Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Solar Energy Transition
In the news
- Following two years of robust growth, India’s solar capacity additions sharply declined by 44% in 2023, the lowest since 2016.
- What triggered this slowdown, and will this trend persist? Let’s explore.
Solar Capacity Addition in 2023
- Decline in Capacity: India added 7.5 gigawatts (GW) of solar power capacity in 2023, a significant drop from the previous year’s record of 13.4 GW. This marked the lowest levels since 2016, except for the pandemic-affected 2020.
- Large-scale Projects Hit Hard: Capacity additions in large solar power projects declined by over 50% to 5.8 GW from 11.7 GW in 2022. However, rooftop solar power capacity continued to grow by 1.7 GW, consistent with 2022 levels.
- Cumulative Capacity: India’s cumulative solar power capacity reached 72 GW by the end of 2023, with large-scale projects contributing over 60 GW.
Reasons for the Decline
- Regulatory Hurdles: Solar power producers faced regulatory hurdles, including stricter grid connectivity rules and a Supreme Court directive in 2021 mandating the relocation of overhead power cables to protect the Great Indian Bustard habitats.
- Challenges in Compliance: Compliance with amended grid code provisions became more demanding, leading to delays in project execution. Land acquisition challenges also persisted, further delaying project timelines.
Outlook for 2024
- Temporary Setback: The decline in solar capacity addition in 2023 appears to be a temporary setback. The pipeline for 2024 is robust, with 105.3 GW of capacity planned, including an additional 70.6 GW awaiting auction.
- Delayed Projects: Large-scale projects that were delayed and granted extensions from December 2022 to June 2023 will contribute significantly to capacity additions in 2024.
Impact of ‘Make in India’
- Reduction in Imports: India’s solar capacity initially relied on imported cells from China. However, the imposition of customs duties on imported solar modules and cells led to a significant decline in imports.
- Promoting Local Manufacturing: The introduction of the Approved List of Models and Manufacturers (ALMM) enabled local manufacturers to participate in government bids. However, the ALMM mandate was suspended until April 2024 to maintain momentum in solar installations.
Alignment with India’s Energy Targets
- Renewable Energy Capacity: In 2023, India’s renewable energy capacity exceeded 180 GW, with solar contributing 40%. Despite missing the initial targets due to the pandemic, India achieved 60 GW of large-scale solar projects a year later.
- Future Targets: India aims to achieve a renewable energy target of nearly 600 GW by 2032, with solar accounting for 365 GW. To meet this target, 30 GW of fresh solar capacity must be added annually for the next 8 years.
Various Policy Initiatives
- Solar Park Scheme (2014): Initiated in, the Solar Park Scheme aims to develop a series of solar parks, each with a capacity of around 500 MW, across various states.
- Rooftop Solar Scheme (2016): The Rooftop Solar Scheme endeavours to harness solar power by installing solar panels on residential rooftops.
- National Solar Mission (2010): The National Solar Mission stands as a crucial endeavor by both the Indian government and state authorities to foster sustainable development and tackle energy security challenges.
- SRISTI Scheme (2018): The SRISTI Scheme is formulated to encourage the implementation of rooftop solar power projects in India, promoting sustainability.
- International Solar Alliance (2015): Formed in 2015, the International Solar Alliance serves as a collaborative platform promoting the adoption of solar energy technologies through member-driven initiatives.
- Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (2019): Launched by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) in 2019, the PM-KUSUM scheme aims to facilitate the deployment of off-grid solar pumps in rural areas and reduce reliance on the grid in connected regions.
Conclusion
- Despite the temporary slowdown, India remains committed to expanding its solar capacity to meet its ambitious renewable energy targets and contribute to global sustainability efforts.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Digital Markets Act , Gatekeepers
Mains level: Regulation of global tech giants
In the news
- The Digital Markets Act (DMA) marks a significant milestone for the European Union (EU) as it reinforces its role as a global trendsetter in regulating the tech industry.
- With its implementation, six tech giants designated as “gatekeepers” – Amazon, Apple, Google parent Alphabet, Meta, Microsoft, and TikTok owner ByteDance – are required to adhere to new regulations.
EU’s Leadership in Tech Regulation
- Pioneering Regulations: The EU has a history of imposing significant fines on tech giants, enforcing strict antitrust rules, and pioneering norms to regulate social media and artificial intelligence.
- Global Impact: The DMA sets a precedent for tech regulation worldwide, with countries like Japan, Britain, Mexico, South Korea, Australia, Brazil, and India drafting similar rules to prevent tech dominance in digital markets.
Key Provisions of the DMA
- Regulated Services: The DMA targets 22 services, including operating systems, messenger apps, social media platforms, and search engines, offered by the designated tech gatekeepers.
- Penalties for Non-Compliance: Tech companies face hefty fines of up to 20% of their annual global revenue for repeated violations or potential breakup for systematic infringements.
Implications for Tech Giants
- Shift in Business Practices: Tech giants are compelled to adapt their business models to comply with the DMA, such as Apple’s decision to allow iPhone users to download apps from sources outside its App Store.
- Reduced Monopolistic Practices: The DMA aims to curtail monopolistic practices by providing users with choices for default browsers, search engines, and app sources.
Challenges and Criticisms
- Security Risks: While Apple’s decision to allow app downloads outside its App Store offers more freedom to users, it also raises concerns about potential security risks associated with third-party sources.
- Market Fragmentation: Critics argue that additional fees imposed by tech giants for alternative app sources may deter developers, leading to market fragmentation and hindering competition.
- Consumer Awareness: Despite offering choice screens for default services, smaller players like Ecosia raise concerns that users may stick with familiar options due to lack of awareness about alternatives.
EU’s Vigilance and Future Outlook
- Regulatory Oversight: EU competition Chief Margrethe Vestager emphasizes close scrutiny to ensure tech firms comply with DMA regulations and prevent circumvention of rules.
- Consumer Choice: The DMA prioritizes consumer choice by allowing users to select default services and promoting competition among tech companies.
- Continuous Evaluation: The effectiveness of DMA regulations will be continuously evaluated to address emerging challenges and ensure a fair and competitive digital ecosystem.
Application in India: Unique Considerations
- Market Dynamics: India’s digital market differs significantly from the EU, with distinct internet penetration levels, consumer preferences, and regulatory challenges.
- Debate on Ex-Ante Regulation: The EU’s adoption of ex-ante regulations raises questions about its applicability in India and the need for tailored approaches to address local market dynamics.
- Ground Realities: Legal experts emphasize the importance of aligning regulatory frameworks with ground realities and testing laws in local contexts to ensure effective implementation.
Way Forward: Tailored Solutions for India
- Customized Regulation: India’s DMA should be crafted in consultation with businesses and consumers to address the country’s unique market dynamics and regulatory challenges.
- Pragmatic Approach: Regulatory frameworks must be flexible and responsive to ground realities, ensuring that laws effectively address local needs and promote competition and innovation.
Conclusion
- The DMA represents a significant step towards promoting fair competition and consumer empowerment in the digital landscape.
