Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: importance of evidence-based decision-making and long-term goals in public health policies
Central Idea:
The article highlights the need for a shift in the approach to public health management in democratic setups, emphasizing the importance of prioritizing preventive measures over immediate, politically-driven responses. It advocates for a separation of health-care decision-making from short-term political goals to ensure sustainable health strategies that address both immediate and future health needs.
Key Highlights:
- Silent victories in preventing diseases often go unnoticed in the pursuit of tangible achievements.
- Immediate response-focused initiatives divert attention from critical areas like sanitation, disease surveillance, and public health education.
- The case of dengue exemplifies the prioritization of emergency relief over long-term prevention strategies.
- The article stresses the importance of evidence-based decision-making and long-term goals in public health policies.
- Gaps in public health education and the influence of the pharmaceutical industry are recognized challenges.
- Disparities in achieving health policy targets, especially in nutrition programs, reveal gaps in public health efforts.
- Socio-economic factors like poverty, sanitation, and overcrowding contribute to health disparities in diseases like tuberculosis.
Key Terms/Phrases:
- Preventive health measures
- Vector bionomics
- Public health education
- Pharmaceutical industry influence
- Socio-economic factors
- Health policy targets
- Separation of powers approach
Key Quotes:
- “In a democratic setup, leaders often chase tangible achievements and overlook vital preventive efforts.”
- “Public health decisions should be based on scientific evidence and long-term goals, not electoral cycles.”
- “Behavioural change is key to managing public health challenges.”
- “Effective public health management should encompass preventive measures, policy formulation, community health, and environmental health.”
Key Statements:
- “Health care will benefit from being separated from political processes.”
- “Investments in nutrition programs have far-reaching implications for health and productivity.”
- “Public health is not just about treating diseases but preventing them.”
Key Examples and References:
- Dengue as an example of prioritizing immediate relief over long-term prevention.
- Disparity in achieving targets in the Prime Minister’s Overarching Scheme For Holistic Nourishment (POSHAN) Abhiyan Scheme.
- Disparity in TB cases between India and the United States due to socio-economic factors.
Key Facts/Data:
- 35.5% of children under five were stunted, and 32.1% were underweight in 2019-21.
- 58.6% to 67.1% increase in prevalence of anaemic children aged 6-59 months.
- India reported 21.4 lakh TB cases in 2021, an 18% increase from 2020.
Critical Analysis:
- The article effectively highlights the drawbacks of immediate, politically-driven health initiatives.
- Emphasizes the importance of evidence-based decision-making and long-term planning in public health.
- Recognizes gaps in public health education and the impact of socio-economic factors on health outcomes.
Way Forward:
- Advocate for a separation of health-care decision-making from short-term political goals.
- Strengthen public health education and adopt a multidisciplinary approach.
- Emphasize evidence-based decision-making and prioritize long-term preventive measures.
- Address socio-economic factors influencing health outcomes.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: VIP Security
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The Union Home Ministry has provided a Z+ category security cordon manned by Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) troopers around Kerala Governor Arif Mohammad Khan.
VIP Security Provisions in India
- In India, security is provided to high-risk individuals by the police and local government.
- The level of security needed by any individual is decided by the Ministry of Home Affairs, based on inputs received from intelligence agencies which include the IB and R&AW.
- Individuals such as PM, home minister, and other officials such as the National Security Advisor generally get security cover because of the positions they occupy.
- In addition to this, persons who are believed to be under threat also receive security cover.
What is Z+ Category Security?
In India, the category covers are X, Y, Y-plus, Z, Z-plus, and SPG (Special Protection Group).
- X Category: The protectee gets one gunman. Protectees in the Y category have one gunman for mobile security and one (plus four on rotation) for static security.
- Y Plus category: It receives the cover of two gunmen (plus four on rotation) for mobile security, and one (plus four on rotation) for residence security,
- Z Category: It has six gunmen for mobile security and two (plus 8) for residence security. They get 10 security personnel for mobile security, and two (plus 8) for residence security.
- Z Plus Category: It is provided by National Security Guard commandos whereas the other category of security is provided by the Delhi police or the ITBP or CRPF personnel.
What about Special Protection Group (SPG) Cover?
- The SPG cover is meant only for the PM and his immediate family.
- After Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her own security guards in 1984, the Rajiv Gandhi government decided to create a special cadre of security personnel for the PM.
- In March 1985, following the recommendations of a committee set up by the Home Ministry, a special unit was created for this purpose under the Cabinet Secretariat.
- This unit, initially called the Special Protection Unit, was renamed as Special Protection Group in April 1985.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ECOWAS
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The military regimes in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger announced their immediate withdrawal from the West African bloc ECOWAS.
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
|
Details |
| Establishment |
Regional intergovernmental organization established in 1975. |
| Objectives |
Aims to foster economic integration, cooperation, and development among West African nations. |
| Headquarters |
Secretariat headquartered in Abuja, Nigeria. |
| Member States |
15 member states: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cote d’ Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Senegal, and Togo. |
| Primary Goals & Objectives |
- Promoting economic integration among member states.
- Facilitating the free movement of people, goods, and services.
- Enhancing regional cooperation in various sectors.
- Fostering a borderless region governed by democratic principles and good governance.
- Addressing security and political challenges through collaboration and conflict resolution.
|
| Achievements & Initiatives |
- Establishment of ECOMOG peacekeeping force for conflict resolution.
- Launching the ECOWAS Single Currency Initiative for economic integration.
- Supporting efforts to combat terrorism, human trafficking, and organized crime.
|
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nitrogen Hypoxia
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Alabama’s recent execution of a prisoner by nitrogen hypoxia has stirred debate and controversy, marking a historic shift in execution methods after four decades.
- While some argue for the method’s effectiveness, others condemn it as cruel and inhumane.
Science behind Nitrogen Hypoxia
- Nitrogen Inhalation: Smith, 58, underwent execution by inhaling pure nitrogen, depriving the body of oxygen needed for vital functions.
- NIOSH-Approved Respirator: The state of Alabama used an industrial-grade respirator, specifically a “NIOSH-approved Type-C full facepiece supplied air respirator,” delivering nitrogen to the inmate.
- Deprivation of Oxygen: While nitrogen is harmless in normal air composition, inhaling it exclusively leads to oxygen deprivation, causing eventual death.
