Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Godavarman Judgement, Forest Definition
Mains level: Forest land-use management
Introduction
- The Supreme Court issued an interim order on February 19, 2024, emphasizing that states and Union territories (UTs) must adhere to the Definition of ‘Forest’ as established in the TN Godavarman Thirumalpad v. Union of India judgement of 1996.
- This order came during the hearing of a public interest litigation challenging the constitutionality of the Forest (Conservation) Act, which was amended by the Union government in 2023.
Why such move?
- The petitioners highlighted concerns that the 2023 amendment had narrowed the expansive definition of ‘forest’ provided in the Godavarman judgement.
- They argue that this move potentially aims at diverting forest lands for non-forest use.
What is Godavarman Judgement?
- The Godavarman Judgment is a landmark environmental case in India, first heard in the Supreme Court in 1996, commonly referred to as the “Godavarman Case.”
- Originating as a PIL filed by Mr Godavarman, a retired forest officer, it addressed concerns about forest degradation due to various developmental activities without proper environmental clearances.
Key Legal and Regulatory Framework
- Forest Conservation Act (FCA) and Rules: The case primarily interprets and implements the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, and the Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981, aiming at forest conservation and wildlife protection.
- Powers of Central Government: The FCA empowers the central government to declare areas as “reserved forest” or “protected forest,” prohibiting non-forest activities without prior approval. It extends to all forests in India, not just declared reserves.
- Defining Forest: The order defined as any area recorded as forest in the Government record irrespective of the ownership. This definition is broad and encompasses any area recorded as a forest in government records, regardless of its legal status or ownership.
- Analysis:
- Diversion of Forest Land: The case tackled the diversion of forest land for non-forest purposes, emphasizing compliance with the law and due diligence.
- Extent of Central Government’s Powers: It clarified that the central government’s authority under the FCA extends to all forests, irrespective of ownership, emphasizing stringent regulation.
- Emphasis on Sustainable Development: The court stressed the importance of sustainable development in forest conservation and protecting the rights of forest dwellers and tribal communities.
Impact of the Judgement
- Strengthening Forest Conservation Laws: The case led to stricter interpretation and implementation of forest laws, focusing on conservation and protection.
- Increased Judicial Role in Environmental Governance: It established the judiciary as a watchdog in environmental governance, promoting public scrutiny of environmental decisions.
- Protection of Forest Lands: Resulted in the cancellation of projects diverting forest land, contributing to biodiversity conservation.
- Recognition of Rights: Emphasized the recognition and protection of rights of forest dwellers and tribal communities.
- Promotion of Sustainable Development: Highlighted the importance of balancing economic development with environmental protection.
Criticism of the Judgement
- Hindrance to Economic Development: Criticized for hindering economic development and displacing communities.
- Role of Judiciary: Criticized for causing delays in decision-making and project implementation.
Key Points of the Recent Order
- Adherence to 1996 Order: The bench, led by CJI emphasized that states and Union territories (UTs) must adhere to the definition of ‘forest’ as per the Godavarman judgement until the completion of the process of land recorded as ‘forests’ in government records.
- Recording Forest Land: State and UT administrations are directed to prepare records on forest land within a year from the notification of the 2023 amendment as per Rule 16 of the Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Rules, 2023.
- Expert Committees: The Union government is instructed to provide a comprehensive record of land registered as ‘forest’ by expert committees constituted by states and UTs within two weeks.
- Compliance Deadline: All states and UTs must comply with the directions by forwarding the reports of the expert committees by March 31, 2024.
Additional Directions
- Zoo and Safari Establishment: Any proposal for the establishment of zoos and safaris in forest areas other than protected areas shall not be finally approved without prior permission from the Supreme Court.
- Exemption Clause: Section 5 of the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023, exempts zoos and safaris from the definition of ‘forests’ within forest areas, excluding protected areas.
- Government Undertaking: The Union government submitted an undertaking that no precipitative steps would be taken concerning forest areas as per the dictionary sense, in line with the Godavarman judgement.
Conclusion
- The Supreme Court’s interim order underscores the importance of preserving forest lands as per the Godavarman judgement and ensuring compliance with environmental protection measures.
- It aims to safeguard the ecological balance and prevent misuse of forest resources for non-forest purposes.
Back2Basics: Universal Definition of Forest
- As per the Conference of Parties (CoP) 9-Kyoto Protocol, the forest can be defined by any country depending upon the capacities and capabilities of the country.
