Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Ambitious Goals: The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) aims to reduce particulate matter concentrations by 40% by 2026 in 131 Indian cities.
- Mixed Results: An analysis by Respirer Living Sciences and Climate Trends reveals varied progress among cities, with only a few meeting targeted declines in PM 2.5 levels.
About National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
|
Details |
| Launch |
Launched by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) in January 2019. |
| Objective |
To create a national framework for air quality management with a time-bound target for reducing air pollution. |
| Targets |
Aims to reduce the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 particles by at least 20% in five years, using 2017 as the base year. |
| Coverage |
Focuses on 132 non-attainment cities identified by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). |
| Non-attainment Cities |
Cities that have consistently fallen short of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for over five years. |
| NAAQS Pollutants |
Includes PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, NH3, Ozone, Lead, Benzene, Benzo-Pyrene, Arsenic, and Nickel. |
| Current Standards |
Annual average prescribed limits are 40 µg/m3 for PM2.5 and 60 µg/m3 for PM10. |
| Revised Targets (2022) |
Updated target of a 40% reduction in particulate matter concentration by 2026. |
| Improvement Assessment |
Requires a 15% or more reduction in annual average PM10 concentration and at least 200 clean air quality days starting from 2020-21. |
Particulate Matter Reduction: Varied City Performances
- Inconsistent Declines: Among 49 cities with consistent data over five years, 27 showed a decline in PM 2.5, but only four met or exceeded targets.
- Notable Increases in Pollution: Cities like Delhi, Navi Mumbai, Mumbai, Ujjain, Jaipur, Visakhapatnam, and Pune have seen marginal declines or increases in PM 2.5 levels.
Success Stories and Regional Disparities
- Significant Reductions: Cities like Varanasi, Agra, and Jodhpur reported substantial declines in PM 2.5 and PM 10 levels.
- Uttar Pradesh’s Progress: Except for Jodhpur, cities achieving the 2026 reduction targets are predominantly from Uttar Pradesh.
- Indo-Gangetic Plain’s Pollution: The IGP remains a hotspot for high PM 2.5 levels, with 18 of the top 20 polluted cities located in this region.
Factors Influencing Pollution Levels
- Annual Variations: Pollution levels can vary significantly within a year, with northern and eastern Indian cities peaking during winter.
- Air Quality Monitoring Infrastructure: The number and distribution of continuous ambient air quality monitors significantly impact the accuracy of pollution data.
- Geographical and Meteorological Influences: The study acknowledges the need for further research to understand the impact of emissions, geography, and weather on pollution levels.
NCAP’s Progress and Future Outlook
- Noteworthy Efforts: The NCAP has made progress in reducing pollution in some cities, but the overall effectiveness remains unclear.
- Enhanced Monitoring: The addition of new air quality monitoring stations is expected to provide a clearer picture of pollution levels and aid in mitigation efforts.
Conclusion
- Persistent Pollution Challenges: Despite some successes, many urban areas continue to struggle with rising pollution levels.
- Commitment to Environmental Goals: The NCAP’s revised target reflects India’s commitment to ambitious environmental objectives.
- Need for Comprehensive Strategies: Effective air quality management requires a combination of robust monitoring, targeted policy interventions, and public awareness to achieve sustainable improvements in air quality.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chandubi Festival
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The 14th Chandubi Festival was recently held near the Chandubi Lake in Assam’s Kamrup district from January 1 to January 5.
About Chandubi Festival
- The Chandubi Festival happens every year for five days, starting on New Year’s Day, by the Chandubi Lake in Assam.
- Chandubi Lake was formed by a earthquake in 1897.
- The name “Chandubi” comes from “Chand” meaning “five” and “Dubi” meaning “sinking” in the Khasi language.
- At the festival, one can enjoy local culture, try ethnic food, see handcrafted clothes, and go boating.
- The festival’s main goal is to encourage eco-tourism and protect the lake, which has been losing water.
- Preserving the lake and helping the tribes like Rabhas, Garos, Gorkhas, and tea tribes are reasons for holding the festival.
Course of events
- During the festival, many attractive ethnic sports competitions were organized by the festival celebration committee which includes the Baghbol competition, Chagalchari competition, Khutikhel, Lewatana etc.
- Performances of different tribe’s folk dances are held including Garo, Boro, Hajpong, Bihu, Rabha and many others.
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Central Idea:
The article focus into Vidhu Vinod Chopra’s film, “12th Fail,” capturing the struggles of real-life IPS officer Manoj Kumar Sharma in the competitive UPSC examinations. It highlights the unexpected yet impactful body language of the lead actor, Vikrant Massey, and underscores the film’s exploration of conformity and authenticity in the civil services interview process.
Key Highlights:
- Portrayal of Manoj Kumar Sharma’s internal journey in the UPSC examinations.
- Emphasis on Vikrant Massey’s skill in conveying character emotions through body language.
- Crucial moments, including the character’s nervousness and a supportive letter from his girlfriend.
- Vidhu Vinod Chopra’s focus on the significance of staying honest and true to oneself in achieving success.
Key Challenges:
- Illustration of challenges faced by candidates in the competitive UPSC examination process.
- Pressure to conform to societal expectations during interviews.
- Realities of a low success rate and the potential absence of a happy ending for many candidates.
Key Terms:
- UPSC: Union Public Service Commission, responsible for civil service examinations in India.
- IPS: Indian Police Service.
- Body language: Non-verbal communication through gestures, postures, and facial expressions.
Key Phrases:
- “Internal journey”: Emphasizes the character’s emotional and psychological struggles.
- “Unfairness of the system”: Highlights challenges of conforming in the competitive examination process.
- “Without oxygen”: Metaphorically describes the character’s journey to success without significant support.
Key Quotes:
- “He has to win by not being himself, by not revealing too much of himself.”
- “When someone sees you for who you are, they also see you for who you want to be.”
- “The crucial thing about this film is to show that you can make it big while staying honest.”
Anecdotes:
- Manoj Kumar Sharma’s nervousness and struggle with formal attire on the day of the final interview.
- The pivotal moment when he reads a supportive letter from his girlfriend, providing strength to be true to himself.
Key Statements:
- “The real job, as is for most great acting, is internal.”
- “In a just society, the competitive UPSC process would be seen as cruel.”
Key Examples and References:
- Vikrant Massey’s portrayal of Manoj Kumar Sharma’s transformation through body language.
- Vidhu Vinod Chopra’s emphasis on honesty and integrity in the pursuit of success.
Critical Analysis:
The article critically examines societal pressures and challenges in the pursuit of government civil service jobs, advocating for authenticity in success.
Way Forward:
Encourages a shift in societal perspectives, promoting a more just and empathetic approach to the challenges faced by candidates in competitive exams, without sacrificing one’s true self.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ramacharitmanas
Mains level: need to revisit the Ramacharitmanas in its entirety to comprehend Lord Rama in all dimensions
Central Idea:
The article explores the evolving perceptions of Lord Rama in Hindu society, with a focus on the transformation of the invocation “Jai Shri Ram” and the upcoming consecration of the Ram Janmabhoomi temple. It emphasizes the need to revisit the Ramacharitmanas in its entirety to comprehend Lord Rama in all dimensions, especially his compassionate and childlike aspects.
