Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Unclassed forests;
Mains level: Forest coverage in India; Issues related to identification and protection of unclassed forests;
Why in the news?
SC ordered MoEFCC to upload State Expert Committee reports on unclassed forests due to concerns over the Forest (Conservation) Act Amendment 2023 constitutionality, impacting protection and potential diversion of these forests.
What are unclassed forests?
- Unclassed forests, also known as deemed forests, are forest areas that may belong to various entities such as government bodies (forests, revenue departments, railways), communities, or private owners. However, these forest areas have not been officially notified as forests.
- The State Expert Committees (SECs) were tasked with identifying all such unclassed forests across the country (referring to Forest Working Plans and Land Revenue Records).
- Additionally, SECs were required to physically identify any land patches that exhibit characteristics of forests, as per the dictionary meaning of forests, irrespective of their ownership status.
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What are the present issues?
- The missing forests in SECs
- Undermined the previous judgment: MoEFCC informed a Parliamentary Committee that SECs had identified unclassed forests, aligning with the proposed Forest (Conservation) Act Amendment, despite earlier criticism that the law undermined the Godavarman judgment.
- However, an RTI application revealed that MoEFCC claimed not to have the SEC reports, raising questions about its assurance to the Parliamentary Committee.
- Lack of verified data: Following a Supreme Court order, MoEFCC uploaded the SEC reports, but they showed a lack of verifiable data on the identification, status, and location of unclassed forests.
- States not constituted SECs: Seven states and Union Territories, including Goa, Haryana, and Tamil Nadu, hadn’t constituted SECs, while others hadn’t fully complied with Supreme Court directives.
- Non-traceable Forest: Ladakh formed an SEC only after the dissolution of Jammu & Kashmir, and Puducherry’s report was declared “not traceable”, further highlighting inconsistencies in the process.
- Disagreement with FSI data
- Insufficient timeline: Many states argue that the one-month timeline provided by the Supreme Court was insufficient for comprehensive work due to the voluminous nature of the task.
- Relied on Existing data: Instead of conducting ground-truthing, physical cadastral surveys, and demarcation of unclassed forest lands, most states relied on existing data from forest and revenue departments. Some states, like Manipur and Sikkim, simply quoted figures from the Forest Survey of India (FSI).
- Question on Data: The reliability of data is questioned, with Haryana’s report lacking clarity on data sources and creation dates. Only nine states provided the extent of unclassed forests, while others focused on different types of forest areas specified in the order.
- Lack of clarity in the Reports:
- Failed to specify the geographic locations: Most states and UTs failed to specify the geographic locations of forests in their SEC reports, rendering the information provided largely unhelpful for accurate identification and protection.
- But Tripura was an exception, providing Khaitan numbers for forest areas beyond those officially recorded, but the classification of land remained unclear.
- Lack of on-ground verification: SEC is lagging that on-ground verification may have led to the widespread destruction of forests that should have been identified and protected nearly three decades ago.
- Instances like Kerala’s SEC excluding ecologically significant areas like Pallivasal unreserve and Chinnakanal unreserve, critical for wildlife corridors and conservation, showcase the lack of diligence in identifying and protecting vital forest areas.
Suggested Measures:
- Extended Timeline: Provide states with a more realistic timeline to conduct comprehensive surveys and data verification, considering the voluminous nature of the task and the need for accuracy.
- Ground Truthing and Surveys: Mandate states to conduct ground-truthing, physical cadastral surveys, and demarcation of unclassed forest lands to ensure accurate identification and mapping of forest areas.
- Data Verification: Implement mechanisms for verifying and cross-referencing data obtained from various sources, such as forest and revenue departments and the Forest Survey of India, to ensure reliability and consistency.
Main PYQ:
Q Examine the status of forest resources of India and its resultant impact on climate change.(UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: H5N1 Virus
Mains level: Scale of spreading H5N1 virus
Why in the news?
The current outbreak of H5N1 was a disaster waiting to happen, as experts have been sounding alarm bells on the unsafe conditions at industrial livestock production for more than 10 years now.
Scale of spreading H5N1 virus:
- Global Spread of H5N1 in humans: The H5N1 virus has spread globally, affecting various species including humans, polar bears in the Arctic, and seals and seagulls in Antarctica.
- In India Spread of H5N1 in humans: The first H5N1 patient was reported in Maharashtra in 2006. An outbreak in December 2020 and early 2021 spread across 15 States
- Human Fatality Rate: As per WHO, the fatality rate for H5N1 among humans is estimated at 52%, with 463 deaths recorded since 2003 out of 888 diagnosed cases.
- Transmission from Birds and Contaminated Environments: Almost all human infections with H5N1 are linked to close contact with infected birds or contaminated environments, emphasizing the importance of biosecurity measures.
- Spread in other species: This pathogen has crossed many species barriers, causing mortality among the polar bears in the Arctic and seals and seagulls in Antarctica.
Causes for the spread of H5N1 (avian influenza or bird flu) infection:
- Contact with infected birds: Humans can contract H5N1 if they come into direct contact with the body fluids, such as saliva, respiratory droplets, or feces, of infected birds.
- Poultry Trade and Movement: The transportation and trade of infected poultry, poultry products, and crowded live poultry markets provide an environment for the virus to spread between birds and potentially to humans.
- Antibiotic Resistance: The 269th Law Commission of India Report in 2017 highlighted evidence from the Tata Memorial Centre regarding the use of non-therapeutic antibiotics in poultry farming, leading to antibiotic resistance due to unhygienic living conditions.
- Environmental Factors: Factors like proximity to bodies of water, reduced rainfall, and presence near major highways have been associated with increased risk of H5N1 outbreaks. These environmental conditions may facilitate the spread of the virus.
Regulation: The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has classified poultry units with more than 5,000 birds as a polluting industry that requires compliance and regulatory consent to establish and operate.
Way Forward:
- Draft Rules for Welfare: The Law Commission 269th recommended a set of draft rules for the welfare of chickens in the meat and egg industries, aligning with existing laws and international best practices for animal care, waste management, and antibiotic use.
- Weaknesses in Draft Rules: The Draft Rules for the egg industry released by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare in 2019 were criticized for being weak and tokenistic, failing to meet the recommendations of the Law Commission.
