Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Adani-Hindenburg Judgment
Introduction
- Recent Order: The Supreme Court’s recent order on the Adani-Hindenburg matter focused on the inquiries conducted by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).
- No Regulatory Failure Found: The apex court concluded that there was no regulatory failure on SEBI’s part, negating the need for a Special Investigating Team (SIT).
SEBI’s Investigations and the Supreme Court’s Stance
- Status of Investigations: Out of 24 investigations related to the Adani-Hindenburg matter, SEBI has completed 22.
- Supreme Court’s Trust in SEBI: The court accepted SEBI’s status report without delving into the details of the investigations, trusting SEBI to bring them to a logical conclusion.
Concerns and Criticisms of the Supreme Court Judgment
- Lack of Transparency: The findings of the completed SEBI investigations have not been made public, raising questions about the transparency and accountability of the process.
- ‘Chicken-and-Egg’ Inquiry: The Supreme Court did not address the “chicken-and-egg situation” where SEBI’s inability to identify the ultimate beneficial owners of certain overseas entities has stalled the investigation.
- Overlooked Statutory Violations: The judgment did not consider the alleged dilution of regulations that could facilitate the concealment of beneficial ownership, which might be violative of the SEBI Act.
Implications of the Judgment
- Continued SEBI Investigation: SEBI has been given an additional three months to conclude its inquiry into the alleged violation of minimum shareholding norms by the Adani group companies.
- Potential Subversion of Ongoing Investigations: The deficiencies in the Supreme Court judgment could potentially undermine the ongoing investigations into the Adani group.
- Hindenburg and OCCRP Reports: The judgment has seemingly dismissed the reports by Hindenburg and OCCRP as unrelated or inconclusive, despite their revelations about the Adani group’s financial dealings.
Historical Context and Ongoing Concerns
- Past Allegations: The Adani group has faced similar allegations of share price manipulation and round-tripping in the past, with SEBI itself filing a criminal complaint 15 years ago.
- Current Investigations: Despite ongoing investigations for over three years, no criminal complaint has been registered against the Adani promoters for the recent allegations.
Conclusion
- Need for Reevaluation: The deficiencies in the Supreme Court judgment warrant a reconsideration in the interest of justice and transparency.
- Public Interest and Justice: Ensuring that the findings of SEBI’s investigations are made public and acted upon is crucial for upholding regulatory integrity and public trust.
- Future of Adani Investigations: The outcome of the ongoing SEBI investigations and the handling of the Hindenburg and OCCRP reports will be pivotal in determining the course of justice in this high-profile case.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Square Kilometer Array (SKA) Project
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- India will contribute Rs 1,250 crore to the multinational Square Kilometer Array (SKA) project, a significant international astronomical collaboration.
Square Kilometer Array (SKA) Project: An Overview
- Construction Phases: The SKA project is being built in two phases, with the first phase (SKA1) having commenced in December 2022.
- Project’s Headquarters: The SKA project is headquartered at the Jodrell Bank Observatory in the UK.
- Site Location: It involves constructing telescope arrays in Australia and South Africa, aiming to map galaxies and explore the universe with unprecedented detail.
- Operational Timeline: SKA1 is expected to begin operations by 2029.
Design and Features of the SKA Telescopes
- Array Composition: The SKA will consist of 197 parabolic radio antennae in South Africa and 131,072 low-frequency antennae in Australia.
- Antennae Design: The design includes parabolic dishes and dipole antennae capable of detecting faint radio signals from vast distances.
- Spatial Arrangement: The dishes and antennae will be strategically placed over large areas to calibrate the origin of observed signals effectively.
Global Collaboration in the SKA Project
- Consortium Members: The SKA Observatory (SKAO) includes 16 member countries, such as Australia, South Africa, Canada, China, India, Japan, and several European nations.
- Frequency Range: The South African array will focus on mid-frequency signals, while the Australian telescope will cover low-frequency ranges.
- Expansion Plans: Additional dishes are planned in neighbouring African countries to enhance the project’s data triangulation and resolution capabilities.
Scientific Objectives of the SKA
- Exploring the Universe: The SKA will observe and map galaxies at the edge of the observable universe, providing insights into galaxy formation and evolution.
- Studying the ‘Dark Ages’: The telescope will delve into the early universe’s ‘Dark Ages’ and investigate phenomena like dark matter and dark energy.
- Search for Extraterrestrial Life: The SKA will also contribute to the search for life beyond Earth by examining habitable zones around stars.
India’s Role
- Pathfinder Research Partner: India’s Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope, operated by the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA) of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), is a key partner in the project.
- Consortium Involvement: The SKA India consortium comprises over 20 colleges and universities across India, contributing to various aspects of the project.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lethal autonomous weapons systems
Mains level: Rise of "digital sovereignty"
Central Idea:
- The global landscape witnesses a complex interplay of power dynamics in AI and frontier technologies. Efforts by international bodies like the United Nations set ethical frameworks for responsible AI development.
Key Highlights:
- UN initiatives on AI governance and ethical principles.
- Rise of “digital sovereignty” challenging traditional notions of territorial sovereignty.
- Emergence of contrasting “digital empires,” with the US favoring a free market approach and China leaning towards state-driven regulation.
- Concerns about China’s regulatory model spreading globally due to its technological success and political control.
- The EU advocating for a human rights-based approach to AI development.
Key Challenges:
- Threats to privacy and democracy due to the manipulation of personal information by AI tools.
- Tension between the free market approach and authoritarian regulatory models.
- Potential dominance of China’s oppressive regulatory model in the global AI landscape.
Key Terms:
- Digital sovereignty
- Techno-optimism
- Authoritarian regulatory model
- Surveillance capitalism
- Lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWs)
Key Phrases:
- “Digital sovereignty” transforming territorial sovereignty.