Key Highlights:
- Lord Rama, as depicted by Tulsidas in the Ramacharitmanas, is seen as divine and the upholder of maryada, connoting righteous conduct.
- The aggressive tone of the current popular invocation, “Jai Shri Ram,” emerged in 1990 during the Rath Yatra led by Lal Krishna Advani for the construction of the Ram temple.
- The construction of the Ram Janmabhoomi temple is widely welcomed, symbolizing a correction of historical wrongs and a call for Hindu assertiveness.
Key Challenges:
- The shift in the invocation from traditional greetings like “Ram Ram” to the more militant “Jai Shri Ram” reflects a change in social thinking, raising concerns about sharpness in Hindu thought.
- The article notes that the infant form of Lord Rama is rarely invoked, highlighting a departure from Tulsidas’s portrayal in the Ramacharitmanas.
Key Terms:
- Maryada: Connotes righteous conduct, context-specific.
- Rath Yatra: A procession advocating the construction of the Ram temple.
- Ramlalla Virajman: The deity representing Lord Rama in the Ayodhya case.
- Samadhi: A memorial, in this context, referring to Gandhi’s resting place at Rajghat.
Key Phrases:
- “Jai Shri Ram”: Evolved from the Rath Yatra in 1990, emphasizing a militant tone for the Ram Janmabhoomi temple.
- “He Ram”: Uttered by Gandhi at the time of his assassination, reflecting a deep connection to Lord Rama.
Key Quotes:
- “It is evocative that his samadhi at Rajghat carries these words.” – Referring to the words “He Ram” on Gandhi’s memorial.
- “Recognising the entire creation as full of Siya and Rama, I make obeisance to them with joined palms.” – Tulsidas’s perspective on Lord Rama and Sita.
Key Examples and References:
- Lal Krishna Advani’s Rath Yatra in 1990.
- D.V. Paluskar’s rendering of the bhajan “Thumak chalat Ramachandra.”
- Gandhi’s utterance of “He Ram” at the time of his assassination.
Key Facts and Data:
- Lord Rama is widely perceived in his warrior mode, especially during the celebration of Dussehra.
- The consecration of the Ram Janmabhoomi temple is scheduled for January 22, 2024.
Critical Analysis:
The article critically examines the changing invocation from traditional greetings to the militant “Jai Shri Ram,” expressing concerns about the sharpness in Hindu thinking. It reflects on the evolution of societal perceptions of Lord Rama, emphasizing the need to embrace the diverse dimensions portrayed in the Ramacharitmanas.
Way Forward:
- Encourage a broader understanding of Lord Rama by revisiting the Ramacharitmanas in its entirety.
- Emphasize the compassionate and childlike aspects of Lord Rama, especially in the context of the upcoming temple consecration.
- Reflect on Gandhi’s Rama bhakti as a guiding principle, promoting tolerance and compassion in the celebration of religious milestones.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Remission
Mains level: lack of transparency and unchecked discretion in the remission process
Central Idea:
The article discusses a recent Supreme Court decision regarding the remission of 11 convicts in the Bilkis Bano case. It highlights the court’s condemnation of illegalities and collusion between the petitioners and the Gujarat government. While celebrating the decision as a triumph for justice, the author also raises concerns about the lack of transparency and unchecked discretion in the remission process.
Key Highlights:
- The Supreme Court cancels remission orders for 11 convicts due to fraud and collusion with the Gujarat government.
- The decision is praised for upholding the rule of law and addressing the exceptional injustice faced by Bilkis Bano.
- The article acknowledges the inspiring resilience of Bilkis Bano and applauds women’s rights lawyers for their commitment.
Key Challenges:
- Lack of transparency in the formation and decision-making process of remission committees.
- Unchecked discretion and potential for arbitrary exercise of power in remission decisions.
- Concerns about non-application of mind and identical orders in the remission process, as seen in the Bilkis Bano case.
Key Terms:
- Remission: Reduction of sentence through earned days based on rehabilitation activities.
- Per incuriam: Declared as illegal due to a mistake or oversight.
- Retributive punishment: Focused on punishment rather than rehabilitation.
- Judicial review: Examination of a decision for legality and fairness.
- Usurpation of power: Unauthorized assumption of authority.
Key Phrases:
- “Injustice of exceptionalism”: Describes the grant of remission in the Bilkis Bano case as a unique and unjust situation.
- “Resilience that prevailed”: Commends Bilkis Bano’s enduring strength in the face of injustice.
- “Soothing balm”: Refers to the comfort provided by the Supreme Court’s firm decision.
- “Unchecked discretion”: Highlights the potential for arbitrary decision-making in remission cases.
Key Quotes:
- “Rule of law and equality before the law would be empty words if their violation is not a matter of judicial scrutiny.”
- “Remission is rooted in the logic that prisons are meant to be rehabilitative spaces.”
- “Justice Nagarathna’s words come as solace in light of the disturbing memory of the celebrations that followed the release of the 11 convicts.”
Key Examples and References:
- Bilkis Bano case: Illustrates the background of the Supreme Court decision and the injustices faced by the victim.
- Union of India vs V. Sriharan (2015): Reference to a Constitution Bench decision on the appropriate government for remission.
- Epuru Sudhakar vs State of Andhra Pradesh (2006): Supreme Court ruling on the judicial review of remission orders.
Key Facts and Data:
- Life convicts must serve a minimum of 14 years before applying for remission.
- Remission policies in some states deny opportunities based on crime categories.
- The Gujarat government’s remission orders for the 11 convicts were identical.
Critical Analysis:
The article raises concerns about the arbitrary exercise of power in remission decisions, citing the lack of transparency and identical orders in the Bilkis Bano case. It prompts a reflection on whether certain offenders should be ineligible for remission or if a focus on fair compliance with conditions is more appropriate.
Way Forward:
- Advocate for increased transparency in the formation and functioning of remission committees.
- Emphasize the importance of considering individual circumstances and compliance with remission conditions.
- Encourage a reevaluation of remission policies to avoid blanket denials based on crime categories.
- Address the issue of unchecked discretion to ensure a fair and rehabilitative approach in the remission process.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Remission of Sentences
Mains level: Bilkis Bano Verdict
Introduction
- Supreme Court’s Ruling: The Supreme Court struck down the remission granted to 11 men convicted in the 2002 Bilkis Bano Gangrape Case.
- Gujarat Government’s Action Deemed Illegal: The court declared the Gujarat government’s decision to release the convicts as illegal, citing jurisdictional issues.