- Forest- Forest is defined structurally on the basis of
- Crown cover percentage: Tree crown cover- 10 to 30% (India 10%)
- Minimum area of stand: area between 0.05 and 1 hectare (India 1.0 hectare) and
- Minimum height of trees: Potential to reach a minimum height at maturity in situ of 2 to 5 m (India 2m)
India’s definition of Forests
The definition of forest cover has clearly been defined in all the India State of Forest Report (ISFR) and in all the International communications of India.
- The forest cover is defined as ‘all land, more than one hectare in area, with a tree canopy density of more than 10 percent irrespective of ownership and legal status.
- Such land may not necessarily be a recorded forest area. It also includes orchards, bamboo and palm’.
Classification of forest cover
In ISFR 2021 recently published has divided the forest cover as:
- Inside Recorded Forest Area: These are basically natural forests and plantations of Forest Department.
- Outside Recorded Forest Area: These cover mango orchards, coconut plantations, block plantations of agroforestry.
Forest Survey of India (FSI) Classification
- FSI classifies forest cover in 4 classes.
- Very Dense forest: All lands with tree cover (including mangrove cover) of canopy density of 70% and above.
- Moderately dense forest: All lands with tree cover (including mangrove cover) of canopy density between 40% and 70%.
- Open forests: All lands with tree cover (including mangrove cover) of canopy density between 10% and 40%.
- Scrubs: All forest lands with poor tree growth mainly of small or stunted trees having canopy density less than 10%.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lodrani, Dholavira, Harappan Civilizaiton (IVC)
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Legend has it that Lodrani, a hamlet near Dholavira in Kutch, was believed to be sitting on buried gold, prompting locals to initiate a dig around five years ago.
- Contrary to expectations, the excavation led to the discovery of a fortified Harappan-era settlement, challenging the assumptions about the area’s history.
Archaeological Findings at Lodrani
- Harappan-Era Settlement: Ajay Yadav and Damian Robinson from Oxford’s School of Archaeology led the archaeological exploration, revealing a well-preserved Harappan settlement.
- Architectural Resemblance to Dholavira: Yadav notes striking architectural similarities between the newly discovered site, named Morodharo, and Dholavira.
- Flourishing Ancient Life: Despite being initially dismissed as a medieval fortress, the site unveils evidence of a thriving civilization dating back around 4,500 years.
Significance
- Harappan Pottery: The site yielded a significant amount of Harappan pottery akin to findings at Dholavira, indicating a connection between the two settlements.
- Chronological Placement: Experts suggest Morodharo exhibits characteristics of mature to late Harappan periods (2,600-1,300 BCE), shedding light on the region’s ancient chronology.
Insights from Archaeologists
- Dependence on the Sea: Both Dholavira and Morodharo depended on the sea, suggesting navigable waters near the Rann of Kutch during ancient times.
- Archaeological Fame: Despite false starts in the past, Lodrani now claims archaeological fame, highlighting the importance of local initiatives in uncovering historical treasures.
About Dholavira
|
Description
|
| Discovery |
Discovered in 1968 by archaeologist Jagat Pati Joshi. |
| Importance |
- One of the most remarkable and well-preserved urban settlements in South Asia.
- Fifth largest metropolis of the Indus Valley Civilization.
|
| Location |
- Archaeological site located in the Kachchh District, Gujarat, dating from the 3rd to mid-2nd millennium BCE.
- On Khadir bet island in the Great Rann of Kachchh.
|
| Strategic Location |
- Located on the Tropic of Cancer;
- Strategic for trade and access to mineral and raw material sources.
|
| Archaeological Findings |
- Terracotta pottery, beads, gold and copper ornaments, seals, fish hooks, tools, urns, imported vessels.
- Unique stone inscriptions in Indus Valley script.
|
| Distinct Features |
Cascading series of water reservoirs, outer fortification, multi-purpose grounds, unique gates, tumulus funerary architecture, multi-layered defenses. |
| Decline |
- Coincided with the collapse of Mesopotamia;
- Affected by climate change, aridity, and drying up of ancient rivers like Saraswati.
|
Try this PYQ:
Q. Which one of the following ancient towns is well-known for its elaborate system of water harvesting and management by building a series of dams and channelizing water into connected reservoirs?
(a) Dholavira (b) Kalibangan (c) Rakhigarhi (d) Ropar
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Quantum Theory, Bose-Einstein Statistics, Bose-Hubbard Model
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Satyendra Nath Bose emerged in the physics community like a comet in 1924, amidst the turbulence of a quantum revolution.
- His groundbreaking work filled a significant gap in the emerging quantum theory.
Satyendra Nath Bose: Early Life
- Born in Kolkata in 1894, Bose’s mathematical prowess was evident early on.