- “Digital empires” in complicity and collision.
- “Techno-optimism run wild” leading to an appeal for authoritarian regulatory reach.
- “Surveillance capitalism” and “digital authoritarianism” shaping the uncertain future of the technopolitical.
Key Quotes:
- “Privacy, anonymity, and autonomy remain the main casualties of AI’s ability to manipulate choices.”
- “China’s regulatory model will prevail, normatively and descriptively.”
- “Whether surveillance capitalism, digital authoritarianism, or liberal democratic values will prevail remains uncertain.”
Key Examples and References:
- UNICEF hosting a joint session on AI governance.
- The US and China as contrasting digital empires.
- EU Declaration on Development advocating a human rights-based approach.
Key Facts:
- Social media industry growth from $193.52 billion in 2001 to $231.1 billion in 2023.
- Concerns about the impact of China’s technological success combined with political control on global AI governance.
Way Forward:
- Continued efforts to humanize AI applications in civil and military contexts.
- Global collaboration to establish norms and frameworks for responsible AI development.
- Vigilance against the potential spread of oppressive regulatory models, emphasizing human rights and inclusivity.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 74th Constitutional Amendment
Mains level: The Kerala Urban Commission
Central Idea:
- The article discusses the formation of the Kerala Urban Commission in the context of global urbanization trends and the need for a comprehensive approach to urban development.
- It highlights the challenges faced by urban areas in India and emphasizes the significance of revisiting and re-evaluating urban policies.
Key Highlights:
- The article reflects on the historical development phases of urbanization in post-independent India, noting the failures of both Nehruvian centralized planning and the subsequent privatization trends in the 1990s.
- It underscores the necessity of understanding objective patterns of urbanization, focusing on migration, settlement patterns, and the role of information technology.
- Governance issues in cities, such as delayed transfer of subjects to municipalities and the debate on having managers instead of elected officials, are highlighted.
- The article suggests that existing urban missions, like Swachh Bharat and Smart Cities, have failed to produce desired results and may continue to do so.
Key Challenges:
- Piecemeal approaches to urban development are criticized for their failure to address the complex realities of urbanization.
- Governance issues, including the delay in transferring subjects to municipalities and the debate on city affairs management, pose challenges to effective urban governance.
- The article suggests that existing urban missions, like Swachh Bharat and Smart Cities, have failed to produce desired results and may continue to do so.
Key Terms:
- Urban Commission: Refers to the proposed or existing bodies tasked with addressing the challenges and complexities of urban development.
- Urbanization: The process of population migration from rural to urban areas, leading to the growth and development of cities.
- Nehruvian Period: Refers to the development era influenced by Jawaharlal Nehru’s centralized planning approach.
- Privatization: The transfer of control or ownership of public services or assets to private entities.
- Fifteenth Finance Commission: A reference to the commission responsible for recommending the distribution of financial resources between the central and state governments.
Key Phrases:
- “Holistic city approach”: Refers to a comprehensive and integrated strategy for urban development.
- “Engines of growth”: Describes the shift in cities’ perception from spaces of enlightenment to centers focused on economic development.
- “Mission mode of development”: Refers to project-oriented approaches like the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission and Smart Cities Mission.
- “Complex processes unfolding”: Highlights the intricate nature of governance and financial structures in urban areas.
Key Quotes:
- “Cities were made competitive and termed as ‘engines of growth’ — not spaces of enlightenment, future of dreams, and habitat.”
- “The urbanisation process cannot be reduced to some mission approaches…”
- “Kerala Urban Commission can be the lighthouse for other States…”
Key Statements:
- “An urban commission is required at the national and State levels to understand some of the interesting objective patterns of urbanisation.”
- “The period of the 1990s is the one where the abject privatization of cities began…”
Key Examples and References:
- Mention of the National Commission on Urbanisation formed by Rajiv Gandhi and its recommendations.
- Reference to global urbanization trends, including the impact on climate change and unequal city spaces.
- Examples of failed urban missions like Swachh Bharat and Smart Cities.
Key Facts:
- More than half of the world’s population (56%) currently lives in cities.
- Kerala’s urbanized population is estimated to be around 90%.
- The Nehruvian period witnessed the construction of around 150 new towns with a centralized planning approach.
Key Data:
- The 74th Constitutional Amendment marked a shift towards more private initiative and investment in urban development.
- The Kerala Urban Commission has a 12-month mandate to address urbanization challenges and lay a roadmap for 25 years of urban development.
Critical Analysis:
- The article critically examines the historical phases of urban development in India and highlights the shortcomings of past approaches.
- It questions the effectiveness of existing urban missions and emphasizes the need for a holistic understanding of urbanization processes.
- Governance issues and financial centralization are critically discussed as impediments to successful urban development.
Way Forward:
- The article suggests that the formation of the Kerala Urban Commission could serve as a model for other highly urbanized states.
- It advocates for a comprehensive and objective approach to urban development, emphasizing the importance of addressing challenges such as migration, settlement patterns, and information technology.
- The need for revisiting and relooking at urban policies is underscored for a more successful and sustainable urban future.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Foreign Contribution Regulation Act
Mains level: state's tactics to limit civic space, affecting organizations fighting against communalism
Central Idea:
- The article discusses the threats faced by India’s civic space, particularly organizations fighting against communalism. Emphasizes the importance of protecting constitutional freedoms.
Key Highlights:
- Constitutional freedoms are under siege in India’s diverse and vibrant civil society.
- Organizations actively fighting communalism are facing severe attacks, affecting their funding and leadership.
- The state employs various instruments, including legal charges, amendments to laws, and tax-related measures, to curb civic space.