- Need for Oversight and Enforcement: Given the reclassification of the poultry industry as a highly polluting ‘orange category’ industry by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), strict oversight for compliance and enforcement of environmental regulations is essential.
Mains PYQ:
Q What is the basic principle behind vaccine development? How do vaccines work? What approaches were adopted by the Indian vaccine manufacturers to produce COVID-19 vaccines? (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Trend related to Taxes in India
Mains level: Concerns due to the rising share of personal income tax and indirect tax
Why in the news?
Recent data show that Personal Income Tax Collections have increased, while collections from Corporate Taxes have reduced.
The present context of the rising share of Personal Income Tax and Indirect Tax:
- Shift in Tax Composition: The data illustrates a significant shift in the composition of tax revenue, with personal income tax forming a larger share compared to corporate tax. This trend is accentuated by the sharp decline in corporate tax following the 2019 tax cuts.
- Progressive vs. Regressive Taxation: Direct taxes, such as personal income tax, are considered progressive as they are based on income levels, whereas indirect taxes, like GST, are regressive, impacting all consumers uniformly regardless of their income.
- The increasing share of indirect taxes implies a heavier burden on lower-income individuals.
- Trend in Tax Composition: Chart 2 demonstrates a historical trend where indirect taxes had been decreasing since the 1980s, whereas direct taxes were on the rise. However, recent years have witnessed a reversal of this trend, with indirect taxes increasing and direct taxes declining.
- International Comparison: Comparisons with BRICS economies indicate that India’s effective personal income tax rate is among the highest. This implies that Indian taxpayers may face relatively higher tax rates compared to individuals in other emerging economies.
Concerns due to rising share of Personal Income Tax and Indirect Tax:
- Impact on Middle and Lower Income Groups: The rising share of personal income tax and indirect taxes places a greater burden on poorer citizens and the middle class. This is particularly concerning as the majority of personal income tax filers fall within the ₹1 lakh-₹5 lakh annual income bracket, indicating that middle-income earners are disproportionately affected.
- Comparison with BRICS Economies: Data comparisons with BRICS economies reveal that India’s effective personal income tax rate is among the highest. This suggests that individuals in India may be facing relatively higher tax rates compared to their counterparts in other emerging economies.
- Concern for Equity and Economic Stability: The data underscores a growing concern regarding the equitable distribution of the tax burden. The heavier reliance on personal income tax and indirect taxes may exacerbate income inequality and strain the finances of middle and lower-income households.
Way Forward:
- Progressive Tax Reforms: Implementing progressive tax reforms can help alleviate the burden on middle and lower-income groups. This could involve revising tax brackets and rates to ensure that higher-income individuals contribute proportionally more to tax revenue.
- Enhanced Direct Tax Compliance: Improving direct tax compliance measures, such as increasing tax enforcement efforts and reducing tax evasion loopholes, can help enhance revenue collection from high-income individuals and corporations.
Mains PYQ
Q What is the meaning of the term ‘tax expenditure’? Taking housing sector as an example, discuss how it influences the budgetary policies of the government. (UPSC IAS/2013)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Health; Government Initiatives;
Mains level: Challenges in benchmark for pricing
Why in the news?
The SC while hearing a PIL in February’24, directed the Central Government to find ways to regulate the rates of Hospital Procedures in the Private sector.
- The SC also warned against applying Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS) rates for treatment services at private healthcare facilities until standardized rates are set.
About Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS) Rates:
CGHS is a health care scheme provided by the Indian Government for its central government employees and pensioners.
- Commencement Year: 1954
- Objective: To provide comprehensive health coverage to Central Government Employees (Allopathy/Homoeopathy)
- Present change: The rates of the Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS) for general surgery have been revised since February 2024.
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Benchmark for Pricing:
- Standard Treatment Guidelines (STGs): These can establish relevant clinical needs, the nature and extent of care, and the costs of total inputs required.
- They address confounders and ensure clinical autonomy while enabling the valuation of healthcare resources consumed for precise cost determination.
- Pooled payments by government: Formulating and adopting STGs require providers’ revenues to be tied to fewer payers.
- This necessitates reimbursements from pooled payments with low Out-Of-Pocket (OOP) payment levels, supported by the government.
- Coordination between payers and providers: Governments can support the agreement on pricing that provides a reasonable and sustainable surplus over input costs.
- However, the ability of providers to access markets with OOP payments could hinder this effort.
Challenges faced during benchmarking of the price:
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- Private sector dominance: In India, over half of the total health expenditure is OOP, with the private sector predominantly composed of small-scale providers. Standardizing rates faces implementation uncertainties, and enforcement mechanisms for adherence remain unclear.
- Resistance from providers: Concerns arise about the feasibility of regulatory measures if providers do not adhere to prescribed procedure rates, as seen in various health schemes.
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- Limitations of regulations: While price caps can influence behavior in the short term, weak enforcement mechanisms lead to temporary effects as the overall environment remains unchanged.
- Enforcement challenges: Despite suggested measures, enforcement remains weak, with only a fraction of states and union territories implementing the Clinical Establishment Act.
- Data-related issues: Although the insurance industry initiated STGs for hospitals in 2010, progress was hindered by a lack of representative and accurate costing data due to limited participation from private hospitals.
Government Initiatives:
- Developing STGs: The Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana and the Department of Health Research have made significant strides in developing STGs for common conditions and adopting a comprehensive costing framework.
- Efforts are also ongoing to create an Indian version of Diagnostics-Related Groups (DRGs)
Way Forward:
- Addressing anticipated challenges: Anticipated challenges in implementing rate standardization policies need to be identified and addressed proactively to ensure successful outcomes.
- Evidence-based policy: Conduct rigorous research and evaluation to generate evidence on the impact of regulatory measures on affordability, care quality, and provider behavior, informing future policy decisions.
- Ensuring broader stakeholder participation: It is essential to involve a wide range of stakeholders in the development and implementation of rate standardization policies to increase their effectiveness and acceptance.
Mains PYQ
Q Public health system has limitation in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that private sector can help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest? (UPSC IAS/2015)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chin-Kuki-Zo Tribes
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Manipur CM took it to social media where he alleged an “unnatural growth” in the population of the “Chin-Kuki-Zo” tribes in the state, posing a perceived threat to indigenous communities and national security.