Execution Duration
- Unexpected Prolongation: Despite claims that nitrogen gas would cause unconsciousness within seconds and death within minutes, Smith’s execution took approximately 22 minutes.
- Witness Accounts: Onlookers reported distressing scenes of Smith writhing, convulsing, and gasping for air during the extended execution.
Legal and Ethical Questions
- Constitutional Concerns: Smith’s lawyers attempted to halt the execution, arguing it violated the constitutional ban on cruel and unusual punishment.
- Experimental Execution Method: Critics contended that Smith was being used as a test subject for an untested method, highlighting the lack of adequate research and procedures.
- Federal Court Rulings: Despite legal challenges, federal courts, including the US Supreme Court, rejected attempts to block the execution, raising concerns about the state’s approach.
Death Penalty Landscape in the US
- Highly Charged Issue: The death penalty remains a polarizing political topic in the United States, drawing contrasting views on its justice, deterrence, and ethical considerations.
- Questionable Deterrence: Research indicates no conclusive evidence that capital punishment acts as a deterrent to crime, challenging one of its main justifications.
- Execution Methods’ Challenges: Lethal injection, the most common method, faces controversies, from botched executions to reliability issues.
- Racial and Economic Bias: Critics argue that capital punishment carries a risk of wrongful prosecution, with studies revealing racial and economic biases in its application.
Conclusion
- As the United States witnesses the first nitrogen hypoxia execution, the controversy surrounding the method raises broader questions about the ethics, constitutionality, and efficacy of capital punishment.
- With legal battles ongoing and public opinion divided, the execution of Kenneth Smith serves as a focal point for re-evaluating the nation’s approach to the death penalty and the methods employed.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ladakh, Gilgit Baltistan
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The socio-political landscape of Ladakh is witnessing ongoing dialogues and demands on Gilgit-Baltistan, primarily presented by the Leh Apex Body (LAB) and Kargil Democratic Alliance (KDA) to the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
- The demands encompass a range of issues, including territorial control expansion, restoration of statehood, special status under the Sixth Schedule and Article 371, and exclusive rights over recruitment.
Ladakh’s Current Status
- Formation as Union Territory: Ladakh, spanning 59,146 square kilometers, became a Union Territory on August 5, 2019, following the abrogation of Article 370.
- Governance: Unlike Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh does not have a legislature but is governed by two elected hill councils, LAHDC-Kargil and LAHDC-Leh.
- Population and Demographics: Ladakh, with a population of 2.74 lakh (2011 census), is a Muslim-majority UT, with Buddhists dominating Leh district and Shia Muslims in Kargil. The region witnessed varied reactions to the abrogation of Article 370, with Leh supporting UT status and Kargil expressing a desire for reunification with Kashmir.
Latest Demands of the Region
- Protests against UT Status: Over the past two years, both Leh and Kargil initiated protests against the UT status without a legislature, advocating for the restoration of statehood.
- Special Status under Sixth Schedule: There is a collective demand for special status under the Sixth Schedule and Article 371, similar to other northeastern states, to preserve the region’s ecological fragility and limit external influences.
- Exclusive Recruitment Rights: Ladakh seeks exclusive rights over recruitment, proposing the establishment of the Ladakh Public Service Commission for gazetted jobs and empowering hill councils for lower rung staff recruitment.
Territorial Control Expansion
- Historical Context: The memorandum underlines Ladakh’s historical connection to Gilgit-Baltistan, part of the pre-1947 Ladakh district now under Pakistan’s occupation.
- Territorial Control Demand: Ladakh demands an extension of territorial control up to Gilgit-Baltistan, advocating for attempts to include this area into Ladakh. Reservation of seats for Gilgit-Baltistan is sought once a legislature is granted.
- Strategic and Stability Considerations: The memorandum emphasizes that empowering locals will enhance stability in the region, especially in the context of Ladakh’s volatile Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China.
Centre’s Response and Committees Formed
- Committees Formed: In response to street protests, the Centre formed committees in 2022 and 2024, led by Ministers G. Kishan Reddy and Nityanand Rai, respectively, to engage with LAB and KDA members.
- Assurance and Ongoing Talks: The Centre assured finding appropriate solutions to language, culture, and land conservation issues in Ladakh. Ongoing talks are aimed at addressing the demands and fostering a structured dialogue between New Delhi and Ladakh.
Conclusion
- Ladakh’s socio-political dialogue continues, reflecting the diverse sentiments and demands of its residents.
- The region’s historical context, strategic considerations, and ecological concerns play a crucial role in shaping the ongoing negotiations.
- As Ladakh awaits resolutions to its demands, the dialogue remains a critical component in navigating the complex dynamics between the Centre and this unique Union Territory.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sovereign 'Guarantee'
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- A working group constituted by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has presented key recommendations to address challenges related to guarantees extended by State governments.
Understanding ‘Guarantee’
- A ‘guarantee’ involves a legal obligation for a State to make payments on behalf of a borrower, safeguarding investors/lenders from default risks.
- As defined by the Indian Contracts Act (1872), it is a contract involving three parties: the principal debtor, creditor, and surety (State government).
- The ‘guarantee’ acts as a safety net, ensuring payment in case of default by the borrower.
Purpose of ‘Guarantee’ at the State Level
- Sovereign Guarantee: Facilitates concessional loans from bilateral or multilateral agencies to public sector enterprises.
- Project Viability: Enhances project viability for activities with significant social and economic benefits.
- Resource Mobilization: Enables public sector enterprises to secure resources at favorable terms, contributing to lower interest charges.
Fiscal Risks and Working Group Recommendations
- Cash Outflows and Debt: While guarantees may not require upfront cash payments, they pose fiscal risks, leading to unanticipated cash outflows and increased debt during challenging times.
- Complex Estimation: Estimating the quantum and timing of potential costs/cash outflows is challenging due to triggers associated with guarantees.
Recommendations on ‘Guarantee’ Definition and Guidelines
- Broadened Definition: The term ‘guarantee’ should encompass all instruments creating obligations for the guarantor (State) to make future payments on behalf of the borrower.
- Guidelines for Accordance: Government guarantees should not substitute budgetary resources and should adhere to Government of India guidelines.
- Preconditions: Specify preconditions, including the period of guarantee, guarantee fee, government representation on the management board, and audit rights.