- He befriended Meghnad Saha during their time at Presidency College and later collaborated with him at Rajabazar Science College.
- Amidst the changing landscape of physics marked by Einstein’s theory of relativity and quantum concepts, Bose and Saha contributed significantly to translating and applying new physics concepts.
Notable Contributions
[1] Bose-Einstein Statistics:
- Bose formulated a new statistical theory in 1924, known as Bose-Einstein statistics, to describe the behavior of particles that obey the laws of quantum mechanics.
- He derived this statistical distribution for particles with integer spin, which later became fundamental in understanding the behavior of particles now known as bosons.
[2] Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC):
- Bose’s work laid the foundation for the concept of Bose-Einstein condensate, a state of matter where particles occupy the same quantum state at low temperatures.
- In 1995, scientists successfully created a BEC in a dilute gas of alkali atoms, confirming Bose’s theoretical predictions and opening up new avenues for research in quantum physics.
[3] Quantum Theory of Radiation:
- Bose made significant contributions to the field of quantum theory of radiation.
- He introduced a quantum mechanical theory to explain the behavior of photons, which was later incorporated into the broader framework of quantum electrodynamics.
[4] Bose-Hubbard Model:
- Bose’s work also inspired the development of the Bose-Hubbard model, a fundamental model in condensed matter physics.
- This model describes the behavior of ultra-cold atoms trapped in an optical lattice and has applications in quantum computing and quantum simulation.
[5] Exploring Planck’s Law
- While teaching at Dhaka University, Bose delved into understanding Planck’s law of black-body radiation, a cornerstone of quantum theory.
- Bose’s innovative approach eliminated classical physics from the picture, revealing the statistical essence behind Planck’s formula and pioneering the field of quantum statistics.
Legacy and Impact
- Bose’s work laid the groundwork for understanding fundamental particles, distinguishing between bosons and fermions based on their statistical behavior.
- Despite publishing sparingly after his groundbreaking discovery, Bose’s contribution to quantum theory remains unparalleled, earning him the status of a scientific comet that illuminated the quantum world.
Conclusion
- Satyendra Nath Bose’s remarkable insight and contribution to quantum theory reshaped the trajectory of physics.
- His pioneering work on Bose-Einstein statistics not only filled a crucial gap in the emerging quantum framework but also laid the foundation for subsequent advancements in particle physics and quantum mechanics.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mimas, Cassini Mission
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Recent findings published in the journal Nature suggest that beneath the icy shell of Mimas, there lies a potential liquid ocean, challenging previous assumptions about the moon’s composition and internal dynamics.
About Mimas
|
Description
|
| Discovery |
Discovered by William Herschel on September 17, 1789. |
| Characteristics |
Smallest and innermost of Saturn’s major moons. |
| Size |
Diameter of about 396 kilometers (246 miles), making it one of the smallest known astronomical bodies that is rounded in shape. |
| Features |
Known for its large Herschel Crater,
Called as “Death Star” from the Star Wars films. |
| Composition |
Mostly composed of water ice with a small amount of rock. |
| Orbit |
Orbits Saturn at a distance of about 185,520 km (115,220 miles). |
| Exploration |
Visited by the Cassini spacecraft, which captured detailed images of its surface during its mission to Saturn. |
Astronomical Insights
- Potential Liquid Ocean: Scientists analyzed Mimas’s orbital motion using data from NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, concluding that the moon’s oscillations indicate the presence of either an elongated silicate core or a global ocean.
- Librational Model: Calculations based on Mimas’s librations and orbital changes reached a deadlock, prompting consideration of a subsurface ocean. Theoretical models incorporating viscoelastic outer layers and hydrostatic interior interfaces suggested an ice shell thickness of 20-30 km.
- Surface Heat and Eccentricity: Estimates indicate surface heat release of approximately 25 milliwatts per sq. m, expected to reduce Mimas’s eccentricity by half in 4-5 million years. Simulations suggest the ocean may have formed 2-25 million years ago, with potential hydrothermal activity.
Implications and Findings
- Comparative Analysis: Similarities between Mimas and Enceladus, another Saturn moon with a global ocean, hint at potential hydrothermal activity despite surface differences.
- Ice Shell Composition: The viscoelastic nature of Mimas’s outer icy layer and hydrostatic interior interfaces align with observations, supporting the theoretical ice shell thickness determined through calculations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Financial Emergency under Article 360
Mains level: Not Much
In the news
- The Supreme Court proceeded with hearing a suit filed by the State of Kerala against the Centre for alleged arbitrary interference in its financial matters, following unsuccessful negotiations between the two parties.