- As the EU leads the way in tech regulation, the DMA’s implementation will have far-reaching implications globally, shaping the behavior of tech giants and safeguarding consumer interests in an increasingly digitized world.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jim Corbett National Park
Mains level: Issues with Eco-Tourism
In the news
- The recent Supreme Court ruling on tiger safaris in Uttarakhand’s Jim Corbett National Park has ignited discussions on wildlife conservation and tourism development.
- The Court has condemned the unlawful felling of over 6,000 trees for constructing buildings under the guise of eco-tourism.
About Jim Corbett National Park
|
Details |
| Establishment |
Established on August 8th, 1936 (originally as Hailey National Park) |
| Location |
Uttarakhand State, Nainital region |
| Renaming |
Renamed as Ramganga National Park (1954–1955),
Later reverted to Corbett National Park |
| Total Area |
1,318.54 square kilometers (509.09 square miles) |
| Ecological Zones |
Dhikala, Bijrani, Jhirna, Sonanadi, Durgadevi, Dhela |
| Conservation Programs |
Included in Project Tiger (1973);
Part of World Wide Fund for Nature’s Terai Arc Landscape Program |
| Flagship Species |
Focus on Bengal tiger, Asiatic elephant, Great One-horned rhino |
| Geographical Features |
Ridges, streams, plateaus, ravines, grasslands, deciduous woods, pine forests |
| Importance |
Designated as Important Bird Area by Birdlife International;
Key role in wildlife conservation efforts |
Court’s Decision on Jim Corbett NP
- Petition against Captive Animal Holding: The Supreme Court addressed a petition opposing captive animal holding in the national park.
- Permitted Tiger Safaris: The Court allowed the establishment of tiger safaris in peripheral and buffer zones with specified conditions.
- Balancing Tourism and Ecosystem Preservation: The Court aimed to maintain a delicate balance between promoting tourism and preserving sensitive ecosystems within Jim Corbett National Park.
Impact of Tourism on Locals & Wildlife
- Tourism as a Livelihood: Locals rely on tourism for income, with transportation, tourist safaris, food centers, and accommodation facilities contributing significantly.
- Infrastructure and Conservation: Tourism infrastructure obstructs wildlife corridors, impacting conservation efforts. The phasing out of Dhikala tourism complex is deemed necessary to comply with legal requirements.
- Animal-Centric Approach: The Supreme Court emphasizes an animal-centric approach over tourist-centric policies to ensure conservation in national parks.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sabari K-Rice, Bharat Rice, Atta
Mains level: Food security, affordability
In the news
- The Kerala government’s decision to introduce ‘Sabari K-Rice’ is seen as a response to the Union government’s distribution of ‘Bharat Rice.’
Bharat Rice and Other Commodities
- ‘Bharat’ Rice refers to the retail sale of rice by the Food Corporation of India (FCI) to the general public at a subsidized price.
- Its primary objective is to stabilize markets and ensure affordability for consumers.
- This rice is available in 5kg and 10kg packs priced at ₹29/kg.
- It is distributed through cooperatives such as Kendriya Bhandar, National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India (NAFED), and National Cooperative Consumers’ Federation of India (NCCF).
- Additionally, it can be purchased from mobile vans and physical outlets of these cooperative agencies.
- Moreover, these agencies also offer ‘Bharat Atta’ (wheat flour) at Rs. 27.50 per kg in 5kg and 10kg packs.
- Similarly, ‘Bharat Dal’ (chana dal / Chickpea) is available at Rs. 60 per kg for a 1kg pack and Rs. 55 per kg for a 30kg pack, along with onions priced at Rs. 25 per kg.
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Sabari K-Rice
- Objective: It aims to provide good quality rice at affordable rates, presenting an alternative to the existing subsidized rice scheme.
- Distribution: K-Rice will be made available through Supplyco outlets, alongside the existing subsidized rice supply of 10 kg per card.
- Quality and Pricing: K-Rice offers high-quality varieties at subsidized rates, contrasting with Bharat Rice sold by NAFED and NCCF at different prices.
- Price Discrepancy: While Bharat Rice sells at ₹29 per kg, K-Rice aims to provide affordable rates, with the state government incurring additional costs to distribute it.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kolkata Underwater Metro Tunnel
Mains level: NA
In the news
- Prime Minister inaugurated India’s first underwater metro tunnel in Kolkata, marking a significant milestone in infrastructure development.
Kolkata Underwater Metro Tunnel
- Kolkata- Howrah Link: Part of the Howrah Maidan-Esplanade section of Kolkata Metro’s East-West corridor.
- Distance and Speed: Covers a distance of 8 km under the Hooghly River, with a rapid travel time of just 45 seconds across a 520-metre stretch.
- Station Configuration: Three out of six stations will be underground, enhancing connectivity and convenience.
- Submerged Train Operation: Trains will traverse 26 meters below the river’s surface and operate 16 meters beneath the riverbed.
About Kolkata Metro: India’s First Rapid Transit System
- Overview: Kolkata Metro is India’s first operational rapid transit system, established in 1984, serving Kolkata and its metropolitan region.
- Network Length: It boasts four operational lines, totalling 59.38 km and comprising 48 stations, with three additional lines under construction.
- Infrastructure Mix: Utilizes a combination of underground, at-grade, and elevated stations with broad-gauge and standard-gauge tracks.
- Operation and Ownership: Managed by Metro Railway, Kolkata, and Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation.
- Project Financing: Funded for Rs 4,965 crore through a loan from the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
About Hooghly River
- The Hooghly River, also known as the Bhagirathi-Hooghly, is a distributary of the Ganges River in West Bengal, India.
- The river originates at Tribeni, where it splits from the main channel of the Ganges.
- The Hooghly River stretches for approximately 260 km (162 miles), making it a significant water body in the region.
- It served as a crucial trade route during the colonial era, fostering commerce and cultural exchange.
- It hosts iconic structures along its banks, including Howrah Bridge and Victoria Memorial, enrich Kolkata’s cultural landscape.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ayya Vaikundar and his teachings
Mains level: NA
In the news
- Tamil Nadu Governor R N Ravi sparked controversy with his recent remarks about Ayya Vaikundar, the 19th-century social reformer.
- At an event commemorating birth anniversary, the Governor portrayed him as an incarnation of Lord Vishnu, tasked with protecting Sanatan Dharma from the influence of the British government.
About Ayya Vaikundar (1809-1851)
- Born in 1809, Vaikundar is revered as a pioneer of social reform in southern Tamil Nadu.
- His teachings emphasized equality, fraternity, and the abolition of caste-based discrimination, challenging entrenched social hierarchies.
- Vaikundar’s initiatives, such as organizing community eateries for people of all backgrounds and advocating for shared water resources, aimed to dismantle caste barriers and promote inclusivity.
Contributions to Social Equality
- Community Initiatives: Vaikundar introduced revolutionary practices like Samapanthi-bhojana and Muthirikinarus to foster social cohesion and challenge caste-based segregation.
- Teachings: He believed in the concept of “pure love” (in Tamil, “piranthu”) as the ultimate goal of life. According to him, true love is selfless, unconditional, and pure, and it is the key to achieving inner peace and happiness.