Remission of Sentences: Constitutional Analysis
|
Details |
| What is Remission? |
Complete ending of a sentence at a reduced point;
Nature of the sentence remains unchanged, but the duration is reduced;
Conditional release; breach of conditions leads to cancellation. |
| Constitutional Provisions |
Article 72: President’s pardoning powers
Article 161: Governor’s pardoning powers
President’s pardoning power >>> Governor’s |
| Statutory Power of Remission |
Provided under the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC)
Sections 432 and 433 allow suspension, remission, or commutation of sentences |
| Background of Remission System |
Defined under the Prison Act, 1894;
Observed in Kehar Singh vs. Union of India (1989) and
State of Haryana vs. Mahender Singh (2007) cases |
| Latest MHA Guidelines |
Special Remission Guidelines to commemorate 75th year of Independence as part of the Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav celebrations. |
| Eligibility for Special Remission |
Women and transgender convicts aged 50+
Male convicts aged 60+, having completed 50% of their sentence
Physically challenged convicts with 70% + disability, having completed 50% of their sentence
Terminally ill convicts who have completed 66% of their sentence
Poor prisoners detained due to non-payment of fines
Young offenders aged 18-21 with no other criminal involvement, having completed 50% of their sentence |
| Exclusions from the Scheme |
Convicts with death sentences or life imprisonment;
Convicts involved in terrorist activities or convicted under specific acts like TADA, POTA, UAPA, etc.
Convicts of offences like dowry death, counterfeiting, rape, human trafficking, POCSO Act violations, etc. |
Core Issue before the Court
- Question of Authority: The central issue was whether the Gujarat government had the authority to issue remission orders for the convicts.
- Jurisdictional Clarification: The crime occurred in Gujarat, but the trial was held in Mumbai. The Supreme Court clarified that the appropriate government for remission decisions is where the sentencing occurred, not where the crime was committed.
Understanding Remission of Sentences
- Constitutional and Legal Provisions: Articles 72 and 161 of the Constitution and Section 432 of the CrPC empower the President, Governors, and state governments to remit sentences.
- Restrictions Under Section 433A of the CrPC: This section imposes limitations on remission for life imprisonment cases, requiring a minimum of 14 years of imprisonment.
Grounds for Remission
- Sentence Review Board’s Role: States have a Sentence Review Board to exercise powers under Section 432 of the CrPC.
- Supreme Court Guidelines: The court mandates due process in remission decisions, considering factors like the crime’s seriousness, co-accused status, and jail conduct.
- Criteria Established in ‘Laxman Naskar v. Union of India’ (2000): The Supreme Court outlined five specific grounds for considering remission:
(a) Whether the offence is an individual act of crime that does not affect society.
(b) The likelihood of the crime being repeated in the future.
(c) Whether the convict has lost the potentiality to commit a crime.
(d) The purpose served by keeping the convict in prison.
(e) Socio-economic conditions of the convict’s family.
The Bilkis Bano Case Specifics
- Convict’s Appeal for Remission: A convict appealed to the Supreme Court for premature release under Gujarat’s 1992 remission policy.
- Supreme Court’s Initial Directive: The court initially directed the Gujarat government to consider Shah’s application as per the 1992 policy.
Gujarat’s Remission Policy and Its Implications
- 1992 Policy vs. 2014 Policy: The 1992 policy, under which remission was sought, was invalidated by the Supreme Court in 2012.
- Gujarat Government’s Argument: The state argued that the 1992 policy was applicable as the conviction occurred in 2008, before the 2014 policy with stricter guidelines was formulated.
Aftermath of the Remission Grant
- Public Outrage: The release of the convicts sparked widespread outrage and was perceived as a miscarriage of justice.
- Bilkis Bano’s Appeal: Bilkis Bano challenged the remission in the Supreme Court, highlighting the heinous nature of the crime and its impact on society.
Conclusion
- Restoration of Legal Integrity: The Supreme Court’s decision to overturn the remission restores faith in the legal system’s commitment to justice.
- Reaffirmation of Jurisdictional Authority: The ruling clarifies the jurisdictional authority in remission cases, reinforcing the importance of due process and legal consistency.
- Broader Implications: This judgment sets a precedent for future remission cases, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of the crime’s nature and societal impact in such decisions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lakshadweep
Mains level: Tourism potential of Lakshadweep
Introduction
- PM’s recent trip to Lakshadweep has brought the islands into the national conversation.
About Lakshadweep
|
Details |
| Location |
In the Arabian Sea, off the southwestern coast of India. |
| Geographical Formation |
Formed by coral activities and have a coral atoll structure. |
| Formation as UT |
Formed as a Union Territory of India in 1956. |
| Total Islands |
Comprises 36 islands, including atolls, coral reefs, and submerged banks. |
| Inhibition |
10 of the 36 islands are inhabited. |
| Capital |
Kavaratti is the capital of the Union Territory. |
| Area |
Total area of 32 sq km. |
Cultural Uniqueness of Lakshadweep
- Diverse Influences: The islands exhibit a unique blend of cultural influences from Malayalis, Arabs, Tamils, and Kannadigas.
- Distinct Islamic Practice: The form of Islam practiced here is distinct from the rest of India, reflecting the islands’ diverse ethnic and linguistic heritage.
Historical Roots: A Pre-Islamic Hindu Society
- Early Settlers: Scholar Andrew W Forbes suggests that the first settlers were likely Malabari sailors, possibly castaways.
- Hindu Influence: Evidence points to a pre-Islamic Hindu society, with remnants like buried idols and traditional songs hinting at past Hindu practices.
Conversion to Islam: A Gradual Transition
- Arab Influence: Regular contact with Arab merchants and sailors led to the gradual conversion of islanders to Islam, distinct from the Islamic practices in mainland India.
- Peaceful Introduction of Islam: Historian Mahmood Kooria notes that Islam’s introduction in the region, including Lakshadweep, was marked by minimal political conflict, primarily through commercial interactions.
Cultural Development: Insulation from Mainland Influences
- Control by the Arakkal Kingdom: In the 16th century, the islands fell under the Arakkal kingdom of Kannur, Kerala’s only Muslim dynasty.
- European Interactions: Despite conflicts with European powers, the islands maintained a degree of protection and isolation.
- British Era: The British rule further insulated Lakshadweep, allowing its culture to evolve distinctly from mainland India.
- Linguistic Diversity: The islands’ isolation is reflected in their linguistic diversity, with Malayalam, Jazari, and Mahl being the main languages.
Matrilineal Society: A Unique Aspect of Lakshadweep’s Islam
- Matriliny in Islamic Society: Lakshadweep’s Islamic society is characterized by matriliny, tracing descent and property through the mother’s line.
- Anthropological Perspectives: Anthropologist Leela Dube highlights the compatibility of matriliny with Islam in Lakshadweep, contrary to conventional Islamic practices.
- Kerala’s Influence: Historian Manu Pillai links the matrilineal tradition to Kerala’s cultural patterns, where Nairs and Namboodiris practised matriliny.
- Broader Indian Ocean Context: Kooria points out that matriliny is common among Muslims in the Indian Ocean region, suggesting a broader cultural context.
Religious and Sociological Interpretations
- Islamic Justification for Matriliny: Islanders believe their matrilineal practice aligns with Islam, citing Prophet Muhammad’s life with his first wife, Khadija.
- Sociological Viewpoint: Dr. N P Hafiz Mohamad emphasizes that the islanders see matriliny as integral to their Islamic practice.
Conclusion
- Preservation of Unique Traditions: Lakshadweep’s relative isolation has helped preserve its unique cultural and religious practices.
