Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Supreme Court Legal Services Committee
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Justice BR Gavai has been appointed as the Chairman of the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee (SCLSC), succeeding Justice Sanjiv Khanna.
Understanding the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee
- Constitution and Purpose: The SCLSC, established under Section 3A of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, aims to provide free legal services to weaker sections of society in cases under the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction.
- Composition: Chaired by a sitting Supreme Court judge, the committee includes members with prescribed experience and qualifications, all nominated by the Chief Justice of India (CJI).
Composition and Functioning of the SCLSC
- Current Members: As of now, the SCLSC comprises Chairperson BR Gavai and nine other members appointed by the CJI.
- Staffing and Administration: The Committee can appoint officers and employees as per the Centre’s guidelines, in consultation with the CJI.
Need for Legal Services in India
- Constitutional Basis: The Indian Constitution, particularly Article 39A, emphasizes the state’s role in ensuring legal justice is accessible to all citizens, regardless of economic or other disabilities.
- Historical Development: The concept of legal aid in India evolved over decades, with significant progress marked by the establishment of a national committee under Justice PN Bhagwati in 1980.
Legal Services Authorities Act and Its Provisions
- Statutory Framework: The 1987 Act provides a legal basis for offering free and competent legal services to eligible groups, including women, children, SC/ST, EWS categories, and others.
- Establishment of NALSA: Formed in 1995, the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) oversees legal aid programs and formulates policies for legal services.
- Nationwide Network: The Act envisions a network across India for legal aid, with State Legal Services Authorities (SLSAs) and District Legal Services Authorities (DLSAs) implementing these services at state and district levels, respectively.
Role of State and District Legal Services Authorities
- State-Level Implementation: Each SLSA, led by the Chief Justice of the respective High Court, executes NALSA’s policies and provides free legal services.
- District and Taluk Committees: DLSAs and Taluk Legal Services Committees, chaired by district and senior civil judges respectively, conduct legal awareness programs and provide various legal services.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Zosurabalpin
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- New Antibiotic Class: Researchers have identified zosurabalpin, a new class of antibiotics showing potential against the drug-resistant bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii.
- Effective against CRAB: Zosurabalpin has been found effective against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB)-induced pneumonia and sepsis in mouse models.
About Zosurabalpin
- Development Process: The antibiotic originated from a tethered macrocyclic peptide (MCP) selectively targeting A. baumannii and was optimized for efficacy and tolerability.
- Novel Mode of Action: Zosurabalpin operates through a previously unknown mechanism, inhibiting the transport of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in bacteria.
- Inhibition of LPS Transport: By blocking a protein complex essential for LPS transport to the bacterial surface, zosurabalpin disrupts the outer membrane structure of Gram-negative bacteria, leading to bacterial death.
Effectiveness and Clinical Trials
- Laboratory and Animal Studies: Zosurabalpin demonstrated effectiveness against over 100 CRAB clinical samples in the lab and significantly reduced bacterial levels in mice with CRAB-induced pneumonia and sepsis.
- Phase I Clinical Trials: The antibiotic has undergone evaluation in two phase I clinical trials, marking the initial steps towards potential human use.
Implications and Future Prospects
- Addressing Antibiotic Resistance: The discovery of zosurabalpin offers hope in the fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, a growing global health concern.
- Potential Clinical Application: If further trials are successful, zosurabalpin could become a vital tool in treating infections caused by drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.
- Continued Research: Ongoing and future studies will be crucial to fully understand the antibiotic’s safety, efficacy, and potential resistance mechanisms.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: KLI-SOFC Project
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The Prime Minister has inaugurated Kochi-Lakshadweep islands submarine optical fiber connection (KLI-SOFC) project.
About KLI-SOFC Project
- The KLI-SOFC project extends submarine cable connectivity from Kochi to eleven Lakshadweep Islands, including Kavaratti, Agatti, and Minicoy.
- The project aims to provide high-speed wireline broadband connectivity through FTTH and 5G/4G Mobile networks to the Lakshadweep Islands population.
- Funded by the Universal Services Obligation Fund (USOF), Department of Telecommunication.
- The total link distance of the project is 1,868 kms.
- Implementing agencies include BSNL as the Project Executing Agency and M/s NEC Corporation India Pvt Ltd for contract work.
Benefits of the Project
- Contributes to ‘Digital India’ and ‘National Broadband Mission’, enabling e-governance projects in Lakshadweep.