- Impact is significant on organizations supporting minority, Dalit, Adivasi rights, and equity promotion.
Key Challenges:
- High-intensity attacks leading to financial constraints and imprisonment for leaders of certain NGOs.
- Shrinking civic space even for neutral or non-communal organizations.
- Utilization of legal instruments like money laundering charges and investigations to intimidate NGOs.
- Amendments to laws, such as the FCRA, restricting access to foreign funds for NGOs.
- Intimidation of domestic donors through tax-related provisions.
Key Terms/Phrases:
- Civic space
- Constitutional freedoms
- Anti-communal
- NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations)
- FCRA (Foreign Contribution Regulation Act)
- Money laundering charges
- Civic mobilization
- Secularism
- Adivasi rights
- Human rights causes
Key Quotes/Statements:
- “The last bastion and ray of hope for India’s democracy is its civic space.”
- “The scale of attack on organizations actively fighting against communalism is alarming.”
- “The state employs a range of instruments to limit the civic space of various organizations.”
Key Examples and References:
- Amnesty International, Centre for Equity Studies, Citizens for Justice and Peace, among others, facing severe attacks.
- Greenpeace transitioning from high-intensity attacks to a lower level.
Key Facts/Data:
- Amendments to the FCRA in 2010 and 2020 impacted around 18,000 NGOs between 2015 and 2022.
- The 2020 amendments to the Income-Tax Act make renewals of NGO certificates mandatory every five years.
- The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is empowered to investigate NGOs under the FCRA.
Critical Analysis:
- The article presents a critical analysis of the state’s tactics to limit civic space, affecting organizations fighting against communalism.
- It highlights the severity of attacks and the broader impact on democratic values.
Way Forward:
- Strengthening opposition and regional leaders who take a clear secular position.
- Mobilizing anti-communal and progressive civic space to safeguard democracy.
- Advocating for the protection of constitutional freedoms and reviewing stringent laws impacting NGOs.
- Raising awareness about the importance of civic space in preserving India’s democracy.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Project 'Devika'
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- North India’s first river rejuvenation project, ‘Devika’, is nearing completion and will soon be inaugurated by Prime Minister.
About Project ‘Devika’
- Initiation: Launched in February 2019 by the PM, the project is modelled after the ‘Namami Ganga’ initiative.
- Demand: The project, long demanded for renovation and rejuvenation, gained momentum after 2014, marking a significant development in river rejuvenation efforts in North India.
- Project Execution: The Urban Environmental Engineering Department (UEED) of J&K is responsible for the LWM project’s construction.
- Cultural Importance: The Devika River, revered as the sister of the sacred Ganges, holds great religious significance, particularly in Udhampur, Jammu & Kashmir.
Key Features
- Liquid Waste Management (LWM): A separate LWM project is being implemented to maintain the river’s sanctity, involving a network of pipes and manholes connecting households.
- Solid Waste Management (SWM): Alongside LWM, an SWM project is integral to preserving the river’s sanctity.
- Infrastructure Development: The project includes three sewage treatment plants, a 129.27 km sewerage network, the development of cremation ghats, protection fencing, landscaping, and the establishment of small hydropower and solar power plants.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: VVPAT
Mains level: Free and Fair Elections
Introduction
- Recent Developments: A political alliance, has requested a meeting with the Election Commission of India (ECI) to discuss and suggest changes regarding the use of Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) machines.
- Proposal: The alliance proposes that VVPAT slips be handed to voters to place in a separate ballot box, with 100% counting of these slips, to enhance trust in the electoral process.
What are VVPATs?
- Function and Purpose: VVPAT machines, attached to EVMs, print a slip showing the voter’s choice, allowing voters to verify their vote for seven seconds before the slip drops into a secured box.
- Development History: The concept emerged in 2010, leading to the creation of prototypes by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) and Electronics Corporation of India (ECIL). After trials and feedback, the design was approved in February 2013.
- Implementation: The Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, were amended to incorporate VVPATs. They were first used in Nagaland’s Noksen Assembly constituency in 2013 and were implemented in all polling stations by the 2019 Lok Sabha elections.
Current VVPAT Slip Counting Protocol
- EC’s Decision Process: In 2018, the ECI consulted the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) to determine a statistically robust sample size for VVPAT slip verification.
- Existing Protocol: Initially, VVPAT slips of one randomly selected polling station per Assembly constituency were counted. This was increased to five polling stations per Assembly seat after a Supreme Court judgment in 2019.
- ISI Recommendation: The ISI suggested counting VVPAT slips from 479 EVMs to ensure a high confidence level that the proportion of defective EVMs is less than 2%.
Election Commission’s Stance
- Current Verification Adequacy: The EC argues that the current practice of verifying VVPATs from five polling stations per Assembly seat exceeds the ISI’s recommendation.
- Reliability Record: The EC highlights that in past elections, no cases of vote misattribution were detected in VVPAT checks, attributing discrepancies to human errors.
- Concerns over Full Verification: The EC views 100% VVPAT verification as regressive, time-consuming, and prone to human error, akin to manual ballot voting.
Conclusion
- Debate on Electoral Integrity: The discussion around VVPAT verification reflects ongoing concerns about ensuring electoral integrity and public trust in the voting process.
- Challenges Ahead: Balancing the need for efficient electoral processes with the imperative of maintaining voter confidence remains a critical challenge for the ECI and political parties in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Trend of Urbanization: Despite the UN’s projection that nearly 50% of India’s population will reside in urban areas by 2047, many rural youths express a preference to stay in their villages.
- Life Skills Collaborative Discussion: A group discussion revealed that rural youth aspire to remain in their villages, highlighting the need to focus on those who choose not to migrate to urban areas.