Risk Determination, Fee, and Ceiling
- Risk Weight Assignment: States should assign risk weights (high, medium, low) before extending guarantees, considering past defaults.
- Ceiling on Guarantees: A desirable ceiling for incremental guarantees during a year, limiting stress on state governments.
- Guarantee Fee Structure: Reflective of borrower’s project riskiness and activities, with a base fee of at least 2.5% per annum.
Disclosures and Honouring Commitments
- Credit Disclosure: Banks/NBFCs should disclose credit extended to State-owned entities backed by State guarantees for improved credibility.
- Database Establishment: Set up a state-level unit to track and consolidate all guarantees, ensuring proper data compilation.
- Timely Honouring: States must honor guarantees without delay, recognizing the reputational and legal risks associated with defaults.
Conclusion
- The RBI working group’s recommendations aim to fortify fiscal management by introducing standardized practices, enhancing risk assessment, and ensuring transparent disclosures.
- These measures, if implemented, can contribute to better fiscal discipline and mitigate potential risks associated with state government guarantees.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not Much
Mains level: Chinese inroads in Africa
Introduction
- China’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, Wang Yi, embarked on a diplomatic tour across four African nations—Egypt, Tunisia, Togo, and the Ivory Coast.
- Marking his 11th annual visit to Africa, Wang Yi’s trip aimed at bolstering economic and security cooperation, aligning with the outcomes of the China-Africa Leaders Dialogue and setting the stage for the ninth Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) in 2024.
China’s FM Visit: Key Objectives
- Implementation of Dialogue Outcomes: Execute initiatives from the China-Africa Leaders Dialogue, focusing on industrialization, agricultural modernization, and talent development support.
- Peace Mediation in Gaza: In Egypt, Wang Yi expressed China’s global mediation intentions, urging an “immediate and comprehensive ceasefire” in Gaza.
Historical Significance of Sino-African Relations
- Roots in Cold War Era: Sino-African relations date back to the 1950s, with China supporting African liberation movements during the Cold War.
- FOCAC Initiatives (2000): The first Forum on China-Africa Cooperation in 2000 marked a shift towards diplomacy, investment, and trade, evolving into a robust partnership.
- Belt and Road Initiative (2013): China’s Belt and Road Initiative strengthened ties with 52 African countries, making China Africa’s largest trading partner.
China’s Objectives in Africa
- Resource Access: Securing key resources, with Africa supplying 90% of global cobalt, platinum, and 75% of coltan, crucial for China’s tech industry.
- Geopolitical Influence: Leveraging Africa’s role as the largest bloc in the UN General Assembly to support China’s stances on issues like the South China Sea.
- Yuan Strengthening: Encouraging Africa to trade in the Chinese currency (RMB) for economic advantages and debt restructuring.
- Commercial Opportunities: Utilizing Africa’s markets for Chinese exports, benefiting from a young population and a cost-effective labor force.
Impact on Africa
- Investment, Trade, and Development Aid: Africa receives vital investment, trade benefits, and development aid from China, fostering a ‘win-win partnership.’
- Infrastructure Development: Chinese-built infrastructure and industrial parks contribute to employment opportunities, making ‘Made in Africa’ a reality.
- Agricultural Advancements: Chinese support in advancing hybrid crops enhances Africa’s agricultural sector.
- Non-Interference Approach: China’s non-interference policy in development aid garners trust, contrasting with Western practices and offering African nations autonomy.
Challenges and Controversies
- Debt Trap Concerns: Some view Chinese investments as potentially leading to debt traps, although not all African nations have poorly managed their debt.
- Authoritarian Leverage: China’s ‘non-interference’ stance may empower authoritarian regimes in Africa, raising concerns about governance and political stability.
Conclusion
- Wang Yi’s African tour signifies China’s commitment to strengthening its multifaceted partnership with the continent, addressing mutual concerns, and laying the groundwork for collaborative ventures in the years to come.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Encryption
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- In today’s digital age, information is invaluable, and encryption serves as a crucial means to protect it.
- Specifically, end-to-end (E2E) encryption has transformed how human rights organizations, law enforcement, and technology companies handle sensitive information.
What is Encryption?
- Encryption Definition: Encryption involves transforming consumable information into an unconsumable form based on specific rules. Different encryption methods exist, providing varying levels of security.
- Example of DES: The Data Encryption Standard (DES) encrypts text like “ice cream” to a garbled form with a specified key, such as “kite” or “motorcycle.”
- Key Importance: A key serves as the means to unlock (decrypt) encrypted text, ensuring that only authorized individuals can access the original information.
What is End-to-End Encryption (E2E)?
- E2E Encryption Defined: E2E encryption focuses on specific locations through which information travels. In a messaging app, for instance, E2E encryption ensures that messages are encrypted both during transmission and storage, only decrypted when received by the intended recipient.
- Protection in Transit and at Rest: E2E encryption safeguards information during transmission and while stored on servers, providing comprehensive protection.
Mechanisms of Information Encryption
(A) Symmetric vs. Asymmetric Encryption:
- Symmetric Encryption: The same key is used for both encryption and decryption. Examples include DES and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).
- Asymmetric Encryption: Different keys are used for encryption and decryption. Public and private key pairs, such as Curve25519, exemplify asymmetric encryption.
(B) Hash Functions:
- Hash Function Properties: Hash functions encrypt messages with properties like non-reversibility, fixed-length output, and uniqueness for unique inputs.
- Example of DES Hash Function: DES uses a complex process, including S-boxes, to encrypt messages.
Can E2E Encryption Be ‘Cracked’?
- MITM Attacks: A man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack involves intercepting messages by acquiring encryption keys. Countermeasures include fingerprint comparison to detect tampering.
- Complacency Risks: Users may become complacent, assuming total security. However, malware and backdoors can compromise device security, allowing unauthorized access.
- Metadata Surveillance: While E2E encryption secures message content, surveillance can occur through metadata analysis, revealing information about message timing, recipients, and locations.
- Backdoor Risks: Companies implementing E2E encryption may install backdoors, enabling access for legal or illicit purposes. Examples, like the Snowden affair, highlight potential misuse.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The recent interim ruling by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) regarding South Africa’s case against Israel has sparked global attention.
- While the court did not pass judgment on the core issue of whether Israel is committing genocide in Gaza, it did issue six provisional measures.
