Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: importance of the human element in military operations
Why in the News?
While initial feedback on the scheme is positive, there are challenges in integrating these recruits into military units, particularly regarding unit cohesion and psychological assimilation.
About Agniveer Scheme:
Aim: As a reform in Indian defense policy, it aims to recruit and retain young men and women in the armed forces through a short-service manpower model.
Key Highlights of the Scheme:
- Introduction of the Agnipath scheme to reform defense recruitment.
- Focus on a short-service manpower model with the potential for retention.
- Significant unit cohesion and psychological assimilation for effective combat readiness.
- Emphasizes on the enduring significance of the human element in warfare despite technological advancements.
Key Challenges:
- Ensuring seamless integration of Agniveers into military units.
- Nurturing unit cohesion and camaraderie among recruits.
- Addressing potential issues of competition and one-upmanship among Agniveers.
- Managing the psychological well-being and personality traits of recruits.
- Lack of a formal psychology test in the recruitment process.
Main Terms:
- Agnipath scheme: Indian defense policy reform for recruitment and retention.
- Agniveers: Young men and women recruited under the Agnipath scheme.
- Unit cohesion: The bond and teamwork within military units.
- Combat readiness: Preparedness of military units for combat situations.
- Human element: Importance of individual soldiers’ character and relationships in warfare.
Important Phrases:
- “Agniveers into the milieu of military units”
- “unit pride flows out of unit cohesion”
- “technology-based counter-measures”
- “focus on the human element”
- “psychological assimilation”
Quotes:
- “I hold it to be one of the simplest truths of war that the thing which enables a soldier to keep going with his weapon is the near presence or the presumed presence of a comrade.” – S.L.A. Marshall
Anecdotes:
- Reference to Russia-Ukraine conflict and Israel-Hamas conflict to highlight the enduring significance of the human element in warfare.
Useful Statements:
- “Irrespective of technological advancements in the realm of warfare, the character of a soldier to stand by his flanking mate can never be undermined.”
- “The onerous challenge would be to arrest any germination of an undesired personality trait among the lot given that 25% of the Agniveers will stay back.”
- “The government should consider introducing a test of ‘psychology’ as part of the recruitment process.”
Examples and References:
- Mention of Agniveers’ positive feedback from units.
- Reference to S.L.A. Marshall’s observations on the importance of comradeship in war.
Critical Analysis:
- The article emphasizes the importance of the human element in military operations despite technological advancements.
- It highlights challenges in integrating new recruits into military units and maintaining unit cohesion.
Way Forward:
- Address challenges in integrating Agniveers into military units.
- Prioritize psychological assimilation and character development alongside technical training.
- Consider implementing a psychology test in the recruitment process for better assessment and management of recruits.
Overall, the article underscores the importance of balancing technological advancements with the enduring significance of individual character and unit cohesion in military operations. It calls for a strategic approach in integrating and nurturing new recruits to ensure effective combat readiness.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ASHA
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- ASHAs, or Accredited Social Health Activists, have emerged as pivotal figures in India’s public health landscape, embodying the promise of compassionate care and community advocacy.
Who are the ASHA workers?
- Inception: Established in 2002 in Chhattisgarh, ASHAs were envisioned as community health workers, modeled after the ‘Mitanins’, to bridge the gap between the health system and local populations. Initiated in 2005-06 as part of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM); Expanded to urban settings since 2013 via the National Urban Health Mission.
- Number: Around 10.4 lakhs employed across India. The highest numbers are in populous states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
- Geographical Distribution: One ASHA per 1,000 people in rural areas, adjusted to one per habitation in tribal, hilly, and desert regions.
- Global Recognition: Awarded by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2013.
- Functions and Responsibilities: Register newborns, pregnant women, and deaths; accompany patients to health centers; distribute medicines; conduct immunization drives; and report health statistics.
Criteria for selection of ASHA worker:
- For Rural:
- The prospective candidate must be a married, widowed or divorced female resident of the village she’s applying to work at.
- Must be aged between 25 and 45 years.
- Candidates must be literate. Preference is given to those with a 10th pass certificate. There are several interviews at the Anganwadi, block and district levels. The health committees maintain a thorough selection process.
- For Urban:
- The prospective candidates must be female residents of vulnerable clusters or slums within an urban setup.
- This slum or cluster must be identified by the City or District Health Society as priority zones for ASHA healthcare workers. The candidate should preferably be married, widowed, separated or divorced.