- Scriptural References: His teachings are often rooted in Tamil scriptures such as the Tirukkural and the Nalayira Divya Prabandham. He interpreted these texts in a way that emphasized love, devotion, and spiritual growth.
- Community Practices: His followers engage in communal practices such as congregational worship, singing devotional songs (Nadai), and participating in spiritual gatherings known as “Ayyavazhi festivals.”
- Religious Reforms: He advocated for inclusive religious practices, such as Thottu Namam, which symbolized equality before divinity, regardless of caste.
- Educational Empowerment: He promoted education for lower castes, established community worship spaces, and simplified marriage customs to empower marginalized communities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MH 60R Seahawk
In the news
- The Indian Navy describes the commissioning of the MH-60R Seahawk squadron as a pivotal moment in India’s defense modernization journey.
About MH 60R Seahawk
- Maritime Variant: The MH-60R Seahawk is the maritime variant of the Black Hawk helicopter, procured through a 24-aircraft foreign military sales contract with the US government in February 2020.
- Operational Capabilities: It is designed for various operations including anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare, search and rescue, and medical evacuation.
- Arsenal: These helicopters offer advanced weapons, sensors, and avionics suite tailored to India’s maritime security needs.
- Armament: Armed with AGM-114 Hellfire missiles, MK 54 torpedoes, and advanced precision weapons, the helicopters provide formidable firepower.
Significance
- Enhanced Blue-Water Capabilities: The commissioning enhances India’s blue-water capabilities, extending operational reach across vast maritime domains.
- Maritime Security: It aligns with the PM’s vision of ensuring security and growth for all in the region (SAGAR), reinforcing the Indian Navy’s dedication to fortifying maritime security.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kulasekarapattinam, SHAR
Mains level: NA
In the news
- Prime Minister recently laid the foundation stone of ISRO’s second rocket launchport at Kulasekarapattinam.
- Costing Rs 986 crore, this facility, strategically located in Tamil Nadu’s Thoothukudi district, will primarily serve commercial, on-demand, and small satellite launches in the future.
About Kulasekarapattinam
- It will be second after Satish Dhawan Space Centre (Sriharikota Range (SHAR)), founded in Andhra Pradesh’s Sriharikota in 1971, with two launch pads.
- It will focus on the launch of Small Satellite Launch Vehicles (SSLVs) on a commercial basis.
- It would have the capacity to launch 24 satellites per year using a mobile launch structure.
- It strategic location helps save fuel for small rocket launches as the port can launch rockets directly south over the Indian Ocean without requiring crossing landmasses.
Need for such Facility
- Fuel Saving: This is unlike the existing launch site at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, which adds more fuel requirements for launching into a polar orbit as rockets need to follow a curved path to the south to avoid Sri Lanka’s landmass.
- Unburdening SHAR: The opening of the space sector to private players necessitates a rise in commercial launches, prompting ISRO to build a second launchport to alleviate the burden on the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR in Sriharikota.
- Dedicated Launch for Small Payloads: While SHAR handles larger missions, Kulasekarapattinam launchport will cater exclusively to smaller payloads, including those for commercial purposes and on-demand launches.
Geographical Advantages
- Strategic Location: Kulasekarapattinam provides a natural advantage for ISRO’s future launches, especially for the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV), due to its geographical, scientific, and strategic positioning.
- Optimized Trajectory: The launch trajectory from Kulasekarapattinam enables a direct southward path for SSLVs, minimizing fuel consumption compared to launches from SHAR, which currently follow longer trajectories.
SSLVs: Purpose and Development
- Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV): SSLV is designed to launch small satellites weighing between 10 to 500kg into Low Earth Orbit, catering to commercial and on-demand launches.
- Mission Successes: SSLV-D1’s launch in August 2022 failed to achieve the intended orbit, but SSLV-D2’s success in February 2023 marked a significant milestone for ISRO’s SSLV program.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Marxism, Leninism, Maoism
Mains level: Concept of Urban Naxals, Left Wing Idea of Development
In the news
- The Nagpur Bench of the Bombay High Court recently acquitted a former Delhi University professor and five others in a case under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) for alleged Maoist links.
- The Maharashtra government swiftly approached the Supreme Court seeking an urgent hearing after failing to secure a stay on the High Court’s judgment.
CSE Mains Questions based on Left Wing Extremism (LWE):
Note: Almost every alternate year, a question on LWE has been asked in the Mains.
- 2015: The persisting drives of the government for development of large industries in backward areas have resulted in isolating the tribal population and the farmers who face multiple displacements. With Malkangiri and Naxalbari foci, discuss the corrective strategies needed to win the Left Wing Extremism (LWE) doctrine affected citizens back into mainstream of social and economic growth.
- 2018: Left Wing Extremism (LWE) is showing a downward trend, but still affects many parts of the country. Briefly explain the Government of India’s approach to counter the challenges posed by LWE.
- 2020: What are the determinants of left-wing extremism in Eastern part of India? What strategy should the Government of India, civil administration and security forces adopt to counter the threat in the affected areas?
- 2022: Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multi-layered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism.
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Who are the Maoists?
- Origins: Maoism, derived from the teachings of Chinese leader Mao Zedong, emerged as a form of communist theory.
- Ideology: Maoists believe in the philosophy that “Power flows from the barrel of the gun” and advocate for armed struggle to achieve their goals.
- Evolution in India: Maoism gained prominence in India through movements like the Naxalbari uprising, leading to the formation of groups like the Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) in West Bengal.
Historical Context and Evolution
- Influence of Russian Revolution: Naxalism draws ideological inspiration from the Russian Revolution and the overthrow of the Tsarist regime.
- Marxian Ideals: Rooted in Marxism, Maoism emphasizes class struggle and the redistribution of power to marginalized communities.
- Neo-Marxism: After the success of revolutions led by Lenin and Mao, intellectuals worldwide, including Fidel Castro, embraced Marxist ideologies.
Root Causes of Maoism in India
- Corporate Exploitation: Exploitation of natural resources in Eastern India has led to marginalization and harassment of tribal communities.
- Tribal Alienation: Post-independence, tribal communities lost traditional rights over resources, leading to alienation.
- Livelihood Losses: Depletion of natural resources threatened tribal livelihoods.
- Forceful Displacement: Displacement from ancestral lands disrupted traditional governance systems.
- Absence of Governance: In areas of exploitation, governance structures collapsed due to killings and intimidation.
- Foreign Provocations: External support for LWE outfits exacerbated the conflict.
Impact on Youth
- Romanticism and Misunderstanding: Some view Maoists romantically, overlooking the violence inherent in their ideology.
- Violence and Destruction: Maoist doctrine glorifies violence, leading to destruction of governance mechanisms.
- Radicalization and Coercion: Maoists radicalize youth and coerce locals to join their movement.
- Urban Presence: Maoists extend their influence to semi-urban and urban areas, facilitated by educated intellectuals.
Strategies used by LWEs and Maoists
- Utilization of State Structures: Maoists exploit state structures to further their agenda and weaken enforcement.
- Recruitment and Fundraising: They recruit and raise funds for insurgency, often through legal means.
- Urban Shelters: Maoists establish urban shelters for underground cadres.
