regulatory challenges and legal inconsistencies indicates a systemic failure in ensuring the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products.
Key Examples and References:
- Academic Study: Reference to the academic study published in the Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice (2023) highlighting the extent of unapproved FDCs.
- Historical Context: Tracing the issue back to 1978 and subsequent regulatory amendments provides context to the ongoing challenges.
Critical Analysis:
- Industry Practices: The article critically examines the pharmaceutical industry’s motives, highlighting the imbalance between pseudo-innovation for profit and genuine drug development.
- Regulatory Challenges: Scrutiny of regulatory challenges and legal inconsistencies indicates a systemic failure in ensuring the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products.
Way Forward:
- Urgent Regulatory Actions: Emphasizes the need for regulatory actions to address the menace of unapproved and banned FDCs, preventing potential contributions to antimicrobial resistance.
- Proactive Regulatory Framework: Calls for a proactive regulatory framework that prioritizes public health over industry interests and plugs existing legal loopholes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Megamouth Shark
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- In a historic moment for marine biology, a pregnant megamouth shark, a rare and elusive deepwater species, was discovered washed up on a beach in the Philippines.
- This is only the 60th ever seen and the first ever observed to be pregnant.
About Megamouth Shark
|
Details
|
| Scientific Name |
Megachasma pelagios |
| Discovery |
First discovered in 1976 off the coast of Hawaii. |
| Appearance |
Large mouth, bulbous head, rubbery lip, dark grey/black body with a white underbelly. |
| Size |
Up to 5.5 meters (18 feet) in length. |
| Diet |
Filter feeder, consuming plankton, jellyfish, and small fish. |
| Habitat |
Deepwater species, found at depths of 150 to 1,000 meters (490 to 3,280 feet). |
| Behavior |
Rarely seen, swims with mouth open to filter food. |
| Reproduction |
Presumed to be ovoviviparous, but details are largely unknown. |
| Distribution |
Wide but rare distribution in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. |
| Conservation Status |
Least Concerned (IUCN) |
| Scientific Interest |
Valued for its unique anatomy and role in the deep-sea ecosystem. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ethanol
Mains level: Ethanol production from sugarcane
Central Idea
- The Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution issued a directive to sugar mills and distilleries, not to use sugarcane juice or syrup for ethanol production in the ethanol year 2023-2024.
No Sugarcane Juice for Ethanol Production
- Continuation of Existing Supplies: The directive allows the continued supply of ethanol from B-Heavy molasses based on existing offers received by Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs).
- Regulatory Oversight: The Department of Food and Public Distribution, responsible for monitoring sugar production and availability, implements this directive under the Sugar (Control) Order.
Rationale behind the Directive
- Ensuring Sugar Availability: The government’s decision aims to ensure sufficient sugar availability in India, considering the lower sugar production in the country.
- Food vs. Fuel Consideration: Businesses highlighted this move as a balance between food security and fuel production.
- Impact on Ethanol Blending Targets: The directive is significant in the context of India’s goal of achieving 20% ethanol blending by the 2025-2026 ethanol year.
Implications for Industry
- ISMA’s Response: The Indian Sugar Mills Association (ISMA) is assessing the implications of the order.
- Effect on Domestic Sugar Supply: Industry sources indicate that this decision will ensure adequate sugar supply domestically, especially with reduced sugarcane production in states like Maharashtra and Karnataka.
- Impact on Ethanol Blending Program: The restriction is likely to affect the ethanol blending program, which is a key component of India’s renewable energy strategy.
- Consequences for Ethanol-Only Units: Facilities dedicated solely to ethanol production may face challenges due to this new policy.
Conclusion
- The directive represents a strategic decision by the Indian government to prioritize domestic sugar availability over ethanol production from sugarcane.
- Monitoring the impact of this directive on both the sugar industry and the ethanol blending program will be crucial in the coming years.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Group of Companies Doctrine
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Supreme Court has issued a landmark ruling, expanding the scope of arbitration agreements to include non-signatories under specific conditions.
- This ruling centers on the “group of companies” doctrine within the framework of arbitration agreements.
‘Group of Companies’ Doctrine
|
Details |
| Essence |
Non-signatory entities in a corporate group can be bound by an arbitration agreement if part of the same group as a signatory. |
| Basis on Mutual Intent |
Relies on the mutual intention to bind both signatories and non-signatory group members. |
| Arbitration as a Tool |
Offers an alternative to court litigation, with enforceable decisions by neutral arbitrators. |
| Root in International Jurisprudence |
Based more on international arbitration practices than domestic law. |
| Indian Legal Precedent |
Established by Chloro Controls India Pvt. Ltd. v. Severn Trent Water Purification Inc. case (2013). |
| Criteria for Application |
Set by the Indian Supreme Court, includes mutual intent, relationship between entities, common subject matter, transaction nature, and contract performance. |
| Objective |
Aims to prevent dispute fragmentation in complex, multi-party transactions. |
| Recent Supreme Court Ruling |
Clarified conditions under which non-signatories can be bound by arbitration agreements, focusing on legal relationships and demonstrated intentions. |
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