Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bharat Ratna
Mains level: Key achievements of the Dignitaries
Introduction
- The Bharat Ratna will be conferred on former Prime Ministers P. V. Narasimha Rao and Choudhary Charan Singh, as well as Green Revolution pioneer S. Swaminathan.
- This will add to the two awardees already announced earlier this year — socialist leader Karpoori Thakur and former Deputy Prime Minister L. K. Advani.
About the Bharat Ratna Laureates
[1] Dr. M.S. Swaminathan
| Aspect |
Details |
| Early Life |
- Born on August 7, 1925, in Kumbakonam, Madras Presidency.
- Pursued higher education in zoology and agricultural science.
- Passed away on 23rd September, 2023 at the age of 98.
|
| Career Highlights |
- Conducted research on combating potato crop parasites during a UNESCO fellowship (1949-1954).
- Earned a PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1954.
- Served as Director-General of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (1979-1982).
- Appointed as Director General of the International Rice Research Institute in 1982.
|
| Green Revolution Contributions |
- Pioneered high-yielding variety seeds and improved irrigation methods.
- Collaborated with Dr. Norman Borlaug to develop high-yielding wheat varieties (1965-1970).
|
| Challenges and Advocacy |
Advocated for fair Minimum Support Prices for farmers and highlighted ecological concerns. |
| Legacy and Recognition |
- Received numerous international accolades and civilian awards from India and other nations.
- Honored with Padma Shri (1967), Padma Bhushan (1972), and Padma Vibhushan (1989) awards in India.
- Awarded over 80 honorary doctorates from universities worldwide.
|
[2] PV Narasimha Rao
|
Details |
| Early Life |
- Born on June 28, 1921, in Karimnagar district, Hyderabad State (now Telangana, India).
- Passed away on December 23, 2004, in New Delhi.
|
| Education |
- Bachelor of Arts degree from Osmania University.
- Higher studies at the University of Bombay and Nagpur University.
|
| Political Career |
- Started in the Indian National Congress.
- Served as MLA in undivided Andhra Pradesh.
- Held ministerial positions, including Minister of External Affairs and Minister of Defence.
|
| Economic Reforms (1991) |
- Initiated significant economic reforms in response to the 1991 crisis.
- Reforms included dismantling the License Raj, opening up the economy, and initiating privatization.
|
| Foreign Policy |
- Strengthened ties with the United States and other major powers.
- Initiated the “Look East Policy” to enhance engagement with Southeast and East Asia.
|
| South Asian Diplomacy |
- Handled the situation in Jammu and Kashmir and initiated dialogue with Pakistan.
- Deployed peacekeeping forces to Sri Lanka as part of the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF).
|
| Political Legacy |
- Credited with laying the foundation for India’s economic liberalization and globalization.
- Recognized for pragmatic leadership during a critical period in India’s history.
- Remembered as a statesman who shaped India’s economic and foreign policies.
|
[3] Choudhary Charan Singh
| Aspect |
Details |
| Early Life |
- Born on December 23, 1903, in Noorpur village near Hapur, India.
- Entered politics during the national movement and was elected to the United Provinces Assembly from Chhaprauli in 1937.
|
| Political Career |
- Advocated for village economy issues and fought against the exploitation of peasants by big landlords.
- Served as Revenue Minister in UP’s first Chief Minister Govind Ballabh Pant’s cabinet, instrumental in implementing zamindari abolition and land ceiling laws.
- Emerged as a popular leader among North Indian farmer communities and Muslims.
- Became UP’s first non-Congress Chief Minister in 1967, forming a coalition government.
- Won the 1977 Lok Sabha elections on the Janata Party ticket, became Deputy PM under Morarji Desai’s government.
- Formed the Janata Party (Secular) in 1979, briefly served as PM with support from Indira Gandhi.
|
| Legacy |
- Championed the cause of peasants and created a new political class representing farming communities in North India.
- Influenced the shift of farmer communities from Congress and Jan Sangh to parties specifically representing them.
- His son, Ajit Singh, formed the Rashtriya Lok Dal (RLD), continuing the family’s political legacy.