ICJ’s Interim Ruling: Six Provisional Measures Ordered
- Prevention of Genocidal Acts: A 15:2 majority mandated that Israel take all necessary steps to prevent acts defined under Article 2 of the Genocide Convention, encompassing actions with the intent to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.
- Immediate Military Restraint: Israel was directed to prevent its military from committing any genocidal acts “with immediate effect.”
- Incitement to Genocide: Sixteen out of 17 judges ruled that Israel must prevent and punish direct and public incitement to commit genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip.
- Humanitarian Assistance: The court instructed Israel to provide humanitarian aid and basic services to Palestinians in Gaza, recognizing them as a protected group under the Genocide Convention.
- Preservation of Evidence: Israel was entrusted with preserving evidence related to alleged acts under the Genocide Convention in Gaza.
- Reporting Requirement: By a 15:2 majority, Israel was asked to submit a report on measures taken to implement the ruling within one month.
Decision on Jurisdiction
- Jurisdiction Confirmed: The World Court clarified its jurisdiction, stating that there exists a prima facie dispute between the parties concerning the application of the Genocide Convention.
- Article 9 of Genocide Convention: Referring to Article 9, the court emphasized that South Africa’s concerns and Israel’s dismissal indicated a genuine dispute.
Comments on Israel’s Actions in Gaza
- Genocidal Acts: The court suggested that “at least some” of Israel’s acts and omissions may fall within the contours of the Genocide Convention.
- Impact of Military Operation: Israel’s large-scale military operation in Gaza, causing civilian casualties and displacement, was highlighted.
- Statements by Israeli Officials: The court pointed to concerning statements by senior Israeli officials, including orders for a “complete siege” of Gaza and dehumanizing remarks about troops.
- Humanitarian Concerns: Expressing deep concern, the court warned of a potential deterioration in the humanitarian situation before the final judgment.
No Call for Ceasefire
- Court’s Limitations: The ICJ refrained from ordering a ceasefire, with legal experts explaining that such an order could render Israel defenseless and fall outside the court’s purview.
- International Impact: While the court’s rulings are legally binding, enforcement is lacking. However, its opinions carry weight with the UN and other international institutions.
Also read:
ICJ: Doing Justice without power
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme
Mains level: Farm Loan
Introduction
- In the first nine months of the current fiscal year, farm loan disbursals have exceeded 90 percent of the Budget estimate, prompting expectations of a significant hike in the Interim Budget for the next fiscal year (2024-25).
- Finance Minister had set a target of ₹20 lakh crore for agriculture credit during the previous fiscal year (2023-24).
Budget Promises and Performance
- Credit Target Increase: Finance Minister Sitharaman had announced an agriculture credit target of ₹20 lakh crore for FY 2023-24. The current disbursement data indicates that this target is likely to be exceeded.
- Sectoral Focus: The Ministry reported that credit disbursed to the Animal Husbandry and Fisheries sector in FY 2023-24 reached ₹1,91,412 crore, constituting 65 percent of the ₹2.93 lakh crore target.
- Working Capital and Term Loans: Disbursements included over ₹77,000 crore as working capital and over ₹1.13 lakh crore as term loans.
Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme Impact
- Significant Growth: Agricultural credit has witnessed substantial growth from ₹7.3 lakh crore in FY 2013-14 to ₹21.55 lakh crore in FY 2022-23, driven by the success of the KCC scheme.
- Operative KCC Accounts: The KCC scheme, facilitating timely and hassle-free credit, boasts over 7.36 crore operative accounts as of the end of 2023.
- Interest Subvention: Concessional interest rates, with a 7 percent lending rate and a 1.5 percent per annum interest subvention, were offered for short-term crop and allied activity loans up to ₹3 lakh through KCC.
About Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme
|
Details |
| Objective |
To provide timely and flexible credit support to farmers for various agricultural and related needs. |
| Launch |
Introduced in 1998 to issue KCC to farmers, facilitating the purchase of agricultural inputs and cash withdrawals for production needs. |
| Credit Support |
- Short-term credit for crop cultivation.
- Post-harvest expenses and produce marketing loans.
- Household consumption needs.
- Working capital for farm assets maintenance and allied activities.
- Investment credit for agriculture and allied activities.
|
| Implementing Agencies |
Commercial Banks, Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), Small Finance Banks, and Cooperatives. |
| Eligible Farmers |
- Individual and joint borrowers who are owner cultivators.
- Tenant farmers, oral lessees, and sharecroppers.
- Self Help Groups (SHGs) or Joint Liability Groups (JLGs) of farmers, including tenant farmers and sharecroppers.
|
| Maximum Permissible Limit (MPL) |
The short-term loan limit for the 5th year, plus the estimated long-term loan requirement, determines the KCC limit. |
Regulatory Framework and Initiatives
- RBI Mandate: RBI mandates a priority sector lending target for banks, with a specific allocation of 18 percent for agriculture and a 10 percent sub-target for Small and Marginal Farmers (SMFs) for FY 2023-24.
- Prompt Repayment Incentive (PRI): An additional 3 percent PRI is provided for prompt and timely repayment, effectively reducing the interest rate to 4 percent per annum.
- Collateral-Free Agriculture Loans: RBI is set to raise the limit for collateral-free agriculture loans to ₹1.6 lakh from ₹1 lakh, aiming to enhance the coverage of small and marginal farmers.
- Streamlined Lending Practices: Banks have streamlined lending by eliminating ‘no dues’ certificates for small loans up to ₹50,000 and accepting alternative documentation or affidavits for loans to specific categories of farmers.
Financial Inclusion and NABARD Initiatives
- Joint Liability Groups (JLGs): NABARD’s creation of ‘Joint Liability Groups’ has facilitated lending without collateral to tenant/landless farmers and non-farm workers, fostering trust between banks and JLG members.
- JLGs Performance: By March 31, 2023, a total of 257.9 lakh JLGs had been formed and linked to credit, contributing to the broader financial inclusion agenda.
Conclusion
- The surge in farm loan disbursals indicates the success of various government initiatives, particularly the KCC scheme, in promoting financial inclusion and supporting the agricultural sector.
- The likely increase in the agriculture credit target in the upcoming Interim Budget underscores the continued commitment to rural financing and development.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNRWA
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- Britain, Italy, and Finland have recently halted funding for the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA) amid allegations of its staff’s involvement in the October 7 Hamas attacks on Israel.