- Earlier, Kerala Governor sought for the Presidential imposition of a financial emergency in the State under Article 360(1) of the Constitution due to dwindling situation of finances in the State.
What is Financial Emergency?
- Enshrined in Article 360: It is a vital provision aimed at addressing severe financial crises threatening India’s economic stability.
- Declaration and Authority: It can be declared by the President upon satisfaction that the financial stability or credit of India or any part of its territory is under threat.
- CoM Advice: The declaration is made based on the advice of the Council of Ministers, reflecting the collective responsibility of the executive branch.
Legislative Approval
- While the President can proclaim a Financial Emergency, its extension beyond two months needs approval from both Houses of Parliament.
- Once approved, it remains in effect until revoked by the President, allowing for flexible management of financial crises.
Effects and Implications
- The Centre’s executive authority expands significantly during a Financial Emergency, enabling it to issue directives to states on financial matters.
- Centralization of fiscal policies occurs, with the President empowered to reserve money bills passed by state legislatures for consideration.
- Austerity measures, including salary and allowance reductions for public officials, can be implemented to address economic challenges.
Judicial Review and Criticism
- 38th Amendment Act (1975) made the President’s decision final and immune from judicial review.
- However, the 44th Amendment Act (1978) allowed for judicial scrutiny.
- This amendment ensured checks and balances within the constitutional framework, preventing unchecked executive authority.
Historical Context and Usage
- Financial Emergencies have been sparingly invoked in India’s history, despite facing significant financial crises such as in 1991.
- The cautious utilization of this provision underscores the importance of aligning its implementation with democratic principles and federalism.
Conclusion
- The Supreme Court’s intervention in the Kerala-Centre financial dispute underscores the importance of cooperative federalism in addressing intergovernmental conflicts.
- The forthcoming hearings aim to reconcile differences and ensure the equitable distribution of resources, fostering harmonious relations between the Centre and states.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fintech and their regulations
Mains level: Need for regulating Fintechs
Introduction
- The Standing Committee on Communications and Information Technology recently highlighted concerns regarding the dominance of foreign-owned fintech apps in India’s digital payment ecosystem.
- While UPI commands a significant share of digital payments in terms of volume, its value share remains relatively low, raising questions about the distribution and control of digital payment platforms.
What are Fintech?
- Fintech Definition: Fintech, a fusion of “financial” and “technology,” denotes businesses leveraging technology to enhance or automate financial services.
- Types of Fintech Companies: They encompass payment solutions (e.g., Bharatpe), lending platforms (e.g., CRED), insurance providers (e.g., Digit Insurance), investment platforms (e.g., Zerodha), and regulatory technology firms (e.g., Razorpay).
Regulatory Framework in India
- Regulatory Landscape: While direct RBI intervention in regulating fintech companies remains limited, initiatives like the Fin-Tech Regulatory Sandbox and Payment System Operators license aim to embrace and regulate aspects of the fintech sector.
- Future Regulatory Outlook: The RBI is developing a regulatory framework to support orderly growth in digital lending, emphasizing that lending activities should be conducted only by entities regulated by the central bank or under other applicable laws.
Why discuss Fintech?
- India is amongst the fastest growing Fintech markets in the world. Indian FinTech industry’s market size is $50 Bn in 2021 and is estimated at ~$150 Bn by 2025.
- The Indian Fintech industry’s total addressable market is estimated to be $1.3 Tn by 2025 and Assets Under Management & Revenue to be $1 Tn and $ 200 Bn by 2030, respectively
Analysis of Existing Ecosystem
- Regulatory Oversight: The Committee stresses the need for effective regulation of digital payment apps, noting the rising trend of digital transactions in India. It suggests that regulatory bodies like RBI and NPCI would find it more feasible to regulate local apps compared to foreign entities.
- Dominance of Foreign Fintech: Foreign-owned fintech companies, such as PhonePe and Google Pay, dominate the Indian market, commanding significant market shares in terms of transaction volume. In contrast, NPCI’s BHIM UPI holds a minimal market share.
- Regulatory Measures: The NPCI previously imposed a 30% volume cap on transactions facilitated through UPI by third-party apps to maintain market equilibrium and address risks. Compliance timelines were extended to December 2024 to facilitate market growth.
Concerns about Fraud
- Money Laundering: The Committee observed instances of fintech platforms being used for money laundering, citing examples like the Abu Dhabi-based app, Pyppl, administered by Chinese investment scamsters. This poses challenges for law enforcement agencies in tracking illegal money trails.
