Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Katchatheevu Island
Mains level: NA
In the news
- Frustrated by the continuous actions against them by Sri Lankan authorities, Tamil Nadu fishermen announced an indefinite strike starting February 17, disrupting their daily activities.
- The fishermen’s protest led to an unprecedented decision to abstain from the annual St. Antony’s Church festival at Katchatheevu, a significant event symbolizing their fishing rights.
Katchatheevu Island: Historical Background
- Colonial Influence: Katchatheevu, a 285-acre island, has its origins in a 14-century volcanic eruption. It was historically under the control of the Jaffna kingdom in Sri Lanka and later the Ramnad Zamindari in India.
- British-Era Claims: Both India and Sri Lanka claimed Katchatheevu in the early 20th century to establish fishing boundaries. The ownership dispute continued even during the British Raj.
1974 Indo-Sri Lankan Maritime Agreement
- Landmark Decision: Indira Gandhi’s government decided to cede Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka as part of the 1974 agreement, aiming to establish maritime borders.
- Political Implications: The decision raised concerns in Tamil Nadu, where voices protested the lack of state assembly consultation and the impact on traditional fishing rights.
- Fishing Ambiguity: The agreement allowed Indian fishermen access to Katchatheevu “hitherto,” but fishing rights remained ambiguous, leading to disputes.
Sri Lankan Civil War and Beyond
- Civil War Dynamics: The Sri Lankan civil war (1983-2009) shifted focus from the Katchatheevu issue as Sri Lanka’s naval forces grappled with internal strife.
- Post-War Reality: Post the civil war, Sri Lanka reinforced maritime defense, leading to the arrest of Indian fishermen venturing into their waters, reigniting demands for Katchatheevu’s retrieval.
Tamil Nadu’s Persistent Concerns
- Political Backlash: Tamil Nadu politicians across parties raised objections against ceding Katchatheevu without state assembly consent, citing historical ties and livelihood impacts.
- Legal Battles: Late J Jayalalitha’s AIADMK filed petitions challenging the 1974 agreement, arguing it affected traditional fishing rights. However, the Union government’s stance remained unaltered.
- Government’s Position: Despite vocal demands from Tamil politicians, the Modi government maintained that the island’s status was finalized in 1974 and reclaiming it would require drastic measures.
Contemporary Implications
- Symbol of Sovereignty: Katchatheevu symbolizes regional and sovereignty concerns, reflecting tensions between Tamil Nadu’s interests and central government decisions.
- Geopolitical Dilemma: The case highlights the delicate balance between historical claims, political sentiments, and international agreements in the context of bilateral relations.
Conclusion
- The island of Katchatheevu continues to serve as a reminder of India’s historical intricacies, reflecting the delicate balancing act between state interests, national decisions, and regional aspirations.
- While Tamil Nadu’s calls for retrieval echo in the political corridors, the longstanding 1974 agreement and subsequent geopolitical realities create a complex landscape.
- As the island’s fate intertwines with broader diplomatic relations, Katchatheevu remains a testament to the complexities of national sovereignty and regional sentiment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Golden Langur
Mains level: NA
In the news
- The latest survey conducted by the Primate Research Centre NE India (PRCNE), Assam Forest Department has estimated a population of approximately 7,396 Golden Langur (Trachypithecus geei) in India.
About Golden Langur
|
Details |
| Identification |
- Recognizable by the color of their fur, which gives them their name.
- Fur color changes with the seasons.
- Young langurs are almost pure white.
|
| Geographic Range |
- Found in Assam, India, and neighboring Bhutan year-round.
- Inhabits an area bordered by the foothills of Bhutan (north), Manas river (east), Sankosh river (west), and Brahmaputra river (south).
|
| Habitat |
- Occupies moist evergreen and tropical deciduous forests, along with some riverine areas and savannahs in Assam and Bhutan.
- Prefers living in the upper canopy of sub-tropical forests in the south and temperate forests in the north.
|
| Conservation Status |
- IUCN: Endangered
- CITES: Appendix I
- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I
|
| Key Habitats |
- Ripu Reserve Forest and Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary serve as vital habitats.
- Fragmented habitats face instability and threats.
|
Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2012:
Which one of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species?
(a) Great Indian Bustard, Musk Deer, Red Panda and Asiatic Wild Ass
(b) Kashmir Stag, Cheetal, Blue Bull and Great Indian Bustard
(c) Snow Leopard, Swamp Deer, Rhesus Monkey and Saras (Crane)
(d) Lion-tailed Macaque, Blue Bull, Hanuman Langur and Cheetal
Post your answers.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Connectome, Synapse, Neurons
Mains level: NA
In the news
- The human brain, composed of billions of neurons, orchestrates intricate processes that sustain life and enable complex cognitive functions.
- Understanding these neural interactions is paramount, and scientists have achieved this through the concept of the connectome.
What is Connectome?
- Definition: The Connectome serves as a comprehensive map of neuronal connections, akin to a cartogram illustrating the intricate network of synapses transmitting electrical and chemical signals within the brain.
- Neural Communication: Neurons communicate through synapses, where dendrites receive chemical signals converted into electrical impulses transmitted along the axon. Subsequently, the cell releases chemicals into synapses based on electrical inputs, facilitating communication with neighbouring neurons.
Applications in Neuroscience
- Functional Insights: Mapping the connectome provides invaluable insights into brain function, shedding light on processes underlying cognitive functions and elucidating the impact of neurological disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Alzheimer’s disease.
- Drug Development: By unravelling cellular connections, researchers gain crucial knowledge about cognitive processes and associated disorders, informing the development of novel therapeutic interventions for conditions affecting neurological health.
Challenges and Progress
- Complexity of the Brain: The intricate nature of the brain and the vast amount of data it processes present significant challenges in mapping the connectome.
- Simplified Understanding: Despite these challenges, the connectome has revolutionized scientists’ comprehension of the brain, offering a clearer understanding of neurological health and paving the way for advancements in neuroscience research.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: RoDTEP Scheme, SEZ, EoU
Mains level: NA
In the news
- In a significant move aimed at bolstering India’s export sector, the Centre recently announced the extension of tax refunds under the Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) Scheme to outbound shipments from Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and Export Oriented Units (EOUs).
About RoDTEP Scheme
- Introduced by the Government as a duty remission scheme on exports, implemented from 1st January 2021.
- Aimed at repealing and reducing taxes for exported products to boost exports in the country.
- Administered by the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance.
- Provides reimbursement of taxes, duties, and levies not refunded under any other mechanism, incurred by export entities in the manufacturing and distribution of exported products.
- Includes direct costs incurred by exporters and prior stage cumulative indirect taxes on goods.
Compliance with the WTO
- Follows the global principle that taxes/duties should not be exported.
- Replaced the Merchandise Export Incentive Schemes (MEIS) after a WTO dispute ruling against India.
Eligibility Criteria
- Applicable to all export sectors regardless of turnover, with the country of manufacturing of exported goods in India.
- Applies to merchant or manufacturer exporters directly exporting goods.
- Goods exported through e-commerce platforms are eligible.
Refund process
- Rebate provided to eligible exporters as a percentage of the Freight on Board (FOB) value of exports.
- Remission issued as transferrable e-scrips maintained in an electronic credit ledger by CBIC.
- E-scrips can be used for paying basic customs duty on imports or transferred electronically to another party.