Rural Income Sources and Occupational Shifts
- Primary Livelihood: Farming is the predominant source of income in rural areas, often supplemented by children working on family farms.
- Agrarian Crisis Indicators: A significant shift from agriculture to non-farming jobs is occurring, with National Sample Survey Office data showing 34 million farmers moving to other sectors between 2004-05 and 2011-12.
Strategies to Control Migration
- Vocational Training: Providing vocational training in rural areas is key to controlling migration. This training should focus on skills relevant to rural life, allowing youth to secure livelihoods within their communities.
- Educational Aspirations: Most rural students’ aspirations are limited to opportunities within their village vicinity. Upskilling initiatives like Delhi’s ‘Skills On Wheel’ should be made accessible in rural areas.
Current State of Vocational Education in Rural India
- Industrial Training Institutes: While these institutes aim to upskill rural populations, they often lack placement opportunities.
- Lack of Skill Development Focus: Rural education currently does not emphasize skill development, which is crucial for the majority of youth who depend on schools for life skills.
- LSC Voices 2023 Survey Findings: The survey revealed that two-thirds of youth aged 19-22 had never taken any vocational training, with only 5% enrolled in such courses.
Improving Rural Education
- Tailored Education: Rural education should integrate technical and life skills, making them accessible through formal education.
- International Examples: Mexico’s tele-schools and Bhutan’s well-being-infused curriculum offer valuable models. Tele-schools provide value-based education, improving attitudes and aspirations, which can benefit the local economy.
- Indian Initiatives: Organizations like NIIT Foundation and Pratham Institute are providing upskilling opportunities in rural areas. Hybrid life skilling programs are offered, focusing on industry-specific skills and life skills.
Conclusion
- Empowering Rural Youth: By offering skills in areas like agricultural mechanisation, pollution monitoring, nursing, and digital technologies, rural India can enhance employability in both traditional and non-traditional trades.
- Creating a Dynamic Economy: Effective vocational training and education reforms can lead to a vibrant rural economy, where the aspirations of staying in villages are supported by sustainable livelihood opportunities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Various Missions mentioned
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- 2023 Milestones: NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission returned a sample from an asteroid, and India’s Chandrayaan-3 explored the lunar South Pole.
- 2024 Prospects: The year is set to be thrilling for space exploration, with several missions under NASA’s Artemis plan and Commercial Lunar Payload Services targeting the moon.
Key Missions to Follow in 2024
[1] Europa Clipper: Unveiling Jupiter’s Moon
- Mission Overview: NASA’s Europa Clipper aims to explore Europa, one of Jupiter’s largest moons, known for its icy surface and potential subsurface saltwater ocean.
- Scientific Goals: The mission will conduct close flybys to study Europa’s ice shell, geology, and subsurface ocean, seeking signs of habitability.
- Launch Window: Scheduled for October 10, 2024, with 21 days, aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket.
[2] Artemis II: Human Return to the Moon
- Program Background: Artemis II is part of NASA’s Artemis program, aiming to send humans back to the moon and establish a sustained presence for future Mars missions.
- Mission Details: Artemis II will carry four astronauts on a 10-day mission orbiting the Moon, building upon the uncrewed Artemis I mission.
- Launch Timeline: Planned for as early as November 2024, with potential delays to 2025.
[3] VIPER: Searching for Lunar Water
- Mission Purpose: VIPER, a golf cart-sized rover, will explore the moon’s south pole to search for water and other volatiles.
- Technical Challenges: The mission will navigate extreme lunar temperatures and shadowed regions during its 100-day mission.
- Launch Schedule: Set for November 2024, following a delay for additional lander system tests.
[4] Lunar Trailblazer and PRIME-1: Water Mapping and Drilling
- SIMPLEx Missions: As part of NASA’s low-cost planetary missions, Lunar Trailblazer will orbit the moon to map water locations, while PRIME-1 will test drilling technology.
- Launch Dependencies: Both missions are secondary payloads, with their launch timing contingent on the readiness of primary payloads.
[5] JAXA’s Martian Moon eXploration (MMX) Mission
- Mission Focus: MMX aims to study Mars’ moons, Phobos and Deimos, to determine their origin and collect a sample from Phobos.
- Scientific Objectives: The mission will spend three years conducting science operations around Mars and its moons.
- Launch Plan: Scheduled for around September 2024.
[6] ESA’s Hera Mission: Asteroid Defense Study
- Mission Context: Hera will follow up on NASA’s DART mission to the Didymos-Dimorphos asteroid system, where DART tested the kinetic impact technique for planetary defense.
- Research Goals: Hera will study the physical properties of the asteroids and assess the impact of the DART collision.
- Launch and Arrival: Set for October 2024, with arrival at the asteroid system expected in late 2026.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Karman Line
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Karman line, the theoretical boundary between Earth’s atmosphere and outer space, plays a crucial role in space defense and satellite communications.
Understanding the Karman Line
- The Karman Line is an abstract boundary positioned at an altitude of 100 kilometers above sea level.
- Its primary function is to establish the separation between Earth’s atmosphere and the vast expanse of space.
- Although not universally accepted by all scientists and space explorers, the majority of countries and space organizations acknowledge this demarcation.
- It was formally established in 1960s by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale (FAI), a body responsible for record-keeping.
- Crossing the Karman Line designates an individual as an astronaut.
Potential Threats from Dominating the Karman Line
- Anti-Satellite Weapons: Control over the Karman line could enable adversaries to deploy weapons targeting satellites, disrupting communication links.
- Jamming and Interference: Adversaries might use systems to disrupt satellite communications, causing blackouts or degraded performance.
- Hacking and Cyber-attacks: Unauthorized access to satellite systems could lead to data breaches or manipulation of communication signals.