- Integration of Diverse Influences: The islands represent a remarkable integration of various cultural and religious influences, forming a distinct identity within the Indian subcontinent.
- Significance in Broader Indian Ocean Culture: Lakshadweep’s cultural practices, particularly its matrilineal society, highlight the interconnectedness and diversity of cultures across the Indian Ocean region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Afforestation in India
Introduction
- National and International Commitments: Tree planting by state forest departments is propelled by India’s National Forest Policy, global restoration commitments, and central government initiatives like the Green India Mission.
- Forest Cover Targets: The emphasis on forest cover in financial allocations by the Finance Commission further motivates states to increase forested areas.
Geographical and Ecological Context
- Tropical Dry Forest Biome: Over three-fifths of India, spanning from the Shivaliks in the north to the Eastern Ghats in Tamil Nadu, falls under this biome.
- Sparse Tree Cover and Drought-Prone Areas: This region, characterized by sparse tree cover and less than 1,000 mm of annual rainfall, is susceptible to drought.
- Dependence of Rural Population: These landscapes are crucial for cattle grazing and support endangered fauna like wolves, striped hyenas, and blackbucks.
Recent Trends in Forest Cover Expansion
- Significant Increase in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana: Between 2006 and 2015, these states collectively added significant forest cover, further augmented by Telangana through schemes like Haritha Haram.
- Satellite Imagery and Dense Plantations: To be detected by satellite, dense plantations of fast-growing species like teak, eucalyptus, and bamboo are favored over natural sparse canopy.
Consideration for Tree Plantation
- Site Selection: Choose appropriate locations such as public parks, schools, and degraded lands for tree plantation. Focus on areas with adequate sunlight, proper drainage, and enough space for the tree to grow.
- Native Tree Species: Opt for planting native tree species as they are well-adapted to the local climate and support the region’s biodiversity. Some popular choices in India include neem, banyan, peepal, mango, and teak.
- Planting Season: The ideal time for tree plantation in most parts of India is during the monsoon season (June to September). This period provides sufficient rainfall, which helps with the establishment and growth of newly planted trees.
Challenges and Impacts of Current Tree Planting Practices
- Questionable Forest Cover Targets: The 33% forest cover target lacks a scientific basis, as does the 26 million hectares target under the 2011 Bonn Challenge.
- Negative Ecological Consequences: Excessive tree planting can lead to the loss of biodiverse grasslands and scrub ecosystems, impacting pastoral communities and water availability in river basins.
Recommendations for Policy Revision
- Recognition of Varied Ecosystems: The 15th Finance Commission’s acknowledgement of diverse forest canopy densities is a positive step, but it overlooks the importance of grasslands and open scrub ecosystems.
- Alternative Restoration Approaches: Restoring degraded lands to their original grassland or scrub states with native trees is more beneficial than creating monoculture plantations.
- Revising National Forest Policy Targets: It’s crucial to update the target forest cover to promote the conservation of grasslands and open ecosystems in their natural state.
- Beyond Satellite Imagery for Monitoring: Restoration programs should not solely rely on satellite imagery, as tree cover alone is not a comprehensive indicator of ecosystem health.
Conclusion
- Need for Holistic Approaches: A top-down policy approach focused on tree planting can lead to long-term ecological imbalances and wasteful expenditures.
- Balancing Ecological and Economic Goals: Revising tree plantation strategies and forest policies is essential to achieve ecological balance and protect diverse ecosystems, while also meeting economic objectives.
- Incentivizing Conservation of Diverse Landscapes: Policies should incentivize the preservation of varied landscapes, including grasslands and scrublands, recognizing their ecological and economic value.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Superconductivity, LK-99
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
What is Superconductivity?
- Zero Resistance: Superconductivity occurs when a material offers almost zero resistance to the flow of electric current, enabling energy-efficient electrical appliances and lossless power transmission.
- Magnetic Behavior: Superconductors also display fascinating behavior under magnetic fields, enabling technologies like MRI machines and superfast Maglev trains.
Exploring the Material LK-99
- Apatite Structure: The Korean group utilized copper-substituted lead apatite, a phosphate mineral with unique tetrahedral motifs, to create LK-99.
- Superconducting Behavior: LK-99 displayed essential superconducting properties, with almost zero resistance to current flow and sudden emergence of resistance above a critical current threshold.
- Magnetic Resilience: LK-99 retained superconductivity even under the presence of a magnetic field until reaching a critical threshold.
Meissner Effect: Key Indicator of Superconductivity
- Definition: The Meissner effect is a phenomenon where materials expel magnetic fields from their interior upon becoming superconductors.
- Observation in Study: The researchers observed this effect in copper-substituted lead apatite, suggesting potential superconductivity.
Quest for Room-Temperature Superconductors
- Significance: Discovering a material that is superconducting at room temperature and pressure (RTP) has immense scientific and commercial value.
- Applications: RTP superconductors could revolutionize power transmission, medical diagnostics, computing, and more, due to their ability to conduct electricity without loss.
Hype and Controversies in Superconductivity Research
- Past Controversies: The field has seen several disputes, including claims by Ranga Dias and a South Korean research group, which were later contested.
- Impact of Hype: The lucrative potential of RTP superconductors has sometimes led to premature claims and controversies in the scientific community.
New Study: Methodology and Findings
- Approach: The team synthesized LK-99 samples using advanced techniques and tested for signs of superconductivity beyond specific claims made by previous studies.
- Direct Current Measurements: They conducted hysteresis experiments, applying and removing a magnetic field to observe the material’s response at various temperatures.
Understanding Hysteresis in Superconductors
- Meissner Effect and DC Current: The Meissner effect is observable with direct current, as alternating current would disrupt the phenomenon.
- Type I and II Superconductors: The study helps distinguish between these types based on how they respond to increasing magnetic field strength.
Challenges and Limitations of the Study
- Small Superconducting Portions: The material’s superconducting sections were small, leading to a low critical magnetic field strength.
- Interference Issues: The presence of cuprous sulphide interfered with molecular structure analysis using X-rays.
Way Forward: Verifying RTP Superconductivity
- Potential for RTP Superconductivity: While the study suggests near-RTP superconductivity in LK-99, definitive observation is yet to be made.
- Need for Further Research: Identifying the material responsible for superconductivity and refining synthesis techniques are crucial next steps.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CLPS Space Initiative
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- A private US company launched a spacecraft carrying NASA instruments, aiming to be the first US spacecraft to land on the Moon in over 50 years.
- This mission is a key component of NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services, integrating private sector capabilities into the Artemis Program.
About Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) Initiative
- NASA’s collaboration with the private sector under the CLPS initiative involves at least 14 companies contracted to deliver payloads to the Moon.
- This partnership aims to develop a market and technology ecosystem in the private space industry for lunar exploration.
- The mission features the Peregrine lander and the Vulcan rocket, both developed by private US space companies.
Objectives and Payloads
- NASA’s Five Payloads: The Peregrine lander carries five NASA payloads designed for various exploratory tasks, including water detection.
- Laser Retroreflector Array: One payload, designed for precision distance measurements, will be permanently deployed on the Moon’s surface.