- Must be aged between 25 and 45 years.
- Candidates must be literate and must have fluency in the native language of the community.
Challenges Faced by ASHAs
[1] Work Challenges
- Overwork and Underpayment: ASHAs endure a “triple shift,” balancing household responsibilities, community outreach, and health center duties, often without adequate compensation or rest.
- Systemic Inequities: ASHAs experience power imbalances along gender and caste lines, compounded by their status as “volunteers,” leading to economic, physical, and psychological vulnerabilities.
- Social Stigma: Despite their crucial role in improving health outcomes, ASHAs often face social stigma and discrimination within their communities, hindering their effectiveness and well-being.
[2] Occupational Hazards
- Physical Strain: Irregular meals, inadequate sleep, and exposure to extreme weather conditions contribute to health issues like malnutrition, anaemia, and non-communicable diseases among ASHAs.
- Mental Health Challenges: The demanding nature of their work and limited social support expose ASHAs to high levels of stress, anxiety, and burnout, affecting their overall well-being and job satisfaction.
- Safety Concerns: ASHAs, particularly those working in remote or conflict-affected areas, face risks of harassment, violence, and assault while performing their duties, highlighting the need for enhanced security measures and support systems.
[3] Social and Economic Implications
- Economic Precarity: ASHAs’ honorariums serve as primary family income, yet delays in payment and out-of-pocket expenses exacerbate financial strain, perpetuating cycles of poverty and dependence.
- Gendered Burden: ASHAs, predominantly women, often bear the brunt of caregiving responsibilities within their households, leading to gender disparities in workload distribution and access to resources.
- Empowerment and Agency: Despite facing numerous challenges, ASHAs demonstrate resilience and agency in advocating for their rights, mobilizing communities, and demanding policy reforms to improve their working conditions and livelihoods.
Advocacy and Policy Recommendations
- Recognition and Fair Compensation: Advocate for institutional recognition, fair wages, and improved working conditions for ASHAs, aiming for them to become government employees with access to social security benefits and maternity support.
- Capacity Building: Support initiatives aimed at enhancing ASHA skills, knowledge, and confidence through targeted training and skill development programs.
- Community Engagement: Encourage local communities to recognize and appreciate the contributions of ASHAs, fostering stronger support, trust, and collaboration.
- Safety Measures: Enhance safety protocols and support systems for ASHAs, especially those working in remote or conflict-affected areas, to minimize risks of harassment, violence, and assault.
- Address Systemic Barriers: Tackle gender and caste-based inequalities experienced by ASHAs, promoting equal opportunities and access to resources.
- Financial Security: Ensure timely payments and reduce out-of-pocket expenses for ASHAs, mitigating financial strain and perpetual cycles of poverty.
Conclusion
- The plight of ASHAs reflects broader structural injustices within India’s healthcare sector, underscoring the urgent need for policy reforms and systemic support.
- As frontline warriors in public health, ASHAs deserve equitable treatment, recognition, and protection, essential for advancing both individual well-being and community health outcomes.
- Through collective advocacy, empowerment, and solidarity, ASHAs can continue to drive positive change and make lasting contributions to public health in India.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2012:
With reference to the National Rural Health Mission, which of the following are the jobs of ASHA, a trained community health worker?
- Accompanying women to the health facility for antenatal care checkups
- Using pregnancy test kits for early detection of pregnancy
- Providing information on nutrition and immunization
- Conducting the delivery of the baby
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
- 1, 2 and 3 only
- 2 and 4 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2, 3 and 4
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: INTERPOL
Mains level: Read the attached story
Why in the News?
Concerns arise over the misuse of Interpol notices, especially blue corner notices, raising issues about balancing police cooperation and preventing abuse of power.
About INTERPOL (International Criminal Police Organization)
|
Details |
| Overview |
- Established in Vienna, Austria (1923), it enables cross-border police cooperation and supports and assists all organizations, authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or combat international crime.