About Chin-Kuki-Zo Tribes
|
Chin Tribe |
Kuki Tribe |
Zo Tribe |
| Ethnic Composition |
Major ethnic group in Myanmar’s Chin State; known for distinct customs and language. |
Heterogeneous group in Northeast India; recognized for diverse subtribes. |
Diverse ethnic group in Northeast India, Myanmar, and parts of Bangladesh. |
| Geographical Distribution |
Primarily in Myanmar’s Chin State; significant populations in Indian states like Mizoram. |
Mainly in Northeast India; also found in Chin State, Myanmar. |
Inhabits Northeast India, particularly Mizoram and Manipur; also in parts of Myanmar and Bangladesh. |
| Language |
Chin language, part of Kuki-Chin subgroup of Tibeto-Burman family. |
Kuki-Chin languages; various dialects with distinct variations. |
Mizo-Kuki-Chin languages; different dialects within Tibeto-Burman family. |
| Culture and Traditions |
Vibrant music, dance, festivals; celebrates Chin National Day. |
Rich oral traditions, folk music; celebrates festivals like Chavang Kut. |
Rich oral literature, vibrant festivals; celebrates Chapchar Kut and Mim Kut. |
| Livelihood |
Historically practiced subsistence agriculture; now diversified livelihoods. |
Historically practiced shifting (Jhum) cultivation; now engaged in various occupations. |
Historically practiced shifting (Jhum) cultivation; now diverse livelihood patterns. |
| Religion |
Predominantly Christianity with some traditional animistic beliefs. |
Predominantly Christianity with traditional animistic practices. |
Predominantly Christianity with remnants of traditional beliefs. |
| Socio-Political Organization |
Advocates for cultural identity and rights; e.g., Chin National Front. |
Promotes Kuki identity; active organizations like Kuki National Organization. |
Promotes Zo identity; e.g., Zomi Council and Mizo Zirlai Pawl. |
Issues with their migration
The Chin-Kuki-Zo tribes in Manipur are contributing to the conflict in the state due to various factors.
- There have been longstanding demands from various tribal groups for greater recognition of their ethnic identity and autonomy within Manipur.
- Land ownership and control are significant issues among the Chin-Kuki-Zo tribes in Manipur.
[2016] Consider the following pairs: (2016)
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Community sometimes mentioned in the news |
In the affairs of |
| 1. |
Kurd |
Bangladesh |
| 2. |
Madhesi |
Nepal |
| 3. |
Rohingya |
Myanmar |
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Asset Reconstruction Companies, SARFAESI Act, 2002;
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The RBI has introduced updated guidelines for Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) through a master direction, effective from April 24, 2024.
What is an Asset Reconstruction Company (ARC)?
|
Description |
| About |
ARC is a special financial institution that acquires debtors from banks at a mutually agreed value and attempts to recover the debts or associated securities. |
| Regulation |
- ARCs are registered under the RBI.
- Regulated under the SARFAESI Act, 2002 (Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Securities Interest Act).
|
| Objective |
ARCs take over a portion of the bank’s non-performing assets (NPAs) and engage in asset reconstruction or securitization, aiming to recover the debts. |
| Functions |
- Asset Reconstruction: Acquisition of bank loans or other credit facilities for realization.
- Securitization: Acquisition of financial assets by issuing security receipts.
|
| Foreign Investment |
100% FDI allowed in ARCs under the automatic route. |
| Limitiations |
- ARCs are prohibited from undertaking lending activities.
- They can only engage in securitization and reconstruction activities.
|
| Working |
- Bank with NPA agrees to sell it to ARC at a mutually agreed value.
- ARC transfers assets to trusts under SARFAESI Act.
- Upfront payment made to bank, rest through Security Receipts.
- Recovery proceeds shared between ARC and bank.
|
| Security Receipts |
Issued to Qualified Institutional Buyers (QIBs) for raising funds to acquire financial assets. |
| Significance |
- Banks can clean up their balance sheets and focus on core banking activities.
- Provides a mechanism for resolution of NPAs and debt recovery.
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What are the new guidelines laid out by the RBI?
- Enhanced Capital Requirements:
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- Minimum Capital Requirement Increase: ARCs are now mandated to maintain a minimum capital requirement of Rs 300 crore, a significant increase from the previous Rs 100 crore stipulation established on October 11, 2022.
- Transition Period for Compliance: Existing ARCs are granted a transition period to reach the revised Net Owned Fund (NOF) threshold of Rs 300 crore by March 31, 2026.
- Interim Requirement: However, by March 31, 2024, ARCs must possess a minimum capital of Rs 200 crore to comply with the new directives.
- Supervisory Actions for Non-Compliance:
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-
- ARCs failing to meet the prescribed capital thresholds will face supervisory action, potentially including restrictions on undertaking additional business until compliance is achieved.
- Expanded Role for Well-Capitalized ARCs:
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- Empowerment of Well-Capitalized ARCs: ARCs with a minimum NOF of Rs 1000 crore are empowered to act as resolution applicants in distressed asset scenarios.
- Investment Opportunities: These ARCs are permitted to deploy funds in government securities, scheduled commercial bank deposits, and institutions like SIDBI and NABARD, subject to RBI specifications. Additionally, they can invest in short-term instruments such as money market mutual funds, certificates of deposit, and corporate bonds commercial papers.
- Investment Cap: Investments in short-term instruments are capped at 10% of the NOF to mitigate risk exposure.
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to the governance of public sector banking in India, consider the following statements:
- Capital infusion into public sector banks by the Government of India has steadily increased in the last decade.
- To put the public sector banks in order, the merger of associate banks with the parent State Bank of India has been affected.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Critical Minerals, Mineral Security Partnership (MSP)
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Ministry of Mines has organized a pivotal summit in New Delhi aimed at fostering collaboration, sharing knowledge, and driving innovation in Critical Mineral beneficiation and processing.
What are Critical Minerals?
- Critical Minerals are indispensable for economic development and national security, with their scarcity or concentration in specific regions posing potential supply chain vulnerabilities.
- The declaration and identification of Critical Minerals is an ongoing process, influenced by technological advancements, market dynamics, and geopolitical factors.