Back2Basics:
(1) Export Oriented Units (EOUs)
|
Details |
| Establishment |
EOUs are established under the provisions of the Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992, and the Export Import Policy. |
| Regulation |
Regulated by the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) |
| Benefits |
- Duty-free procurement of raw materials.
- Reimbursement of GST and duty on fuels.
- Fast track clearance facilities.
- Exemption from industrial licensing for certain sectors.
|
| Qualification |
Project must have a minimum investment of Rs. 1 crore in plant and machinery, except for specific sectors like software technology parts and biotechnology parks. |
| Geographical Scope |
EOUs can be set up anywhere in India based on scheme criteria. |
| Comparison with SEZs |
- SEZs are demarcated enclaves outside Customs jurisdiction.
- SEZs enjoy tax exemptions, while EOUs pay taxes that can be claimed as refunds later.
|
(2) Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
|
Details |
| Inception Date |
SEZ policy in India was first implemented on April 1, 2000. |
| Objective |
- Enhance foreign investment and provide an internationally competitive and hassle-free environment for exports.
- Promote exports and ensure a level playing field for domestic enterprises.
|
| SEZ Act 2005 |
Enacted to provide the legal framework covering all important aspects of SEZ development and operations. |
| Setting up SEZs |
- Any private/public/joint sector, state government, or its agencies can establish an SEZ.
- Foreign agencies can also set up SEZs in India.
|
| Role of State Governments |
- State government representatives are consulted during the proposal consideration phase.
- States must ensure the availability of basic infrastructure like water and electricity before recommending proposals.
|
| Government Control |
- Statutory functions are controlled by the government in all SEZs.
- The central government controls operation and maintenance in central government-controlled SEZs; the rest are privatized.
|
| Exemption from Labor Laws |
- SEZs are subject to normal labor laws enforced by state governments.
- A single-window clearance mechanism and simplified procedures/returns have been requested from state governments.
|
| Monitoring Units in SEZs |
Annually by a unit approval committee consisting of a development commissioner, customs, and state government representatives. |
| Special Features for Business Units |
- Business units in SEZs are entitled to incentives and a simplified operating environment.
- No license is required for imports, including second-hand machinery.
|
Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2016:
Recently, India’s first ‘National Investment and Manufacturing Zone’ was proposed to be set up in
(a) Andhra Pradesh
(b) Gujarat
(c) Maharashtra
(d) Uttar Pradesh
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IndiaAI
Mains level: Read the attached story
In the news
- The Union Cabinet’s recent approval of the IndiaAI Mission marks a pivotal step towards harnessing artificial intelligence (AI) for national development.
- With a significant financial outlay and multifaceted objectives, this mission aims to bolster India’s AI capabilities across various sectors, fostering innovation and addressing societal challenges.
What is IndiaAI Mission?
- Objectives: Launched under the auspices of the Digital India Corporation (DIC), the IndiaAI Mission seeks to establish a robust AI ecosystem conducive to innovation and growth.
- Key Initiatives: From enhancing computing infrastructure to promoting AI applications in critical sectors like healthcare and governance, the mission encompasses diverse initiatives aimed at fostering AI-driven solutions.
- Public-Private Partnership: Leveraging a public-private partnership model, the mission endeavours to synergize governmental resources with private sector expertise, ensuring effective implementation and scalability.
Core Pillars of IndiaAI Mission
- IndiaAI Compute Capacity: Building scalable AI computing infrastructure to meet the evolving demands of AI startups and research endeavours.
- IndiaAI Innovation Centre: Spearheading the development and deployment of indigenous AI models tailored to specific sectors’ needs.
- IndiaAI Datasets Platform: Facilitating access to high-quality datasets to fuel AI innovation and research.
- IndiaAI Application Development Initiative: Promoting the application of AI solutions to address challenges in critical sectors.
- IndiaAI FutureSkills: Fostering AI talent by expanding educational programs and training initiatives at various academic levels.
- IndiaAI Startup Financing: Supporting deep-tech AI startups through streamlined funding mechanisms to drive innovation.
- Safe & Trusted AI: Ensuring responsible AI deployment through the development of indigenous tools and frameworks.
Strategic Significance
- National Development Agenda: The IndiaAI Mission aligns with the government’s vision of leveraging technology for inclusive growth and development.
- Global Competitiveness: By showcasing India’s prowess in AI innovation and application, the mission enhances the country’s global standing and competitiveness.
- Economic Impetus: By fostering AI-driven entrepreneurship and innovation, the mission catalyzes economic growth and job creation, leveraging India’s demographic dividend.
- Regulatory Landscape: While fostering innovation, the mission underscores the need for responsible AI governance and regulatory frameworks to address ethical and safety concerns.
Integration with National Policy
- Comprehensive Approach: The IndiaAI Mission complements existing national initiatives, such as the Digital India campaign and efforts to boost electronics manufacturing.
- Strategic Alignment: The mission’s focus on AI infrastructure and talent development aligns with broader policy objectives aimed at fostering a conducive ecosystem for technology-driven innovation.
- International Parallels: The government’s approach mirrors global trends, with other nations also prioritizing AI development and regulatory frameworks to balance innovation with safety and ethics.
Challenges and Regulatory Considerations
- Navigating Regulatory Landscape: While promoting AI innovation, policymakers must navigate complex regulatory landscapes to ensure ethical AI deployment and safeguard against potential risks.
- Balancing Innovation and Regulation: Striking a balance between fostering innovation and implementing regulatory safeguards remains a critical challenge for policymakers globally.
- Lessons from International Models: Drawing insights from international models, India can devise a regulatory framework that fosters innovation while upholding ethical and safety standards.
Conclusion
- In conclusion, the IndiaAI Mission heralds a new era of AI-driven innovation and development in India, offering a strategic roadmap to harness the transformative potential of AI for societal benefit.
- By fostering collaboration between the public and private sectors and prioritizing talent development, this mission underscores India’s commitment to emerging as a global leader in AI innovation while navigating regulatory challenges to ensure responsible and ethical AI deployment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sacred Groves, Orans
Mains level: NA
In the news
- A recent state government notification has struck fear in Rajasthan community dwellers about losing access to forest produce and livelihoods.
- Communities, particularly those in western Rajasthan, are concerned about the state’s proposal to classify Oran, Dev-vans and Rundhs (sacred groves) as deemed forests.
What are Sacred Groves?
- Sacred groves of India are forest fragments of varying sizes, which are communally protected, and which usually have a significant religious connotation for the protecting community.
- It usually consists of a dense cover of vegetation including climbers, herbs, shrubs and trees, with the presence of a village deity and is mostly situated near a perennial water source.
- Sacred groves are considered to be symbols of the primitive practice of nature worship and support nature conservation to a great extent.
- The introduction of the protected area category community reserves under the Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002 has introduced legislation for providing government protection to community-held lands, which could include sacred groves.
Historical references
- Indian sacred groves are often associated with temples, monasteries, shrines, pilgrimage sites, or with burial grounds.
- Historically, sacred groves find their mentions in Hindu, Jain and Buddhist texts, from sacred tree groves in Hinduism to sacred deer parks in Buddhism for example.
- Sacred groves may be loosely used to refer to natural habitat protected on religious grounds.
- Other historical references to sacred groves can be obtained in Vrukshayurveda an ancient treatise, ancient classics such as Kalidasa’s Vikramuurvashiiya.