- An inter-governmental organization comprising 195 member countries,
- Facilitates better coordination among police forces globally
|
| Functions |
- Enables member countries to share and access data on crimes and criminals
- Offers technical and operational support to member countries
- Manages 19 police databases containing information on crimes and criminals, accessible in real-time
- Provides investigative support, including forensics, analysis, and assistance in locating fugitives worldwide.
|
| Working |
- Run by a Secretary General
- Headquarters located in Lyon, France
- Global complex for innovation based in Singapore
- Several satellite offices in different regions.
|
| India’s Membership |
|
| Functioning in Member Countries |
- Each member country has a National Central Bureau (NCB), serving as the central point of contact for the general secretariat and other NCBs worldwide
- NCBs are typically managed by police officials and situated in the government ministry responsible for policing (e.g., MHA in India)
- Interpol’s databases contain various information, from names and fingerprints to stolen passports, accessible in real-time to member countries
- Provides investigative support to member countries, aiding in forensic analysis and locating fugitives globally.
|
What are Blue Corner Notice?
- Types of Notices: Interpol issues seven types of notices, including Blue Notice.
- Purpose: Blue corner notice, also known as an “enquiry notice,” facilitates sharing critical crime-related information, including criminal records verification and locating individuals.
- Example: In January 2020, Interpol issued a blue corner notice to locate fugitive Nithyananda, a self-styled godman.
Distinguishing Blue from Red Corner Notice
- Red Corner Notice: It is issued by a member state for the arrest of a wanted criminal, often following criminal convictions, allowing arrests in any member state.
- Difference: Blue notices precede criminal charges, while red notices typically follow convictions. Red notices enable arrests and other consequences like bank account closures, while blue notices facilitate information exchange.
Examples of Notice Issuance
- Red Corner Notice: In 2018, a red corner notice was issued against Nirav Modi for the Punjab National Bank scam.
- Interpol’s Decision: However, in October 2022, Interpol rejected India’s request for a red notice against Gurpatwant Singh Pannun, citing insufficient information and political dimensions.
Concerns of Misuse
- Political Misuse: Despite Interpol’s prohibition on political activities, concerns persist regarding its enforcement.
- Instances: Russia, China, Iran, Turkey, and Tunisia face accusations of abusing Interpol notices for political purposes.
- Criticism: While Interpol tightened oversight of red notices, vulnerabilities remain, especially with blue notices, which experts suggest are less scrutinized before publication.
Debates on Notice Issuance
- Turkey’s Argument: Countries like Turkey argue against excessive restraint in notice issuance, citing hampered police cooperation and sovereignty concerns.
- Global Response: International human rights groups call for stricter enforcement of Interpol’s rules to prevent authoritarian exploitation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Various portals mentioned in the newscard
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Minister of Information and Broadcasting unveiled four groundbreaking portals poised to reshape India’s media landscape, promising efficiency, transparency, and accessibility.
[1] Press Sewa Portal:
- Objective: The Press Sewa Portal is designed to streamline the process of newspaper registration and related activities under the Press and Registration of Periodicals Act, 2023 (PRP Act, 2023).
- Key Features:
- Online Application: Publishers can submit applications for title registration online, utilizing Aadhar-based e-signatures for authentication.
- Probability Meter: Indicates the likelihood of title availability, offering publishers insight into the registration process.
- Real-time Tracking: Allows users to track the status of their applications through an intuitive dashboard, facilitating transparency and efficiency.
- District Magistrate Module: Enables District Magistrates to manage applications received from publishers in a centralized dashboard.
- Benefits of Automation: The portal offers online services for title registration, paperless processes with e-sign facilities, integration of a direct payment gateway, issuance of QR code-based digital certificates, and a module for Press Keepers/owners to provide online intimation about printing press activities.
- Impact: Simplifies the cumbersome registration procedures prevalent under the colonial PRB Act, 1867, and modernizes the registration landscape for publishers, enhancing efficiency and transparency.
[2] Transparent Empanelment Media Planning and eBilling System:
- Objective: This system aims to revolutionize media planning processes, enhance transparency, and provide an end-to-end ERP solution for the media industry, particularly for the Central Bureau of Communication (CBC).
- Key Features:
- Streamlined Empanelment Process: Offers an online system for empanelment of various media channels (newspapers, periodicals, TV, radio, and digital media), ensuring transparency and efficiency.
- Automated Media Planning: Enhances tools and features for online generation of media plans, reducing manual intervention and preparation time.
- Automated Billing: Integration of an eBilling processing system for seamless and transparent bill submission, verification, and payment.
- Mobile App: Provides a comprehensive mobile app for partners with timestamp and geo-tagging functionality for organized monitoring.
- Promoting Ease of Doing Business: Facilitates faster empanelment, a hassle-free business environment, automated compliance, and swifter payment processing, thereby enhancing the ease of doing business in the media industry.