Critical Minerals in India:
- India has identified 30 Critical Minerals (July 2023) based on factors like disruption potential, import reliance, and cross-sectoral usage.
- Antimony, Beryllium, Bismuth, Cobalt, Copper, Gallium, Germanium, Graphite, Hafnium, Indium, Lithium, Molybdenum, Niobium, Nickel, PGE, Phosphorous, Potash, Rare Earth Elements, Rhenium, Silicon, Strontium, Tantalum, Tellurium, Tin, Titanium, Tungsten, Vanadium, Zirconium, Selenium and Cadmium.
Global Perspective:
Various nations have outlined their lists of Critical Minerals based on unique circumstances:
- The US recognizes 50 minerals critical for national security and economic development.
- Japan has identified 31 minerals crucial for its economy.
- The UK, EU, and Canada have their respective lists, reflecting their strategic priorities.
India became the 14th member of the Mineral Security Partnership (MSP) in June 2023.
- MSP seeks to bolster critical minerals supply chains to support economic prosperity and climate objectives.
- It seeks to ensure that critical minerals are produced, processed and recycled by catalyzing investments from governments and private sector across the full value chain.
- Members: The other member countries are United States, Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Norway, the Republic of Korea, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the European Commission.
Note: Copper, gold and silver are not on the list of minerals under MSP (Wiki). |
Various Government Initiatives:
- MMDR Act Amendment (2023): 24 minerals were designated as critical and strategic under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act.
- National Mineral Policy (2019): The updated policy emphasizes the exploration and exploitation of Critical Minerals to harness India’s mineral potential effectively.
- Khanij Bidesh India Ltd (KABIL): A joint venture comprising National Aluminium Company Ltd (NALCO), Hindustan Copper Ltd (HCL), and Mineral Exploration Corporation Ltd (MECL), KABIL aims to secure a consistent supply of Critical Minerals by acquiring and developing assets overseas.
- Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL): It is a PSU that plays a significant role in the research and production of rare earth minerals.
India’s Critical Mineral Imports:
- Lithium Imports: In FY23, India imported 2,145 tonnes of lithium carbonate and lithium oxide, costing Rs 732 crore.
- Nickel and Copper Imports: The country imported 32,000 tonnes of unwrought nickel and 1.2 million tonnes of copper ore, costing Rs 6,549 crore and Rs 27,374 crore, respectively.
- Import Dependence: India relies entirely on imports for lithium and nickel, and 93% for copper.
Country-wise dependence:
- China: India heavily relies on China for the import of critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, nickel, and graphite.
- Australia: India is actively engaged with Australia for acquiring mineral assets, particularly lithium and cobalt, to secure its supply chain for critical minerals.
- Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile: India is engaging with these countries, known for their reserves of battery metals like lithium and cobalt, to diversify its sources for critical minerals.
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PYQ:
[2019] With reference to the management of minor minerals in India, consider the following statements:
- Sand is a ‘minor mineral’ according to the prevailing law in the country.
- State governments have the power to grant mining leases of minor minerals, but the powers regarding the formation of rules related to the grant of minor minerals lie with the Central Government.
- State Governments have the power to frame rules to prevent illegal mining of minor minerals.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Thar Desert, Desert National Park;
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
Rajasthan’s barren Thar Desert may turn green, says a recent study in the journal Earth’s Future.
Thar Desert
- The Thar Desert is the 18th largest subtropical desert globally and is one of the most densely populated deserts.
- Approximately 40% of the human population in Rajasthan resides in the Thar Desert.
- It extends from the Sutlej River and is bounded by the Rann of Kutch, the Aravalli Mountains, and the Indus River.
- About 85% of the Thar Desert is located in India, with the remainder in Pakistan.
- In India, it spans across Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab as well.
- Civilizations are believed to have thrived in the Thar region around 50,000 years ago across the extinct Saraswati River.
- The Desert National Park (home to the endangered Great Indian Bustard, desert fox, desert cat, blackbuck, and Indian gazelle) is situated in the Thar Desert in the northwest Indian state of Rajasthan.
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Why is the Thar desert getting greener?
-
-
- Alteration of Weather Patterns: Climate change is causing shifts in rainfall distribution in the thar desert area.
- Potential for Vegetation Growth: The increased precipitation could provide favorable conditions for vegetation growth, contributing to the greening of the desert.
-
-
- Westward Extension of Indian Monsoon: The Indian monsoon, known for bringing heavy rainfall to eastern India, is now extending further westward into regions like the Thar Desert.
- Impact on Moisture and Rainfall: This change in monsoon dynamics could lead to increased moisture and rainfall in the desert region, facilitating the growth of vegetation.
- Expansion of Indian Ocean Warm Pool (IOWP):
-
-
- Influence on Monsoon Patterns: The Indian Ocean Warm Pool (IOWP) influences monsoon patterns and rainfall distribution over the Indian subcontinent.
- Westward Expansion due to Climate Change: Climate change is causing the IOWP to expand westward, potentially resulting in increased rainfall over semi-arid regions like the Thar Desert and promoting greening.
- Water Management Practices:
-
-
- Contribution to Greening: Effective water management practices, such as rainwater harvesting and irrigation techniques like johad, kuis, and kunds, may be playing a role in the greening of the Thar Desert.
- Utilization of Water Resources: By harnessing and efficiently utilizing available water resources, local communities and authorities can support vegetation growth and ecosystem restoration efforts in the desert.
- Introduction of Irrigation
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- Commercial Cropping: Irrigation was introduced during British colonial rule in the 19th and 20th centuries to convert arid and semi-arid ecosystems into cropland.
- Restrictions on Grazing: The right to graze animals was restricted to landowners who cultivated crops, leading to the transformation of nomadic pastoralists into sedentary agro-pastoralists.
PYQ:
[2018] Which of the following leaf modifications occur(s) in the desert areas to inhibit water loss?
- Hard and waxy leaves
- Tiny leaves
- Thorns instead of leaves
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
[2020] The process of desertification does not have climate boundaries. Justify with examples.
[2013] Major hot deserts in northern hemisphere are located between 20-30 degree north and on the western side of the continents. Why? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: LSAM 20;
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
The Indian Navy has inducted the ‘Ammunition Cum Torpedo Cum Missile Barge, LSAM 20 (Yard 130) into its fleet.