- Fraud Trends: Despite the rise in digital transactions, the fraud to sales ratio has remained relatively low. However, concerns persist regarding UPI frauds affecting a small percentage of users.
Impact on the Ecosystem
- Advantages of Local Players: Local fintech players possess a natural advantage in understanding customer needs and the broader market infrastructure. Foreign fintechs, on the other hand, bring in expertise in new technologies and global connectivity.
- Revenue Growth: McKinsey’s Global Payments Report suggests that instant payments, including UPI, may contribute less than 10% of future revenue growth due to minimal transaction fees. However, the shift towards digital payments enhances security and access to commerce channels, offsetting the costs associated with managing cash transactions.
Conclusion
- Balancing the dominance of foreign-owned fintech platforms with the promotion of local players is essential for the sustainable growth of India’s digital payment ecosystem.
- Effective regulation, along with efforts to combat fraud and promote financial inclusion, will be crucial in shaping the future trajectory of digital payments in the country.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: El Nino and La Nina
Mains level: Link Between ENSO and local Air Pollution
Introduction
- El Nino and La Nina events have long influenced India’s monsoon patterns, but a recent study suggests a novel connection between these weather phenomena and air quality, particularly during the winter months of 2022.
Understanding El Nino and La Nina
- El Nino and La Nina are two opposite phases of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle.
- ENSO is a naturally occurring phenomenon that involves the interaction between the ocean and atmosphere in the equatorial Pacific.
Here is a detailed comparison of El Nino and La Nina
|
El Nino |
La Nina |
| Definition |
Warmer-than-normal sea surface temperatures |
Cooler-than-normal sea surface temperatures |
| Frequency |
Every two to seven years |
Every two to seven years |
| Duration |
Several months to a year or more |
Several months to a year or more |
| Impact on winds |
Weakens trade winds, leading to changes in patterns |
Strengthens trade winds, leading to changes in patterns |
| Impact on rains |
Reduces rainfall and can cause droughts |
Increases rainfall and can cause flooding |
| Impact on temp. |
Warmer-than-average temperatures |
Colder-than-average temperatures |
| Global effects |
Droughts in Asia and Africa, floods in Americas |
Floods in Asia and Africa, droughts in South America |
Impact on India
| El Nino |
La Nina |
| Associated with weak monsoons and drought-like conditions in India |
Associated with above-normal rainfall and floods in India |
| Sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean rises above normal levels |
Sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean drops below normal levels |
| Changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns |
Changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns |
| Shift in the location of the jet stream, affecting the strength and direction of the monsoon winds |
Increase in the strength of the monsoon winds, bringing more moisture and rainfall to India |
| Results in reduced rainfall, dry spells, and heatwaves, leading to crop failures and water scarcity |
Excessive rainfall can also lead to floods and landslides, causing damage to crops and infrastructure |
El Nino and Indian Monsoon
- El Nino and its impact on Indian monsoon: El Nino refers to abnormal warming of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, which tends to suppress monsoon rainfall in India.
- Phases of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO): ENSO consists of three phases in the Pacific Ocean: El Nino, La Nina (abnormal cooling), and a neutral phase with sea surface temperatures close to long-term averages.
- Ocean and atmospheric conditions: ENSO involves not only temperature abnormalities of sea surface waters but also atmospheric conditions, including differences in sea-level air pressure and wind strength and direction.
- Southern oscillation and the role of winds: Southern Oscillation Index measures the difference in sea-level air pressure over the western and eastern sides of the Pacific Ocean, while wind patterns play a crucial role in ENSO.
How La Nina impacted air quality?
- Wind Direction Shift: The study identified a significant alteration in wind circulation patterns during the winter of 2022, with winds typically blowing from the northwest direction diverted towards the south due to the prolonged La Nina effect.
- Anomalous Behavior: This deviation led to a bypass of pollutant-laden winds from Punjab and Haryana away from Delhi towards southern regions, impacting cities like Mumbai, Bengaluru, and Chennai.
- Extended La Nina Effect: The persistence of La Nina conditions over three years intensified the impact on wind patterns, culminating in noticeable changes in air quality distribution across India.
- Uncertainties and Further Exploration: While the study highlights the role of La Nina in altering wind circulation and subsequent air quality, uncertainties remain regarding the potential impact of El Nino events on air quality dynamics.
Conclusion
- The study underscores the need for continued exploration into the interplay between global weather phenomena like La Nina, local meteorological conditions, and air quality dynamics in India.