- Boosts E-Governance, Tourism, Education, Health, Commerce, and Industries, potentially improving living standards and accelerating social and economic development.
- The bandwidth created will be available to all Telecom Service Providers (TSPs) to enhance telecom services in the Lakshadweep Islands.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Buxa Tiger Reserve
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Camera traps in the Buxa National Park, West Bengal captured images of a tiger, reigniting hopes among forest officials and experts.
- The last sighting before December 2021 was 23 years ago, indicating the tiger’s absence from the reserve for decades.
Buxa Tiger Reserve: Geography and Ecology
|
Details |
| Location |
Alipurduar district, West Bengal, India. Near the Bhutan border. |
| Establishment |
Created in 1983 as a tiger reserve; declared a national park in January 1992. |
| Area |
Total area of approx. 760 sq km (core area: 390 sq km, buffer zone: 370 sq km). |
| Ecological Significance |
Part of the Eastern Himalayan subregion, known for its unique biodiversity. |
| Geographical Connectivity |
Shares a northern boundary with Bhutan. Connected with Bhutanese forests, Kochugaon forests, Manas Tiger Reserve, and Jaldapara National Park. |
Reasons for the Tiger’s Return
- Habitat Improvement: Efforts to reduce human interference, expand grasslands, and increase the prey base have created a more suitable habitat for tigers.
- Conservation Measures: The introduction of chital (spotted deer) as prey and the creation of watering holes have been part of these efforts.
Conservation Initiatives and Future Plans
- Tiger Augmentation Project: Launched in 2018, this project involves the state forest department, Wildlife Institute of India, and the National Tiger Conservation Authority.
- Village Relocation: Plans to relocate villages from the core area aim to reduce human presence and further improve the habitat.
- Expert Insights: Scientists note the importance of habitat connectivity between Bhutan and Buxa and the reduction of human disturbances as key factors in attracting tigers back to Buxa.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Old Pension Scheme , NPS
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Maharashtra Cabinet has approved a proposal allowing certain state government employees to opt for the old pension scheme (OPS).
- The option is extended to employees who joined the service after November 1, 2005, based on recruitment advertisements issued before that date.
Transition in Pension Schemes
- Old Pension Scheme (OPS): The OPS guaranteed a pension of half the last basic salary plus dearness allowance after a minimum of 10 years of service, without employee contributions. It also provided family pension and Death cum Retirement Gratuity (DCRG).
- New Pension Scheme (NPS): Introduced to address the growing pension bill, the NPS is a market-linked, participatory scheme requiring contributions from both employees and employers.
Background and Implementation of NPS
- OASIS Project: Initiated in 1999, it led to the recommendation of the NPS by the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government in 2003.
- Scheme Details: Employees contribute 10% of their basic salary, matched up to 14% by the employer. The funds are invested in PFRDA-regulated pension funds with market-linked returns.
- Account Management: NPS provides a Permanent Retirement Account Number (PRAN) for lifelong account management.
- State Adoption: All states except West Bengal have implemented the NPS. Some opposition-ruled states announced plans to revert to the OPS.
Rationale Behind NPS Adoption
- Pension Debt Sustainability: The OPS was a fiscal burden without accumulated funds, whereas the NPS relies on accumulated funds.
- Addressing Ageing Population: With increasing life expectancy, the OPS became unsustainable.
- Preventing Early Retirements: The NPS encourages longer service due to its long-term investment fund ideology.
- Investment and Flexibility: NPS offers flexible investment options and the freedom to switch investment options and fund managers.
Criticism of NPS
- Market Risks: The exposure of retirement funds to market uncertainties raises concerns about old age security.
- Pension Amount Concerns: There is no minimum pension guarantee, and pensions under NPS do not adjust for inflation.
- Accountability Issues: Questions remain about the security of the invested corpus and accountability in market failures.
Conclusion
- State Governments’ Challenge: Reverting to OPS requires careful consideration of financial implications on future generations.
- Review and Strengthening of NPS: Measures such as introducing inflation-indexed annuities, assuring minimum returns, and ensuring timely registration and contributions can strengthen the NPS.
- Balanced Approach: A nuanced approach is needed to balance fiscal sustainability with providing adequate social security to retirees.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Adani-Hindenburg Judgment
Introduction
- Recent Order: The Supreme Court’s recent order on the Adani-Hindenburg matter focused on the inquiries conducted by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).