What is LSAM 20?
- LSAM 20 (Yard 130) is the Ammunition Cum Torpedo Cum Missile Barge (Storage) inducted by the Indian Navy. (built by MSME Shipyard, M/s Suryadipta Projects Pvt Ltd, Thane).
- LSAM 20 facilitates transportation, embarkation, and disembarkation of articles/ammunition to IN Ships.
- These Barges are indigenously designed and built under relevant Naval Rules and Regulations of the Indian Register of Shipping.
Objective
- A Torpedo Cum Missile Barge is a specialized vessel used by the Indian Navy to transport various types of ammunition, torpedoes, and missiles to operational areas.
- These barges play a crucial role in providing logistical support to naval vessels by ensuring the uninterrupted transportation of essential military supplies.
PYQ:
[2016] Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently?
(a) Amphibious warfare ship
(b) Nuclear-powered submarine
(c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel
(d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Monetary Policy
Mains level: The impact of climate shock and extreme weather events
Why in the news?
Extreme weather conditions may pose a risk to inflation, along with prolonged geopolitical tensions that could keep crude oil prices volatile, the Reserve Bank’s April Bulletin said on April 23.
RBI’s Monetary Policy Report on the impact of climate shock and extreme weather events on food inflation:
- Effects of Food Inflation: The report highlights the significance of extreme weather events and climate shocks in affecting not only food inflation but also the broader impact on the natural Rate of Interest and Financial Stability.
- Broader Economic Impact: Climate shocks and extreme weather events are mentioned to have a broader impact on the economy’s financial stability, indicating that disruptions in food production and supply chains due to these events can lead to inflationary pressures beyond just the food sector.
- Use of Economic Modeling: The report mentions the utilization of a New-Keynesian model incorporating a physical climate risk damage function to estimate the macroeconomic impact of climate change. This likely includes projections on how climate shocks affect food production and subsequently food inflation.
- Warning on Long-Term Output Reduction: The report warns that without climate mitigation policies, the long-term economic output could be lower by around 9% by 2050. This suggests that climate shocks and extreme weather events could have lasting effects on food production and inflation.
- Potential for Inflation Hysteresis: There’s a warning about the potential for inflation hysteresis to become entrenched, which could lead to a de-anchoring of inflation expectations. This implies that persistent disruptions caused by climate shocks could lead to sustained increases in food inflation.
Way Forward:
- Need Investment in Climate Resilience: Governments and businesses can invest in climate-resilient agriculture practices and infrastructure to mitigate the adverse effects of extreme weather events on food production.
- Need Diversification of Food Sources: Diversifying food sources can help reduce reliance on regions prone to climate-related disruptions. This could involve promoting local food production, supporting small-scale farmers, and investing in alternative food production methods such as vertical farming or hydroponics.
Mains PYQ
Q What policy instruments were deployed to contain the great economic depression?
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Anticyclone and El Nina
Mains level: Link between anticyclone and heat
Why in the news?
The record warming of 2023 has so far not been fully explained since it was much warmer than expected just from the superposition of El Nino on global warming.
About Anticyclone:
- An anticyclone is a weather phenomenon defined as a large-scale circulation of winds around a central region of high atmospheric pressure, clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
The link between ElNino and Anticyclone:
- El Nino events can lead to the formation of anticyclone events. During El Niño, the weakening or reversal of the Walker circulation and strengthening of the Hadley circulation caused warm ocean water to develop in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific.
The link between anticyclone and heat
- Stability and Weather Patterns: Anticyclones are areas of high pressure in the atmosphere characterized by descending air, which stop the cloud formation and precipitation. This stable air mass tends to promote clear skies and can lead to prolonged periods of hot and dry weather.
- Amplification by Global Warming: Studies suggest that global warming can intensify anticyclones, making them stronger and more persistent. Warmer temperatures due to climate change can enhance the evaporation of moisture from land and water surfaces, further reinforcing the stability of anticyclonic conditions.
- Feedback Loop: Anticyclones can create a feedback loop with global warming. As anticyclones persist, they can exacerbate heatwaves by trapping heat near the surface, preventing it from escaping into the upper atmosphere. This trapped heat can then further strengthen the anticyclone, leading to a self-reinforcing cycle of heat and stability.
What are the stages of early warnings?
The stages of early warnings on the ‘ready-set-go’ system for disaster management
- Ready: This stage involves providing a seasonal outlook based on background states and external factors like global warming and El Niño. The aim is to maximize the accuracy of longer-lead forecasts, enabling organizations like the National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA) and local governments to prepare their disaster response systems accordingly.
- Set: In this stage, subseasonal predictions for weeks two to four are utilized. Resource allocations are made, and potential hotspots are identified to ensure that disaster preparedness is in place. This step involves moving resources, including personnel, to areas that are identified as at risk based on the extended range forecasts.
- Go: The final stage, based on short- and medium-range forecasts (days 1-10), involves the activation of disaster response efforts. This includes implementing rescue operations, setting up hydration centers, heat shelters, and other necessary measures to manage the disaster effectively.
Conclusion: All evidence suggests India’s prediction system and early warning systems continue to improve and the NDMA has worked these details well into its ‘ready-set-go’ system.The remaining challenges are to build resilience for the future by better predicting the trajectory of the weather at every location over India.
Mains PYQ
Q Drought has been recognized as a disaster in view of its spatial expanse, temporal duration, slow onset and lasting effects on vulnerable sections. With a focus on the September 2010 guidelines from the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), discuss the mechanisms for preparedness to deal with likely El Nino and La Nina fallouts in India.
https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/anticyclones-hanging-even-now-over-india-link-warming-to-heat/article68117359.ece
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Trends related to tax to GDP ratio;
Mains level: Growth and issues with inequality in India
Why in the news?
The Congress’s party’s election manifesto, the Nyay Patra, has triggered a debate on inequality, concentration of wealth and the measures to address these.
The reason behind the inequality in India:
-
- Taxation Disparities: India’s tax-GDP ratio is comparatively low, standing at 17% as opposed to 25% in Brazil, indicating room for improvement in revenue generation. The taxation structure in India leans towards indirect taxes, which contribute significantly (about two-thirds) to overall tax revenue collection.