- Reliable Solution: The portal is integrated with the latest technology to generate real-time analytical reports, enabling data-driven decisions and efficient media planning.
[3] NaViGate Bharat Portal:
- Objective: The NaViGate Bharat portal serves as the National Video Gateway of Bharat, offering a unified bilingual platform for hosting videos on government’s development initiatives and welfare-oriented measures.
- Key Features:
- Dedicated Pages: Offers dedicated pages for ministries, sectors, schemes, and campaigns, providing detailed descriptions and advanced search functionalities.
- Easy Navigation & Search: Provides easy access for users to find relevant videos through categorization, tagging, and advanced search functionalities.
- Seamless Video Playback & Streaming: Enables seamless video playback and streaming for a user-friendly viewing experience.
- Download & Sharing Options: Allows users to download and share videos through social media platforms, promoting widespread dissemination of information.
- Empowering Citizens: Empowers citizens by providing a single platform for accessing authentic government videos, fostering transparency, and promoting awareness about government initiatives.
- Comprehensive Coverage: Offers comprehensive coverage of government schemes, initiatives, and campaigns, ensuring that no one is left behind in understanding the initiatives shaping the nation’s future.
[4] National Register for LCOs:
- Objective: The National Register for Local Cable Operators (LCOs) aims to centralize the registration process for LCOs, bringing them under a centralized registration system.
- Key Features:
- Web Form: A web form is designed to collect information from local cable operators for the purpose of the National Register.
- Online Publication: The National Register for LCOs is published online and regularly updated, offering a more organized approach to cable sector registration.
- Impact: Promises a more organized cable sector with a National Registration Number for LCOs, facilitating the formulation of new policies for responsible service and convenience for cable operators.
- Aligning with Vision: The initiative aligns with India’s vision of a developed and organized cable sector, contributing to the countries overall development and welfare.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Paruveta Festival
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) is spearheading efforts to secure UNESCO recognition for the annual ‘Paruveta’ Festival celebrated at the Sri Narasimha Swamy temple in Ahobilam, Andhra Pradesh.
About Paruveta Festival
- The festival takes place at the Sri Narasimha Swamy temple in Ahobilam, Andhra Pradesh, attracting devotees from diverse backgrounds.
- Celebrated by people of all castes, the festival fosters communal harmony, with devotees from various religious communities, including Muslims, offering prayers to Lord Narasimha.
- Folklore narrates that Lord Vishnu married Chenchulakshmi, a tribal girl, in Ahobilam, strengthening ties between the deity and the local Chenchu tribe.
- Unlike other temples where Paruveta rituals occur during Vijayadasami or Sankranti, at Ahobilam, the festival celebration spans a ‘mandala’ of 40 days.
- Rituals:
-
- The deity is ceremoniously taken to the 32 Chenchu tribal villages surrounding Ahobilam, signifying the community’s reverence.
- Chenchus demonstrate their protective devotion by symbolically aiming arrows at the deity’s palanquin.
- Chenchu devotees undertake ‘Narasimha Deeksha’, donning yellow robes and observing celibacy during the 40-day period.
- Temple staff reside in these hamlets, reflecting a historical casteless society devoid of untouchability.
UNESCO Criteria for Inclusion into the Cultural Heritage List:
- To represent a masterpiece of human creative genius;
- To exhibit an important interchange of human values, over some time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design;
- To bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization that is living or which has disappeared;
- To be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape that illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history;
- To be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land use, or sea use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change;
- To be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. (The Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria);
Try this PYQ from CSP 2014:
Every year, a month long ecologically important campaign/festival is held during which certain communities/ tribes plant saplings of fruit-bearing trees. Which of the following are such communities/tribes?
a) Bhutia and Lepcha
b) Gond and Korku
c) lrula and Toda
d) Sahariya and Agariya
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Guinea Worm Disease
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
The imminent eradication of Guinea worm disease marks a major win for public health, showcasing the effectiveness of simple strategies in fighting diseases.
About Guinea Worm Disease
- Causes: Guinea worm disease, known since ancient times as the “fiery serpent,” is caused by the Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis), bringing painful blisters and severe symptoms to those affected.
- How It Spreads: People develop painful blisters, and when they come into contact with water, adult worms emerge, contaminating water sources and continuing the cycle of infection.
Symptoms and Impact
- Pain and Suffering: The disease causes intense pain, swelling, and ulcers, making it hard for people to go about their daily lives.