About UNRWA
- UNRWA was established to aid Palestinian refugees displaced during the 1948 war surrounding Israel’s creation.
- It provides education, health, and aid services to Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon.
- It operates schools, health clinics, and infrastructure projects for millions of Palestinians across the Middle East.
Israel’s Criticisms
- Israel accuses UNRWA of tolerating or collaborating with Hamas and perpetuating the Palestinian refugee crisis.
- It alleges misuse of aid by militant groups and teaching anti-Israel sentiments in UNRWA schools.
UNRWA’s Response
- It denied allegations, takes swift action against accused employees, and asserts no links to militant groups.
- It sought to undertake an external review to address accusations and determine political motivations.
Impact of Funding Cuts
- The U.S., UK, Canada, Australia, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Switzerland, and Finland suspend aid.
- These nations contribute nearly 60% of UNRWA’s budget in 2022, impacting day-to-day operations.
- Humanitarian crisis deepens in Gaza, with one in four facing starvation, and aid operations hampered by the ongoing conflict.
Conclusion
- The pause in funding for UNRWA raises concerns about the humanitarian crisis in Gaza and the potential long-term impact on the region’s stability.
- The accusations against UNRWA and the subsequent funding cuts underscore the complex challenges faced in delivering aid amid geopolitical tensions.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Radioactive wastes mentioned
Mains level: Nuclear Pollution
Introduction
- A recent study conducted by researchers at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, analyzed 20 years of radiological data (2000-2020) from six nuclear power plants in India.
- The findings highlight the minimal impact of radioactive discharges from these plants on the environment.
- The study aims to reinforce India’s commitment to its nuclear power program, challenging unfounded beliefs and influencing public and policy perspectives.
Radiological Analysis and Plant Selection
- Twenty-Year Data: The analysis covered radiological data from 2000 to 2020 from seven nuclear power plants.
- Focus on Fission Products: The study focused on concentrations of fission products and neutron-activated nuclides within a 5 km radius of each nuclear plant, considering samples collected up to a maximum radius of 30 km.
Gaseous and Liquid Discharges
- Components of Gaseous Waste: The gaseous waste released into the atmosphere included fission product noble gases, Argon-41, radioiodine, and particulate radionuclides (cobalt-60, strontium-90, caesium-137, and tritium).
- Liquid Discharge Components: Liquid discharge consisted of fission product radionuclides (radioiodine, tritium, strontium-90, caesium-137) and activation products like cobalt-60.
- Strict Regulatory Compliance: The discharges underwent dilution and dispersion, adhering to strict radiological and environmental regulatory regimes.
Radiological Measurements and Concentrations
- Air Particulates: Average gross alpha activity in air particulates across all seven nuclear plants remained below 0.1 megabecquerel (mBq) per cubic meter.
- Specific Markers: Concentrations of iodine-131, caesium-137, and strontium-90 in air particulates were below 1 mBq per cubic meter for iodine-131, with caesium-137 and strontium-90 concentrations three orders lower and below 10 microbecquerel per cubic meter.
Water Bodies and Sediments
- Rivers, Lakes, and Sea Water: Caesium-137 and strontium-90 concentrations in rivers and lakes were below 5 mBq per liter, and sea water near the nuclear plants registered less than 50 megabecquerel per liter.
- Sediment Analysis: Sediment analysis revealed that caesium-137 concentration was highest at the Rajasthan Atomic Power Station, while strontium-90 concentration peaked at the Narora Atomic Power Station.
Tritium Detection and Total Doses
- Tritium Presence: Tritium was detectable at all sites except the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Station, where it was not detected during the study period.
- Total Doses: Though total doses remained below regulatory limits, Rajasthan, Madras, and Tarapur power plants showed relatively higher total doses. Efforts are being made to further limit doses at these sites to keep them as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA).
Conclusion
- The BARC study’s comprehensive analysis concludes that the environmental impact of Indian nuclear power plants, based on 20 years of radiological data, has been minimal.
- The findings not only emphasize the safe operation of these plants but also contribute to dispelling unwarranted beliefs, supporting India’s commitment to advancing its nuclear power program.
- The study’s insights are poised to shape public and policy perspectives on nuclear energy in the country.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Anaemia Mukt Bharat
Mains level: complexities of malnutrition, providing a comprehensive view of the two-way relationship between nutrition and health.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: evolving nature of global warfare with the importance of academic excellence and technological prowess
Central Idea:
The article suggests that India’s upcoming National Security Strategy should incorporate a goal of having 10 universities in the top 100 global university rankings by India@100. It argues that the evolving nature of warfare, driven by advancements in technology and changing geopolitical dynamics, necessitates a strong connection between academic knowledge (Shaastra) and military capability (Shastra). The article emphasizes the importance of enhancing India’s educational institutions, particularly through strategic interventions, to bolster national security in an era where the line between civilian and military technology is blurring.
Key Highlights:
- Cathal Nolan’s thesis from “The Allure of Battle” is referenced, emphasizing the significance of endurance and technology over decisive battles in military history.
- The article highlights the changing global dynamics, particularly the US-China relationship and its impact on technology access and partnerships.
- The erosion of the distinction between civilian and military technology is discussed, with examples such as drones, satellite internet, artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and clean energy.
- The potential risks and responses of major players like China and the US are outlined, reflecting the evolving nature of global geopolitics.
Key Challenges:
- The article acknowledges criticisms of global university rankings, citing them as popularity contests, unreliable, incomplete, ideological, and unequal.
- The challenge of determining the relative importance of different disciplines, such as sciences versus humanities, is mentioned.
- The article underscores India’s current position in global university rankings (only 11 in the top 500) and the need for rapid improvement.
Key Terms:
- Shaastra: Academic knowledge.
- Shastra: Weapons or military capability.
- Foundational technologies: Technologies critical for national security.
- Friendshoring: The potential threat to partnerships with countries deemed friendly.
- Dual circulation: A policy shift by China to prioritize Chinese technologies over foreign ones.
- National Security Strategy: A document outlining a country’s approach to ensuring its security.
- Global university rankings: Lists evaluating universities based on various criteria.
Key Phrases:
- “Shaastra and Shastra are siblings”: Stresses the interconnectedness of academic knowledge and military capabilities.