- No Regulatory Failure Found: The apex court concluded that there was no regulatory failure on SEBI’s part, negating the need for a Special Investigating Team (SIT).
SEBI’s Investigations and the Supreme Court’s Stance
- Status of Investigations: Out of 24 investigations related to the Adani-Hindenburg matter, SEBI has completed 22.
- Supreme Court’s Trust in SEBI: The court accepted SEBI’s status report without delving into the details of the investigations, trusting SEBI to bring them to a logical conclusion.
Concerns and Criticisms of the Supreme Court Judgment
- Lack of Transparency: The findings of the completed SEBI investigations have not been made public, raising questions about the transparency and accountability of the process.
- ‘Chicken-and-Egg’ Inquiry: The Supreme Court did not address the “chicken-and-egg situation” where SEBI’s inability to identify the ultimate beneficial owners of certain overseas entities has stalled the investigation.
- Overlooked Statutory Violations: The judgment did not consider the alleged dilution of regulations that could facilitate the concealment of beneficial ownership, which might be violative of the SEBI Act.
Implications of the Judgment
- Continued SEBI Investigation: SEBI has been given an additional three months to conclude its inquiry into the alleged violation of minimum shareholding norms by the Adani group companies.
- Potential Subversion of Ongoing Investigations: The deficiencies in the Supreme Court judgment could potentially undermine the ongoing investigations into the Adani group.
- Hindenburg and OCCRP Reports: The judgment has seemingly dismissed the reports by Hindenburg and OCCRP as unrelated or inconclusive, despite their revelations about the Adani group’s financial dealings.
Historical Context and Ongoing Concerns
- Past Allegations: The Adani group has faced similar allegations of share price manipulation and round-tripping in the past, with SEBI itself filing a criminal complaint 15 years ago.
- Current Investigations: Despite ongoing investigations for over three years, no criminal complaint has been registered against the Adani promoters for the recent allegations.
Conclusion
- Need for Reevaluation: The deficiencies in the Supreme Court judgment warrant a reconsideration in the interest of justice and transparency.
- Public Interest and Justice: Ensuring that the findings of SEBI’s investigations are made public and acted upon is crucial for upholding regulatory integrity and public trust.
- Future of Adani Investigations: The outcome of the ongoing SEBI investigations and the handling of the Hindenburg and OCCRP reports will be pivotal in determining the course of justice in this high-profile case.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Square Kilometer Array (SKA) Project
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- India will contribute Rs 1,250 crore to the multinational Square Kilometer Array (SKA) project, a significant international astronomical collaboration.
Square Kilometer Array (SKA) Project: An Overview
- Construction Phases: The SKA project is being built in two phases, with the first phase (SKA1) having commenced in December 2022.
- Project’s Headquarters: The SKA project is headquartered at the Jodrell Bank Observatory in the UK.
- Site Location: It involves constructing telescope arrays in Australia and South Africa, aiming to map galaxies and explore the universe with unprecedented detail.
- Operational Timeline: SKA1 is expected to begin operations by 2029.
Design and Features of the SKA Telescopes
- Array Composition: The SKA will consist of 197 parabolic radio antennae in South Africa and 131,072 low-frequency antennae in Australia.
- Antennae Design: The design includes parabolic dishes and dipole antennae capable of detecting faint radio signals from vast distances.
- Spatial Arrangement: The dishes and antennae will be strategically placed over large areas to calibrate the origin of observed signals effectively.
Global Collaboration in the SKA Project
- Consortium Members: The SKA Observatory (SKAO) includes 16 member countries, such as Australia, South Africa, Canada, China, India, Japan, and several European nations.
- Frequency Range: The South African array will focus on mid-frequency signals, while the Australian telescope will cover low-frequency ranges.
- Expansion Plans: Additional dishes are planned in neighbouring African countries to enhance the project’s data triangulation and resolution capabilities.
Scientific Objectives of the SKA
- Exploring the Universe: The SKA will observe and map galaxies at the edge of the observable universe, providing insights into galaxy formation and evolution.
- Studying the ‘Dark Ages’: The telescope will delve into the early universe’s ‘Dark Ages’ and investigate phenomena like dark matter and dark energy.
- Search for Extraterrestrial Life: The SKA will also contribute to the search for life beyond Earth by examining habitable zones around stars.
India’s Role
- Pathfinder Research Partner: India’s Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope, operated by the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA) of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), is a key partner in the project.