- Effects: Mostly affecting the legs and feet, Guinea worm disease worsens poverty and illness in areas where clean water and healthcare are scarce.
Success Story in India
- Beating the Disease: India successfully got rid of Guinea worm disease in the late 1990s by focusing on simple things like clean water and educating communities about health.
- Team Effort: India’s government, local health workers, and international partners worked together to achieve this victory.
Global Progress and Challenges
- Making Strides: Progress has been made globally, but challenges remain in places like Chad and the Central African Republic, where the disease is still a problem.
- New Hurdles: Finding Guinea worms in animals like dogs shows that the disease is tough and needs continued attention.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kiru Hydel Project
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The CBI has conducted searches at 12 locations in Delhi and Rajasthan regarding alleged corruption in the award of civil works worth ₹2,200 crore related to the Kiru hydroelectric power project.
About Kiru Hydel Project
- Location: Situated over the Chenab River near Patharnakki and Kiru villages in Kishtwar district, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K).
- Capacity: A 624MW run-of-river project.
- Developers: Chenab Valley Power Projects (CVPP), a joint venture of National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC, 49%), Jammu & Kashmir State Power Development Corporation (JKSPDC, 49%), and Power Trading Corporation (PTC, 2%).
- Beneficiary States: J&K, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Rajasthan, Union territories of Chandigarh & Delhi.
- The Hydropower Plant consists of :
-
- 135m-high concrete gravity dam near Kiru.
- Catchment area of 10,225km², with a 6.5km-long and 1.03km² reservoir.
- 700m-long horse-shoe shaped diversion tunnel with two openings to divert river flow for dam construction.
Back2Basics: Run-of-the-River Hydroelectric Systems
- These systems harness energy from flowing water to generate electricity without the need for a large dam and reservoir, distinguishing them from conventional impoundment hydroelectric facilities.
- Run-of-the-river projects utilize the natural flow of rivers, diverting a portion of the water through turbines to generate electricity.
- This minimizes environmental impact compared to traditional dam projects.
- They have lower ecological disruption, reduced flood risk, and faster project implementation compared to conventional hydroelectric dams.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Three-finger toxin (3FTx)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Scientists at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc.) in Bengaluru have successfully created a synthetic human antibody capable of neutralizing potent neurotoxins found in the venom of highly toxic snakes.
Synthetic Antibody against Snake Venom
- Approach: The team utilized a method previously employed to screen antibodies against HIV and COVID-19 to synthesize the new venom-neutralizing antibody.
- Targeted Region: The developed antibody targets a conserved region within the core of a major toxin called the three-finger toxin (3FTx) present in elapid venom.
- Library of Antibodies: The team designed a library of artificial antibodies from humans displayed on yeast cell surfaces and screened them for binding to 3FTxs from different elapid snakes worldwide.
- Effective Binding: After rigorous screening, one antibody emerged capable of binding strongly to various 3FTxs, displaying effectiveness across different elapid species.
Challenges with Current Anti-venom
- Animal-Based Production: Existing anti-venom production involves injecting snake venom into equines and collecting antibodies from their blood, leading to therapeutically redundant antibodies due to exposure to various microorganisms.
- Efficacy Concerns: Research indicates that less than 10% of anti-venom contains antibodies specifically targeting snake venom toxins, raising concerns about efficacy.
Animal Model Testing
- Efficacy in Mice: Mice injected with a toxic 3FTx along with the antibody survived past the 24-hour observation window, while those given only the toxin succumbed within four hours.
- Versatility: The antibody showed effectiveness against the venom of different elapid species, including the monocled cobra and black mamba, with nearly 15 times the potency of conventional products.
- Delayed Administration: Crucially, administering the antibody after a time delay still successfully saved the mice, highlighting its potential for delayed treatment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Special Leave Petitions (SLPs)
Mains level: The establishment of regional benches of the Supreme Court in India
Why in the News?
Recently, the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice informed the Lok Sabha that the Law Ministry has accepted its recommendation to establish regional benches of the Supreme Court across India.
About the Supreme Court:
- The Supreme Court of India has three jurisdictions under the Constitution: original, appellate, and advisory.
- The Supreme Court serves as a Constitutional Court as well as a Court of Appeal. The Court sits in benches of varying sizes, as determined by the Registry on the directions of the Chief Justice of India (CJI).