- Physical Interception or Tampering: The ability to physically reach satellites could allow adversaries to alter orbits, damage components, or eavesdrop on communications.
- Space Debris and Kinetic Kill Vehicles: Creating debris or deploying kinetic kill vehicles could disrupt satellite networks.
- Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Weapons: EMPs could damage satellite electronics, rendering them inoperable.
- Denial of Access to Space: Dominating the Karman line could enable adversaries to deny space access to certain countries or entities.
- Spoofing and Deception: Manipulating satellite communication signals could mislead or deceive users.
- Space-based Cyber-Physical Attacks: Combining cyber and physical methods could disrupt or manipulate satellite operations.
- Policy and Regulatory Challenges: Dominance could lead to geopolitical challenges and affect international agreements related to space activities.
Historical Context and Recent Developments
- First Breach by V-2 Missile: On June 20, 1944, the V-2 became the first object to breach the Karman line, marking a significant milestone in space exploration.
- Superpower Dominance: Both the United States and the Soviet Union have historically sought to dominate space for military and reconnaissance purposes, leading to the development of anti-satellite weapons and ballistic missiles.
India’s Evolving Space Program
- Shift in Focus: India’s space program has transitioned from a developmental focus to incorporating space for national security objectives, particularly in response to China’s counter-space capabilities.
- Military and Security Considerations: India’s approach now includes robust launch capabilities, military satellites, and an emphasis on self-reliance and situational awareness.
Conclusion
- Strategic Importance: The Karman line’s significance extends beyond scientific understanding to encompass crucial defense strategies in space.
- Need for Vigilance and Cooperation: Nations must protect their space-based assets and collaborate internationally to address the multifaceted threats associated with dominating this critical boundary.
- Future of Space Defense: As space becomes increasingly contested, understanding and securing the Karman line is vital for maintaining and defending capabilities in outer space.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Direct-to-Mobile (D2M) Technology
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Telecommunication Engineering Centre (TEC) has identified significant challenges in implementing direct-to-mobile (D2M) technology, which allows streaming TV content directly to mobile phones without an internet connection.
- The proposal for D2M has faced opposition from technology companies like Qualcomm, Samsung, Ericsson, Nokia, and telecom operators.
About Direct-to-Mobile (D2M) Technology
- Direct-to-mobile (D2M) technology is a method of transmitting content directly to mobile devices using broadcast signals. Here are the key points to understand about D2M technology:
- D2M uses broadcast networks, similar to those for TV and radio, to send content directly to mobile devices, bypassing traditional cellular or internet data networks.
- This technology is efficient for delivering the same content to many users simultaneously, reducing the load on cellular networks and making it ideal for live events or popular broadcasts.
- Mobile devices need to be equipped with specific hardware to receive and decode broadcast signals, which may require new standards in smartphone manufacturing.
- D2M can offer high-quality video and audio streaming, as it doesn’t depend on the variable speed and stability of an internet connection.
Key Challenges Identified by TEC
- Integration Issues: Integrating smartphones with D2M and digital terrestrial TV to mobile devices (DTT2M) technologies is a major challenge.
- Infrastructure Requirements: Implementing technologies like Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) 3.0 (NextGen TV) may necessitate a new nationwide network for indoor coverage, adding complexity.
- Increased Costs: The adoption of D2M technology could lead to higher costs for smartphone manufacturers and, consequently, higher phone prices.
- Ecosystem and Viability Concerns: Challenges include the availability of a handset ecosystem, scalability, business viability, and spectrum requirements.
TEC’s Report and Consultation Findings
- Device Ecosystem: Success in adopting D2M technology hinges on enabling service on mobile devices, particularly smartphones or tablets, and creating an open-market, low-cost device ecosystem.
- Need for Compatible Standards: A standard compatible with existing mobile handsets is essential for cost-effectiveness and leveraging the existing ecosystem.
- Offloading Broadcasting Traffic: The standard should facilitate offloading broadcasting traffic over phones and guide the design and manufacture of smartphones for direct broadcast signal reception.
Government’s Intent and Potential Uses of D2M
- Convergence of Services: The government aims to explore the convergence of broadcasting and broadband services through D2M technology.
- Direct Broadcasting Benefits: Users could receive terrestrial digital TV content on handsets, similar to FM radio. The technology could broadcast emergency alerts, public safety messages, and social services.
- Traffic Offloading: Telcos could offload video content to broadcasting networks, reducing network congestion.
Global Context and Trials
- Lack of Available Devices: Currently, no mobile devices support these broadcasting technologies or standards globally.
- International Trials: Countries like the USA, Brazil, Mexico, and Canada are conducting trials for D2M technology.
Stakeholder Concerns and Consultation Feedback
- Hasty Implementation Worries: Stakeholders expressed concerns about the government’s rushed approach to implementing a technology still in its early stages.
- Telcos’ Revenue Concerns: Telecom operators are apprehensive about potential revenue losses from their data business if mobiles pick up signals from D2M technology.
Conclusion
- Critical Factors: The success of D2M in India will depend on the development of a device ecosystem and the ability to broadcast to a vast number of open-market mobile devices.
- Navigating Implementation Challenges: Addressing the identified challenges and considering stakeholder concerns will be crucial in determining the feasibility and success of D2M technology in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indian Science Congress
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The Indian Science Congress, a significant annual event for scientists and science students in India, has been postponed from its usual start date of January 3.