- Consortium Involvement: The SKA India consortium comprises over 20 colleges and universities across India, contributing to various aspects of the project.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lethal autonomous weapons systems
Mains level: Rise of "digital sovereignty"
Central Idea:
- The global landscape witnesses a complex interplay of power dynamics in AI and frontier technologies. Efforts by international bodies like the United Nations set ethical frameworks for responsible AI development.
Key Highlights:
- UN initiatives on AI governance and ethical principles.
- Rise of “digital sovereignty” challenging traditional notions of territorial sovereignty.
- Emergence of contrasting “digital empires,” with the US favoring a free market approach and China leaning towards state-driven regulation.
- Concerns about China’s regulatory model spreading globally due to its technological success and political control.
- The EU advocating for a human rights-based approach to AI development.
Key Challenges:
- Threats to privacy and democracy due to the manipulation of personal information by AI tools.
- Tension between the free market approach and authoritarian regulatory models.
- Potential dominance of China’s oppressive regulatory model in the global AI landscape.
Key Terms:
- Digital sovereignty
- Techno-optimism
- Authoritarian regulatory model
- Surveillance capitalism
- Lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWs)
Key Phrases:
- “Digital sovereignty” transforming territorial sovereignty.
- “Digital empires” in complicity and collision.
- “Techno-optimism run wild” leading to an appeal for authoritarian regulatory reach.
- “Surveillance capitalism” and “digital authoritarianism” shaping the uncertain future of the technopolitical.
Key Quotes:
- “Privacy, anonymity, and autonomy remain the main casualties of AI’s ability to manipulate choices.”
- “China’s regulatory model will prevail, normatively and descriptively.”
- “Whether surveillance capitalism, digital authoritarianism, or liberal democratic values will prevail remains uncertain.”
Key Examples and References:
- UNICEF hosting a joint session on AI governance.
- The US and China as contrasting digital empires.
- EU Declaration on Development advocating a human rights-based approach.
Key Facts:
- Social media industry growth from $193.52 billion in 2001 to $231.1 billion in 2023.
- Concerns about the impact of China’s technological success combined with political control on global AI governance.
Way Forward:
- Continued efforts to humanize AI applications in civil and military contexts.
- Global collaboration to establish norms and frameworks for responsible AI development.
- Vigilance against the potential spread of oppressive regulatory models, emphasizing human rights and inclusivity.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 74th Constitutional Amendment
Mains level: The Kerala Urban Commission
Central Idea:
- The article discusses the formation of the Kerala Urban Commission in the context of global urbanization trends and the need for a comprehensive approach to urban development.
- It highlights the challenges faced by urban areas in India and emphasizes the significance of revisiting and re-evaluating urban policies.
Key Highlights:
- The article reflects on the historical development phases of urbanization in post-independent India, noting the failures of both Nehruvian centralized planning and the subsequent privatization trends in the 1990s.
- It underscores the necessity of understanding objective patterns of urbanization, focusing on migration, settlement patterns, and the role of information technology.
- Governance issues in cities, such as delayed transfer of subjects to municipalities and the debate on having managers instead of elected officials, are highlighted.
- The article suggests that existing urban missions, like Swachh Bharat and Smart Cities, have failed to produce desired results and may continue to do so.
Key Challenges:
- Piecemeal approaches to urban development are criticized for their failure to address the complex realities of urbanization.
- Governance issues, including the delay in transferring subjects to municipalities and the debate on city affairs management, pose challenges to effective urban governance.
- The article suggests that existing urban missions, like Swachh Bharat and Smart Cities, have failed to produce desired results and may continue to do so.
Key Terms:
- Urban Commission: Refers to the proposed or existing bodies tasked with addressing the challenges and complexities of urban development.
- Urbanization: The process of population migration from rural to urban areas, leading to the growth and development of cities.
- Nehruvian Period: Refers to the development era influenced by Jawaharlal Nehru’s centralized planning approach.
- Privatization: The transfer of control or ownership of public services or assets to private entities.
- Fifteenth Finance Commission: A reference to the commission responsible for recommending the distribution of financial resources between the central and state governments.
Key Phrases:
- “Holistic city approach”: Refers to a comprehensive and integrated strategy for urban development.
- “Engines of growth”: Describes the shift in cities’ perception from spaces of enlightenment to centers focused on economic development.
- “Mission mode of development”: Refers to project-oriented approaches like the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission and Smart Cities Mission.
- “Complex processes unfolding”: Highlights the intricate nature of governance and financial structures in urban areas.