- Charan Singh remains hailed as one of India’s tallest Jat leaders.
|
Back2Basics: Bharat Ratna
|
Details |
| Nature |
- Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India.
|
| History and Evolution |
- Instituted in 1954.
- Originally limited to achievements in arts, literature, science, and public services.
- Criteria expanded in December 2011.
|
| First Recipients |
C. Rajagopalachari, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and C. V. Raman were the first recipients in 1954. |
| Key Aspects |
- Not mandatory to be awarded every year.
- Can be awarded to non-Indian citizens.
- Recommendations made by the Prime Minister to the President.
- Restricted to a maximum of three awards per year.
- Recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) and a medallion.
- No monetary grant accompanies the award.
|
| Article Reference |
- Cannot be used as a prefix or suffix to the recipient’s name, but can be indicated in biodata/letterhead/visiting card as “Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President” or “Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award”.
- Article 18(1) of the Constitution states that the award cannot be used as a prefix or suffix to the recipient’s name.
|
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Laws allowing Polygamy in India
Mains level: Societal implications of Polygamy
Introduction
Polygamy in India
- In India, polygamy is allowed for Muslims under the Muslim Personal Law Application Act (Shariat) of 1937, as construed by the All India Muslim Personal Law Board.
- Polygamy is recognized as a religious practice within the Muslim community, and Muslims have the legal right to enter into polygamous marriages.
Uttarakhand Law: Monogamy Extension to Muslim Community
- Extension of Monogamy Rule: The UCC extends the rule of monogamy to the Muslim community.
- Marriage Conditions: It mandates that neither party entering into marriage should have a living spouse at the time of marriage.
- Alignment with Existing Laws: This aligns with the provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955, signifying a departure from previous allowances under Muslim personal law.
Limitations in Data Assessment
- Reliance on Census and NFHS: Government data primarily relies on the decadal census and the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), each with its constraints.
- Census Inference: Census data indirectly infer polygamy from the disparity between the number of married men and women. According to the 2011 census, there are 28.65 crore married men in India, compared to 29.3 crore married women, suggesting a potential prevalence of polygamy or migration.
- NFHS Insights: NFHS directly addresses polygamy through its survey questions but represents less than 1% of the total households in India, limiting its scope. The NFHS-5 data revealed polygamy rates highest among:
- Christians (2.1%)
- Muslims (1.9%) and
- Hindus (1.3%)
- IIPS Study: According to a June 2022 study by the International Institute of Population Sciences (IIPS), polygynous marriages decreased from 1.9% in 2005-06 to 1.4% in 2019-21 among the whole population. Buddhists, who reported a 3.8% incidence of polygyny in 2005-06, saw a sharp decline to 1.3% in 2019-21.
Insights from Census and NFHS Data
- Census Inference: Census data indirectly infer polygamy from the disparity between the number of married men and women.
- NFHS Insights: NFHS directly addresses polygamy through its survey questions but represents less than 1% of the total households in India, limiting its scope.
Laws in India banning Polygamy
- Hindu Marriage Act, 1955: This act applies to Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs and declares polygamous marriages as void. Section 11 of the act specifically states that a marriage is void if either party has a living spouse at the time of the marriage.
- Special Marriage Act, 1954: This act allows individuals from different religions or those who do not wish to follow their respective religious laws to marry. Like the Hindu Marriage Act, it also prohibits polygamy under Section 4(1)(i).
- Indian Penal Code, 1860: Sections 494 and 495 of the IPC deal with the offence of bigamy. Section 494 states that marrying again during the lifetime of one’s spouse is illegal and punishable, while Section 495 prescribes punishment for concealing a former marriage.
Judicial Precedents against Polygamy
- Parayankandiyal v. K. Devi & Others (1996): The Supreme Court concluded that monogamous relationships were the standard and ideology of Hindu society, which condemned polygamy. The court emphasized that polygamy was not allowed to become a part of Hindu culture due to the influence of religion.