- Duration of Activity: Other payloads are expected to remain active for ten days post-landing.
Historical Context: Return to the Moon
- Last US Moon Landing: The last US spacecraft landed on the Moon during the Apollo 17 mission in December 1972.
- Renewed Lunar Interest: The US reignited its lunar exploration efforts in the 1990s and formally committed to return in 2018.
- Artemis Program Goals: NASA’s Artemis Program aims to establish a permanent base on the Moon, facilitating longer human and robotic stays for extensive exploration and scientific research.
Back2Basics: NASA’s Artemis Mission
|
Details |
| Background |
Named after Apollo’s twin sister in Greek mythology, Artemis, who is also the goddess of the Moon. |
| Objective |
To enable human exploration to the Moon and Mars, with increasingly complex missions. |
| Key Milestones |
Landing humans on the Moon by 2024.
Landing the first woman and first person of color on the Moon.
Establishing an Artemis Base Camp on the lunar surface and a Gateway (lunar outpost) in lunar orbit. |
| International Collaboration |
Canadian Space Agency, European Space Agency, and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency |
| Artemis I Mission |
First integrated flight test of NASA’s Deep Space Exploration Systems
Uncrewed mission using the Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System (SLS) rocket
Launch from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, in 2022
Goals include safe crew module entry, descent, splashdown, and recovery |
| Future Missions |
Artemis II will have a crew onboard to test Orion’s systems
Plans to use lunar orbit experience for future Mars missions |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Carbon Credit Trading System (CCTS)
Mains level: A concerning development for India is the European Union (EU)’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).
Central Idea:
The European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) poses a significant challenge to India’s manufacturing sector. This policy aims to tax carbon-intensive imports into the EU, impacting key sectors like steel. India’s response involves considering legal challenges and negotiating with the EU while simultaneously developing its own carbon trading mechanisms.
Key Highlights:
- The CBAM is part of the EU’s strategy to achieve a 55% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.
- It aims to be climate-neutral by 2050 – an economy with net-zero greenhouse gas emissions.
- India, a top exporter to the EU, is expected to be adversely affected, particularly in sectors like steel.
- India is developing its own Carbon Credit Trading System (CCTS) to combat climate change and incentivize clean energy investments.
Key Challenges:
- India faces the challenge of protecting its industries from the potential negative impacts of CBAM.
- Limited time to formulate and implement effective carbon taxation measures aligning with the Paris Agreement.
- The EU’s failure to consider factors like cheap labor and alternative production modes influencing industry shifts.
Key Terms:
- Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
- Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions
- Carbon Credit Trading System (CCTS)
- Paris Agreement
- Special and Differential Treatment provisions
Key Phrases:
- “Ill-conceived move” – Referring to the Commerce and Industry Minister’s criticism of the CBAM.
- “Death knell for India’s manufacturing sector” – Describing the potential impact of the carbon tax on Indian industries.
- “Common but differentiated responsibilities” – Principle agreed upon under the Paris Agreement.
- “Carbon leakage” – The risk of carbon-intensive production moving from the EU to countries with lax environmental regulations.
Key Quotes:
- “Proposed carbon tax on imports is an ill-conceived move… death knell for India’s manufacturing sector.” – Commerce and Industry Minister.
- “India has challenged the CBAM before the World Trade Organization under the special and differential treatment provisions.”
Key Statements:
- The CBAM is seen as a threat to India’s manufacturing sector and competitiveness in the EU market.
- India is working on its own carbon trading mechanisms, including the CCTS and the Green Credit Programme Rules.
Key Examples and References:
- UK’s plan to enforce its own CBAM by 2027, adding to the challenges faced by India’s exports.
Key Facts:
- 27% of India’s exports of iron, steel, and aluminum products worth $8.2 billion went to the EU in 2022.
Critical Analysis:
- The EU’s focus on reducing carbon emissions should consider broader factors influencing industry shifts.
- India’s challenge lies in balancing environmental concerns with protecting its industries and economic interests.
Way Forward:
- India should actively negotiate with the EU to explore pragmatic solutions, such as returning tax funds for green technologies.
- Swift action is crucial for India to formulate and implement its own carbon taxation measures aligned with the Paris Agreement.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mulya Pravah 2.0
Mains level: unethical practices in higher education
Central Idea:
The article discusses the University Grants Commission’s (UGC) guideline, Mulya Pravah 2.0, aimed at instilling human values and ethics in higher education institutions. It emphasizes the need for transparency, accountability, and ethical conduct among administrators, teachers, and students.
Key Highlights:
- Mulya Pravah 2.0 addresses unethical practices in higher education, identified through a survey of human resource managers.
- The guideline focuses on transparency, accountability, and fairness in decision-making processes.
- It calls for the eradication of discriminatory privileges, punishment for corruption, and encourages a conducive culture for teaching, learning, and research.
Key Challenges:
- The article suggests that the guideline may be seen as a mere formality unless backed by sincere efforts to implement its provisions effectively.
- The emphasis on confidentiality conflicts with the right to information, raising concerns about accountability.
- The expectation for unions to support administration activities may limit their role in protecting the rights and interests of their members.
Key Terms/Phrases:
- Mulya Pravah 2.0
- Unethical practices
- Transparency and accountability
- Discriminatory privileges
- Conducive culture
- Right to information
- Staff and student unions
Key Quotes:
- “The UGC must get credit for notifying the guideline.”
- “Higher education institutions must voluntarily disclose critical information and subject themselves to public scrutiny.”
- “Teaching is a noble profession, and teachers play a crucial role in shaping the character, personality, and career of the students.”
Key Statements:
- The guideline emphasizes the importance of transparency in administration and urges punishment for corrupt practices.
- Mulya Pravah 2.0 expects staff and student unions to support administration in development activities.
Key Examples and References:
- Survey findings on unethical practices in organizations.
- Mention of the need for public disclosure of critical information by higher education institutions.
Key Facts/Data:
- Mulya Pravah 2.0 is a modified version of a guideline notified in 2019.
- The guideline highlights various unethical practices prevalent in organizations.
Critical Analysis:
- The article suggests that the guideline, while commendable, may face challenges in implementation, especially regarding the conflicting emphasis on confidentiality and the role of unions in supporting administration activities.
Way Forward:
- Ensure sincere efforts to implement Mulya Pravah 2.0 effectively.
- Address concerns related to confidentiality and right to information.
- Encourage a collaborative approach between administration and unions for the betterment of higher education institutions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jan Vishwas Act
Mains level: potential challenges and consequences of shortcut methods in law enforcement
Central Idea:
- The article explores challenges to the credibility of the rule of law, emphasizing the delicate balance between traditional norms and modern adaptations.
- Recent legal reforms in India, particularly the Jan Vishwas Act, are discussed, along with concerns about potential abuses of power through shortcuts in law enforcement.
Key Highlights:
- The article underscores the significance of faith in the inherent goodness of legal norms for trust in the rule of law.
- Discussion on the Jan Vishwas Act addressing outdated laws to facilitate business activities and reduce compliance burdens.
- Replacement of colonial-era laws with the Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita to modernize legal thinking and rebuild credibility.