- There has been a growing interest in creating green patches such as Nakshatravana
Regulation of activities in Sacred Grooves
- Hunting and logging are usually strictly prohibited within these patches.
- Other forms of forest usage like honey collection and deadwood collection are sometimes allowed on a sustainable basis.
- NGOs work with local villagers to protect such groves.
- Traditionally, and in some cases even today, members of the community take turns to protect the grove.
Threats to such grooves
- Threats to the groves include urbanization and over-exploitation of resources.
- While many of the groves are looked upon as abode of Hindu deities, in the recent past a number of them have been partially cleared for construction of shrines and temples.
Total grooves in India
- Around 14,000 sacred groves have been reported from all over India, which act as reservoirs of rare fauna, and more often rare flora, amid rural and even urban settings.
- Experts believe that the total number of sacred groves could be as high as 100,000.
- They are called by different names in different states:
- Sarna in Bihar
- Dev Van in Himachal Pradesh
- Devarakadu in Karnataka
- Kavu in Kerala
- Dev in Madhya Pradesh
- Devarahati or Devarai in Maharashtra
- Law Kyntang or Asong Khosi in Meghalaya
- Kovil Kadu or Sarpa Kavu in Tamil Nadu
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Women's Day
Mains level: NA
In the news
- March 8 marks International Women’s Day (IWD), a global observance celebrating the social, economic, cultural, and political achievements of women.
- Rooted in historical movements for women’s rights, IWD serves as a reminder of the ongoing struggle for gender equality.
Try this PYQ from CSE Mains 2019:
Q. What are the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space? |
International Women’s Day: It’s Origin
- First National Woman’s Day: The precursor to IWD dates back to February 28, 1909, when the Socialist Party of America designated this day to honour the 1908 garment workers’ strike in New York City, where women demanded better working conditions and voting rights.
- First Wave Feminism: These protests were part of the broader First Wave Feminist movement, advocating for women’s suffrage, equal pay, and fundamental rights.
- Global Initiatives: The call for an International Women’s Day gained momentum at the Second International Conference of Working Women in 1910, where Clara Zetkin proposed the idea of a global day of celebration to press for women’s demands.
Historical Milestones
- Russian Influence: March 8 gained prominence globally due to protests by Russian women on February 23, 1917 (according to the Julian calendar), demanding an end to war and food shortages. This date aligned with March 8 on the Gregorian calendar, becoming the symbolic date for IWD celebrations.
- Role in Russian Revolution: Women’s participation in the 1917 protests played a pivotal role in galvanizing public opinion against the monarchy, ultimately leading to the Russian Revolution and the establishment of a communist state.
- Global Recognition: Over the years, IWD has garnered international recognition, with governments and organizations commemorating the day to honor women’s contributions to society and advocate for gender equality.
Evolution and Contemporary Significance
- Continued Advocacy: Despite progress, challenges persist, necessitating ongoing advocacy for women’s rights and gender equality.
- Global Celebration: IWD serves as a platform to celebrate women’s achievements and address areas needing improvement, such as leadership representation and gender-based violence.
- Policy and Recognition: Governments and organizations worldwide recognize IWD’s importance, with initiatives like Women’s History Month emphasizing women’s contributions throughout history.
- Ongoing Struggle: The fight for gender equality continues, reaffirming the significance of IWD as a rallying point for collective action and solidarity.
Conclusion
- International Women’s Day is a testament to women’s resilience and activism throughout history.
- From its grassroots origins to its global recognition today, IWD embodies the progress made and the challenges that remain in achieving gender parity.
- As the world celebrates the achievements of women past, present, and future, IWD serves as a beacon of hope and a call to action for a more inclusive and equitable world.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CREA
Mains level: Air pollution woes
In the news
- The Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) recently released data shedding light on air pollution levels across urban centers in India during February 2024.
- Surprisingly, Meghalaya’s Byrnihat emerged as the most polluted ‘city’ in the nation, sparking concerns about air quality in the otherwise cleaner Northeast region.
About Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA)
- CREA is a non-profit think tank researching energy and air pollution based in Helsinki (Finland).
- It was established in 2019 with the goal of tracking the impacts of air pollution by providing data-backed research products.
Key Insights
(1) Alarming Pollution Levels in NE
- Pollution Pinnacle: Byrnihat, an industrial town near the Assam border, recorded the highest levels of PM2.5 pollution in India, with a monthly average concentration of 183 µg/m3.
- Byrnihat vs. National Averages: Byrnihat’s PM2.5 levels were significantly higher than those in Bihar’s Araria, the second-most polluted city, highlighting the severity of pollution in the former.
- Northeastern Representation: Other northeastern cities such as Nalbari, Agartala, Guwahati, and Nagaon also featured among the 30 most polluted cities in India, indicating a broader regional trend of worsening pollution levels.
(2) Cleanest Cities and Regional Disparities
- Positive Performers: Sivasagar, Silchar, Aizawl, and Imphal emerged as the cleanest cities in the region, with PM2.5 concentrations below the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS).
- National Rankings: Sivasagar secured the second position nationally, underscoring its exemplary air quality standards.
(3) Silver Lining: Improvements and Opportunities
- Positive Trends: February witnessed a notable improvement in air quality, with 36 cities classified under the ‘good’ category, reflecting positive strides in pollution mitigation efforts.
- Opportunities for Progress: The data signals opportunities for collaborative action and policy interventions to address environmental challenges and safeguard public health.
Implications and Recommendations
- Monitoring Imperative: The data underscores the urgent need to enhance air quality monitoring infrastructure in the northeastern states to effectively track pollution levels.
- Environmental Concerns: Unregulated industrial operations, inadequate public transportation, rampant construction, and other factors contribute to the deteriorating air quality in the region, necessitating stringent regulatory measures.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nominated Members to Rajya Sabha
Mains level: Women Empowerment
What is the news?
- Noted author and philanthropist Sudha Murthy has been nominated to the Rajya Sabha by the President of India on International Women’s Day.
Nominated Members to Rajya Sabha
- 12 members are nominated to the RS by the President of India for six-year term.
- This is for their contributions towards arts, literature, sciences, and social services.
- This right has been bestowed upon the President according to the Fourth Schedule under Articles 4(1) and 80(2) of the Constitution of India.
Normal composition
- The present strength is 245 members of whom 233 are representatives of the states and UTs and 12 are nominated by the President.
- The Rajya Sabha is not subject to dissolution; one-third of its members retire every second year.
Constitutional provisions for nominated members
- 80(1)(a) of the Constitution of India makes provision for the nomination of 12 members to the Rajya Sabha by the President of India under provisions of Article 80(3).
- 80(3) says that the persons to be nominated as members must possess special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters as the following namely: Literature, science, art and social service.
Powers and privileges of such members
- A nominated member enjoys all the powers and privileges and immunities available to an elected Member of Parliament.
- They take part in the proceedings of the House as any other member.
- Nominated members are however not entitled to vote in an election of the President of India.
- They however have rights to vote in the vice presidential election.
- As per Article 99 of the Constitution, a nominated member is allowed six months’ time should he join a political party.
Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2013:
Consider the following statements:
- The Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha are not the members of that House.
- While the nominated members of the two Houses of the Parliament have no voting right in the presidential election, they have the right to vote in the election of the Vice President.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNNATI Scheme
Mains level: NER Development
In the news
- The Union Cabinet approved the proposal for Uttar Poorva Transformative Industrialization (UNNATI) Scheme, 2024.