- State of Bombay v. Narasu Appa Mali (1951): The Bombay High Court ruled that the Bombay (Prevention of Hindu Bigamy Marriage) Act, 1946 was not discriminatory. The Supreme Court later affirmed this decision, asserting that state legislatures have the authority to enact measures for public welfare and reforms, even if they conflict with Hindu religious practices.
- Javed & Others v. State of Haryana & Others (2003): The Supreme Court clarified that under Article 25 of the Indian Constitution, freedom of religion is subject to social harmony, dignity, and wellness. While Muslim law allows for polygamous marriages, it is not compulsory, and the court emphasized that religious practices must align with constitutional principles.
Why it should be banned?
- Gender Inequality: It perpetuates unequal treatment of women, often treating them as property and denying them autonomy.
- Exploitation: Polygamous marriages can involve coercion and exploitation, especially of vulnerable individuals.
- Financial Burden: Supporting multiple spouses and children can lead to economic instability and poverty.
- Emotional Impact: Polygamous relationships can cause jealousy, conflict, and emotional distress among spouses and children.
- Social Cohesion: Polygamy can disrupt social harmony, fostering competition and resentment within communities.
- Legal Challenges: Polygamous marriages pose legal complexities related to inheritance, custody, and other matters.
- Health Risks: There are increased risks of domestic violence, sexually transmitted infections, and inadequate healthcare in polygamous households.
Conclusion
- Progressive Legislative Move: Passage of the UCC Bill in Uttarakhand signifies a progressive move towards legal uniformity in personal laws.
- Data Collection Challenges: Assessment of polygamy prevalence underscores the need for comprehensive and accurate data collection methodologies.
- Policy Implications: Addressing these challenges will be pivotal in formulating effective policies and fostering social cohesion in civil law.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2019:
Which Article of the Constitution of India safeguards one’s right to marry the person of one’s choice?
(a) Article 19
(b) Article 21
(c) Article 25
(d) Article 29
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Amendments to the Preamble
Mains level: Debate over Secularism as a constitutional principle
Introduction
- A public interest litigation filed by former Rajya Sabha MP Dr. Subramanian Swamy seeks to delete the words “Socialist” & “Secular” from the Preamble to the Constitution of India.
- The case questions the validity of the insertion of these words via the 42nd Constitution Amendment of 1976 during Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s tenure.
- It argues that the amendment was beyond the amending power of the Parliament under Article 368.
Why discuss Preamble?
- Original Draft: The Preamble was adopted on November 26, 1949, by the Constituent Assembly of India, setting out the Constitution’s guiding purpose and principles.
- 1976 Amendment: The 42nd Constitution Amendment introduced the words “Socialist” and “Secular” to the Preamble, altering its initial declaration.
- Legal Implications: The insertion faces scrutiny over its legality and alignment with the Constitution’s foundational principles.
Amending the Preamble
- Judicial Inquiry: During the hearing, Justice Datta remarked on the amendability of the Preamble. He pondered if the Preamble could have been amended earlier (by the 42nd Amendment Act in 1976) to include the words Socialist and Secular while retaining the date of adoption (November 29, 1949).
- Discussion on Academic Grounds: The judge prompted counsels to consider, academically, the feasibility of amending the Preamble while preserving its original adoption date.
- Historical Context: Justice Datta noted that the Preamble, unique with its specified adoption date, underwent changes, but the inclusion of “Socialist” and “Secular” was a notable amendment.
- Legal Challenge: The petition challenges the constitutionality of the insertion, arguing that it contradicts the Constitution’s original intent and undermines the citizens’ right to choose their political ideologies.
- Kesavananda Bharti Precedent: The inquiry draws upon the landmark Kesavananda Bharti case (1973) where the Supreme Court held that the Preamble was an integral part of the Constitution and subject to amendment, provided it didn’t violate the Constitution’s basic structure.
Addition of “Socialist” and “Secular”
- The 42nd Amendment: During the Emergency imposed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1976, the terms “socialist” and “secular” were added to the Preamble through The Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976.
- Indira Gandhi’s Agenda: Indira Gandhi’s government aimed to emphasize a socialist and pro-poor image, aligning with slogans such as “garibi hatao” (Eradicate poverty). The addition of “socialist” highlighted socialism as a fundamental goal of the Indian state.