- The credibility crisis is attributed to shifts in perceptions of law as a power resource and the adoption of shortcut methods in law enforcement.
Key Challenges:
- Potential misuse of power through encounters and ‘bulldozer’ methods without democratic checks and balances.
- Concerns about the crude nature of an abridged rule of law, leading to arbitrary justice and unpredictability.
Key Terms:
- Jan Vishwas Act
- Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita
- Credibility crisis
- Shortcut or abridged rule of law model
Key Phrases:
- “Normative raison d’etre” – referring to the fundamental basis or justification of norms.
- “Smart governance” – addressing infirmities and outdatedness in laws through effective governance.
- “Encounter killings” and “bulldozer action” – methods of law enforcement discussed in the article.
Key Quotes:
- “Fear of imprisonment for minor offences is a major factor hampering the growth of the business ecosystem.”
- “The real credibility crisis of the rule of law is located not so much at the normative level but at the level of the rule of law reality.”
Key Statements:
- Acknowledgment of the government’s faith in the traditional rule of law as a positive aspect.
- Highlighting the dangers of growing reliance on shortcut or abridged rule of law models.
Key Examples and References:
- The Dandi March as an example of civil disobedience against an unjust law.
- Instances of police encounters and ‘bulldozer’ actions leading to potential abuses of power.
Key Facts:
- The Jan Vishwas Act addressed changes in numerous central Acts, including the Indian Post Office Act, and the Cinematograph Act.
- Replacement of colonial-era Indian Penal Code, Code of Criminal Procedure, and Indian Evidence Act in the second phase.
Critical Analysis:
- The article critically examines the evolving landscape of the rule of law, highlighting potential challenges and consequences of shortcut methods in law enforcement. It questions the credibility crisis and emphasizes the importance of maintaining faith in traditional norms.
Way Forward:
- The article suggests staying alert to the dangers of shortcut or abridged rule of law models.
- Encouragement to continue faith in the traditional rule of law while acknowledging the need for necessary reforms.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Child Marriage
Introduction
- Recent Study Insights: A Lancet study highlights the ongoing challenge of child marriage in India, with significant prevalence in states like West Bengal.
- Focus on Four States: Bihar, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra are noted for their high rates of child marriages, particularly among girls.
Key Findings of the Lancet Study
- Widespread Prevalence: The study reveals that one in five girls in India is married below the legal age, with notable disparities across states.
- Rising Numbers in West Bengal: West Bengal has seen a significant increase in child marriages, with over 500,000 more girls married as children.
Impact of Child Marriage
- Human Rights Violation: Child marriage is recognized as a form of sexual and gender-based violence and a violation of human rights.
- Health Consequences: The practice has detrimental effects on maternal and child health, as evidenced by incidents like infant deaths in Murshidabad.
Policy Interventions in West Bengal
- Kanyashree Prakalpa Scheme: A conditional cash transfer scheme aimed at encouraging education and discouraging child marriage among teenage girls.
- Rupashree Prakalpa: A cash incentive scheme for the marriage of girls, which sometimes counteracts the objectives of Kanyashree.
Challenges in Combating Child Marriage
- Educational Strides vs. Child Marriage: Increased school enrollment of girls in West Bengal has not translated into a reduction in child marriage rates.
- Literacy and Child Marriage Correlation: High literacy rates in certain districts have not led to a decrease in child marriage, indicating complex underlying factors.
- Migration and Social Norms: Migration patterns and social norms contribute to the persistence of child marriage, with families marrying off daughters before migrating for work.
Implementation of Laws and Regulations
- Inadequate Law Enforcement: Despite existing laws like The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA), 2006, enforcement remains weak in West Bengal compared to other states.
- Proposed Amendments: Efforts to raise the legal age of marriage for women to 21 years are underway, with the bill referred to a Parliamentary Standing Committee.
Looking Ahead: Strategies for Change
- Need for Comprehensive Approach: Addressing child marriage requires a multi-faceted approach involving panchayats, schools, local communities, and political will.
- District Action Plans: The West Bengal government’s call for district action plans is a step forward, but effective implementation and social campaigns are crucial.
- Enforcing Laws and Raising Awareness: Strengthening law enforcement and raising public awareness are key to reducing child marriage rates in West Bengal and across India.
Conclusion
- Persistent Challenge: Despite policy efforts, child marriage remains a significant issue in India, particularly in states like West Bengal.
- Balancing Incentives and Enforcement: While schemes like Kanyashree and Rupashree aim to address the issue, balancing incentives with strict law enforcement is essential.
- Collaborative Efforts for Change: A collaborative effort involving all stakeholders, along with a strong political commitment, is necessary to effectively combat child marriage and protect the rights of young girls.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Red Sea
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Houthi Militia Attacks: Since November, attacks by the Houthi militia of Yemen have rendered the Red Sea, a crucial marine route via the Suez Canal, unsafe for cargo ships.
- Alternative Route: This has led to a significant rerouting of cargo, with ships now taking the longer Cape of Good Hope route, affecting global trade and increasing costs.
About the Red Sea
|
Details |
| Location |
Between Africa (Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti) and Asia (Saudi Arabia, Yemen). |
| Connection |
Connects to the Indian Ocean via the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. |
| Length |
Approximately 2,250 km long. |
| Width |
Varies from 355 km at its widest point to 20 km at the Strait of Tiran. |
| Maximum Depth |
About 7,254 feet (2,211 m) in the central median trench. |
| Unique Features |
– One of the world’s saltiest bodies of water.
– Notable for its rich ecosystem, including extensive coral reefs. |
| Climate |
Generally hot and arid; surrounding desert and high evaporation rates contribute to its high salinity. |
| Economic Importance |
Major shipping route; oil-rich region with significant petroleum deposits on the sea’s borders. |
Impact on Indian Trade
- Shift in Shipping Routes: Following the attacks, about 90% of India’s western hemisphere cargo is being rerouted through the Cape of Good Hope.
- Contractual Implications: The impact varies based on the type of buyer-seller contract, with some consignments being held up due to increased freight costs.
- Freight Cost Surge: Freight costs have risen significantly, by up to six-fold in some cases, affecting all consignments, especially low-value, high-volume cargo and perishables.
Implications for India’s Imports
- Increased Import Costs: The longer transit time and crisis could lead to costlier imports and necessitate better inventory management.
- Effect on Fuel Prices: The crisis might impact plans to reduce fuel prices in India, given the country’s high dependence on crude oil and petroleum product imports.
- Tanker Market Dynamics: Despite increased freight rates for affected routes, there hasn’t been a widespread rerouting of tankers.
Global and Indian Response
- UN and US Stance: The UN condemned the Houthi attacks, and the US is seeking more support for ‘Operation Prosperity Guardian’ to ensure safe sea lanes.
- India’s Monitoring: The Indian government is closely observing the situation, with the Commerce Secretary discussing potential impacts with officials and trade bodies.
Sector-Specific Impact
- Commodities Most Affected: Sectors like chemicals, plastics, and petrochemicals are severely impacted due to their inability to absorb freight hikes.
- Alternatives for High-Value Goods: For high-value, low-volume commodities, airlifting is an option, but most affected goods are large in volume.