- Regressive Taxation Structure: India’s tax system is described as regressive, indicating that it disproportionately impacts low-income individuals compared to high-income individuals. Indirect taxes, which are a significant component of overall tax revenue, tend to burden lower-income groups more than higher-income groups.
- Lack in Tax Progressivity: There are concerns about the lack of progressivity in India’s direct tax regime, where higher-profit companies enjoy relatively lower effective tax rates compared to lower-profit companies.
Welfare spending is low
-
- Low Spending on Welfare and Social Sector: India’s expenditure on welfare and the social sector is significantly lower compared to other countries. Public spending on health remains low, approximately 1.3% of GDP, falling short of the National Health Policy (NHP) target of 2.5% of GDP by 2025.
- Eventual decline Budget Allocations: Major budgetary allocations for programs like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), education, and budgets for children have either declined as a proportion of total expenditure or GDP.
Way forward
- Revenue Mobilization and Spending Priorities: There’s a pressing need to improve revenue mobilization progressively, ensuring that the burden of taxation is distributed fairly and equitably.
- Simultaneously, increasing spending on areas that directly affect the lives of the poor is crucial. This includes healthcare, education, social protection programs, and employment generation schemes like MGNREGA.
- Achieving Policy Targets: Meeting targets set by policies like the NHP requires a concerted effort to ramp up healthcare spending in line with national goals.
Mains PYQ
Q) Despite the consistent experience of high growth, India still goes with the lowest indicators of human development. Examine the issues that make balanced and inclusive development elusive. (UPSC IAS/2019)
Q) Critically discuss the objectives of Bhoodan and Gramdan movements initiated by Acharya Vinoba Bhave and their success. (UPSC IAS/2013)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Schemes related to digitisation in India
Mains level: Status of Digitalization in the Indian Economy
Why in the news?
As per RBI findings, India’s core digital economy saw a rise from constituting 8.5% of GVA in 2019 to 12.5% in 2023, marking a growth rate of 15.6% over the span of 2019-2023.
What is digitisation?
- Digitization refers to the process of converting information, data, or physical objects into digital format. Digitization enables information to be stored, accessed, and manipulated electronically, often leading to increased efficiency, accessibility, and flexibility compared to traditional analog methods.
Origin in World
- The origin of digitalization can be traced back to the late 19th century when Herman Hollerith developed a punch card system for tabulating data.
- Alan Turing’s theoretical work on computation in the early 20th century laid the foundation for the development of the first electronic computers in the 1940s, which were pivotal in digitizing various forms of information.
Origin in India
- Late 20th century: The origins of digitalization in India can be traced back to the late 20th century, with the advent of personal computers and the internet.
- Early 2000s:The government’s concerted efforts to drive digital transformation in the country began in the early 2000s with the launch of the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) in 2006
- 2015: The NeGP aimed to make government services available to citizens electronically by improving online infrastructure and connectivity. This laid the foundation for the more comprehensive “Digital India” initiative, which was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2015
Status of Digitalization in the Indian Economy
- Enhancement of E-Governance: The Digital India initiative has brought about substantial enhancements in e-governance services. Programs such as e-visas and the Digital Locker system have effectively modernized government services, leading to a reduction in paperwork and greater accessibility for citizens.
- E-Commerce market: India’s e-commerce market is expected to reach $200 billion by 2026. Major players like Flipkart and Amazon have expanded their reach, with the COVID-19 pandemic accelerating online shopping adoption.
- Digital transaction: The BHIM (Bharat Interface for Money) app, utilizing the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), has garnered immense popularity, enabling secure peer-to-peer transactions. By August 2023, UPI had processed more than 10 billion monthly transactions, amounting to INR 18 trillion ($204.77 billion).
- Startup Ecosystem in India: India’s rapidly growing startup ecosystem currently encompasses 110 unicorns valued at $347 billion, featuring prominent companies such as Paytm, Ola, and Zomato. These unicorns exemplify India’s prowess as a technology-driven entrepreneurial center.
- Digital Financial Inclusion: Digital financial services, propelled by programs such as Jan Dhan Yojana, have advanced financial inclusion by facilitating the opening of millions of bank accounts for those previously excluded from or underrepresented in the banking system.
- Surge in Broadband and Internet Usage: India has experienced a notable surge in broadband adoption, boasting 825 million mobile broadband subscribers as of July 2023. This uptick has resulted in heightened data consumption and escalated online engagement, especially among Generation Z.
Key challenges related to digitalisation in India:
- Lack of skills: Rapid technological change increase the demand of skilled workforce. Only 42% of India’s workforce possesses digital skills, highlighting the need for digital literacy and upskilling.
- Regulatory challenges: For businesses, especially startups, grappling with intricate digital regulations, e-commerce taxation, and intellectual property matters continues to present significant challenges.
- Privacy issues:The surge in digital transactions and data exchange has sparked notable concerns regarding privacy and data security. These concerns are being tackled by the Personal Data Protection Bill, which introduces regulatory intricacies.
- Cybersecurity: As digitization increases, the risk of cyber threats and attacks grows. India faced 91 lakh cybersecurity incidents in 2022, ranking third globally in the average cost of data breaches.
- Digital Divide: Despite advancements, there remains a digital gap, with rural areas experiencing restricted internet and technology accessibility, resulting in approximately 50% of the population being offline.
Measures to address these challenges:
- Digital Skills Development: Implement comprehensive digital literacy programs to enhance the skills of the workforce.
- Regulatory Simplification:Streamline digital regulations, especially for startups, to reduce complexities and facilitate smoother operations.Provide guidance and support to businesses on e-commerce taxation and intellectual property matters.
- Privacy and Data Security: Enforce the Personal Data Protection Bill to address privacy concerns and ensure data security.Enhance awareness campaigns to educate the public about data privacy and protection measures.
- Cybersecurity Measures: Strengthen cybersecurity infrastructure to combat the increasing cyber threats and attacks.Invest in advanced cybersecurity technologies and training programs to build a resilient defense system.
- Closing the Digital Divide:Expand digital infrastructure in rural areas to improve internet and technology accessibility.