- Legal Assistance: Legal aid is provided to arrested cadres.
- Mass Mobilization: They mobilize masses on issues relevant to their cause.
Government Initiatives for LWE-Affected Areas
- Aspirational Districts Programme: Monitoring of development initiatives in affected districts.
- Education and Infrastructure: Building schools and improving road connectivity in affected areas.
- Naxal Surrender Policy: Aimed at reintegrating misguided youth and hardcore extremists.
- National Policy Action Plan: Development-focused policy to address LWE challenges.
SAMADHAN Doctrine: A Comprehensive Strategy
- Smart Leadership: Effective leadership at all levels.
- Aggressive Strategy: Proactive measures to counter extremism.
- Motivation and Training: Training of security personnel and motivation for operations.
- Actionable Intelligence: Intelligence-driven operations.
- Harnessing Technology: Use of technology for surveillance and monitoring.
- Strategic Action Plans: Tailored action plans for each theater of conflict.
- Financial Isolation: Cutting off financial support to extremist groups.
Way Forward
- Dual Objective: Military defeat of insurgents and ideological resolution of grievances.
- Institutional Overhauls: Reforms in governance and security institutions.
- Coordinated Efforts: States must coordinate operations to deny space to Maoists.
- Population Segregation: Separating civilians from insurgents, both operationally and ideologically.
- Economic Development: Addressing resource conflicts through inclusive economic development.
Conclusion
- Understanding the complex dynamics of Maoism and Left-Wing Extremism is crucial for formulating effective counterinsurgency strategies.
- By addressing root causes, implementing targeted initiatives, and adopting a comprehensive approach, India can mitigate the impact of LWE and pave the way for sustainable peace and development in affected regions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Primary Health Centres (PHCs)
Mains level: Read the attached story
In the news
- Public health centres in India have long been shrouded in infamy, perceived as symbols of systemic failure.
- The effectiveness of primary healthcare in India has always been a topic of discussion, with calls for strengthening these services through government commitment to accessibility, affordability, and quality care.
PYQ from CSE Mains 2021:
Q. “Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse. |
Health Centres in India
- Primary Health Centres (PHCs) also known as Public HCs play a crucial role in providing comprehensive healthcare services to the population.
- The first PHC in India was established following the proposal of the PHC concept in a paper submitted to the Executive Board of the World Health Organization (WHO) in January 1975.
- The establishment of PHCs gained further momentum with the International Conference on PHC held in Alma Ata, Kazakhstan in 1978.
- They are a fundamental component of the healthcare system, with Medical Officers at these centers required to hold an MBBS degree.
- India boasts a vast public health infrastructure with 23,391 PHCs and 145,894 sub-centers, serving a substantial percentage of the population.
- PHCs cover a significant portion of outpatient care, including services for non-communicable diseases, maternal health, and child health.
Importance of Health Centres
- Foundational Role: Health centres form the backbone of India’s public health system, providing primary care to millions.
- Access and Affordability: With nearly two lakh centres across the country, they aim to offer accessible and affordable healthcare, particularly in rural areas.
- Impact on Equity: Effective health centres can mitigate social and health inequities, reducing reliance on costly private healthcare and preventing households from falling into poverty due to healthcare expenses.
Unveiling the Reality
- Evidence of Progress: Surveys conducted across five states reveal a pattern of improving quality and utilization of health services over time, albeit at a slow pace.
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- In Himachal Pradesh, functional health centres serve 83% of the population.
- Chhattisgarh has shown a radical expansion in the public provision of healthcare, with increased facilities, medicines, and staff presence.
- Bihar lags behind, with dismal quality of health centres and some sub-centres being dormant or non-existent.
- Policy Interventions: Increased health expenditure, initiatives like the National Rural Health Mission, and state-specific schemes have contributed to incremental improvements.
- The share of health expenditure in the Union Budget increased drastically.
- The National Health Mission’s share shrank from 69% to 44%, while allocations for the Ayushmann Bharat program and new AIIMS hospitals surged.
- COVID-19 led to a sustained increase in patient utilization of public health facilities, indicating growing trust in the system.
Challenges and Gaps
- Underutilization: Despite improvements, health centres still face challenges such as high staff absenteeism, limited services, and poor infrastructure.
- Lacunas: Health workers report irregular flow of funds, lack of facilities like toilets and transport, and inadequate supply of drugs and testing equipment.
- Social Discrimination: Caste and gender dynamics influence access to and quality of healthcare, perpetuating inequalities. Upper-caste doctors display disparaging attitudes towards marginalized communities, while upper-caste families disrespect Dalit ANMs.
- Gender Disparities: Women, particularly frontline health workers, play a crucial role in rural health settings but often face neglect and discrimination.
Way forward
- Holistic Investment: While progress has been made, it remains patchy, with allocations often prioritizing tertiary healthcare over primary care.
- Designated allocations: The composition of the healthcare budget has remained stagnant, with minimal increases in the share allocated to primary healthcare.
- Policy Reform: The paper advocates for substantial support from the central government to enable poorer states to replicate successful initiatives and enhance the role of health centres in public healthcare delivery.
Conclusion
- India’s health centres, though fraught with challenges, embody resilience and potential.
- By addressing systemic gaps and prioritizing primary healthcare, the nation can harness the transformative power of these centres to achieve equitable and accessible healthcare for all.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MethaneSAT, GWP of Methane
Mains level: NA
In the news
- MethaneSAT, the latest addition to the space technology arsenal, promises to revolutionize the tracking and measurement of methane emissions globally.
- Launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon9 rocket, this innovative satellite is set to provide unparalleled insights into methane emissions, aiding in the fight against climate change.
Methane Emissions
- Methane, organic compound composed of carbon and four hydrogen atoms (CH4).
- Second-biggest anthropogenic contributor to global warming after carbon dioxide, 80 times more potent.
- Global Warming Potential (GWP) measures warming caused by substance relative to carbon dioxide over a century.
- Methane GWP100: 28, nitrous oxide 265, sulphur hexafluoride 23,500.
- Short-lived climate pollutant, breaks down in a few years unlike carbon dioxide.
- Sources: Cattle-farming, landfills, wastewater treatment, rice cultivation, industrial processes.
- Energy, agriculture, waste sectors primary emitters, responsible for 30% of global warming.
- Livestock emissions, including manure and gastroenteric releases, account for 32% of human-caused emissions.
- Global Methane Pledge: Launched at UN COP26 climate conference in Glasgow. Over 90 countries signed, led by United States and European Union (India not signed up).
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Unraveling MethaneSAT
- MethaneSAT is an initiative of the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), in collaboration with Harvard University, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, and the New Zealand Space Agency.
- Equipped with a high–resolution infrared sensor and a spectrometer, MethaneSAT can detect methane concentrations as small as three parts per billion.
- With a wide-camera view of about 200 km by 200 km, MethaneSAT can identify both small and large emitters, filling critical data gaps.
Key Features
- Data Accessibility: MethaneSAT will provide its data for free in near real-time, empowering stakeholders and regulators to take timely action to curb methane emissions.
- Cloud Computing and AI: Google’s cloud-computing and AI technology will be used to analyze the vast amount of data collected by MethaneSAT, ensuring efficient processing and interpretation.