- Distinctive Indian Socialism: The Indian version of socialism did not endorse complete nationalization but emphasized selective nationalization of essential sectors.
Understanding “Secular”
- Religious Diversity: India is home to diverse religious beliefs and practices. The term “secular” was added to the Preamble to promote unity and fraternity among people of various faiths.
- State Neutrality: Secularism in the Indian context implies that the state maintains neutrality and impartiality towards all religions. It does not favor any particular religion as a “state religion.”
- Secularism as Law: Articles 25-28 of the Constitution secure the secular nature of the Indian state.
- Inherent in the Constitution: The philosophy of secularism was inherent in the Constitution even before the 42nd Amendment.
Debates Surrounding “Socialist” and “Secular”
- Consensus on Secularism: The concept of secularism was already part of the Constitution’s philosophy. The insertion of the word “secular” in the Preamble simply made explicit what was implicit in various provisions.
- Constituent Assembly Discussions: The Constituent Assembly debated including these words in the Preamble but decided against it.
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar’s Perspective: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar argued that issues related to the state’s policy, organization, and economic aspects should be determined by the people, not dictated by the Constitution itself.
- Ongoing Debates: Over the years, there have been petitions and discussions regarding the removal of “socialist” and “secular” from the Preamble. Some argue that these terms were added arbitrarily during the Emergency.
Conclusion
- The Supreme Court’s inquiry into the amendment of the Preamble reflects a critical examination of constitutional principles.
- The case raises fundamental questions about the scope of parliamentary amending power and the preservation of constitutional integrity.
- The outcome of this legal challenge will have significant implications for the interpretation of the Constitution’s core values and the balance of power between Parliament and the judiciary.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indian Ocean Conference (IOC)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The 7th Edition of Indian Ocean Conference (IOC) is being held in Perth, Australia.
About Indian Ocean Conference (IOC)
- IOC started in 2016, serving as the premier consultative forum for countries in the Indian Ocean region on regional affairs.
- The first edition of the Conference was held in Singapore in 2016.
- It is organised by India Foundation in partnership with other organizations in the region.
- It aims to bring together critical states and maritime partners to discuss regional cooperation under the concept of Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR).
What is SAGAR?
- SAGAR stands for ‘Security and Growth for All in the Region’ and was initiated by PM Narendra Modi in 2015 at Mauritius.
- It aims to leverage the blue economy and maintain strategic partnerships with littoral states in Asia and Africa.
- It seeks to provide leadership in capacity building and capability enhancement programs transparently, aligning with other maritime initiatives like Act East Policy, Project Mausam, and Blue Economy.
Key Statements by Dignitaries this Year
- Challenges to International Rule of Law: EAM S. Jaishankar highlighted challenges to international rule of law from the Red Sea to the Indo-Pacific, implicitly targeting China’s actions.
- Call for Conflict Reduction: Australian Foreign Minister emphasized the necessity of reducing conflict in the region amid growing tensions.
- Veiled References to China’s Actions: Jaishankar made indirect references to China’s troop buildup at the Line of Actual Control and actions in the South China Sea, stressing the importance of adhering to internationally negotiated regimes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: DigiReady Certification
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Quality Council of India (QCI) and Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) announced the launch of the DigiReady Certification (DRC) portal.
What is DigiReady Certification?
- Objective: QCI, in collaboration with ONDC, aims to assess and certify the digital readiness of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).
- Self-Assessment Tool: MSMEs can utilize this online self-assessment tool to evaluate their preparedness to onboard as sellers on the ONDC platform, enhancing their digital capabilities and business potential.
- Streamlined Seller Journey: The portal is designed to facilitate a smooth seller journey, ensuring seamless integration into existing digitized workflows for MSMEs and small retailers.
- Certification Process: Evaluates various aspects of digital readiness, including documentation for online operations, proficiency in technology usage, integration with existing workflows, and efficient order and catalogue management.