Steps taken by government:
- Cybersecurity Framework: Enhance cybersecurity infrastructure and awareness, emphasizing collaboration between government agencies and the private sector under National Cyber Security Policy of 2021.
- Data Protection Laws: Enacted data protection laws and regulations, like the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, of 2023, to ensure privacy and responsible data handling.
- Expansion of Broadband : Accelerate efforts to expand broadband connectivity in rural and remote areas, leveraging public-private partnerships like the BharatNet project.
- Digital initiative: Comprehensive digital literacy initiatives targeting both urban and rural communities, exemplified by programs like the Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan (PMGDISHA).
Conclusion:
Need to Implement widespread digital literacy programs to equip individuals with the necessary skills to navigate the digital landscape and emphasize upskilling and reskilling initiatives to meet the demands of rapid technological advancements.Encourage collaboration between the government and the private sector to drive digitization initiatives.
Mains PYQ
Q Implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) based projects/programmes usually suffers in terms of certain vital factors. Identify these factors and suggest measures for their effective implementation. (UPSC IAS/2019)
Q Has digital illiteracy, particularly in rural areas, coupled with lack of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) accessibility hindered socio-economic development? Examine with justification.(UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NHRC, GANHRI
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is gearing up to defend India’s human rights processes at a critical meeting of Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI) in Geneva.
- A decision on retaining India’s NHRC’s “A status” accreditation is imminent at this summit.
About National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)
|
Details |
| Establishment |
- A Statutory Body;
- Established under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
|
| Functions |
- Inquire into any violation of human rights
- Recommend immediate interim relief to victims or their families
- Intervene in court proceedings involving human rights violations
- Review constitutional and legal safeguards for human rights
- Study international instruments on human rights
- Promote human rights literacy
- Support the efforts of NGOs working in the field of human rights
|
| Powers |
- Regulate its own procedure
- Possess all the powers of a civil court
- Proceedings have a judicial character
|
| Chairperson |
- Must be a former Justice of the Supreme Court or Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
- Appointed by the President of India
|
| Members |
- Four full-time members;
- Chairperson: former Supreme Court Justice or Chief Justice;
- Other Member: former Judge of the Supreme Court;
- Other Member: former Chief Justice of a High Court;
- Three Members: with knowledge or experience in human rights, including at least one woman –
- Seven ex-officio members: Chairpersons of National Commissions viz., National Commission for Scheduled Castes, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, National Commission for Women , National Commission for Minorities, National Commission for Backward Classes, National Commission for Protection of Child Rights; and the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities.
|
| Appointment |
- Appointed by the President, based on a committee recommendation including the Prime Minister, Speaker of Lok Sabha, Home Minister, Leaders of the Opposition in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, and others
- Consultation with the Chief Justice of India for judicial appointments
|
| Removal |
- Removal by order of the President of India
- Consultation with the Supreme Court before removal
|
| Terms of Office |
- Hold office for a term of three years or until the age of 70
- Ineligibility for further government employment after office
- Eligible for reappointment
|
| Salaries |
Determined by the Central government |
| Reporting |
- Submits annual or special reports to the Central government and the concerned State government
- Reports laid before the respective legislatures, along with a memorandum of action taken on the recommendations and reasons for non-acceptance of any recommendations
|
| Limitations |
- The commission is not empowered to inquire into any matter after the expiry of one year from the date on which the act constituting the violation of human rights is alleged to have been committed
- Functions are recommendatory in nature, with no power to punish or award relief to violators
- Limited role concerning armed forces violations
|
GANHRI Concerns about India’s NHRC
India’s NHRC faced a potential downgrade in its accreditation status in 2023 due to concerns raised by the SCA regarding its operational independence and composition.
- Political Interference: The NHRC-India faced objections related to political interference in appointments, compromising its independence.
- Police Involvement: Involving the police in probes into human rights violations raised concerns about impartiality and fair investigations.
- Lack of Cooperation: The NHRC’s poor cooperation with civil society was criticized, hindering its effectiveness in protecting human rights.
- Lack of Diversity: The GANHRI highlighted the lack of diversity in staff and leadership positions within the NHRC. There is also lack of gender and minority representation.
- Insufficient Protection of Marginalized Groups: The NHRC was found to have taken insufficient action to protect marginalized groups, contrary to the U.N.’s principles on national institutions (the ‘Paris Principles).
Back2Basics: GANHRI (Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions)
|
| Purpose |
Promote and protect human rights globally |
| Year Established |
1993 |
| Headquarters |
Geneva, Switzerland |
| Members |
National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) from 114 member institutions |
| Key Functions |
- Promoting and strengthening NHRIs worldwide
- Advocating for human rights at national, regional, and global levels
- Facilitating cooperation and sharing of best practices among NHRIs
- Providing capacity-building support to NHRIs etc.
|
| Organizational Structure |
- President: Elected from GANHRI members for a specified term
- Bureau: Assists the President in overseeing GANHRI’s work
- Sub-Committees: Focused on specific thematic or regional issues
|
| Key Documents |
- Paris Principles: Provide guidance for the establishment and operation of NHRIs
- GANHRI Strategy: Outlines the organization’s strategic objectives and actions
|
| Sub-Committee on Accreditation (SCA) |
- Part of a five-year peer evaluation cycle for all 114 member institutions of GANHRI.
- Accreditation status holds significance as it determines its voting rights at international human rights forums.
|
PYQ:
[2011] Consider the following:
- Right to education.
- Right to equal access to public service.
- Right to food.
Which of the above is/are Human Right/Rights under “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ACS3 Project, Solar Sailing
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
NASA has launched its Advanced Composite Solar Sail System (ACS3) spacecraft that uses sunlight for propulsion from New Zealand into space.
About Advanced Composite Solar Sail System (ACS3) Project
- The spacecraft is slated to orbit 1,000 kilometers above Earth, deploying an 80-square-meter solar sail approximately 25 minutes after liftoff.
- It harnesses sunlight as a renewable propulsion source, marking a novel advancement in space exploration.
- It uses a compact CubeSat, similar in size to an oven, which facilitates propulsion by capturing solar particle energy.
- Operational Phases:
- The initial flight phase spans two months and involves subsystems checkout and solar sail deployment.
- A series of pointing maneuvers will showcase orbit raising and lowering, validating the effectiveness of sunlight pressure on the sail.