- “Foundational technologies behind a high fence”: Refers to the US strategy of restricting access to critical technologies.
- “Friendshoring is threatened”: Indicates the potential impact on partnerships with friendly nations.
- “Dual circulation now means”: Describes China’s emphasis on using Chinese technologies.
- “Charge into the valley of death”: A reference to a Tennyson poem, highlighting the need for strategic thinking over blind bravery.
Key Quotes:
- “Sweat saves blood, blood saves lives, but brains save both” – Field Marshal Rommel: Emphasizes the importance of strategic thinking in military endeavors.
Key Statements:
- “The distinction between civilian and military technology erodes with drones, satellite internet, artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and clean energy.”
- “China’s response by banning Tesla cars and Apple phones from army bases.”
- “Global rankings matter: 71% of universities have a ranking goal, and 68% use them as a tool for management.”
Key Examples and References:
- Reference to the historical role of American universities, particularly MIT, in military partnerships.
- China’s proactive approach to global university rankings, starting with Project 211 in 1995.
- Mention of the Defense Technology Council proposed in India to improve project management.
Key Facts and Data:
- India has 11 universities in the top 500 global university rankings.
- China has 71 universities in the top 500 QS rankings due to strategic initiatives from 1995 to 2022.
- American universities have historically played a crucial role in military advancements.
Critical Analysis:
The article effectively links the evolving nature of global warfare with the importance of academic excellence and technological prowess. It presents a critical analysis of the challenges posed by changing geopolitical dynamics and the potential impact on national security. The integration of historical references, global examples, and quotes adds depth to the argument.
Way Forward:
- Implement strategic interventions to enhance the top 20 government universities in India.
- Consolidate independent research labs into top institutions for better research outcomes.
- Concentrate government research funding to universities and incentivize corporate research collaboration.
- Introduce performance-based funding to encourage improvements in research metrics and rankings.
- Strengthen partnerships between universities and the proposed Defense Technology Council for effective project management.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MGNREGS
Mains level: misrepresentation of research findings to support the mandatory implementation of ABPS in MGNREGS
Central Idea:
The Rural Development Ministry mandated Aadhaar-Based Payment Systems (ABPS) in the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), despite protests from workers and questionable government claims. The article highlights the complexities of ABPS, the lack of evidence supporting its benefits, and the misrepresentation of research findings that supposedly endorse ABPS. It argues for the continuation of account-based payments in MGNREGS.
Key Highlights:
- ABPS Complexity: ABPS in MGNREGS involves Aadhaar seeding, authentication, and linking to bank accounts, leading to potential glitches causing wage delays and denial of work.
- Government Claims: The government asserted that ABPS would eliminate duplicate job cards, reduce delays, and lower payment rejections, but these claims are questioned.
- Deletion of Job Cards: Officials reportedly deleted job cards under pressure to meet Aadhaar seeding targets, leading to spelling mismatches and exaggerated savings claims.
- LibTech Study: A public research group’s study, cited by the government, found no statistically significant difference in efficiency between ABPS and account-based payments.
- Misrepresentation: The Ministry misrepresented the LibTech study, incorrectly claiming that it endorsed ABPS despite no significant gains.
Key Challenges:
- Technological Glitches: Workers face issues due to errors in Aadhaar seeding, authentication, and bank account linking, causing financial losses and delays.
- Deletion of Job Cards: Job card deletions surged, raising concerns about the accuracy of the process and the pressure to meet Aadhaar seeding targets.
- Misleading Claims: The government’s claims of efficiency gains with ABPS are contradicted by research, indicating a lack of transparency and credibility.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Aadhaar-Based Payment Systems (ABPS): A payment system using Aadhaar authentication and linking for financial transactions.
- Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS): A social security scheme providing rural employment.
- Aadhaar Seeding: Linking Aadhaar numbers with relevant databases, such as job cards and bank accounts.
- Job Card Deletions: Removal of MGNREGS job cards, allegedly driven by the pressure to meet Aadhaar seeding targets.
Key Quotes:
- “Incorrectness in any of the above steps for ABPS means that the worker is denied work, does not receive wages, or is not paid in their preferred account.”
- “In the last two years alone, job cards of over 7 crore workers got deleted.”
- “LibTech’s study is based on a sample of 3.2 crore transactions. The difference was not statistically significant, providing evidence that ABPS is not quicker than account-based payments.”
Key Statements:
- The government’s claims of ABPS benefits lack credibility, with evidence pointing to errors in job card deletions and questionable efficiency gains.
- The misrepresentation of research findings by the Ministry undermines the justification for making ABPS mandatory.
Key Examples and References:
- Research papers in Economic and Political Weekly highlighting errors in job card deletions and the pressure to meet Aadhaar seeding targets.
- The Ministry’s press release misrepresenting the LibTech study’s findings.
Key Facts and Data:
- A 247% increase in job card deletions in FY 2022–23, with over 7 crore workers affected.
- As of January 11, 2024, out of 25.6 crore registered workers, only 16.9 crore are eligible for ABPS.
Critical Analysis:
The article critically examines the complexities and challenges associated with ABPS, questions the government’s claims, and exposes the misrepresentation of research findings to support the mandatory implementation of ABPS in MGNREGS.
Way Forward:
- Advocate for account-based payments in MGNREGS due to the difficulties and glitches associated with ABPS.
- Emphasize the need for transparency, credibility, and evidence-based decision-making in the implementation of payment systems.
- Call for a reevaluation of the decision to make ABPS mandatory, considering the workers’ concerns and the lack of proven benefits.
By addressing these issues, the government can ensure a more efficient and transparent payment system in MGNREGS.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Republic Day
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- On January 26, India celebrates Republic Day, marking the day when its Constitution came into effect in 1950.
- However, the roots of this celebration trace back to January 26, 1930, when India made the historic “Poorna Swaraj” declaration, signifying its quest for complete independence from British rule.
Context of the 1920s
- Non-Cooperation Movement: The 1920s witnessed the aftermath of the Non Cooperation Movement and the Chauri Chaura incident, which prompted Mahatma Gandhi to temporarily halt non-violent protests.
- Rise of Leaders: This period saw the emergence of notable leaders like Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhash Chandra Bose, Vallabhai Patel, and C. Rajagopalachari, setting the stage for India’s future freedom struggle.