- Significance: Provides additional business prospects for sellers, enabling them to become integral participants in the digital ecosystem.
Back2Basics: Quality Council of India (QCI):
- Establishment: Founded in 1997 jointly by the Department for Promotion of Industry & Internal Trade (DPIIT), the Ministry of Commerce & Industry, and the Indian industry.
- Legal Status: Registered as a non-profit organization under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860.
- Operational Structure: Managed through constituent Boards, primarily the National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies (NABCB) and the National Accreditation Board for Testing & Calibration Laboratories (NABL).
- Composition:
-
- Governed by a Council comprising 38 members with equal representations from government, industry, and consumers.
- The Chairman of QCI is appointed by the Prime Minister based on industry recommendations to the government.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Merchant Sales
Mains level: India's ambitious renewable energy targets and the challenges associated with intermittency and peak demand
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)
Mains level: India's historical maritime prowess and its subsequent decline
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Central Idea:
The article highlights the historical significance of India’s maritime prowess in the first millennium and its subsequent decline, emphasizing the crucial role of naval power in economic prosperity. It underscores the shift of global power dynamics towards the Indo-Pacific region and the vital importance of the Indian Ocean to India’s trade and security interests. It calls for renewed attention towards leveraging India’s maritime potential and fostering cooperation among Indian Ocean nations to address common challenges.
Key Highlights:
- India’s dominance in the first millennium attributed to maritime strength and extensive trade networks.
- Decline in naval power coincided with economic decline during colonial rule.
- Lack of focus on maritime affairs persists post-independence, hindering India’s maritime capabilities.
- Indo-Pacific region emerges as the new global power center.
- Indian Ocean identified as vital to India’s trade and energy security.
- Indian government takes proactive steps to enhance cooperation and address common challenges in the Indian Ocean region.
Key Challenges:
- Historical neglect of maritime affairs leading to underdevelopment of naval capabilities.
- Competition from other major maritime powers like the United States and China.
- Non-traditional challenges such as climate change and natural disasters impacting maritime security and trade.
Main Terms:
- Maritime prowess
- Indo-Pacific
- Indian Ocean
- Naval power
- Trade routes
- Maritime security
Important Phrases:
- “He who rules on the sea will shortly rule on the land also”
- “Lords of the Sea”
- “Peninsular character”
- “British Lake”
Quotes:
- “He who rules on the sea will shortly rule on the land also.”
- “So far as India is concerned, it should be remembered that the peninsular character of the country and the essential dependence of its trade on maritime traffic give the sea a preponderant influence on its destiny.” – K M Panikkar
Anecdotes:
- Indian rulers’ dominance over the oceans in the first millennium facilitated extensive trade networks and economic prosperity.
- The Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British conquest of the seas in the second millennium challenged India’s maritime dominance.
Useful Statements:
- The Indian Ocean is not just a maritime geography but a civilization, carrying India’s cultural and civilizational influence.
- Eighty per cent of India’s external trade and 90 per cent of its energy trade occur through Indian Ocean routes.
Examples and References:
- Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)
- Fa-Hien’s account of maritime trade in ancient India.
- Establishment of the Royal Indian Navy during British rule.
- K M Panikkar’s warnings about India’s maritime importance.
- The 7th Indian Ocean Conference in Perth, Australia.
Facts and Data:
- India’s share of the world’s GDP was almost 33 per cent in the first millennium.
- The Indian Ocean covers over 74 million square kilometers.
- The Indian Navy has less than 200 combat vessels compared to 400 for the United States and 500 for China.
Critical Analysis:
The article effectively highlights India’s historical maritime prowess and its subsequent decline, emphasizing the importance of reinvigorating India’s naval capabilities in the modern context. It critiques the historical neglect of maritime affairs by Indian leadership and calls for greater attention towards leveraging India’s geostrategic position in the Indo-Pacific region.
Way Forward:
- Prioritize investments in maritime infrastructure and naval capabilities.
- Strengthen cooperation with Indian Ocean nations to address common challenges.
- Increase diplomatic engagement in the Indo-Pacific region.