What is the UNNATI Scheme?
- The UNNATI is a significant initiative aimed at fostering industrial development and generating employment opportunities in the North East Region of India.
- With a focus on promoting manufacturing and services sectors, the scheme aims to stimulate economic growth and uplift the socio-economic landscape of the region.
Objectives
- Employment Generation: UNNATI aims to create productive economic activities that generate gainful employment opportunities, thereby contributing to the overall socio-economic development of the North East Region.
- Industrial Development: The scheme seeks to encourage the establishment of industries and the expansion of existing ones, fostering growth and development across various sectors.
Expenditure Allocation
- UNNATI will operate as a Central Sector Scheme, with funds allocated for both incentives to eligible units (Part A) and implementation and institutional arrangements (Part B).
- Part A of the scheme will receive Rs. 9,737 crores, while Rs. 300 crores will be allocated for Part B.
Salient Features
- Scheme Period: Effective from the date of Notification until March 31, 2034, along with 8 years of committed liabilities.
- Commencement of Production: Eligible industrial units must commence production or operation within 4 years from the grant of registration.
- Categorization of Districts: Districts are categorized into Zone A (Industrially Advanced Districts) and Zone B (Industrially Backward Districts) to ensure targeted development.
- Funds Allocation: 60% of Part A outlay is earmarked for the 8 North Eastern states, while the remaining 40% follows a First-In-First-Out (FIFO) basis.
- Eligibility: New and expanding industrial units are eligible for incentives under the scheme.
Implementation and Oversight
- The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry, will oversee the implementation of UNNATI.
- National and state-level committees, including the Steering Committee and State Level Committee, will monitor implementation, ensure transparency, and facilitate the registration and claims process for incentives.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Quo Warranto, Writ Jurisdiction
Mains level: Read the attached story
In the news
- In a noteworthy observation, Justice Anita Sumanth of the Madras High Court delved into the complex interplay between caste, societal benefits, and historical contexts while addressing quo warranto pleas against three lawmakers.
- Her remarks shed light on the multifaceted nature of caste dynamics in contemporary Tamil Nadu.
Quo Warranto: A Writ Jurisdiction
- Definition: This legal remedy allows the court to investigate the legality of an individual’s claim to a public office, preventing unauthorized individuals from unlawfully occupying such positions.
- Scope: It applies to substantive public offices of a permanent nature established by statute or the Constitution, excluding ministerial or private roles.
- Applicability: Unlike other writs, Quo Warranto can be sought by any interested party, not limited to the aggrieved party.
Constitutional Provisions
- Authority: The power to issue writs, including Quo Warranto, was bestowed upon the Supreme Court (Article 32) and High Courts (Article 226) by the Constitution.
- Objective: Quo Warranto aims to halt usurpers from wrongfully holding public office and exercising its privileges without lawful authority.
Conditions for Issuing Quo Warranto
- Public Office: The office in question must be public, established by law or the Constitution.
- Permanent Tenure: It should entail permanent tenure not subject to arbitrary termination.
- Actual Possession: The individual against whom the writ is sought must have the office and actively utilizing its powers.
- Disqualification: Quo Warranto can also be issued if a disqualified individual continues to hold the office illegally.
Circumstances for Refusal
- Ineffectiveness: The court may refuse to grant Quo Warranto if its intervention would not alter the outcome or if the situation is deemed inconsequential.
- Non-public Office: If the office in question is private, the writ cannot be issued.
Landmark Judgments
- Jamalpur Arya Samaj Sabha vs. Dr. D Rama (1954): The court declined to issue the writ against a private entity, emphasizing its inapplicability to non-public offices.
- Niranjan Kumar Goenka vs. The University of Bihar, Muzzfarpur (1971): Established that Quo Warranto cannot be invoked against individuals not holding a public office.
|
Judicial Insights on Castes
- Caste and State Benefits: Justice Sumanth highlighted the nexus between caste-based divisions and state-provided benefits, suggesting that the fervour surrounding caste issues is fueled by socio-economic advantages conferred by the state on different caste groups.
- Historical Perspective: While acknowledging the prevalence of caste divisions in society, the judge emphasized that the present-day caste system is relatively recent, tracing its origins to less than a century ago, rather than being solely rooted in ancient Varna Dharma principles.
- Varna Dharma vs. Caste System: Drawing a distinction, Justice Sumanth elucidated that Varna Dharma, historically, delineated societal roles based on occupation rather than birth, contrasting it with the entrenched birth-based caste system prevalent today.
Societal Realities
- Cacophony of Castes: Tamil Nadu, with its 370 registered castes, witnesses a cacophony of societal pressures and pulls from various caste groups, reflecting the complexities of caste dynamics in the state.
- Benefits and Ferocity: The judge noted that the ferocity among different caste groups partly stems from the benefits accorded to them by the state, raising questions about the fairness and equity of resource distribution.
Key Recommendations
- Acknowledgment of Past Injustices: While refraining from detailing past atrocities, the judge emphasized the need for acknowledging and deprecating historical injustices, calling for ongoing efforts towards repair and damage control.
- Forward-looking Approach: Justice Sumanth advocated for sincere introspection among lawmakers to evolve methods for correcting injustices and fostering equality in the present and future.
Conclusion
- In her nuanced reflections, Justice Sumanth highlighted the need for a holistic approach towards addressing caste-related issues.
- She emphasized the importance of societal introspection, equitable resource distribution, and leadership accountability in fostering a more inclusive and just society.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Geological Time Scale, Anthropocene Epoch
Mains level: Human Determinism and Geological Time Scale
In the news
- The proposal to declare the start of the Anthropocene Epoch, signifying the impact of human activity on Earth’s geological history, has sparked debate among scientists.
- Despite mounting evidence of human-induced changes to the planet, a recent vote by a scientific committee has rejected the notion.
Understanding Geological Time
- Geologic Time Scale: Geoscientists use the Geologic Time Scale (GTS) to measure Earth’s history, categorizing it into aeons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages.
- Chronostratigraphic Classification: The GTS is based on chronostratigraphic units, marked by significant geological events, shaping the planet’s conditions.
The Proposed ‘Human Epoch’
- Holocene Epoch: The Holocene began approximately 11,700 years ago, following the Last Glacial Period, coinciding with the rise of human civilization.
- Anthropocene Proposal: The Anthropocene concept suggests that human activities have altered Earth significantly, warranting recognition as a distinct geological epoch.
Understanding the Anthropocene Epoch
- Coined Term: The Anthropocene epoch was first coined by Nobel Prize-winning chemist Paul Crutzen and biology professor Eugene Stoermer in 2000.
- Human Impact: The Anthropocene represents the geological time interval characterized by radical changes in the Earth’s ecosystem due to human impact, particularly since the onset of the Industrial Revolution.
- Environmental Changes: Numerous phenomena associated with the Anthropocene include global warming, sea-level rise, ocean acidification, mass-scale soil erosion, deadly heat waves, and environmental deterioration.
- Geological Strata: The AWG’s website states that these changes are reflected in a distinctive body of geological strata, with the potential to be preserved into the far future.
Rejection of the Proposal
- Scientific Deliberations: Despite the Anthropocene Working Group’s proposal, the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy voted against declaring the Anthropocene epoch.
- Criticism and Concerns: Critics argue against defining the Anthropocene based on recent events, questioning the significance of the proposed start date and the boundary between epochs.