About SC Constitution Benches:
- Constitution Bench typically comprises of five, seven, or nine judges who deliberate on a specific issue related to constitutional law.
- Article 130 says that “the Supreme Court shall sit in Delhi or in such other place or places, as the Chief Justice of India may, with the approval of the President, from time to time, appoint.” It shows that the Supreme Court Rules give the Chief Justice of India the power to constitute Benches.
- Article 145(3) of the Constitution provides for the setting up of a Constitution Bench.
- Under Article 143, a minimum of five judges need to sit for deciding a case involving a “substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution”, or for hearing any reference, which deals with the power of the President to consult the Court.
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View of Supreme Court on setting of regional benches
- Recently, CJI D.Y. Chandrachud announced his intent to create Constitution Benches of varied strengths as a permanent feature of the Court.
- The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice had earlier noted that the demand for having regional benches of the Supreme Court is about ‘access to justice,’ which is a Fundamental Right under the Constitution. However, the Supreme Court previously has been continuously rejecting the idea.
- During 2019, former Chief Justice Ranjan Gogoi supported the view, but minimal progress was made during his tenure. In contrast, during the 74-day tenure of former Chief Justice U.U. Lalit, 25 Constitution Bench matters were listed before five-judge benches.
Recommendations by the Law Commissions on the setting of regional benches:
- 10th Law Commission (95th Report), 1984: The Supreme Court of India should consist of two Divisions, namely (a) Constitutional Division, and (b) Legal Division”, and that “only matters of Constitutional law may be assigned to the proposed Constitutional Division”.
- 11th Law Commission (125th Report), 1988: Recommended for splitting the (Supreme) Court into two halves deserves to be implemented.
- 18th Law Commission (229th Report), 2009: Recommended that “a Constitution Bench be set up at Delhi to deal with constitutional and other allied issues”, and “four Cassation Benches be set up in the Northern region/zone at Delhi, the Southern region/zone at Chennai/Hyderabad, the Eastern region/zone at Kolkata and the Western region/zone at Mumbai to deal with all appellate work arising out of the orders/judgments of the High Courts of the particular region”.
Significance of Regional Benches in India:
- High Pendency of Cases: In the Supreme Court, a little more than 80,000 cases are currently pending adjudication out of which 60,000 cases are civil. This cannot be alleviated only through usual methods and is highly dependent upon the efforts and efficiency of the Chief Justice.
- Insufficient Case Disposal Rates: In 2023, the Supreme Court witnessed a 31% increase in the disposal of cases compared to 2022.
- However, such a disposal rate is negligible when compared to the total pendency of cases.
- Democratization of Justice: The setting up of regional benches would also lead to greater opportunities and the democratization of the Bar.
- For example, there was lots of opposition when the jurisdiction of the Tis Hazari Court was divided into different district courts. However, 10-15 years down the line, a vibrant District Bar in Saket, Rohini, and Karkardooma can be seen.
- Access to Justice for All: People are reluctant to accept arbitrary actions of the state and its agencies and are increasingly approaching courts of law. The outcome of such cases demands further adjudication by the Supreme Court. Also, it becomes difficult for people living in States far away from Delhi to agitate their cause.
- Importance of Litigant Presence: It is easy to say that the presence of a litigant is not required in appellate forums but the reality is that every litigant wishes to visit his lawyer and witness court proceedings involving his case.
- Boosting Judicial System with More Judges: The establishment of regional benches will increase the number of judges as well as lawyers resulting in a much-needed boost to our judicial system.
Challenges associated with regional benches:
- Status issues:
- Dilution of sacrosanct nature: Critics argue that the idea of setting up regional benches will lead to Balkanization of the Supreme Court and lessen the binding force of the decisions of the Supreme Court.
- Territorial Interference: India being diverse country, have emerging diverse views in judiciary too. Hence, the newly formed regional benches can create conflict of interest by interfering in the territorial jurisdiction of the HCs which may adversely affect our justice system.
- Implementation issues:
- Rectifying the imbalances: Major of the cases filed in Apex court, arise from nearby High Courts in north India, this imbalance cannot be rectified by using this solution.
- Frivolous Petitions: If Justice is that easily accessible considering geographical aspect, there is a possibility of numerous frivolous petitions being filed.
Way Forward:
- Need for Enhancing Judicial Infrastructure: Some broader judicial reforms are needed to address the systemic issues such as judicial backlog, delay in justice delivery, and judicial vacancies, which are crucial for improving the overall functioning of the legal system.