Key Quotes:
- “Cities were made competitive and termed as ‘engines of growth’ — not spaces of enlightenment, future of dreams, and habitat.”
- “The urbanisation process cannot be reduced to some mission approaches…”
- “Kerala Urban Commission can be the lighthouse for other States…”
Key Statements:
- “An urban commission is required at the national and State levels to understand some of the interesting objective patterns of urbanisation.”
- “The period of the 1990s is the one where the abject privatization of cities began…”
Key Examples and References:
- Mention of the National Commission on Urbanisation formed by Rajiv Gandhi and its recommendations.
- Reference to global urbanization trends, including the impact on climate change and unequal city spaces.
- Examples of failed urban missions like Swachh Bharat and Smart Cities.
Key Facts:
- More than half of the world’s population (56%) currently lives in cities.
- Kerala’s urbanized population is estimated to be around 90%.
- The Nehruvian period witnessed the construction of around 150 new towns with a centralized planning approach.
Key Data:
- The 74th Constitutional Amendment marked a shift towards more private initiative and investment in urban development.
- The Kerala Urban Commission has a 12-month mandate to address urbanization challenges and lay a roadmap for 25 years of urban development.
Critical Analysis:
- The article critically examines the historical phases of urban development in India and highlights the shortcomings of past approaches.
- It questions the effectiveness of existing urban missions and emphasizes the need for a holistic understanding of urbanization processes.
- Governance issues and financial centralization are critically discussed as impediments to successful urban development.
Way Forward:
- The article suggests that the formation of the Kerala Urban Commission could serve as a model for other highly urbanized states.
- It advocates for a comprehensive and objective approach to urban development, emphasizing the importance of addressing challenges such as migration, settlement patterns, and information technology.
- The need for revisiting and relooking at urban policies is underscored for a more successful and sustainable urban future.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Foreign Contribution Regulation Act
Mains level: state's tactics to limit civic space, affecting organizations fighting against communalism
Central Idea:
- The article discusses the threats faced by India’s civic space, particularly organizations fighting against communalism. Emphasizes the importance of protecting constitutional freedoms.
Key Highlights:
- Constitutional freedoms are under siege in India’s diverse and vibrant civil society.
- Organizations actively fighting communalism are facing severe attacks, affecting their funding and leadership.
- The state employs various instruments, including legal charges, amendments to laws, and tax-related measures, to curb civic space.
- Impact is significant on organizations supporting minority, Dalit, Adivasi rights, and equity promotion.
Key Challenges:
- High-intensity attacks leading to financial constraints and imprisonment for leaders of certain NGOs.
- Shrinking civic space even for neutral or non-communal organizations.
- Utilization of legal instruments like money laundering charges and investigations to intimidate NGOs.
- Amendments to laws, such as the FCRA, restricting access to foreign funds for NGOs.
- Intimidation of domestic donors through tax-related provisions.
Key Terms/Phrases:
- Civic space
- Constitutional freedoms
- Anti-communal
- NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations)
- FCRA (Foreign Contribution Regulation Act)
- Money laundering charges
- Civic mobilization
- Secularism
- Adivasi rights
- Human rights causes
Key Quotes/Statements:
- “The last bastion and ray of hope for India’s democracy is its civic space.”
- “The scale of attack on organizations actively fighting against communalism is alarming.”
- “The state employs a range of instruments to limit the civic space of various organizations.”
Key Examples and References:
- Amnesty International, Centre for Equity Studies, Citizens for Justice and Peace, among others, facing severe attacks.
- Greenpeace transitioning from high-intensity attacks to a lower level.
Key Facts/Data:
- Amendments to the FCRA in 2010 and 2020 impacted around 18,000 NGOs between 2015 and 2022.
- The 2020 amendments to the Income-Tax Act make renewals of NGO certificates mandatory every five years.
- The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is empowered to investigate NGOs under the FCRA.
Critical Analysis:
- The article presents a critical analysis of the state’s tactics to limit civic space, affecting organizations fighting against communalism.
- It highlights the severity of attacks and the broader impact on democratic values.
Way Forward:
- Strengthening opposition and regional leaders who take a clear secular position.
- Mobilizing anti-communal and progressive civic space to safeguard democracy.
- Advocating for the protection of constitutional freedoms and reviewing stringent laws impacting NGOs.
- Raising awareness about the importance of civic space in preserving India’s democracy.
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