Geological Implications
- Definition of Epochs: The rejection highlights the challenge of defining geological epochs based on human-induced changes, given the traditional criteria for epoch delineation.
- Permanence and Recognition: While the vote does not negate human impact on the planet, it raises questions about the formal recognition of the Anthropocene as a distinct epoch.
Future of the Anthropocene Concept
- Beyond Epochs: Some scientists propose viewing the Anthropocene as an “event” rather than a formal epoch, acknowledging its transformative nature without conforming to traditional geological classifications.
- Relevance and Recognition: Regardless of formal classification, the concept of the Anthropocene underscores the profound impact of human activity on Earth’s systems, shaping discussions on environmental stewardship and sustainability.
Back2Basics: Geological Time Scale
- The Geological Time Scale is a system used by geologists and palaeontologists to divide Earth’s history into distinct time intervals based on significant geological and biological events.
- It provides a framework for organizing and understanding the vast expanse of time since the formation of the Earth, approximately 4.6 billion years ago, up to the present day.
- The Scale is divided into several hierarchical units, including eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages.
Here is a simplified overview of the major divisions:
(1) Eon: The largest division of time on the Geological Time Scale. The history of Earth is typically divided into four eons:
- Hadean Eon: Represents the earliest stage of Earth’s history, from its formation to around 4 billion years ago.
- Archean Eon: Covers the period from around 4 billion to 2.5 billion years ago. It includes the formation of the Earth’s crust, the emergence of life, and the development of the first continents.
- Proterozoic Eon: Encompasses the time between 2.5 billion and 541 million years ago. It includes significant evolutionary developments, such as the emergence of complex multicellular life.
- Phanerozoic Eon: The current eon, spanning from 541 million years ago to the present. It is further divided into eras.
(2) Era: The second-largest division of time, encompassing longer periods of geological history within an eon. The Phanerozoic Eon is divided into three eras:
- Paleozoic Era: Covers the time from 541 million to 252 million years ago. It is known for the diversification of life, including the appearance of complex marine organisms, fish, insects, and the first terrestrial plants.
- Mesozoic Era: Spans from 252 million to 66 million years ago. It is often referred to as the “Age of Reptiles” and includes the dominance of dinosaurs, as well as the rise of mammals and birds.
- Cenozoic Era: Extends from 66 million years ago to the present. It is sometimes called the “Age of Mammals” and includes the diversification and proliferation of mammals, the appearance of humans, and the development of modern ecosystems.
(3) Period: A subdivision of an era, representing a distinct interval of time characterized by specific geological and biological events. For example:
- The Paleozoic Era is divided into periods such as the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian.
- The Mesozoic Era is divided into periods including the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous.
- The Cenozoic Era is divided into periods such as the Paleogene, Neogene, and Quaternary.
(4) Epoch: A smaller subdivision of a period, representing a shorter interval of time. Epochs are defined by more localized geological and biological changes.
(5) Age: The smallest division of time on the Geological Time Scale. Ages represent relatively brief periods, often defined by specific fossil or rock layers.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nikshay Poshan Yojana , Nikshay Mitra
Mains level: Gendered Lens on TB Care
In the news: Case Study
- The intersection of gender norms, economic instability, and homelessness presents unique challenges in accessing tuberculosis (TB) care for women like Reshma.
- Amidst systemic inequities and societal biases, their journey through diagnosis, treatment, and recovery is often fraught with obstacles.
- A recent study sheds light on the nuanced experiences of homeless women grappling with TB, urging a reevaluation of existing healthcare frameworks.
Gendered Lens on TB Care
- Reshma’s Story: Reshma, a homeless woman from Jaipur, embodies the complex narratives surrounding TB care. Her journey, marked by societal abandonment and inadequate healthcare, epitomizes the challenges faced by homeless women battling TB.
- Gender Norms and Diagnosis: Patriarchal norms influence the accuracy and timeliness of TB diagnosis for women, impacting their access to healthcare facilities and adherence to treatment regimens.
- Impact of Economic Precarity: Economic instability exacerbates the vulnerability of homeless women, hindering their ability to navigate TB care pathways effectively.
Data Insights and Inequities
- Study Findings: A recent survey in Jaipur highlighted the prevalence of TB among the homeless population, underscoring the dire conditions that facilitate TB transmission.
- Gender Disparities: Homeless women, like Reshma, bear a disproportionate burden of TB infections, revealing systemic gender inequities within TB care systems.
Barriers to Access and Treatment
- Documentation Challenges: Lack of identity proof and access to banking services impedes homeless women’s eligibility for government-sponsored TB care Initiatives, such as the Nikshay Poshan Yojana and Nikshay Mitra.
- Stigma and Social Dynamics: Societal stigma surrounding TB, coupled with patriarchal control over finances, further marginalizes homeless women, hindering their access to nutritional support and treatment adherence.
Navigating Diagnosis and Care
- Diagnostic Delays: Vague symptoms and logistical barriers contribute to delayed TB diagnosis among homeless women, prolonging their suffering and increasing the risk of disease progression.
- Treatment Adherence: Mobility constraints and medication shortages undermine treatment adherence among homeless women, necessitating tailored interventions to address their unique needs.
Way Forward
- Inclusive Healthcare Policies: Recognizing the intersectionality of homelessness and gender within TB care, policymakers must prioritize the rights and well-being of homeless women in national TB eradication initiatives.
- Investment in Care Ecosystems: A comprehensive approach to TB care for homeless women requires increased investment in counselling, tracking, and support services, acknowledging the heightened challenges they face in accessing and adhering to treatment protocols.
Conclusion
- Addressing the multifaceted challenges faced by homeless women in accessing TB care demands a concerted effort to dismantle gender biases, mitigate economic disparities, and foster inclusive healthcare ecosystems.
- By prioritizing equity and empowerment, policymakers can pave the way for a more just and effective TB care paradigm for all individuals, regardless of their socioeconomic status or gender identity.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Health hazards of Skincare Products
In the news
- With the increasing trend of children’s interest in skincare products, concerns have been raised regarding their safety and long-term impact on children’s health.
- Influenced by social media and marketing, parents are seeking skincare routines for their children, often overlooking potential risks.
In this article, we explore the implications of early skincare practices on children and the necessity for regulatory measures to ensure their well-being.
Risks Associated with Children’s Skincare Products
- Vulnerability to Harm: Children’s skin is thinner, more delicate, and less developed than adults, making them more susceptible to adverse reactions from skincare products.
- Exposure to Toxicants: Behavioral patterns like hand-to-mouth activity increase the risk of ingesting harmful chemicals present in skincare products, posing health hazards.
- Biological Susceptibility: Rapid growth rate, developing tissues, and immature immune systems make children biologically more vulnerable to the toxicants present in skincare products.
Insights from Research
- Usage Patterns: Research indicates that up to 70% of children in the U.S. have used children’s makeup and body products, highlighting the widespread exposure to skincare products among children.
- Health Risks: Studies suggest that children’s prolonged exposure to makeup and body products may lead to adverse health effects due to their developing physiology and behavioural tendencies.
Toxins in skincare products can pose risks to health due to their potential adverse effects. Some common toxic ingredients found in cosmetics include:
- Polyacrylamide: Possible acrylamide contamination.
- PTFE: Possible PFOA contamination.