About Indian Science Congress
|
Details |
| Headquarters |
Kolkata, West Bengal, India |
| Establishment |
1914 in Kolkata |
| Annual Meeting |
First week of January |
| Membership |
More than 30,000 scientists |
| First Congress |
1914 at the Asiatic Society in Calcutta |
| Recent Policy Change |
Speakers at future conferences to be vetted; scrutinizes content of talks due to past controversies |
| Notable Participants |
Prominent Indian and foreign scientists, including Nobel laureates |
| Genesis |
Initiated by British chemists Professor J. L. Simonsen and Professor P. S. MacMahon |
| Objectives |
Advance and promote science in India
Hold an annual congress
Publish proceedings and journals
Manage funds for science promotion
Perform acts conducive to these objectives |
| Sections, Committees, and Forums |
Grown from 16 sections in 2000 to 14 sections, including various scientific disciplines |
| International Interaction |
Represented in various foreign scientific academies/associations |
| Internal Challenges |
Discussions on corruption, need for transparency and overhaul of bureaucratic agencies |
Historical Context and Importance
- Consistent Occurrence: Held every year since 1914, except for 2021 and 2022 due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the 108th edition took place in Nagpur from January 3-7, 2023.
- Prime Minister’s Involvement: Traditionally inaugurated by the Prime Minister, the congress is a key event in the PM’s calendar and is often their first public engagement of the New Year.
Reasons behind the Postponement
- Funding Dispute: The postponement is a result of a disagreement between the Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) and the Department of Science and Technology (DST) over alleged “financial irregularities” and funding withdrawal.
- Venue Change and Withdrawal: The ISCA’s decision to move the event from Lucknow University to Lovely Professional University (LPU) in Jalandhar, which later withdrew its offer to host, contributed to the crisis.
Decline of the Indian Science Congress
- Loss of Prestige: In recent years, the Congress has been criticized for promoting pseudoscience and failing to reflect advancements in science, leading to a decline in participation from top scientists and institutions.
- Calls for Discontinuation: Some scientists have suggested discontinuing the event or withdrawing government support due to its diminishing scientific credibility.
Government’s Dilemma and Actions
- Limited Influence: While the government funds the ISCA and the Congress, it has no direct role in the event’s organization, leading to challenges in addressing controversies.
- Scaling Down Involvement: The government has reduced its involvement, such as no longer presenting awards at the inaugural session and limiting stage sharing with the PM.
Future of the Indian Science Congress
- Potential for Resumption: ISCA general secretary Ranjit Kumar Verma expressed hope for organizing the congress before March 31, with possible attendance by the Prime Minister.
- Continued Government Support: A government official indicated that financial support for future events might resume, despite disagreements over this year’s funding.
Way Forward
- Alternative Scientific Forums: Scientists suggest creating alternative forums to discuss the latest scientific developments and foster scientific temper, similar to events in other countries.
- Enhancing Indian Science: Such forums could increase the competitiveness of Indian science and encourage collaborative research with leading global institutions.
Conclusion
- Assessing the Impact: The postponement of the Indian Science Congress reflects broader issues in India’s scientific community and the need for reform.
- Opportunity for Revitalization: This situation presents an opportunity to revitalize scientific discourse in India, potentially leading to more impactful and globally recognized scientific forums.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NYAY Scheme
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Revival of NYAY: A mainstream political party has revived its 2019 manifesto center-piece, the NYAY scheme (Nyuntam Aay Yojana or Minimum Income Scheme), ahead of the 2024 general election.
- Promised Benefits: The party announced that if elected, the party would implement NYAY, providing women with an annual income of Rs 60,000-70,000.
Background of NYAY and PM-KISAN
- NYAY’s 2019 Proposal: Its 2019 manifesto promised NYAY to the poorest 20% of Indian families, guaranteeing Rs 72,000 annually to each eligible family.
- Comparison with PM-KISAN: Around the same time, the incumbent government launched PM-KISAN, providing Rs 6,000 per year to farmer families, showcasing the appeal of direct benefit transfers (DBTs).
Understanding Universal Basic Income (UBI) vs. Targeted Schemes
- UBI Definition: UBI involves providing a basic income to every citizen, from the wealthiest to the poorest, with the simultaneous removal of all subsidies.
- Differences with NYAY/PM-KISAN: These schemes are not UBI as they don’t remove existing subsidies, offer a smaller amount than a basic income, and are targeted rather than universal.
Challenges and Questions Surrounding UBI and DBTs
- Affordability: No country has been able to afford UBI due to its high costs and the population size, especially in countries like India.
- Political Backlash: Removing existing subsidies to fund UBI could lead to significant political backlash.
- Effectiveness of DBTs: Despite criticisms of being mere doles or freebies, DBTs have been seen as effective in alleviating economic distress in various situations.
Rationale behind Direct Benefit Transfers
- Economic Arguments: Direct cash transfers can stimulate local economies and create a virtuous cycle of development.
- Empowerment: Providing cash can empower individuals to make their own decisions and invest in their futures.
A Radical Policy Solution: Direct Cash Transfers
- Provocative Proposition: In their 2010 book, “Just give money to the poor: The Development Revolution from the Global South,” authors Joseph Hanlon, Armando Barrientos, and David Hulme advocate for unconditional cash transfers to the poor.
- Historical Shifts in Welfare Thinking: The book outlines four paradigm shifts in welfare policies:
- 16th-century England’s collective responsibility for subsistence.
- Increased social spending and introduction of pensions in late-19th-century Europe.
- Mid-20th-century recognition of an adequate standard of living as a human right.
- Early 21st-century trend in the Global South of using cash transfers to combat poverty and promote development.
Case for Unconditional Cash Transfers
- Argument for Simplicity and Effectiveness: The authors argue that providing money directly to the poor, without conditions, is a promising approach for reducing poverty and fostering long-term development.
- Global Examples: They cite successful examples from Mexico, South Africa, Namibia, Brazil, Indonesia, and India (NREGA), where governments have implemented such policies.