- Understanding these complex relationships can inform policy measures aimed at mitigating air pollution and enhancing environmental resilience in the face of climate change challenges.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Read the attached story
Mains level: Man-Animal Conflit and its mitigation
Introduction
- The escalation of human-wildlife conflict incidents in Kerala, exemplified by recent protests in Wayanad, underscores the urgent need to address the underlying causes of such conflicts.
- Kerala grapples with a surge in human-animal conflicts, predominantly involving elephants, tigers, bison, and wild boars, wreaking havoc in districts like Wayanad, Kannur, Palakkad, and Idukki.
Understanding the Conflict
- Geographical Dynamics: Kerala’s significant forest cover, encompassing nearly 30% of its area, juxtaposed with densely populated human settlements and agricultural plantations near wildlife habitats, sets the stage for frequent human-animal conflicts.
- Magnitude of Conflict: State Forest Department data reveals over 48,000 incidents of crop damage due to human-wildlife conflict between 2013-14 and 2018-19, with wild elephants being the primary culprits, followed by wild boars and bonnet macaques.
Root Causes of Conflict
- Changing Land Use: Increased cultivation around wildlife habitats and changing cropping patterns exacerbate conflicts by encroaching upon natural habitats and altering animal migratory routes.
- Conservation Efforts: While conservation initiatives have led to the resurgence of animal populations like elephants and tigers, they have inadvertently intensified conflicts due to habitat depletion.
- Human Activities: Movement of livestock and humans in wildlife habitats, especially during odd hours, further exacerbates conflicts by triggering defensive responses from animals.
Proposed Solutions and Their Efficacy
- Physical Barriers: Strategies like elephant-proof trenches and solar power fences have shown promise in mitigating conflicts but face challenges such as inadequate maintenance and breaches by locals.
- Eco-Restoration Policy: The Forest department’s plan to restore ecosystems by planting indigenous species aims to deter animals from agricultural lands, yet its effectiveness hinges on implementation and sustenance.
- Early Warning Systems: Adoption of early warning systems, including drones and human watchers, could help track animal movements and prevent confrontations, but their widespread adoption remains limited.
Addressing Challenges with Wild Boars
- Culling Initiatives: While the state awaits approval to declare wild boars as vermin, local bodies have been empowered to cull them as a last resort, alongside strategies like capture, neutering, and relocation.
- Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ): Despite the legislative assembly’s plea to exempt Kerala from ESZ norms, conservationists advocate for its implementation to mitigate conflicts, acknowledging the challenges posed by Kerala’s population density and land scarcity.
Legal Framework and Conservation Initiatives
[A] Wildlife Protection and Biodiversity Conservation
- The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Encompassing measures to prohibit hunting, safeguard wildlife habitats, and establish protected areas, this act forms the cornerstone of India’s wildlife preservation efforts.
- The Biological Diversity Act, 2002: Complementing existing legislation, this act, in alignment with the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, fortifies conservation endeavors without undermining other forest and wildlife laws.
[B] National Conservation Strategies
- National Wildlife Action Plan (2002-2016): Centered on fortifying protected area networks, conserving endangered species and their habitats, curbing wildlife trade, and promoting research and education, this plan embodies India’s commitment to wildlife preservation.
- Project Tiger: A pioneering initiative under the Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change since 1973, Project Tiger aims to create safe havens for the majestic big cats within India’s national parks.
- Project Elephant: Launched in 1992, this centrally sponsored scheme endeavors to protect elephants, conserve their habitats and ensure safe migration corridors, thereby safeguarding the iconic species’ future.
Conclusion
- Balancing conservation efforts with the safety and livelihoods of Kerala’s populace requires a multifaceted approach that addresses the root causes of human-wildlife conflicts.
- Collaborative efforts involving stakeholders, stringent regulatory measures, and sustainable conservation practices are imperative to foster coexistence between humans and wildlife in Kerala’s diverse landscape.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Geographical locations of dams
Mains level: Interstate water disputes
Central Idea:
The article recounts the historical background and negotiations leading to the Agreement between the states of Mysore and Madras regarding the construction and regulation of dams on the Cauvery River. It highlights the challenges faced, key terms agreed upon, and the significance of the agreement in resolving disputes and laying down principles for water management in the region.
Key Highlights:
- M. Visvesvaraya’s proposal for the Krishnarajasagara (KRS) reservoir in 1910.
- Arbitration led by Sir H.D. Griffin resulting in the approval of the KRS dam project.
- Friction between Madras and Mysore over the execution of the dam’s next phase.
- Negotiations and arbitration processes spanning several years.
- Drafting of rules for the regulation of KRS and other reservoirs.