- Petrolatum: Possible PAH contamination.
- Formaldehyde: A known carcinogen.
- Paraformaldehyde: A type of formaldehyde.
- Methylene glycol: A form of formaldehyde
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Regulatory Imperatives
- Medical Concerns: Dermatologists express concern over the unsupervised use of cosmeceuticals by children, emphasizing the potential harm caused by substances like steroids and hydroquinone present in skincare products.
- Need for Regulation: Regulatory measures are deemed essential to restrict the sale of skincare products containing harmful ingredients and protect children from inappropriate products.
Psychological Impact
- Unrealistic Standards: The promotion of flawless complexion as an ideal standard perpetuates unrealistic beauty standards among children, impacting their self-esteem and body image.
- Ethical Considerations: The ethical implications of targeting young consumers with skincare products, without adequate consideration of their long-term effects, warrant scrutiny and regulation.
Way Forward
- Prioritizing Safety: Parents are advised to prioritize safety, simplicity, and skin health when selecting skincare products for their children.
- Return to Basics: Dermatologists advocate for a return to basic skincare practices, including a healthy diet, proper cleansing, and moisturizing, to maintain children’s skin health.
- Functional Necessity: For child performers and those exposed to heavy makeup, gentle cleansing and hydration are recommended to counteract the effects of makeup and protect the skin’s integrity.
Conclusion
- As the children’s cosmetics market continues to grow, it is imperative to address the risks associated with early skincare practices and implement regulatory measures to safeguard children’s health and well-being.
- By prioritizing safety, simplicity, and skin health, parents can navigate the skincare maze for their children and foster a healthy relationship with skincare that values function over appearance.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dalai Lama, Tibetan sects of Buddhism
Mains level: NA
In the news
- The question of reincarnation, typically seen as an esoteric concept, has significant political ramifications concerning the search for a successor to Tibet’s Dalai Lama.
- As the 88-year-old spiritual leader, Tenzin Gyatso, remains in good health, the anticipation surrounding his succession intensifies, particularly against the backdrop of historical and geopolitical tensions.
Who is the Dalai Lama?
- The Dalai Lama (a title) is the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism.
- He is believed to be the reincarnation of the previous Dalai Lama and is regarded as an important figure not only in Tibet but also around the world.
- The Dalai Lama is traditionally both the political and spiritual leader of Tibet, but after China’s occupation of Tibet in 1950, he went into exile in India and since then has been primarily a spiritual leader.
- The current and 14th Dalai Lama is Tenzin Gyatso, who was born in Tibet in 1935 and has been in exile in India since 1959.
Brief Outline of Tibetan Buddhism
- Tibetan Buddhism became the predominant religion in Tibet by the 9th century AD, evolving from the Mahayana and Vajrayana traditions of Buddhism and incorporating many tantric and shamanic practices.
- It has four major schools: Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug, with the Janang School being one of the smaller schools that grew as an offshoot of the Sakya School.
- Since 1640, the Gelug School has been the predominant school of Tibetan Buddhism, and the Dalai Lama belongs to this school.
Hierarchy and Reincarnation in Tibetan Buddhism
- The cycle of birth, death, and rebirth is one of Buddhism’s key beliefs.
- Tibet’s hierarchical system seemingly emerged in the 13th century, and it was around this time that the first instances of “formally recognizing the reincarnations of lamas” can be found.
- The Gelug School developed a strong hierarchy and instituted the tradition of succession through reincarnation, with the fifth Grand Lama of the school being conferred the title of Dalai Lama.
- Several procedures/tests are followed to recognize Tulkus (recognized reincarnations).
Key Issue: Chinese Interference
- Political Intrigue: The announcement of the Dalai Lama’s reincarnation sparks concerns about Chinese interference, as China seeks to control the succession process to assert dominance over Tibetan culture and politics.
- International Ramifications: The Dalai Lama’s reincarnation is not only a spiritual matter but also a geopolitical issue, with international stakeholders closely monitoring developments to safeguard Tibetan autonomy and cultural heritage.
Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2016:
Q.With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements:
- The concept of Bodhisattva is central to Hinayana sect of Buddhism.
- Bodhisattva is a compassionate one on his way to enlightenment
- Bodhisattva delays achieving his own salvation to help all sentient beings on their path to it.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CBTC-Enabled Driverless Metro Train
Mains level: NA
In the news
- The Bengaluru Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) is embarking on a significant milestone with the introduction of driverless trains equipped with cutting-edge technology.
- As the first of its kind in Bengaluru, these trains represent a leap forward in urban transportation infrastructure.
About CBTC-Enabled Driverless Metro Train
- Communication-Based Train Control (CBTC): The driverless metro trains are equipped with CBTC technology, enabling seamless communication between trains and control systems.
- Unattended Train Operations (UTO): The trains boast full automation, including tasks such as door operations and train movement, under Enhanced Supervision Capability from the Operations Control Centre (OCC).
- Enhanced Safety Measures: In addition to automation, the trains feature advanced safety protocols to ensure passenger well-being and operational efficiency.
Manufacturing and Design
- Manufacturers: The train coaches are manufactured by CRRC Nanjing Puzhen Co Ltd, in collaboration with Titagarh Rail Systems Ltd., as part of the Make In India Initiative.
- Technological Integration: These trains mark the first integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technology for track monitoring and safety enhancement.
- Customization for Bengaluru’s Needs: The design and manufacturing process have been tailored to address the specific requirements and challenges of Bengaluru’s urban environment.
Special Features
- AI-Powered Track Monitoring: AI algorithms analyze sensor data to detect anomalies and ensure track safety.
- Advanced Surveillance Systems: Front and rear-view cameras enable real-time monitoring of passenger activities and enhance security measures.
- Emergency Egress Device (EED): Equipped with a user-friendly emergency system to ensure passenger safety during unforeseen circumstances.
- Enhanced Passenger Comfort: The trains are designed with features aimed at enhancing passenger comfort and convenience during travel.
Safety Parameters
- Testing Protocol: The prototype trains undergo a series of static and dynamic tests, including signalling, collision detection, and obstacle avoidance.
- Statutory Approvals: Trials conducted by regulatory bodies such as the Research Designs and Standards Organisation (RDSO) and the Commissioner of Metro Rail Safety (CMRS) ensure compliance with safety standards.
- Stringent Quality Assurance: The safety testing process includes comprehensive checks and balances to verify the reliability and performance of the trains under various operating conditions.
Operational Considerations
- Transition Period: Initially, the trains will operate with a human train operator for a transitional period of at least six months.
- Gradual Rollout: Revenue operations will commence with a limited number of trains, gradually transitioning to full-scale driverless operations.
- Training and Skill Development: The transition to driverless operations will involve training programs and skill development initiatives for metro staff to ensure a smooth transition and operational efficiency.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ujjwala Scheme
Mains level: NA
In the news
- In pretext of the upcoming Lok Sabha elections, the Union Cabinet approved the extension of the subsidy under the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) for LPG cylinders, offering a subsidy of ₹300 (earlier ₹200) per cylinder for up to 12 refills per year.
About Ujjwala Scheme
|
Details |
| Launch |
1 May 2016 |
| Introduced By |
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas |
| Aim |
Provide clean cooking fuel (LPG) to rural and disadvantaged households, reducing reliance on traditional fuels like firewood, coal, and cow dung cakes. |
| Phases |
- Phase I: Launched on May 1, 2016, aimed to release 8 Crore LPG connections by March 2020.