Implementation Challenges and Principles
- Effective Implementation: Successful DBT programs require fairness, assurance, practicality, sufficient payment size, and political acceptability.
- International Examples: Developed countries have implemented various forms of cash transfers, indicating the potential benefits of such policies.
Public Perception and Political Strategy
- Rejection of Higher Cash Transfers: The public’s rejection of 2019 NYAY offer suggests that implementation and trust are as crucial as the policy itself.
- Political Discourse: The debate over DBTs often gets mired in political rhetoric, overshadowing the policy’s potential benefits and challenges.
Conclusion
- Balancing Act: India must balance the immediate relief provided by DBTs with long-term strategies for poverty alleviation and economic empowerment.
- Learning from the Past: The revival of NYAY and the ongoing debate on DBTs provide an opportunity to learn from past experiences and design more effective and inclusive policies.
- Future of Welfare Policies: As India approaches the 2024 general election, the discourse on NYAY, PM-KISAN, and similar schemes will play a crucial role in shaping the country’s welfare policies.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: The World Health Organization's report on global disparities in blood collection.
Mains level: public-private partnerships to improve blood collection and distribution
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Section 132 of the Income Tax Act
Mains level: I-T searches, a form of extra-constitutional power
Central Idea:
The article critiques the persistent judicial deference in interpreting statutes related to privacy rights in India, despite a significant Supreme Court decision in 2017. It focuses on the unchecked power granted to tax authorities under Section 132 of the Income Tax Act, highlighting the need for proportionality and stricter judicial review in executive actions.
Key Highlights:
- The 2017 Supreme Court decision affirmed the fundamental right to privacy but hasn’t significantly impacted the interpretation of related statutes.
- Section 132 of the Income Tax Act grants broad powers to tax authorities, allowing searches without judicial warrants.
- Recent incidents, like a lawyer’s raid, raise concerns about the abuse of these powers and the lack of safeguards.
Key Challenges:
- The persistence of a culture of judicial deference to executive authority in interpreting statutes.
- The broad and unchecked powers granted to tax authorities under Section 132 of the Income Tax Act.
- Lack of proportionality and strict judicial review in executive actions, risking potential abuse of power.
Key Terms:
- Judicial Deference
- Section 132 of the Income Tax Act
- Proportionality
- Fundamental Right to Privacy
- Executive Authority
Key Phrases:
- “Culture of justification”
- “Judicial Deference”
- “Doctrine of proportionality”
- “Wednesbury rule”
Key Quotes:
- “The promised culture of justification is rarely on show, replaced by a culture of judicial deference.”
- “Search and seizure powers must adhere to the doctrine of proportionality, ensuring a balance between means and violated rights.”
Key Examples and References:
- The Gujarat High Court questioning income-tax authorities on a lawyer’s raid.
- The evolution of income-tax laws, especially the 1961 legislation and the subsequent Supreme Court cases.
Key Statements:
- “Post-Puttaswamy, there ought to be no place for the Wednesbury rule, especially when fundamental rights are at stake.”
- “The state’s power to search and seize must be subject to the doctrine of proportionality.”
Critical Analysis:
The article critically examines the inconsistency in judicial interpretation post the Puttaswamy case, emphasizing the need for a more stringent review of executive actions, particularly in cases involving privacy rights. It questions the application of the Wednesbury rule and advocates for a proportional and justifiable approach.
Way Forward:
- Advocate for a reevaluation of Section 132 of the Income Tax Act in light of the Puttaswamy judgment.
- Emphasize the importance of proportionality and judicial scrutiny in executive actions, especially those involving fundamental rights.
- Call for a more comprehensive and balanced approach to interpreting statutes, ensuring protection against arbitrary executive excesses.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: FRBMA
Mains level: adhering to fiscal correction paths
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Akash Missile System
Mains level: Indigenization in Defence
Central Idea
- India demonstrated the firepower of its Akash surface-to-air (SAM) weapon system, where a single firing unit simultaneously engaged and destroyed four unmanned targets during the recent Exercise Astrashakti 2023.
- Countries like Armenia, Brazil, and Egypt have shown interest in acquiring the Akash SAM.
About Akash Missile System
|
Details |
| Development and Production |
Developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), produced by Bharat Dynamics Ltd (BDL). |
| Type |
Short-range Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM). |
| Engagement Capacity |
Engages four aerial targets simultaneously at a range of 25 km from a single firing unit. |
| Target Engagement |
Capable of targeting multiple threats concurrently in group or autonomous modes. |
| Electronic Counter-Counter Measures (ECCM) |
Equipped to counter enemy jamming and evasion tactics. |
| Mobility and Agility |
Configured on mobile platforms for rapid deployment and relocation. |
| Operational Use |
In service with the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force (IAF). |
| Range and Altitude |
Effective range of 4.5 km to 25 km, with an altitude range of 100 meters to 20 km. |
| Physical Dimensions |
Length: 5,870 mm; Diameter: 350 mm; Weight: 710 kg. |
| Automation and Response |
Fully automated with quick response from target detection to neutralization. |
| System Architecture |
Open-system architecture for adaptability to current and future air defense environments. |
Comparison with Israel’s Iron Dome
- Interception Capabilities: Akash is often compared to Israel’s Iron Dome due to its ability to intercept UAVs, smaller projectiles, helicopters, and aircraft.
- Defensive Role: While similar to the Iron Dome, Akash is primarily designed for defense against larger aerial threats like aircraft, rather than small rockets.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Slums rehabilitation in India
Central Idea
- Research Citation: Nipesh Narayanan’s research, published in the Economic & Political Weekly on October 21, 2023, delves into the changing conceptualization of slums in Indian parliamentary debates from 1953 to 2014.