Conclusion
- Continued Uncertainty: The situation in the Red Sea presents ongoing challenges for global and Indian trade, with no immediate resolution in sight.
- Adaptation and Monitoring: Businesses and governments are adapting to these changes, with a focus on monitoring developments and mitigating impacts.
- Long-Term Implications: The crisis underscores the vulnerability of global trade routes to geopolitical conflicts and the need for diversified shipping strategies.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GI Tags
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Seven products from Odisha, including traditional foods and handicrafts, have received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag.
About GI Tag
- A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
- Nodal Agency: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
- India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 w.e.f. September 2003.
- GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
- The tag stands valid for 10 years.
Odisha’s GI Tagged Products
[1] Kapdaganda Shawl
- Cultural Emblem: Woven by the Dongria Kondh tribe, this shawl is a symbol of heritage and affection, embroidered with significant colors representing nature and emotions.
- Symbol of Commitment: Often presented during courtship, it signifies formal commitment and is a testament to the tribe’s rich textile legacy.
[2] Lanjia Saura Painting (Idital)
- Tribal Artistry: Belonging to the Lanjia Saura community, these murals painted on mud walls are not just art but a spiritual expression of gratitude and well-being.
- Diverse Representations: With 62 types for various occasions, these paintings reflect the community’s deep connection with nature and their ancestors.
[3] Koraput Kala Jeera Rice
- Aromatic Heritage: Known as the ‘Prince of Rice’, this black-coloured variety is celebrated for its taste and nutritional benefits, preserved by tribal farmers for centuries.
- Health and Tradition: Beyond its culinary appeal, the rice is intertwined with tales of physical, mental, and spiritual well-being.
[4] Similipal Kai Chutney
- Forest Delicacy: Made from red weaver ants found in the Similipal forests, this chutney is a traditional tribal delicacy packed with nutritional and medicinal value.
- Sustainable Livelihood: The preparation and sale of this chutney provide a source of income for the local tribes, reflecting a harmonious relationship with nature.
[5] Nayagarh Kanteimundi Brinjal
- Distinctive Flavour: Known for its prickly thorns and unique taste, this brinjal variety is a culinary favorite, cultivated extensively in Nayagarh district.
- Agricultural Pride: With a history of cultivation dating back nearly a century, this brinjal represents the agricultural ingenuity and tradition of the region.
[6] Odisha Khajuri Guda
- Natural Sweetener: Extracted from date palm trees, this jaggery is an organic delight, known for its dark brown color and unique taste.
- Cultural Sweetness: Traditionally prepared in a trapezoidal form, it’s not just a sweetener but a part of the cultural fabric of Odisha.
[7] Dhenkanal Magji
- Cheese-Based Sweet: Originating from buffalo milk cheese, this sweet is known for its distinct characteristics and nutritional value.
- Legacy of Livelihood: Reflecting the region’s history of buffalo rearing and dairy production, this sweet contributes to the livelihood of thousands.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: First Advance Estimates of GDP
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Growth Projection: India’s GDP is projected to grow by 7.3% in the financial year 2023-24, as per the First Advance Estimates (FAEs) released by the government.
- Comparison with Previous Year: This rate is slightly higher than the 7.2% growth recorded in 2022-23.
What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
- Definition: GDP quantifies the total monetary value of all goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time frame, typically annually.
- Difference from GNP: GDP is distinct from Gross National Product (GNP), which measures the value of goods and services produced by a country’s nationals, regardless of the production location.
First Advance Estimates of GDP
- Introduction and Timing: First introduced in the financial year 2016-17, the First Advance Estimates (FAE) are released at the beginning of January.
- Nature of Estimates: They represent the initial official projections of GDP growth for the financial year, published before the year concludes.
- Data Exclusion: Notably, the FAE do not include formal GDP data for the third quarter (October to December), which is released with the Second Advance Estimates (SAE) at the end of February.
Significance of FAE
- Election Year Context: With Lok Sabha elections due in April-May, the FAEs gain additional significance, although a full-fledged Union Budget will not be presented this year.
- Budgetary Relevance: The FAE are crucial for the Union Finance Ministry’s budgetary planning for the next financial year, as the SAE are published after the budget is finalized.
- Focus on Nominal GDP: For budget-making, the emphasis is on nominal GDP (the observed variable), including both its absolute level and growth rate.
- Real vs. Nominal GDP: Real GDP, adjusted for inflation, is a derived metric, whereas all budget calculations commence with nominal GDP.
GDP Growth Analysis
- Real GDP Growth: The real GDP (adjusted for inflation) is expected to reach nearly Rs 172 lakh crore by March 2024.
- Comparison with Modi’s Tenure: The GDP has grown from Rs 98 lakh crore at the start of Prime Minister Modi’s first term to almost Rs 140 lakh crore at the beginning of his second term.
- Growth Rate Trends: The estimated 7.3% growth for 2023-24 is higher than most forecasts, indicating a strong economic recovery. However, there’s a noticeable deceleration in growth during Modi’s second term compared to the first.
Factors Driving India’s Growth
- Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE): Accounting for almost 60% of GDP, PFCE is expected to grow by 4.4% in the current year.
- Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF): Investment spending, the second-largest growth engine, has grown by 9.3% this year.
- Government Final Consumption Expenditure (GFCE): Government spending growth has been slower, at 3.9% in the current year.
- Net Exports: The negative growth in net exports indicates a higher import-than-export rate, which has increased by 144% this year.
Concerns and Challenges
- Private Consumption: Muted private consumption, especially in rural India, remains a concern.
- Investment Spending: A significant portion of investment spending is still driven by the government, with private consumption remaining subdued.
- Government Spending: Government spending growth has been relatively low in the second term of Modi’s government.
- Net Exports: The negative growth in net exports, though a mild improvement over the two terms, still indicates an imbalance in trade.
Conclusion
- Economic Recovery: The 7.3% growth rate suggests a robust economic recovery post-pandemic.
- Balanced Growth: The need for balanced growth across all sectors, especially in boosting private consumption and investment, is critical for sustainable development.
- Future Prospects: The ongoing economic policies and reforms will play a crucial role in shaping India’s growth trajectory in the coming years.
https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/gdp-data-advance-estimates-9099092/
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bio-Imaging Bank
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The rising number of cancer cases and the shortage of specialists present a significant challenge in reducing fatalities.
- Mumbai’s Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH) is leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) to create a ‘Bio-Imaging Bank’ for early-stage cancer detection.
What is a ‘Bio-Imaging Bank’?
- Comprehensive Repository: The Bio-Imaging Bank is a repository containing radiology and pathology images linked with clinical information, outcome data, treatment specifics, and additional metadata.
- AI Integration: The project uses deep learning to develop a cancer-specific tailored algorithm for early detection, incorporating data from 60,000 patients.
Project Scope and Collaboration
- Focus on Specific Cancers: Initially targeting head and neck cancers and lung cancers, the project aims to collect data for at least 1000 patients for each type.
- Multi-Institutional Effort: Funded by the Department of Biotechnology, the project involves collaboration with IIT-Bombay, RGCIRC-New Delhi, AIIMS-New Delhi, and PGIMER-Chandigarh.