- The signing of the Agreement, facilitating the construction of KRS and Mettur dams.
- Consent for irrigation projects and assurance of water supplies to Madras.
- Perception of the agreement as a fair settlement by Mysore’s Dewan, A.R. Banerji.
Key Challenges:
- Disputes over water rights and dam construction between upper and lower riparian states.
- Lengthy negotiations and arbitration processes due to differing interests and concerns.
- Balancing the need for irrigation expansion with the preservation of water resources.
- Ensuring equitable distribution of water while addressing the concerns of both states.
Main Terms:
- Construction of KRS and Mettur dams.
- Limitation on new irrigation areas under the Mettur project.
- Formulation of rules for the regulation of reservoirs.
- Assurance of water supplies to Madras.
- Review of certain stipulations after 50 years.
Important Phrases:
- “Kannambadi Arbitration Case”
- “Prescriptive right of Madras”
- “Broader settlement”
- “Give and take”
- “British hand”
Quotes:
- “A fair and honourable settlement.” – A.R. Banerji, Mysore Dewan.
- “The spirit of ‘give and take’ reigned throughout.” – A.R. Banerji.
- “No British hand behind the settlement.” – A.R. Banerji.
Anecdotes:
- Sir H.D. Griffin’s swift arbitration process.
- Negotiations between Mysore and Madras officials.
- A.R. Banerji’s statement in The Hindu.
Useful Statements:
- “The pact allowed a review of certain stipulations of the agreement after 50 years.”
- “The agreement was perceived as a fair settlement by both parties involved.”
- “Balancing irrigation expansion with water resource preservation was a key challenge.”
Examples and References:
- Construction of the KRS and Mettur dams.
- Negotiation processes between Madras and Mysore officials.
- A.R. Banerji’s statement published in The Hindu.
Facts and Data:
- Construction of KRS with a capacity of 44.83 TMC.
- Limitation of new irrigation areas under the Mettur project to 3.01 lakh acres.
- Review of certain stipulations after 50 years.
Critical Analysis:
The Agreement marked a significant milestone in resolving the Cauvery River dispute between Mysore and Madras. Despite initial challenges and differing interests, the agreement laid down principles for water management and established a framework for future cooperation. While perceptions may vary, A.R. Banerji’s statement underscores the agreement’s perceived fairness and the spirit of cooperation between the two states.
Way Forward:
The Agreement serves as a historical precedent for resolving interstate water disputes through negotiation and compromise. Moving forward, stakeholders should build upon this foundation to address evolving water management challenges, ensuring equitable distribution and sustainable use of water resources in the region. Cooperation and dialogue remain essential for fostering lasting solutions to water-related conflicts.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC)
Mains level: deeper collaboration between Greece and India
Central Idea:
The article discusses the growing strategic relationship between Greece and India, emphasizing the importance of deepening bilateral ties across various sectors. It highlights the mutual benefits of collaboration, the significance of security and stability in their respective regions, and the potential for economic cooperation through initiatives like the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC).
Key Highlights:
- The visit of Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis to India signifies the momentum in strengthening bilateral relations initiated by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Greece.
- Both countries recognize the strategic importance of their geographical locations and the need for cooperation to ensure security, stability, and prosperity.
- Collaboration extends across strategic, military, and business sectors, with examples such as joint military exercises and investment partnerships.
- Economic reforms in Greece under the Mitsotakis government aim to boost sustainable growth and position the country as a reliable partner in the Eastern Mediterranean.
- The concept of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC) emerges as a promising avenue for enhancing economic ties between India and Greece.
- Emphasis is placed on fostering people-to-people ties through cultural exchanges, education programs, and media cooperation.
Key Challenges:
- The pace of bilateral cooperation has been slow, indicating a need for greater momentum.
- Despite existing collaborations, there is room for further expansion and diversification of partnerships.
- Ensuring sustained commitment from both governments and businesses to deepen ties amidst global uncertainties.
Main Terms:
- Strategic relationship
- Geopolitical volatility
- Bilateral cooperation
- Economic reforms
- India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC)
- People-to-people ties
Important Phrases:
- “No better gateway to Europe than Greece”
- “Prisoners of geography”
- “Constructing the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC)”
- “Critical year in the building of the Greece-India strategic partnership”
Quotes:
- “India will find no better gateway to Europe than my country and for Greece there is no better gateway to Asia than a close strategic relationship with India.”
- “Greece is still by far the best European country to invest in.”
- “The fact that the political leaders of Greece and India are exchanging visits within a short time frame shows not just their determination to move the relationship forward but also the urgency they attach to this task.”