Significance of Methane Emission Monitoring
- Greenhouse Gas Impact: Methane, though invisible, is a potent greenhouse gas and a major contributor to global warming, second only to carbon dioxide.
- Health Hazards: Methane emissions also contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone, posing serious health risks and causing premature deaths.
- Fossil Fuel Operations: The bulk of human-caused methane emissions stem from fossil fuel operations, making it imperative to monitor and reduce these emissions.
Implications
- Global Impact: The launch of MethaneSAT aligns with the growing momentum for stringent methane management policies worldwide.
- Transparency: Publicly available data from MethaneSAT will hold governments and corporations accountable for their methane emission reduction commitments.
- Behavioral Change Challenges: While the data from MethaneSAT can drive awareness, behavioral changes among polluters are not guaranteed, highlighting the need for complementary regulatory measures.
Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2019:
Q.Consider the following:
- Carbon monoxide
- Methane
- Ozone
- Sulphur dioxide
Which of the above are released into atmosphere due to the burning of crop/biomass residue?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Holistic Progress Card (HPC)
Mains level: NA
In the news
- The traditional report cards of students are undergoing a transformation with the introduction of the Holistic Progress Card (HPC) by the National Council for Educational and Research Training (NCERT).
- This innovative approach aims to evaluate not just academic performance but also various aspects of a child’s holistic development.
What is the Holistic Progress Card (HPC)?
- 360-Degree Evaluation: Departing from the conventional marks or grades-based assessment, the HPC adopts a comprehensive evaluation approach.
- Student-Centric Assessment: Students are actively engaged in the assessment process through class activities, allowing them to demonstrate diverse skills and competencies.
- Peer and Self-Assessment: Students participate in evaluating their own and their classmates’ performance, fostering self-awareness and peer collaboration.
Key Features of the HPC
- Classes Involved: The HPC was created for the foundational stage (Classes 1 and 2), preparatory stage (Classes 3 to 5), and middle stage (Classes 6 to 8). Efforts are currently underway to develop a similar framework for the secondary stage.
- Parameters of Evaluation: Besides academics, students are evaluated on self-awareness, relationships, problem-solving, emotional intelligence, and creativity. Students reflect on their progress after each activity by circling statements like “I learned something new,” “I expressed creativity,” or “I helped others.”
- Method of Evaluation:
- Self-Assessment: Included in the HPC for all students from Class 1 to Class 8. In middle school (Classes 6 to 8), students set academic and personal goals with specific timelines at the start of the year. The middle stage HPC also involves an “ambition card” where students list their goals for the year and areas for improvement, along with the skills and habits needed to achieve them.
- Parental Involvement: Parents provide feedback on homework completion, classroom engagement, and the child’s ability to balance screen time with extracurricular activities at home, thus connecting home and school.
- Peer Evaluation: Students evaluate their classmates’ participation in learning and engagement after each classroom activity.
Implementation and Adoption
- Rollout across States: The HPC has been sent to all states and Union Territories, with several already adopting it for Classes 1 to 8.
- Regional Customization: States have the flexibility to modify the HPC to suit their regional requirements while adhering to the overarching principles.
Rationale behind the Change
- Focus on Higher-Order Skills: The shift from rote memorization to higher-order skills evaluation aligns with the objectives of NEP 2020 and NCF SE.
- Promotion of Holistic Development: The HPC aims to communicate students’ strengths and areas of improvement, fostering self-esteem and self-awareness.
Benefits and Implications
- Comprehensive Evaluation: The HPC promotes a holistic assessment approach, encompassing academic achievements and critical skill development.
- Shift to Formative Assessment: By emphasizing formative assessment, the HPC encourages competency-based evaluation and continuous improvement.
- Insights for Teachers and Parents: Teachers and parents gain valuable insights into each student’s learning journey, enabling personalized support and guidance.
Conclusion
- The introduction of the Holistic Progress Card marks a significant step towards redefining student assessment in India.
- By prioritizing holistic development and competency-based evaluation, the HPC aims to nurture well-rounded individuals capable of thriving in a rapidly evolving world.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Women, Business and Law Index
Mains level: NA
In the news
- India’s ranking in the World Bank’s Women, Business and Law index saw a significant improvement, climbing to 113 out of 190 countries in the latest edition of the report.
- It is intriguing to know that none of the countries globally achieved a full score in the new index, indicating pervasive gender disparities in legal rights worldwide.
About Women, Business and Law Index
- The Women, Business and Law Index is a World Bank initiative aimed at measuring how laws and regulations impact women’s economic opportunity.
- The index provides objective and measurable benchmarks for evaluating global progress towards legal gender equality.
- Range from 0 to 100, where 100 denotes equal legal rights for men and women.
- The report assesses eight critical areas: mobility, workplace, pay, marriage, parenthood, entrepreneurship, assets, and pension.
- The 2024 edition marks the 10th iteration of the report.
India’s Performance
- Legal Rights Gap: Indian women now enjoy 60% of the legal rights granted to men, slightly below the global average of 64.2%.
- Regional Comparison: India outperformed its South Asian counterparts, where women typically have access to only 45.9% of the legal protections compared to men.
- Supportive Frameworks: India’s performance in establishing supportive frameworks fell short, with only 54.2% of the necessary frameworks in place.
- Policy Efforts: India aims to increase female labour force participation, which stood at 37% in 2022-23, significantly lower than many advanced economies.
- OECD Comparison: The female labour force participation rate in OECD countries exceeded 50% in 2022, highlighting the gap India seeks to bridge.
Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2015:
‘Global Financial Stability Report’ is released by which organisation?
(a) Organization for Economic Cooperation and development (OECD)
(b) World Economic Forum
(c) World Bank
(d) World trade Organization (WTO)
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: INS Jatayu, Eight Degree Channel
Mains level: Read the attached story
In the news
- The Naval Detachment Minicoy will transition into INS Jatayu, an upgraded naval base, symbolizing India’s commitment to bolstering security infrastructure in the strategic Lakshadweep Islands.
- This development underscores the Indian Navy’s strategic imperative to fortify its presence in the region.
About INS Jatayu
- Upgrade to Naval Base: INS Jatayu will be elevated to a fully-fledged naval base, equipped with essential infrastructure such as an airfield and housing facilities.
- Strategic Location: Situated amidst vital Sea Lines of Communications (SLOCs), the Lakshadweep Islands hold immense strategic importance, serving as a gateway to the Indian Ocean.
- Enhanced Operational Capability: The transformation of Naval Detachment Minicoy into INS Jatayu signifies a significant augmentation of the Navy’s operational capabilities in the region.
- Geopolitical Dynamics: Against the backdrop of evolving geopolitical dynamics, particularly China’s increasing influence in the Indian Ocean Region, the establishment of INS Jatayu assumes greater significance.
A Strategic Asset: Lakshadweep Archipelago
- Geographical Context: Lakshadweep, comprising 36 islands, lies strategically between the Indian mainland and the Maldives, serving as a vital link in India’s maritime security architecture.