Simon Commission and Nehru Report
- Simon Commission: In 1927, British authorities appointed the Simon Commission to discuss political reforms in India, sparking nationwide protests with slogans like “Simon Go Back.”
- Nehru Report: In response, the Indian National Congress (INC) established its own commission under Motilal Nehru, advocating dominion status for India within the British Empire.
Internal Disagreements: Dominion or Republic?
- Dominion Status Debate: While the Nehru Report called for dominion status, leaders like Subhash Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru favored complete independence, fearing that dominion status would align India with colonial exploitation in the British Empire.
- Change in Gandhi’s Views: Initially supporting dominion status, Mahatma Gandhi’s stance evolved as he began advocating for complete independence.
Irwin Declaration and Backtracking
- Irwin Declaration: In 1929, Viceroy Irwin vaguely promised dominion status for India, which sparked hope among Indians but faced opposition in Britain.
- Backtracking: Under pressure from Britain, Irwin retracted his promise during a meeting with Indian leaders, leading to growing unity within the INC for complete independence.
Declaration of Poorna Swaraj
- Lahore Session of INC: In December 1929, during the Lahore Session of the INC, the “Poorna Swaraj” resolution was passed, calling for complete independence from British rule.
- Official Promulgation: On January 26, 1930, this declaration of independence was officially announced, marking a pivotal moment in India’s freedom struggle.
- Nonviolent Protest: The resolution also affirmed the Gandhian principles of nonviolent protest, which became integral to the subsequent struggle for independence.
Republic Day in Post-Independence India
- Celebrating Independence: From 1930 until India’s independence in 1947, January 26 was celebrated as “Independence Day” or “Poorna Swaraj Day,” symbolizing India’s commitment to sovereignty.
- Constitution Adoption: When India adopted its Constitution, leaders chose January 26 for Republic Day, as it held historical significance and aligned with the ideals of complete independence as articulated in the “Poorna Swaraj” declaration.
- Symbolism: Today, Republic Day commemorates India’s journey to self-rule and reflects the principles enshrined in its Constitution.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Padma Awards
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Former Vice-President M. Venkaiah Naidu, actors Chiranjeevi and Vyjayanthimala Bali, and Bharatanatyam dancer Padma Subrahmanyam will be conferred with Padma Vibhushan, the country’s second-highest civilian award, the Central government announced on the eve of Republic Day.
- Bindeshwar Pathak, founder of Sulabh International, will be conferred with the award posthumously.
About Padma Award
- The Padma Awards are among India’s most prestigious civilian honors, announced annually on Republic Day’s eve, following the Bharat Ratna.
- These awards are designed to recognize outstanding achievements across various fields and disciplines, particularly those involving public service.
- The Government of India introduced the Bharat Ratna and Padma Vibhushan in 1954.
- Initially, the Padma Vibhushan had three classes: Pahela Varg, Dusra Varg, and Tisra Varg, which were renamed in 1955 as Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri, respectively.
Award Categories
There are three categories of Padma Awards:
- Padma Vibhushan: This is awarded for ‘exceptional and distinguished service.’
- Padma Bhushan: This is for ‘distinguished service of a high order.’
- Padma Shri: This is given for ‘distinguished service.’
Eligibility Criteria
- The awards are open to all individuals regardless of race, occupation, position, or gender.
- Government employees, except doctors and scientists, are generally ineligible.
- The awards are usually not given posthumously, but exceptions can be made in extraordinary cases.
- A recipient can be considered for a higher category of Padma award only if at least five years have passed since their previous Padma honor. However, exceptions can be made for exceptionally deserving cases.
Nomination Process
- Nominations are reviewed by the Padma Awards Committee, formed annually by the Prime Minister.
- The Committee, led by the Cabinet Secretary, includes the Home Secretary, Secretary to the President, and 4-6 distinguished members.
- The Committee’s recommendations are forwarded to the Prime Minister and the President for final approval.
Limitations
- The awards are not titles and cannot be used as prefixes or suffixes to the awardees’ names.
- The number of awards given annually (excluding posthumous awards and those to NRIs/foreigners/OCIs) is capped at 120.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indian Constitution and its drafting
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Indian Constitution, renowned as the world’s lengthiest written Constitution, is not just a legal document but a treasure trove of artistic richness.
- It features intricate hand-painted images and elaborate borders across all its 22 parts, making it the most visually appealing Constitution globally.
Narrative Scheme of Paintings
- Historical Representation: The paintings within the Constitution depict various periods in Indian history, from the Indus Valley civilization to the freedom struggle. Additionally, scenes from the epic tales of Ramayana and Mahabharata are featured.
- Geographical Diversity: These illustrations also capture India’s diverse geography, from the desert with marching camels to the grandeur of the Himalayas.
The Appointment of Artists
- Selection of Nandalal Bose: Nandalal Bose, a renowned artist and close associate of Mahatma Gandhi, was entrusted with the task of illustrating the Constitution in October 1949, just before the final session of the Constituent Assembly.
- Collaborative Effort: Bose collaborated with family members, students, and fellow artists, including Kripal Singh Shekhawat, A Perumal, and Direndrakrishna Deb Burman.
- Calligraphy: While the Constitution itself was handwritten by calligrapher Prem Behari Narain Raizada in a flowing italic style, the Hindi version’s calligraphy was masterfully crafted by Vasant Krishan Vaidya.
Notable Artistic Contributions
- Preamble and National Emblem: The Preamble page features intricate patterns sketched by Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and bears his signature, while Dinanath Bhargava sketched the National Emblem, the Lion Capital of Ashoka.
- Payment for Artists: Records suggest that the artists who painted the historical scenes were paid Rs 25 for each page.
Ideation of Artwork
- No Direct Correlation: Nandalal Bose’s artwork in the Constitution does not have a direct correlation with the text, as he did not illustrate the content of the Constitution itself. Instead, he crafted a visual narrative of India’s history as he envisioned it.
- Changes and Adjustments: A preliminary plan was drawn up for the artwork, which underwent changes with additions and deletions. For instance, a scene featuring ‘portraits of Akbar and Shahjahan with Mughal architecture’ was replaced with an image of Akbar.
Borrowing from History and Religion
- Diverse Representations: The artwork includes depictions of the Bull Seal from the Indus Valley region, scenes from the lives of hermits and ascetics, Buddha in meditation, Mahavir, sculptures from Mahabalipuram, and the descent of the Ganga to Earth.