- Ujjwala 2.0: Aimed to release an additional 1 crore LPG connections, achieved in January 2022, subsequently expanded to release an additional 60 lakh LPG connections.
|
| Financial Support |
₹1600 financial assistance provided for each LPG connection to Below Poverty Line (BPL) households. |
| Deposit-Free Connections |
Beneficiaries receive deposit-free LPG connections, including the first refill and a free hotplate. |
| Benefits |
- Eligible beneficiaries receive a free LPG connection.
- Subsidy on the first six refills of 14.2 kg cylinders or eight refills of 5 kg cylinders.
- Option to use EMI facility for stove and first refill costs.
- Opportunity to join the PAHAL (Pratyaksh Hanstantrit Labh) scheme for direct subsidy transfers to bank accounts.
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Try a similar PYQ from CSE Prelims 2018:
With reference to Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, consider the following statements:
- It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Employment.
- It, among other things, will also impart training in soft skills, entrepreneurship, financial and digital literacy.
- It aims to align the competencies of the unregulated workforce of the country to the National Skill Qualification Framework.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
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Why in the News?
India stresses the need for stringent monitoring during a recent review of the loan to Pakistan when the new PM Shehbaz Sharif seeking additional funding support from the IMF.
Background:
- Taking a tough stance, India has batted for “stringent monitoring” of any emergency funds provided by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to Pakistan, stressing that such funds must not be redeployed towards defense bills or repayment of loans from other countries.
- India’s position was put across to the IMF’s executive board during a recent review of an ongoing $3 billion short-term Stand-By Arrangement (SBA) granted to Pakistan by the Fund.
About International Monetary Fund (IMF):
- The IMF works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity for all of its 190 member countries.
- It does so by supporting economic policies that promote financial stability and monetary cooperation, which are essential to increase productivity, job creation, and economic well-being.
- The IMF is governed by and accountable to its member countries.
Aims and Objectives:
- Furthering international monetary cooperation;
- Encouraging the expansion of trade and economic growth;
- Discouraging policies that would harm prosperity.
Functions of IMF:
- Policy Advice: As part of this process, which takes place at the global and regional levels, the IMF identifies potential risks and recommends appropriate policy adjustments to sustain economic growth and promote financial stability.
- Financial Advice: The IMF provides financial support to countries hit by crises to create breathing room as they implement policies that restore economic stability and growth. It also provides precautionary financing to help prevent crises. IMF lending is continuously refined to meet countries’ changing needs. The causes of crises can be domestic, external, or both.
- Domestic factors include inappropriate fiscal and monetary policies, which can lead to large current account and fiscal deficits and high public debt levels; an exchange rate fixed at an inappropriate level, which can erode competitiveness and result in the loss of official reserves, and a weak financial system. Political instability and weak institutions also can trigger crises.
- External factors include shocks ranging from natural disasters to large swings in commodity prices. With globalization, sudden changes in market sentiment can result in capital flow volatility. Both are common causes of crises, especially for low-income countries.
Significance of IMF monitoring:
- Essential in identifying risks that may require remedial policy adjustments.
- International cooperation on these efforts is critical in today’s globally integrated economy, in which the problems or policies of one country can affect many others.
- Focuses on individual countries or bilateral surveillance, and the global economy or multilateral surveillance.
Conclusion: There is uncertainty around Pakistan’s ability to quickly negotiate a new IMF program after the current one expires in April 2024 remains very high. Pakistan’s government liquidity and external vulnerability risks will remain very high until there is clarity on a credible longer-term financing plan
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indian women in STEM
Mains level: Read the attached story
In the news
- As Women’s Day (8th March) approaches, the spotlight turns to women scientists throughout history who shattered glass ceilings and left indelible marks on the scientific landscape.
- Their stories advocate for inclusivity, diversity, and equality within the realm of science.
- Celebrating Women Scientists: Initiatives like Vigyan Prasar’s resource book profiling Indian women scientists and anthologies like “Lilavati’s Daughters” and “Gutsy Girls of Science” highlight the achievements and struggles of women in science, providing inspiration for future generations.
- Biographical Works: Books like “Janaki Ammal: Life and Scientific Contributions” and “Chromosome Woman, Nomad Scientist” delve into the extraordinary lives of pioneering women like E.K. Janaki Ammal, offering insights into their groundbreaking research and battles against sexism, casteism, and racism.
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Gender Disparity in Indian Science
- Underrepresentation in Leadership: The Indian Academy of Sciences, founded by Nobel Laureate C.V. Raman in 1934, has never been led by a woman scientist. Statistics reveal that women comprise only 14% of India’s working scientists, with a meager 15% representation among faculty members in research institutes nationwide.
- Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize: Over 65 years, only 20 women scientists have been honoured with India’s prestigious SSB Prize for Science & Technology, despite 571 total recipients.
Status of Women in STEM: A Global Perspective
- Global Gender Gap: India’s STEM workforce comprises only 27% women, compared to 32% in non-STEM fields, highlighting disparities in gender representation.
- Research Participation: Worldwide, women constitute only 33% of researchers, with even lower representation in engineering and technology sectors.
- Educational Disparity: A gender gap persists in STEM education, with only 18% of girls pursuing higher-level STEM studies, compared to 35% of boys.
List of Notable Women Scientists mentioned in the News Article
- Gagandeep Kang: Known for her work in the field of microbiology and vaccine development, particularly in studying the epidemiology of rotavirus and other infectious diseases prevalent in India.
- Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw: A prominent figure in the biotechnology industry, she founded Biocon, one of India’s leading biotechnology companies, and has contributed significantly to the development of affordable biopharmaceuticals and healthcare solutions.
- Rohini Godbole: Renowned theoretical physicist known for her research in high-energy physics, particularly in the field of particle phenomenology and collider physics. She has also been actively involved in promoting science education and gender equality in STEM fields.
- Prajval Shastri Majumdar: Notable astrophysicist known for her research on the formation and evolution of galaxies, active galactic nuclei, and black holes. She has made significant contributions to understanding the dynamics of the universe through her work in observational astronomy.
- Kamala Sohonie: A pioneering biochemist, she was the first Indian woman to receive a Ph.D. in the field of science. Her research focused on enzymology and biochemistry, particularly in understanding the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds in bacteria.
- Lilavati (referred to in “Lilavati’s Daughters: The Women Scientists of India” anthology): Lilavati is a legendary figure in Indian mathematics, known for her contributions to algebra and arithmetic. Her legacy has inspired generations of mathematicians and scientists.
- Archana Sharma: A renowned cytogeneticist known for her research in understanding chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders. She has contributed significantly to the field of genetics and genetic counseling.
- E.K. Janaki Ammal: An eminent botanist known for her research on plant breeding, genetics, and taxonomy. She made significant contributions to understanding the diversity of plant species in India and played a crucial role in the conservation of plant biodiversity.
- Bibha Chowdhuri: A pioneering physicist known for her research in cosmic ray physics and particle physics. She made significant contributions to understanding the properties of cosmic rays and their interactions with matter.
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Significance of Women’s Participation in STEM
- Economic Growth: Women’s involvement in STEM fields can catalyze economic growth, with potential GDP gains of up to 10% reported in studies.
- Gender Diversity: Enhancing female representation fosters diversity and inclusivity, enriching scientific discourse and innovation.