- Maritime Highways: Minicoy, in particular, is strategically positioned along key maritime highways, including the Eight Degree Channel and the Nine Degree Channel.
Future Prospects and Challenges
- Operational Implications: The establishment of INS Jatayu will bolster the Navy’s operational reach and responsiveness, enabling effective anti-piracy and anti-narcotics operations in the western Arabian Sea.
- Ecological Considerations: The fragile ecology of the island poses challenges for infrastructure development, necessitating meticulous planning and environmental clearances.
- Operational Expansion: The proposed airfield at INS Jatayu will facilitate operations for various aircraft, bolstering the Navy’s surveillance capabilities and extending its operational reach.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ADITI Scheme, iDEX
Mains level: Read the attached story
In the news
- The recently launched ADITI scheme by the Union Minister of Defence marks a new era in promoting innovations in critical and strategic defence technologies.
About ADITI Scheme
- Scheme Objective: Acing Development of Innovative Technologies with iDEX (ADITI) is aimed at fostering innovations in critical and strategic defence technologies.
- Development Goals: The scheme targets the development of approximately 30 deep-tech critical and strategic technologies within the proposed timeframe.
- Eligibility Criteria: Start-ups can avail grant-in-aid of up to Rs 25 crore for their research, development, and innovation efforts in defence technology.
- Budget Allocation: ADITI is backed by a budget of Rs 750 crore spanning from 2023-24 to 2025-26.
- Framework: It operates within the iDEX (Innovations for Defence Excellence) framework under the Department of Defence Production, Ministry of Defence.
Features of the Scheme
- Bridge-building Initiative: ADITI aims to establish a ‘Technology Watch Tool’ to bridge the gap between the modern Armed Forces’ expectations and requirements and the capabilities of the defence innovation ecosystem.
- Incentives for Innovators: iDEX has been expanded to iDEX Prime, offering increased assistance from Rs 1.5 crore to Rs 10 crore, motivating young innovators to participate.
- National Transformation: Initiatives like ADITI, iDEX, and iDEX Prime are instrumental in propelling India towards becoming a knowledge society.
- Youth Empowerment: The scheme aims to nurture youth innovation, propelling the country forward in the realm of technology.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cavum, Altocumulus Clouds
Mains level: Not Much
In the news
- Recently, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) shared mesmerizing images of Cavum clouds, also known as “hole-punch clouds” or “fallstreak holes,” as observed from space.
What are Cavum Clouds?
- Formation Process: Cavum clouds are formed when airplanes traverse through layers of altocumulus clouds, which are mid-level clouds containing supercooled water droplets (water below freezing temperature but still in liquid form).
- Adiabatic Expansion: As the aircraft moves through, a phenomenon called adiabatic expansion can occur, causing the water droplets to freeze into ice crystals.
- Creation of Holes: These ice crystals eventually become too heavy and fall out of the cloud layer, resulting in the formation of a hole in the clouds.
- Steep Angle Formation: Cavum clouds are typically formed when planes pass through at a relatively steep angle.
About Altocumulus Clouds
|
Details |
| Appearance |
Altocumulus clouds are mid-level clouds characterized by white or gray patches or layers. |
| Formation |
They form between 2,000 to 7,000 meters (6,500 to 23,000 feet) above sea level. |
| Composition |
Composed of water droplets and occasionally ice crystals. |
| Shape |
Usually appear as rounded masses or rolls. |
| Weather Patterns |
Often indicate fair weather, but can also precede thunderstorms or cold fronts. |
| Optical Effects |
They can create a halo effect around the sun or moon when thin enough. |
| Classification |
Altocumulus clouds are classified as “middle-level clouds” (based on their altitude in the atmosphere). |
| Associated Types |
Altocumulus castellanus: Towering altocumulus clouds indicating instability and potential storminess. |
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Why in the News?
Recent political events make one doubt the perceived need and utility of India’s Anti-defection law.
Context:
- Political Defections prevalent across India:
- In Bihar, MLAs from Congress and RJD shifted to BJP, leading to disqualifications under the anti-defection law. Similar incidents occurred in Himachal Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh.
- A recent adjudicatory development in Maharashtra raised doubts on the necessity of India’s anti-defection law, where factions within NCP were not disqualified based on intra-party dissent.
- Need for better inner-party democracy: The Speaker highlighted the challenges in applying the anti-defection law effectively, emphasizing the need for better inner-party democracy reforms to address political defections and ensure legislative stability.
Transgressions that pass muster /Challenges with Anti-defection law:
- Intra-party dissent and Anti-defection law: The Speaker’s decision in the NCP split case highlights the complexity of applying the anti-defection law to intra-party dissent. The intra-party dissent cannot be subject to the punitive provisions of the Tenth Schedule due legislative majority.
- Mergers and Anti-defection law: Under the current anti-defection law, a faction that splits from its original party cannot claim exemption from disqualification, as the “split” exception was deleted from the Tenth Schedule in 2003.
- The only exemption available now is that of mergers, which mandatorily require a minimum of two-third members to separate from their political party and merge with another.
- The Speaker’s observations: The Speaker’s concern for preservation of inner-party dissent is laudable, but the observation that it is in the nature of politics for leaders to form new alliances and break into new forms raises concern about the effectiveness of the anti-defection law.
The issue of inner-party democracy:
- The issue of inner-party democracy in India underscores the lack of democratic processes within political parties, leading to challenges like dynastic politics, nepotism, and ineffective candidate selection.
- Presently, there is no statutory backing for internal democratic regulation of political parties in India and the only governing provision is under Section 29A of the Representation of the Peoples’ Act, 1951 which entails registration of political parties with the Election Commission of India.
- Reports from the 2nd ARC, the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution and the Law Commission have both recommended introducing statutes to enforce internal democracy for political parties.
|
Way Forward:
- Need for Robust democratic structures: The 255th Report of the Law Commission of India proposed amendments to the Representation of the People Act, 1951 which could mandate that besides having a constitution, political parties elect an executive committee (for the party), select candidates who are to contest elections to Parliament or State Assemblies, and conduct regular elections within the party at every level.
- Need for Statutory regulation: The Law Commission also proposed granting the Election Commission of India the powers to impose monetary penalties or withdraw the registration of a political party in case it failed to comply.
BACK2BASICS
About Anti-Defection Law in India:
- The Anti-Defection Law in India, introduced in 1985 through the Tenth Schedule of the 52nd Amendment to the Constitution, aims to limit political defections and ensure democratic stability by curbing unethical practices.
- This law prohibits elected representatives from defecting to another party after being elected, thereby promoting party discipline and preventing opportunistic defections that can destabilize governments.
- Despite its significance, there have been calls for reforming the anti-defection law to address challenges and ensure its effectiveness in maintaining the integrity of the political system.
| Mains:
1) “The Indian party system is passing through a phase of transition which looks to be full of contradictions and paradoxes.” Discuss. [UPSC CSE 2016]
Prelims:
1) Which one of the following Schedules of the Constitution of India contains provisions regarding anti-defection? [UPSC CSE 2014]
a) Second Schedule
b) Fifth Schedule
c) Eighth Schedule
d) Tenth Schedule |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Parliamentary Privileges
Mains level: Vote for cash issue
In the news
- A seven-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court, headed by Chief Justice of India DY Chandrachud, delivered a significant judgment regarding parliamentary privilege and criminal prosecution.