- Enhance awareness and appreciation of India’s maritime heritage and geopolitical significance among policymakers and the public.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mandal Commission report
Mains level: comprehensive analysis of the forces that have shaped India's trajectory since the early 1990s
Central Idea:
The article discusses the three pivotal forces that shaped contemporary India – Mandal, Mandir, and Market, which were unleashed between August 1990 and August 1991. It highlights the significance of these forces in defining India’s trajectory and how they continue to influence the country’s politics, economy, and society today. Furthermore, it focuses on the forgotten legacy of Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao, who played a crucial role in implementing economic reforms and reshaping India’s foreign policy during his tenure from 1991 to 1996. The article underscores the importance of trusting society over the state, the necessity of liberalization for welfare schemes, and the harmony embedded in Indian civilization, as exemplified by Narasimha Rao’s approach.
Key Highlights:
- Mandal, Mandir, and Market as defining forces in contemporary India.
- Significance of the Ram temple movement and the Mandal Commission report.
- P.V. Narasimha Rao’s pivotal role in liberalizing India’s economy and reorienting its foreign policy.
- Lessons from Narasimha Rao’s leadership: trusting society, liberalization-led growth, and harmony in Indian civilization.
Key Challenges:
- Balancing economic liberalization with social welfare and inclusive growth.
- Addressing religious and social tensions in a diverse society.
- Overcoming political opposition and vested interests to implement reforms.
Main Terms:
- Mandal: Refers to the implementation of backward caste quotas in government jobs.
- Mandir: Symbolizes the movement for the construction of a Ram temple in Ayodhya.
- Market: Represents the liberalization of India’s economy, opening it up to globalization and private sector participation.
- Bharat Ratna: India’s highest civilian honor.
- Liberalization: The process of reducing government restrictions and regulations in the economy.
- Globalization: Integration of economies and societies through international trade, investment, and technology.
Important Phrases:
- “Mandal, Mandir, and Market continue to define India.”
- “Narasimha Rao actively plotted to open India’s economy to the world.”
- “India grows best when politicians trust society rather than the state.”
- “Liberalization-led growth is a precondition for welfare schemes.”
- “Harnessing the harmony embedded in Indian civilization.”
Quotes:
- “India grows best when politicians trust society rather than the state.”
- “My model is not Margaret Thatcher but Willy Brandt.”
- “Why are there only Western examples being given where violence — on some pretext or the other — is the basic propensity.”
Anecdotes:
- L.K. Advani’s rath yatra from Somnath to Ayodhya symbolized BJP’s alignment with the Ram temple movement.
- Narasimha Rao’s astute political maneuvering to implement economic reforms despite opposition from within his own party.
Useful Statements:
- “Narasimha Rao’s reforms were not confined to economics alone.”
- “India grows best when politicians trust society rather than the state.”
- “Liberalization-led growth is a precondition for welfare schemes.”
Examples and References:
- Implementation of backward caste quotas in government jobs following the Mandal Commission report.
- L.K. Advani’s rath yatra as a symbol of BJP’s support for the Ram temple movement.
- Narasimha Rao’s economic reforms leading to increased tax revenue, enabling government spending on welfare schemes.
Facts and Data:
- P.V. Narasimha Rao served as Prime Minister of India from 1991 to 1996.
- The Ram temple movement gained momentum in the early 1980s.
- Economic liberalization measures were initiated in mid-1991.
Critical Analysis:
The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the forces that have shaped India’s trajectory since the early 1990s, focusing on both political and economic dimensions. It highlights the role of leaders like Narasimha Rao in driving significant reforms despite facing numerous challenges. However, it also acknowledges the shortcomings and failures of political leadership, particularly in handling religious and social tensions. The emphasis on trust in society, liberalization-led growth, and harmony reflects a nuanced understanding of India’s complex socio-political landscape.
Way Forward:
- Emphasize continued trust in society over excessive state intervention.
- Prioritize economic liberalization to enable inclusive growth and welfare schemes.
- Promote harmony and understanding among diverse religious and cultural communities.
- Encourage political leadership to learn from past successes and failures to navigate future challenges effectively.
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