- Incorporating Epics: Scenes from the Mahabharata and Ramayana are featured in the artwork, symbolizing India’s rich mythological heritage.
- Homage to Tagore: Three landscapes within the Constitution pay tribute to Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore and his composition of the National Anthem, celebrating India’s diverse geographical landscapes.
Celebrating Monarchs and Freedom Fighters
- Emperor Ashoka: Part VII features Emperor Ashoka seated on an elephant, propagating Buddhism.
- King Vikramaditya and Tipu Sultan: Part IX showcases a scene from King Vikramaditya’s court, while Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi shares the page with Tipu Sultan in Part XVI.
- Gandhi and Freedom Fighters: Mahatma Gandhi appears twice, leading the Dandi March and visiting Noakhali in Bangladesh. Subhas Chandra Bose is depicted saluting the flag with members of the Azad Hind Fauj.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sapinda Marriages
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Delhi High Court recently dismissed a challenge to the constitutionality of Section 5(v) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 (HMA), which prohibits sapinda marriages among Hindus unless custom permits.
- The court’s decision affirms the legal restrictions on such marriages and emphasizes the importance of regulating marital choices.
For Aspirants with Sociology Optional, this article is of immense importance under: “Systems of Kinship- Family, household, marriage” in both Paper I and Paper II.
Understanding Sapinda Marriages
- Definition: Sapinda marriages involve individuals closely related within specified degrees, as per Section 3(f)(ii) of the HMA.
- Prohibition: The HMA prohibits sapinda marriages within a certain range of lineal ascent, ensuring that marriages do not occur between individuals with a common lineal ascendant within the defined limits.
Legal Framework
- Void Marriages: Sapinda marriages that violate Section 5(v) and lack an established custom permitting them are declared void, meaning they are considered invalid from the outset.
- Customary Exception: The sole exception to this prohibition arises when both parties’ customs permit sapinda marriages, as defined in Section 3(a) of the HMA.
- Custom Criteria: To qualify as a custom, it must be continuously observed, uniform, reasonable, and not opposed to public policy, gaining legitimacy among Hindus in a particular area or community.
Grounds for Challenging the Law
- Constitutional Challenge: The petitioner contended that Section 5(v) violated the right to equality under Article 14 of the Constitution by requiring proof of custom for sapinda marriages.
- Lack of Proof: The woman argued that sapinda marriages exist even without documented custom, and the consent of both families validated the marriage.
High Court’s Decision
- No Established Custom: The Delhi HC found no stringent proof of an established custom supporting sapinda marriages, which is crucial under the law.
- Regulation of Marriages: The court upheld the idea that the choice of a marriage partner can be subject to regulation.
- No Violation of Equality: The petitioner failed to provide compelling legal grounds to challenge the prohibition against sapinda marriages on grounds of violating the right to equality.
International Perspectives
- European Laws: In several European countries, laws related to incestuous relationships are less stringent compared to India, allowing marriages between consenting adults.
- Examples: France, Belgium, Portugal, and Italy have different laws regarding incestuous relationships and marriages.
- US Laws: In the United States, incestuous marriages are banned in all 50 states, but some states allow incestuous relationships between consenting adults.
Conclusion
- The Delhi HC decision reaffirms the legal framework regulating sapinda marriages in India and emphasizes the importance of established customs in permitting such unions.
- It also highlights the differing legal approaches to incestuous relationships and marriages in various countries.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gyanvapi
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Gyanvapi Structure sin Varanasi has been the center of a longstanding controversy regarding its historical origin and the existence of a Hindu temple preceding its construction.
- The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has recently concluded that a Hindu temple indeed existed at the site before the mosque’s construction, relying on scientific studies, textual evidence, and historical accounts.
Gyanvapi: Historical Background
- Temple’s Existence: The ASI’s findings suggest that a substantial Hindu temple once stood adjacent to the Kashi Vishwanath temple, which is believed to have been demolished during the reign of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
- Persian Chronicles: The primary source for this claim is Saqi Mustaid Khan’s Maasir-i-Alamgiri, a Persian chronicle written shortly after Aurangzeb died in 1707. It mentions Aurangzeb’s orders to destroy temples and schools of the “infidels.”
- Aurangzeb’s Policy: Historians interpret this as part of Aurangzeb’s broader policy against Hinduism, marked by the destruction of temples and discriminatory measures, such as customs duties.
Historical Interpretations
- Selective Targeting: Some historians argue that the 1669 decree was not a blanket order to destroy all temples but targeted institutions where certain teachings took place, especially in Benares (now Varanasi).
- Conflict with Shivaji: It is suggested that Aurangzeb ordered the destruction of the Kashi temple as retribution following Chhatrapati Shivaji’s escape from Mughal custody.
- Religious Cloth: The Gyanvapi Mosque incorporates a part of the ruined temple’s wall, possibly serving as a religious statement of the consequences of opposing Mughal authority.
Expert Opinions and Legal Implications
- ASI Report: The ASI’s extensive report provides expert evidence but can be contested in court during the ongoing legal battle.
- Witnesses and Cross-Examination: The civil suit involves witnesses from various fields, including historians, archaeologists, and religious experts, who will be cross-examined.
- Court Determination: The courts will decide whether the ASI report can be conclusively relied upon and assess the significance of the existence of a Hindu temple in determining the mosque’s religious character.
Legal and Constitutional Aspects
- Maintainability Issue: The preliminary issue of whether the suit can be filed depends on the fate of the Places of Worship Act, 1991, which aims to maintain the religious character of places of worship as of August 15, 1947.
- Relevance of ASI Report: The relevance of the ASI report could change significantly if the 1991 law is altered or struck down. Currently, the law is considered a fundamental feature of the Constitution, safeguarding secularism.
- Secularism and Non-Retrogression: The Places of Worship Act is seen as essential in upholding the principles of secularism and non-retrogression, core elements of India’s Constitution.
Conclusion
- The controversy surrounding the Gyanvapi Mosque underscores the complexities of historical interpretation and legal implications.
- The ASI’s findings, while significant, are part of an ongoing legal process, and the final determination will have far-reaching consequences on the historical narrative and religious character of the site.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
.jpg?sfvrsn=ceb0ec8f_8)