AI’s Role in Early Cancer Detection
- Learning from Data: AI analyzes extensive datasets of radiological and pathological images to recognize features associated with various cancers.
- Early Detection: By identifying tissue changes and potential malignancies, AI facilitates early cancer detection, crucial for effective treatment.
TMH’s Implementation of AI
- Data Annotation and Correlation: The team segments and annotates images, correlating them with biopsy results, histopathology reports, and genomic sequences to develop algorithms.
- Clinical Utility: Algorithms developed from the bio-bank assess treatment responses and guide treatment plans, reducing unnecessary chemotherapy for predicted non-responders.
Current Usage of AI in Cancer Detection
- Radiation Reduction: TMH has used AI to reduce radiation exposure for pediatric patients undergoing CT scans by 40%.
- Thoracic Radiology: An AI algorithm in the ICU for thoracic radiology provides immediate diagnoses with 98% accuracy after doctor validation.
Future of AI in Cancer Treatment
- Transformative Potential: AI is expected to tailor treatment approaches based on patient profiles, optimizing therapy outcomes, especially in rural India.
- Simplifying Diagnosis: AI could enable general practitioners to diagnose complex cancers with a simple click, enhancing precision in cancer solutions.
- Continuous Learning: As AI continuously learns and improves, it promises timely cancer diagnoses, better patient outcomes, and support for healthcare professionals.
- Debates and Resistance: The use of AI tools in healthcare raises debates about the potential replacement of human radiologists and faces regulatory scrutiny and resistance from some doctors and health institutions.
Conclusion
- Enhancing Detection and Treatment: Tata Memorial Hospital’s AI-driven Bio-Imaging Bank represents a pioneering step in enhancing cancer detection and treatment, promising a future where technology significantly improves patient care and outcomes.
- Balancing Technology and Human Expertise: While AI offers immense potential, it’s crucial to balance technological advancements with human expertise and address ethical and regulatory considerations to ensure the best possible care for patients.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Souring of India-Maldives ties
Introduction
- Trigger: PM Modi’s social media posts promoting tourism in Lakshadweep led to a contentious exchange between Maldivian politicians, government officials, and Indian social media users.
- Context: The posts highlighted Lakshadweep’s beauty but did not mention the Maldives or other island nations.
- Maldivian Reaction: Following PM Modi’s posts, some Maldivian social media users, including government officials, responded with offensive and derogatory comments targeting Indians and the Prime Minister.
Escalation of the Issue
- Sensational Headlines: Local Maldivian news websites sensationalized the issue, falsely claiming that India was campaigning against Maldivian tourism.
- Government Officials’ Involvement: High-ranking Maldivian officials engaged in the social media dispute, exacerbating the situation.
Maldivian Social Media Campaign
- #VisitMaldives Hashtag: In response to India’s promotion of Lakshadweep, Maldivian officials and supporters pushed the ‘#VisitMaldives’ hashtag, featuring local resorts and beaches.
- Territorial Claims: Some Maldivian users falsely claimed that Lakshadweep is not Indian territory but belongs to the Maldives.
Accusations Against India
- Alleged Competition: Maldivian social media users accused India of trying to compete with the Maldives as a tropical vacation destination.
- Racist Remarks: The posts led to a range of racist comments against Indians and Indian tourists.
Maldives’ Dependency on Tourism
- Significant Indian Tourist Numbers: Indians form a large group of tourists visiting the Maldives, with over 200,000 travelers in 2023.
- Economic Impact: Tourism is crucial for the Maldives, accounting for over 28% of its GDP.
Indian Response
- Boycott Calls: Some Indian users called for a boycott of Maldivian hotels and resorts.
- Highlighting Bilateral Cooperation: Others emphasized India’s assistance to the Maldives and aspects of bilateral cooperation.
- Celebrity Support: Bollywood celebrities and Indian sportspersons initiated a ‘Visit Lakshadweep’ campaign in response to the controversy.
Roots of Anti-India Sentiments
- Historical Campaign: Anti-India sentiments have been present since the ‘India Out’ campaign, which started in 2020 and was promoted by former president Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gayyoom.
- Muizzu Government’s Stance: The current Maldivian government, under President Mohamed Muizzu, has been fulfilling campaign promises, including withdrawing Indian military personnel from the Maldives.
Criticism Within the Maldives
- Opposition’s Stance: Not all in the Maldives support the government’s stance, with some politicians and diplomats criticizing the derogatory comments.
- Lack of Diplomatic Experience: Critics argue that some government officials lack experience and understanding of diplomacy.
Maldivian Government’s Reaction
- Official Statement: The Maldives’ Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement distancing the government from the derogatory remarks.
- Cyber Attack Suspicions: Following the incident, several Maldivian government websites, including the foreign ministry, were suspected to be under cyber-attack.
Conclusion
- Surprise and Disappointment: The incident has surprised many in India and the Maldives, given the history of diplomatic support and cooperation.
- Unlikely to Affect Relations: Analysts believe the conduct of a few individuals is unlikely to impact broader India-Maldives bilateral relations.
- Need for Diplomatic Sensitivity: The episode underscores the importance of maintaining respectful and diplomatic communication between neighboring countries.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Landslide Susceptibility Map
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- In the wake of severe monsoon-triggered landslides, IIT Delhi has developed its first National Landslide Susceptibility Map.
About National Landslide Susceptibility Map
- High-Resolution Mapping: The map offers a detailed (100 sq. m resolution) overview of landslide susceptibility across India, including previously unrecognized areas.
- Revealing New Risk Zones: It highlights traditional high-risk areas and uncovers new regions of concern, broadening the scope of landslide monitoring.
- Innovative Analysis Method: An ensemble machine learning approach was utilized to enhance prediction accuracy and address data gaps in uncharted regions.
- Advantages of Ensemble Models: This method effectively combines multiple models to provide a more reliable estimation of landslide risks.
Data Gathering and Analytical Process
- Extensive Data Compilation: Researchers collated data on around 150,000 landslide incidents from various sources, including the Geological Survey of India.
- Identifying Contributing Factors: The team pinpointed 16 critical factors influencing landslide susceptibility, utilizing tools like GeoSadak for remote data collection.
Implications for Disaster Management
- Tool for Stakeholders: The map serves as a critical resource for government bodies, disaster management authorities, and organizations focused on landslide mitigation.
- Enhancing Preparedness and Planning: It will facilitate vulnerability assessment, infrastructure planning, and implementation of mitigation measures.
Need for such map
- Persistent Hazard: Landslides, affecting a small but significant portion of India, pose a recurrent threat, especially in hilly regions.
- Challenges in Management: The localized and sporadic nature of landslides has historically hindered effective tracking and prediction, underscoring the need for a comprehensive mapping solution.
Future Directions and Public Accessibility
- Developing an Early Warning System: Building on the map, efforts are underway to create a comprehensive Landslide Early Warning System.
- Infrastructure Vulnerability Cartogram: A cartogram to identify susceptible infrastructure is also in progress.
- Public Access and Engagement: The map and its data will be accessible through a web interface, promoting public interaction and awareness.
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