- Policy on Slums: These shifting narratives have significantly influenced government policies and approaches towards slums.
Evolution of Discourses on Slums
- Parliamentary Debates Analysis: Narayanan analyzed 1,228 debates in the Rajya Sabha and various policy documents, including Five-Year Plans, to trace the evolution of discourses surrounding slums.
- Dynamic Definitions: The study highlights the fluid nature of slum definitions and the tendency to overlook urban disparity as a causal factor in slum formation.
Eras of Changing Perspectives
- 1950s-1960s: Initially, slums were seen as a by-product of partition and rapid urbanization. The focus was on eradication due to health concerns and spatial constraints, side-lining socio-economic factors like migration. The Slum Areas Act of 1956 marked a significant shift, allowing government intervention in slum areas.
- Early 1970s-Mid-1980s: The narrative shifted to viewing slums as necessary evils requiring development rather than eradication. Town planning emerged as a key tool, pushing slums to city peripheries and prioritizing basic amenities over demolition.
- Mid-1980s-Late 1990s: With the National Commission on Urbanisation’s report in 1985, cities and slums began to be seen as economic assets. This era saw a focus on housing policies and infrastructure development, with economic reasoning driving interventions.
- 2000s-2014: The 2001 Census provided comprehensive data on slums, leading to targeted schemes. Slums transitioned from social concerns to technical, economic objects. The focus was on upgradation strategies, legal rights, and property rights for slum dwellers.
Slum Formation and Government Response
- Causality and Complexity: The research identifies urban planning issues, population growth, land pressure, and housing affordability as key factors in slum formation.
- Government Role: The Union government’s role shifted to funding State governments for urban improvement, with a focus on data-driven policies.
Technocratic Solutions and Challenges
- Technological Reliance: The increasing dependence on technological solutions for urban issues is evident in current government policies.
- Critical Examination: The article warns against using slums merely as a tool for anti-poverty policies and emphasizes understanding slum formation beyond numerical data.
Conclusion
- Historical Insights: Narayanan’s analysis provides valuable insights into the historical shifts in government perceptions and actions towards slums.
- Significance for Urban Studies: This research contributes significantly to the understanding of urban dynamics, socio-economic inequalities, and the complexities of slum life in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The nationwide transportation strike entered its second day, causing huge disruptions across the country.
- The strike, involving truck, bus, and tanker drivers, is a protest against stringent regulations under the Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita (BNS) for hit-and-run cases.
Background of the Strike: BNS Provisions
- Implementation of BNS: The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, which introduces tougher penalties for hit-and-run cases, has not yet been implemented.
- Comparison with IPC: The new law replaces Section 304A of the Indian Penal Code, which had a lesser punishment for causing death by negligence.
- Section 106 Controversy: Transporters are protesting Section 106 of the BNS, which increases punishment for rash and negligent driving to a maximum of 10 years.
- Section 106(1) and 106(2): These sections provide for punishments in hit-and-run cases, with Section 106(1) offering a lesser sentence for those who report accidents.
- Abiding to Supreme Court Observations: The increase in sentence duration to 10 years is based on the Supreme Court’s recommendations for stricter actions against reckless drivers who flee accident scenes.
Protesters’ Concerns and Demands
- Fear of Unjust Punishments: Transport operators argue that the new law could lead to unfair punishments and expose drivers to mob violence.
- Lack of Stakeholder Consultation: There is a sentiment that the law was passed without adequate discussion with relevant stakeholders.
- Skepticism about Government Promises: All India Motor Transport Congress expressed doubts about the government’s assurances, predicting fuel shortages and driver protests.
Impact of the Strike
- Widespread Disruptions: The strike has significantly impacted transportation, especially in northern states like Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and others, as well as West Bengal, Odisha, and southern states.
- Fuel Shortages: Long queues at petrol pumps have been reported, indicating a hit to fuel supply.
Conclusion
- Continued Protests: Despite some transport bodies calling off the strike, others continue to protest, affecting transportation and fuel supply.
- Need for Dialogue: The situation underscores the need for further dialogue between the government and transport stakeholders to address concerns and find a resolution.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sarna Religion
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- A study at IIT Indore on tribal culture, forest conservation, and wildfire in central India sheds light on the Sarna religion’s tenets.
About Sarna Religion
|
Details |
| Nature of Faith |
Indigenous religious faith predominantly followed in the Chota Nagpur Plateau region. |
| Geographical Spread |
Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and smaller numbers in Assam, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh. |
| Central Belief |
Reverence of Sarna, the sacred groves, and worship of a village deity (Gram deoti, Dharmes, Marang Buru, etc.) |
| Etymology |
‘Sarna’ means ‘grove’, related to the sal tree. |
| Theology |
Worship of village deities and the mother goddess identified as the earth or nature. |
| Sacred Grooves |
Patches of forest considered sacred, such as sal, mahua, neem, and banyan trees.
No harm allowed to these areas. |
| Practices |
Rituals performed in sacred groves involving village priests; worship of ancestors. |
| Main Festival |
Sarhul: Celebrating nature and ancestors, offerings made to sacred trees like sal.
Karam: Worship of the sacred karam tree, focusing on crop enrichment and preservation of biodiversity.
Faggu: Gathering of dry wood and leaves from forests, reducing fuel load and lowering wildfire risks. |
| Tribes Following |
Followed by various tribes including Santal, Oraon, Ho, Munda, Bhumij, and others. |
| 2011 Census |
Counted 4,957,467 followers in India, primarily in eastern states. |
| Sarna Code Resolution (2020) |
Jharkhand assembly passed a resolution for the inclusion of Sarna as a separate religion in the census. |
| Impact of Colonialism |
Historical conflict due to Western missionary activities in tribal areas. |
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