- Explore the use of technology, such as video conferencing and virtual courtrooms, to enhance access to justice and facilitate remote adjudication of cases, especially in remote or underserved areas.
- Need a balanced approach: The debate on regional benches for the Supreme Court involves considerations of accessibility, case management, and judicial efficiency. While proponents see it as vital for access, opponents emphasize potential drawbacks. Striking a balance necessitates thorough evaluation and careful implementation of reforms.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: Strengthening defense ties and collaborative efforts in maritime security
Central Idea:
The article emphasizes the deepening partnership between the United Kingdom and India, highlighting their shared interests in maritime security, global trade, and defense cooperation. It underscores the importance of strategic relationships, particularly in the face of global challenges such as maritime threats and conflicts like the Ukraine crisis. The piece celebrates the growing ties between the two nations and their collaborative efforts towards peace, prosperity, and upholding the rules-based International Order.
Key Highlights:
- Mutual reliance on maritime trade and the significance of securing global sea routes.
- Collaboration in Operation Prosperity Guardian to protect commercial shipping in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.
- Support for Ukraine against Russian aggression, including substantial military aid and ongoing assistance.
- Recognition of the Indo-Asia-Pacific region’s growing economic importance and the establishment of the U.K. tilt towards it.
- Strengthening defense ties between the UK and India, with increased military interactions, joint exercises, and defense industrial partnerships.
Key Challenges:
- Threats to maritime security, including aggression from groups like the Houthis and conflicts like the Ukraine crisis.
- Balancing national interests with international cooperation in addressing global challenges.
- Navigating geopolitical complexities and maintaining alliances amidst shifting power dynamics.
- Ensuring sustainable economic growth and prosperity in the face of global uncertainties.
Main Terms:
- Maritime security
- Global trade
- Defense partnership
- Operation Prosperity Guardian
- Indo-Asia-Pacific region
- Rules-based International Order
Important Phrases for mains answer writing:
- “The global lifelines of goods and resource”
- “Wanton violence and disregard for international law”
- “Strategies of isolationism or coercion”
- “Rules-based International Order”
- “Shared operational capabilities”
Quotes that can add value to to your arguments in mains answers:
- “Our nations need to secure, and make free from aggression and exploitation, the global lifelines of goods and resource that flow across the seas.”
- “The U.K., India, and the world have a common interest in ensuring this wanton violence and disregard for international law are not allowed to become normalised.”
- “The possibilities for global prosperity cannot be understated, and the importance of the Indo-Asia Pacific, not just to the United Kingdom, but to the world, has never been clearer.”
Anecdotes:
- Highlighting the successful efforts of Ukraine’s armed forces in resisting Russian aggression and reopening maritime corridors for grain exports.
- The positive reception of the UK Carrier Strike Group during its visit to India and the hospitality extended by Indian authorities.
Useful Statements for mains answer writing:
- “In this ever more unstable world, the U.K. is fortunate to have India as a good friend.”
- “History teaches us that strategies of isolationism or coercion have rarely produced strong coalitions.”
Examples and References:
- Mention of Operation Prosperity Guardian and the joint efforts to protect maritime trade routes.
- Ukraine’s resilience against Russian aggression and the support provided by the UK.
- Increased military interactions and defense collaborations between the UK and India.
Facts and Data for credibility in your answer:
- £2.5 billion in military aid provided by the UK to Ukraine in 2024-25, totaling almost £12 billion since 2022.
- Record numbers of UK ship visits to India and the deepening defense partnership between the two nations.
- The shift of the global economic center of gravity towards the Indo-Asia-Pacific region by 2050.
Critical Analysis:
The article provides a comprehensive overview of the strategic partnership between the UK and India, emphasizing shared interests in maritime security, global trade, and defense cooperation. It effectively highlights the challenges posed by maritime threats and conflicts like the Ukraine crisis while advocating for continued international cooperation and upholding the rules-based International Order. The piece demonstrates the importance of strategic alliances in navigating global uncertainties and promoting peace and prosperity.
Way Forward:
- Strengthening defense ties and collaborative efforts in maritime security.
- Continued support for Ukraine and other nations facing security threats.
- Enhancing economic cooperation and leveraging the opportunities in the Indo-Asia-Pacific region.
- Advocating for the rules-based International Order and promoting stability through diplomatic engagement and multilateral cooperation.
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