- The verdict overturned a 1998 ruling in PV Narasimha Rao Case that granted immunity to lawmakers accepting bribes if they subsequently voted or spoke in the House
Also read:
Legislators Immunity against Criminal Prosecution
What are Parliamentary Privileges?
|
Details |
| Definition |
Special rights, immunities, and exemptions enjoyed by Parliament, its committees, and members.
Defined in Article 105 of the Indian Constitution. |
| Scope |
Applies to Parliament, committees, and members. |
| Freedom of Speech |
Guaranteed under Article 105(1).
Subject to rules and procedures of Parliament (Article 118). |
| Limitations to Free Speech |
Speech must comply with constitutional provisions.
Cannot discuss judges’ conduct (Article 121), except for motions for their removal. |
| Freedom from Arrest |
Immunity from arrest in civil cases 40 days before and after sessions.
House permission needed for arrest within Parliament limits. |
| Notification of Arrest |
Chairman/Speaker must be informed of any member’s arrest. |
| Right to Prohibit Publication |
No liability for publishing reports, discussions under member’s authority (Article 105(2)). |
| Right to Exclude Strangers |
Members have power to exclude non-members from proceedings. |
Immunity against Bribe: Constitutional Provisions Examined
- Article 105(2): This article grants immunity to members of Parliament from court proceedings concerning their actions (speech or votes) in Parliament.
- Article 194(2): Similarly, this article extends immunity to members of state assemblies.
Court’s Review and Interpretation
- PV Narasimha Rao Case: In 1998, the Supreme Court ruled with a 3:2 majority that MPs and MLAs were immune from prosecution in bribery cases as long as they fulfilled their end of the bargain.
- Judicial Scrutiny of Privilege: The Court revisited the interpretation of Articles 105(2) and 194(2), challenging the traditional understanding of absolute immunity for lawmakers.
- Historical Context: It noted that India’s parliamentary privileges stem from statutory and constitutional sources, unlike the UK’s House of Commons, which has ancient and undoubted rights.
Key Findings and Interpretations
- Necessity Test Applied: The Court applied a “necessity test” to determine the legitimacy of claims to parliamentary privilege, emphasizing that accepting bribes cannot be deemed necessary for lawmakers to discharge their duties.
- Emphasis on Probity: The ruling underscored the importance of probity in public life, highlighting the corrosive impact of corruption on democratic ideals.
- Interpretation of Offense: It clarified that the act of accepting a bribe constitutes an offense, regardless of subsequent actions by the lawmaker in the House.
Conclusion
- The Supreme Court’s ruling represents a significant departure from past precedent, affirming the principle that no individual, including legislators, is above the law.
- By asserting the judiciary’s role in scrutinizing claims of parliamentary privilege, the Court reaffirmed the primacy of constitutional values and accountability in governance.
- This landmark judgment underscores the judiciary’s commitment to upholding the rule of law and combating corruption, thereby bolstering India’s democratic foundations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 3-stage Nuclear Power Program, Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR)
Mains level: Read the attached story
In the news
PM Modi marked a historic moment in India’s nuclear power journey by overseeing the commencement of core-loading at the indigenous Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) situated in Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu. This event signifies a significant stride forward in India’s ambitious nuclear power program, heralding the onset of stage II.
Context:
- As of 2024, nuclear power contributes to around 3.11% of India’s total power generation.
- Nuclear power remains the fifth-largest source of electricity in India, following coal, gas, hydroelectricity, and wind power.
History of India’s Nuclear Power Program
India’s journey in nuclear technology dates back to its independence in 1947. Here is a brief history of India’s Nuclear Power Program:
- 1948: India established the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), marking its entry into the nuclear age.
- 1950s: Homi Bhabha, the founding director of India’s nuclear program, formulated the three-stage nuclear power program to establish a self-sufficient nuclear power industry.
- 1969: The first Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR), the 40 MW Tarapur Atomic Power Station, was commissioned, marking the operationalization of Stage 1 of the nuclear power program.
- 1974: India conducted its first nuclear test, Pokhran-I, demonstrating its nuclear capabilities.
- Late 1970s – Early 1980s: India embarked on developing fast breeder reactors (FBRs) as part of Stage 2 of its nuclear program to enhance fuel efficiency and self-sufficiency.
- 1990s – 2000s: India focused on building a nuclear arsenal and delivery systems capable of military deployment after conducting further nuclear tests in 1998.
- Present: India possesses both nuclear weapons and an extensive nuclear fuel cycle capability, with ongoing developments in thorium-based reactors as part of Stage 3 of its nuclear power program.
|
About India’s 3-stage Nuclear Power Program
|
Description |
Timeline |
| Stage 1 |
Relies on pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs) using natural uranium as fuel. |
Initiated in the 1950s;
Operational since the 1960s |
| Stage 2 |
Focuses on developing fast breeder reactors (FBRs) using plutonium-239 produced in Stage 1. |
Initiated in the 1970s;
Development phase |
| Stage 3 |
Involves the development of thorium-based reactors utilizing India’s significant thorium reserves. |
Initiated in the late 1980s/early 1990s;
Research & Development phase |
Do you know?
- The two principal natural isotopes are uranium-235 (which comprises 0.7% of natural uranium), which is fissile, and uranium-238 (99.3% of natural uranium), which is fissionable by fast neutrons and is fertile, meaning that it becomes fissile after absorbing one neutron.
- All uranium isotopes are radioactive. U-239 is much more so than the far more common U-238 though, its half-life is about 23 minutes compared to four billion years! U-239 soon undergoes beta decay to Np-239.
- Plutonium is created from uranium in nuclear reactors. Plutonium-239 is used to make nuclear weapons. Pu-239 and Pu-240 are byproducts of nuclear reactor operations and nuclear bomb explosions.
|
What is Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR)?
- The PFBR is a machine that produces more nuclear fuel than it consumes. Its core-loading event is being hailed as a “milestone” because the operationalization of the PFBR will mark the start of stage II of India’s three-stage nuclear power program.
- Previously, India used Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) and Natural Uranium-238 (U-238), which contain minuscule amounts of U-235, as the fissile material.
- It’s working:
- Basically, in the process of Nuclear Fission, the nucleus of an atom absorbs a neutron, destabilizes, and breaks into two while releasing some energy. If the destabilized nucleus releases more neutrons, the reactor’s facilities will attempt to use them to instigate more fission reactions.
- However, the heavy water in PHWR, the water molecules containing the deuterium isotope of hydrogen – slows neutrons released by one fission reaction enough to be captured by other U-238 and U-235 nuclei and cause new fission.
- This heavy water is then pressurized to keep it from boiling to produce plutonium-239 (Pu-239) and energy.
- Significance of using PFBR:
- Only U-235, not U-238, can sustain a chain reaction but it is consumed fully in stage I. In stage II, India will use Pu-239 together with U-238 in the PFBR to produce energy, U-233, and more Pu-239.
- Liquid sodium serves as the primary coolant, facilitating heat transfer and electricity generation through secondary circuits.