Useful Statements:
- Collaboration between Greece and India is essential for ensuring security, stability, and prosperity in their respective regions.
- Economic reforms in Greece aim to position the country as a reliable partner in the Eastern Mediterranean.
- Initiatives like the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC) offer significant potential for enhancing bilateral economic ties.
Examples and References:
- Joint military exercises between the Indian Navy and Greek armed forces.
- Investment partnerships between Indian and Greek businesses, such as the construction of a new airport on the island of Crete.
- The involvement of Indian-Canadian billionaire Prem Watsa in Greek investments, advocating for Greek-Indian business cooperation.
Facts and Data:
- Historic visit of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to Greece in August 2023.
- Collaboration between Indian and Greek businesses in various sectors, including construction, shipping, and finance.
Critical Analysis:
- The article underscores the significance of deeper collaboration between Greece and India in light of geopolitical challenges and economic opportunities.
- It highlights the need for accelerated efforts to overcome historical inertia and realize the full potential of the bilateral relationship.
- Emphasis on people-to-people ties reflects a holistic approach to strengthening cultural and educational exchanges alongside economic and strategic cooperation.
Way Forward:
- Both governments should prioritize the implementation of existing agreements and explore new avenues for cooperation.
- Continued engagement between businesses from both countries is crucial for diversifying and expanding partnerships.
- Investing in educational and cultural exchanges can foster mutual understanding and long-term cooperation.
- Regular high-level visits and dialogue mechanisms should be maintained to sustain momentum and address emerging challenges.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Na
Mains level: mismatch between engineering graduates' skills and service sector demands
Central Idea:
- Article discusses the growing significance of the services sector in India’s economy and the demand for skilled manpower. Proposes the introduction of a generic “service engineering” course to address the need for professionals adept at navigating modern service-oriented industries.
Key Highlights:
- Services sector contributes significantly to India’s Gross Value Added and employment.
- Engineering graduates increasingly employed in non-technical roles within the services sector due to adaptable skills.
- Lack of generic courses tailored to service sector needs, leading engineers to fill entry-level service jobs.
- Proposal for “service engineering” course blending technical proficiency, soft skills, and industry-specific knowledge.
- Integration of AI and IoT to enhance employability.
- Emphasis on diverse curriculum covering service delivery fundamentals, process improvement, and client management.
Key Challenges:
- Resistance from traditional education systems and institutions.
- Development and implementation of comprehensive curriculum.
- Ensuring affordability and accessibility, especially in tier 2 and 3 cities.
- Overcoming societal biases and stereotypes about career paths.
- Adapting to rapid technological advancements and industry changes.
Main Terms:
- Services sector
- Engineering graduates
- Service-oriented roles
- Soft skills
- Technical proficiency
- Service management principles
- Process improvement methodologies
- Client management
Important Phrases for answer writing:
- “Service engineering”
- “White-collar service environments”
- “Dynamic service landscape”
- “Process reengineering”
- “Critical thinking frameworks”
- “Virtual learning environments”
- “Inclusivity in education”
- “Services-driven economy”
Quotes:
- “Engineers are increasingly finding employment not solely based on a precise match of skills but due to the adaptability and problem-solving mindset ingrained in their education.”
- “Just as an engineering education equips the student with the basic skills to find a vocation in an industrial setup, we need an equivalent services skill education.”
- “The introduction of such a course — let us call it ‘service engineering’ — holds transformative potential, offering a pathway to enhanced employability, improved service delivery, and sustained economic growth.”
Anecdotes:
- Example of engineering graduates transitioning into non-technical roles within the services sector, such as banking, insurance, and retail.
- Mention of the increasing participation of women in the workforce and how a service engineering course could support their work-life balance.
Useful Statements:
- “The rising prominence of the services sector has opened avenues for engineers to be gainfully employed in white-collar jobs.”
- “Such a course can offer a holistic blend of technical proficiency, soft skills, and industry-specific knowledge essential for success in service-centric roles.”
Examples and References:
- Data on employability of engineering graduates.
- Commissioned report on engineering seat enrollment.
- Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) data on women’s participation in the workforce.
Critical Analysis:
- The article effectively highlights the mismatch between engineering graduates’ skills and service sector demands, proposing a “service engineering” course as a solution. However, it lacks in-depth analysis of challenges and implementation strategies, especially regarding soft skills integration.
Way Forward:
- Collaborate with industry experts for curriculum design.
- Offer scholarships for affordability and accessibility.
- Conduct awareness campaigns to challenge biases.
- Establish partnerships for practical training.
- Continuously update the curriculum to match industry changes.
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