- Targeted Interventions: Involving women in research ensures the relevance and applicability of scientific outcomes to diverse communities.
- Inclusive Decision Making: Women’s perspectives contribute valuable insights to scientific research, leading to more informed decision-making processes.
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): STEM empowerment aligns with SDG 5, promoting gender equality and women’s access to transformative technologies.
Challenges Faced by Women
- Implicit and Explicit Biases: Women scientists encounter biases suggesting their unsuitability for scientific pursuits, perpetuating the Matilda Effect wherein their achievements are undervalued, leading to discrimination in perks, promotions, and opportunities.
- Societal Stereotypes: Deep-rooted stereotypes perpetuate the notion that certain STEM fields are inherently male-dominated, discouraging women from pursuing these careers.
- Lack of Role Models: Limited visibility of female role models hinders aspiring women scientists from envisioning themselves in STEM leadership roles.
- Self-Efficacy Gap: Gender disparities in self-efficacy beliefs create barriers for women, affecting their confidence to pursue STEM disciplines.
- Work-Life Balance: Dual responsibilities and societal expectations impede women’s career progression in STEM, necessitating flexible policies and support systems.
- Systemic Discrimination: Bias and discrimination in educational institutions and workplaces perpetuate the underrepresentation of women in STEM.
Government Initiatives for Women in STEM
- STI Policy by DST: The Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policy aims to achieve 30% women’s participation in science and technology by 2030, with significant strides in women’s leadership roles.
- Indo-US Fellowship: International collaborative research opportunities empower women scientists to expand their horizons and contribute to global scientific endeavors.
- Vigyan Jyoti: Initiatives like Vigyan Jyoti encourage young girls to pursue STEM education, addressing gender disparities from an early age.
- Gender Advancement Programs: GATI and KIRAN initiatives focus on creating gender-sensitive institutions and providing career opportunities for women in S&T.
- CURIE Initiative: The CURIE program supports the development of research infrastructure in women’s universities, fostering a conducive environment for women’s participation in R&D.
- SWATI Portal: It is aimed at creating a single online portal representing Indian Women and Girls in STEMM. It is a complete interactive database.
Way Forward
- Continued Advocacy: Initiatives and publications spotlighting women scientists serve as reminders of the ongoing need for advocacy and support to address gender inequality in the scientific community.
- Redefining the Culture in STEM: Mandating women’s representation in boards, implementing women-centric mentoring programs, and providing flexible work setups and childcare support.
- Investment in Women-Only Institutions: Establishing women’s technology parks and institutions to address specific challenges faced by women in STEM.
- Paid Internships: Encouraging states to offer paid internships to girl science students, particularly in rural areas, to enhance their participation in STEM.
- Positive Parenting: Fostering supportive environments at home to challenge stereotypical perceptions and inspire young girls to pursue careers in STEM.
Conclusion
- As Women’s Day approaches, reflections on the contributions and struggles of women scientists underscore the importance of fostering inclusivity, diversity, and equality within the scientific community.
- By celebrating their achievements and advocating for systemic changes, we pave the way for a more equitable and empowering future for women in science.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 371A, Sixth Schedule
Mains level: Read the attached story
In the news
- A shutdown and protest rally in Ladakh recently demanded statehood for the newly created Union Territory (UT) and its inclusion in the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution.
- This highlights a broader issue concerning governance and autonomy in the region.
Centre’s Offer to Ladakh Representatives
- Article 371-like Protections: MHA offered to extend Article 371-like protections to Ladakh, addressing concerns raised by the Leh Apex Body (ABL) and the Kargil Democratic Alliance (KDA).
- Exclusion from Sixth Schedule: While acknowledging concerns, the government opts against including Ladakh in the Sixth Schedule, indicating a different approach to address regional issues.
Background: Ladakh’s Governance Post Article 370 Repeal
- Recognition as Union Territory: Post the repeal of Article 370, Ladakh was recognized as a separate Union Territory “without legislature,” akin to UTs like New Delhi and Pondicherry.
- Demand for Sixth Schedule Inclusion: Organizations like ABL and KDA have advocated for Ladakh’s inclusion under the Sixth Schedule, seeking greater autonomy in governance.
What is the Sixth Schedule?
- Article 244 in Part X of the Constitution outlines a special system of administration for designated ‘scheduled areas’ and ‘tribal areas.’
- The Fifth Schedule deals with scheduled areas and tribes in states except Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram (ATM2).
- The Sixth Schedule focuses on tribal areas in these four northeastern states.
Salient Features of Sixth Schedule:
(1) Autonomous Districts
- Tribal areas are constituted as autonomous districts within the executive authority of the state.
- The governor holds powers to organize and re-organize these districts, including boundary changes and division into autonomous regions.
(2) District and Regional Councils:
- Each district council consists of 30 members, including nominated and elected
- Regional councils also exist within autonomous regions.
- These councils administer areas under their jurisdiction, making laws on specific matters with the governor’s assent.
- They can establish village councils or courts for dispute resolution, with specified jurisdiction over appeals.
- District councils manage various facilities and services within their areas, including education and healthcare.
- They also have the authority to impose taxes and regulate certain activities.
(3) Laws Exemptions and Modifications:
- Acts of Parliament or state legislatures may not apply directly or may apply with modifications.
- The president or governor holds the power of direction in this regard, depending on the region.
(4) Governor’s Authority:
- The governor may appoint a commission to examine and report on matters concerning autonomous districts or regions.
- He/she also has the authority to dissolve a district or regional council based on commission recommendations.
Tribal Areas under Sixth Schedule
- Assam: North Cachar Hills District, Karbi Anglong District, Bodoland Territorial Areas District.
- Meghalaya: Khasi Hills District, Jaintia Hills District, Garo Hills District.
- Tripura: Tripura Tribal Areas District.
- Mizoram: Chakma District, Mara District, Lai District.
Reasons for such Demands in Ladakh
- Cultural Autonomy: Tribes in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram maintain distinct cultures, customs, and civilizations. Unlike tribes in other parts of India, they have not assimilated much with the majority population.
- Meeting tribal aspiration: The Parliamentary standing committee recommended including of Ladakh in the Sixth Schedule because its tribal communities account for 79.61% of its total population.
- Autonomy and self-governance: Extending the Sixth Schedule to Ladakh could provide greater autonomy and self-governance to the local tribal communities.
- Cultural preservation: It could also help to protect the unique cultural identity of the local communities and preserve their traditional practices and customs.
Challenges posed by this demand
- Fragmentation: The demand to extend the Sixth Schedule to Ladakh has faced some opposition from certain quarters, who argue that it could lead to further fragmentation of the region and create new administrative challenges.
- Losing political capital: There are also concerns over the potential impact of the demand on the political and administrative structure of the region.
Conclusion
- While stopping short of Sixth Schedule inclusion, MHA’s move demonstrates a commitment to balancing local autonomy with national governance priorities.
- If implemented, it would mark the first instance of special provisions being introduced for a Union Territory, potentially setting a precedent for future governance arrangements in such regions.
Try this PYQ from CSE Prelim 2015:
Q.The provisions in the Fifth Schedule and Sixth Schedule in the Constitution of India are made to:
(a) Protect the interests of Scheduled Tribes
(b) Determine the boundaries between states
(c) Determine the powers, authorities, and responsibilities of Panchayats
(d) Protect the interests of all the Border States
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