Why was the PFBR delayed?
- Prolonged delays: The PFBR project encountered prolonged delays and cost overruns, attributed to technical complexities and logistical hurdles. Sanctions imposed against India following the ‘Smiling Buddha’ nuclear test in 1974 disrupted the project, necessitating alterations in fuel type and operational parameters.
- Lack of Resources:
- The retirement of experienced personnel involved in the project, coupled with delays in decision-making processes, contributed to project setbacks.
- Escalating costs, reaching ₹6,800 crore by 2019, underscored the financial strain and administrative shortcomings plaguing the project.
- Procurement Issues: Audit reports revealed procurement inefficiencies, with delays averaging 158 days per order, exacerbating project timelines and costs.
- Regulatory Imperatives: Addressing concerns over safety and regulatory oversight remains imperative to ensure public confidence and operational integrity.
Way Forward and Future Prospects:
- Usage of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs): SMR designs have a maximum capacity of 300 MW, require less land, and accommodate more safety features. Several countries are developing SMRs to complement conventional [facilities] since SMRs can be installed at reduced cost and time by repurposing.
- Stage II Expansion: The PFBR’s 500 MWe capacity sets the stage for future FBR projects, aligning with India’s energy diversification goals and decarbonization initiatives. Today nuclear power has a new lease of life thanks to the pressure on India to decarbonise, reduce its import of fossil fuels, and give its renewables sector some breathing space.
- In 2019, the DAE proposed building 4 more fast breeder reactors (FBRs) of 600 MWe capacity each – 2 in Kalpakkam in 2021 and two in 2025, with sites to be selected.
Conclusion
- As India navigates the complexities of nuclear power development, the PFBR stands as a testament to technological prowess and strategic foresight.
- While challenges persist, the trajectory of stage II underscores India’s commitment to leveraging nuclear energy for sustainable development and energy security.
- With continued innovation and regulatory reform, India is poised to realize its vision of a robust and self-reliant nuclear energy ecosystem.
Try this Question from CSE Mains 2018:
Q. With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (250 Words, 15 Marks)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bail Provisions in India
Mains level: Problem of Undertrials, Bail and linking it to Prison Reform
In the news
- India’s bail system faces significant challenges, resulting in a large number of undertrials remaining in prison despite being granted bail.
- The complexities of complying with bail conditions, especially for marginalized individuals, exacerbate the situation.
Bail Provisions in India
|
Description |
| What is Bail? |
The conditional release of a defendant with the promise to appear in court when required. It also refers to the security deposit to secure the release of the accused. |
| Types of Bail in India |
- Regular bail: Granted to a person in police custody, applied for under section 437 and 439 of CrPC.
- Interim bail: Short-term bail granted before the hearing for regular or anticipatory bail.
- Anticipatory bail: Granted under section 438 of CrPC by session court or High Court, to avoid potential arrest for a non-bailable offense.
|
| Case in Bailable Offences |
Section 436 states that accused of a bailable offence under IPC can be granted bail if:
- There’s reason to believe the accused didn’t commit the offence.
- There’s need for further inquiry.
- Accused isn’t charged with an offence punishable by death, life imprisonment, or up to 10 years’ imprisonment.
|
| Bail for Non-Bailable Offences |
Section 437 states that accused doesn’t have the right to apply for bail. Bail may be granted if:
- Accused is a woman or child.
- Lack of evidence.
- Delay in lodging FIR.
- Accused is gravely sick.
|
Understanding the Crisis in Bail System
- Overrepresentation of Undertrials: Over 75% of India’s prison population comprises undertrials, reflecting systemic inefficiencies in the bail system.
- Judicial Reluctance: Chief Justice of India D.Y. Chandrachud highlighted a growing reluctance among trial judges to grant bail, leading to a situation where incarceration becomes the norm.
- Bail Backlog: The backlog of bail applications further exacerbates the problem, prolonging the detention of undertrials awaiting trial.
Judicial Acknowledgment and Guidelines
- Supreme Court’s Observations: The Supreme Court acknowledged the ineffectiveness of India’s bail system in the case of Satender Kumar Antil vs CBI, emphasizing the principle of ‘bail not jail’.
- Need for Legislative Action: The Court urged the enactment of separate legislation and laid down comprehensive guidelines to streamline bail procedures.
- Delayed Disposal of Applications: Despite court directives, delays in the disposal of bail applications contribute to prolonged detention of undertrials.
Empirical Assessment and Policy Reforms
- Lack of Empirical Evidence: The absence of empirical data hampers efforts to understand the bail system’s challenges comprehensively.
- Socio-economic Barriers: Bail laws disproportionately burden marginalized individuals, necessitating reforms based on a realistic assessment of the problem.
- No Data-driven Reform: Policymakers should prioritize empirical research to inform evidence-based policy reforms aimed at addressing systemic inequalities.
Safeguards and Adjudication Practices
- Arrest Safeguards: Existing safeguards against arbitrary arrest often exclude vulnerable populations, contributing to the high proportion of undertrials.
- Discretionary Adjudication: Courts exercise discretion in granting bail, but guidelines lack clarity on how socioeconomic factors influence bail decisions.
- Recording Reasons for Bail Denial: Courts should be mandated to record detailed reasons for denying bail, promoting transparency and accountability in the adjudication process.
Bail Compliance Challenges
- Financial Hurdles: Many undertrials struggle to comply with bail conditions due to financial constraints and lack of local sureties.
- Structural Disadvantages: Factors like lack of residence proof and family support further hinder undertrials’ ability to comply with bail conditions.
- Support Mechanisms: Establishing support mechanisms to assist undertrials in navigating the bail process and fulfilling conditions can alleviate compliance challenges.
Why bail needs reform?
- Indiscriminate arrests: Of this category of prisoners, majority may not even be required to be arrested despite registration of a cognizable offense, being charged with offenses punishable for seven years or less.
- Disadvantageous for some sections: They are not only poor and illiterate but also would include women. Thus, there is a culture of offense being inherited by many of them.
- Colonial legacy: Theoretically, the court also linked the idea of indiscriminate arrests to magistrates ignoring the rule of “bail, not jail” to a colonial mindset.
Way forward
- No Flawed Assumptions: The current bail system operates on flawed assumptions about the accused’s socio-economic status, rendering ‘bail not jail’ meaningless for many.
- Call for Bail Reform: Meaningful bail reform necessitates a reevaluation of these assumptions and a data-driven approach to diagnose systemic issues.
- Holistic Approach: Reform efforts should adopt a holistic approach, addressing both procedural inadequacies and socio-economic barriers to ensure equitable access to bail.
Conclusion
- India’s bail system stands at a critical juncture, with an urgent need for reform to address systemic inefficiencies and ensure justice for all.
- Empirical research, legislative action, and judicial scrutiny are essential components of a comprehensive reform agenda.
Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2021:
With reference to India, consider the following statements:
- Judicial custody means and accused is in the custody of the concerned magistrate and such accused is locked up in a police station, not in jail.
- During judicial custody, the police officer in charge of the case is not allowed to interrogate the suspect without the approval of the court.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Post your responses here.
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