The Technology Behind: Solar Sailing
- Solar sails typically consist of lightweight, reflective materials such as Mylar or aluminized Kapton, which are deployed in space to capture sunlight.
- The sail is often configured as a large, thin membrane with a large surface area to maximize the amount of sunlight it can intercept.
- When sunlight reflects off a shiny solar sail, some of its momentum is transferred, giving the sail a small push.
Solar sailing offers several advantages over traditional propulsion methods, including:
- Efficiency: Solar sailing does not require onboard fuel, making it a highly efficient and sustainable propulsion method for long-duration missions.
- Continuous thrust: Unlike chemical rockets, which provide brief bursts of acceleration, solar sails can provide continuous thrust as long as they are exposed to sunlight.
- Maneuverability: Solar sails can change their trajectory by adjusting the orientation of the sail relative to the direction of incoming sunlight. This allows for precise navigation and maneuvering in space.
- Interstellar travel: Solar sailing has the potential to enable interstellar missions by gradually accelerating spacecraft to very high velocities over time, allowing them to explore distant star systems.
PYQ:
[2016] What is ‘Greased Lightning-10 (GL-10)’, recently in the news?
(a) Electric plane tested by NASA
(b) Solar-powered two-seater aircraft designed by Japan
(c) Space observatory launched by China
(d) Reusable rocket designed by ISRO |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India’s Imports from China and Other Countries
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- India’s imports from China surged to over $101 billion in the fiscal year 2023-24, marking a significant increase from approximately $70 billion recorded in 2018-19.
- The proportion of China’s industrial goods imports to India has risen from 21% to 30% over a span of 15 years, as highlighted in a report by the Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI).
India’s Import: GTRI study
- The GTRI study revealed that imports from China have grown at a pace 2.3 times faster than India’s overall imports during the 15-year period.
- Contrary to common belief, China has emerged as the top supplier in eight core industrial sectors, encompassing machinery, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and textiles, among others.
- India is experiencing stagnant exports valued at around $16 billion annually.
- Over a six-year period spanning from 2018-2019 to 2023-24, India’s cumulative trade deficit with China surpassed $387 billion, prompting apprehension among policymakers.
China’s Share of India’s Imports:
- China accounted for 15% of India’s overall imports in 2023-24, with $101.8 billion out of a total of $677.2 billion.
- Sector-wise Contributions:
- Electronics, Telecom, and Electrical Products: China’s contribution was 38.4% in April-January 2023-24.
- Clothing: Nearly 42% of India’s textile and clothing imports accounted from China.
- Machinery Sector: China accounted for 39.6% of India’s overall imports.
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sector: China’s share was 29.2%.
- Plastics and Related Articles: China provided articles worth $4.8 billion, accounting for 25.8% of total imports in this sector.
Back2Basics: Top Importers of India
| S. No |
Importer |
Share of India’s Imports |
| 1. |
China (Biggest Importer in India) |
15.43% |
| 2. |
United Arab Emirates |
7.31% |
| 3. |
United States |
7.07% |
| 4. |
Switzerland |
3.82% |
| 5. |
Hong Kong |
3.12% |
| 6. |
Singapore |
3.09% |
| 7. |
Indonesia |
2.89% |
| 8. |
South Korea |
2.85% |
|
PYQ:
[2017] ‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pripyat River, Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The WWF has issued a stark warning regarding the dredging of the Pripyat River, adjacent to the Chernobyl nuclear disaster site.
- Concerns mount as the Pripyat River could transform into a permanent repository of radioactive substances, contaminating the water and food sources.
About Pripyat River
- Pripyat River is a significant waterway in Eastern Europe. It flows through Ukraine, Belarus, and a small portion of Russia.
- It is primarily situated within the Polesian Lowland, a region characterized by marshes, wetlands, and forests.
- The Pripyat River is approximately 761 km (473 miles) long.
- Physical Features:
- Tributaries: It has numerous tributaries, including the Stokhid River, Styr River, and Horyn River. The largest tributary of the Pripyat is the Teterev River, which joins it from the right bank.
- Drainage Basin: Its basin covers an area of around 121,000 square kilometers (46,700 square miles). It is one of the major tributaries of the Dnieper River, which eventually flows into the Black Sea.
Notable event: The Pripyat River gained international attention due to its proximity to the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, where the catastrophic nuclear accident occurred in 1986.
About Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster
- The Chernobyl Disaster occurred on April 26, 1986.
- It took place at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, near the town of Pripyat in northern Ukraine, then part of the Soviet Union.
- The explosion and subsequent fire released a large amount of radioactive material such as cesium-137 and strontium-90 into the atmosphere, resulting in widespread contamination.
|
PYQ:
[2020] Consider the following pairs?
River — Flows into
- Mekong — Andaman sea
- Thames — Irish Sea
- Volga — Caspian Sea
- Zambezi — Indian Ocean
Which of the pairs above is/are correctly matched?
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Only 3
(d) None of the above/More than one of the above |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Key locations mentioned in the news card
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Central Asia region is in the spotlight since it is facing challenges with political instability, ethnic tensions, and the threat of extremism, especially after the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan.
About Central Asia
- Central Asia, often referred to as the heart of Asia, is a vast and diverse region located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia.
- It encompasses the area between the Caspian Sea in the west and China in the east, and from Russia in the north to Afghanistan and Iran in the south.
- Central Asia is comprised of five main countries: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
- This region has a rich history, serving as the historical crossroads of the Silk Road, which facilitated trade and cultural exchange between Europe and Asia for centuries.
Geographical Details:
- Tian Shan: This mountain range stretches across Central Asia, forming a natural border between Kyrgyzstan and China. It is renowned for its majestic peaks, including Pobeda Peak, the highest point in Kyrgyzstan.
- Pamir Mountains: Known as the “Roof of the World,” the Pamir Mountains are located in Tajikistan and extend into neighboring countries. They contain some of the world’s highest peaks, including Ismoil Somoni Peak (formerly known as Peak Communism) and Kongur Tagh.
- Alay Mountains: Situated in southern Kyrgyzstan, the Alay Mountains are a subrange of the Tian Shan. They are characterized by rugged terrain and deep valleys.
- Turkestan Range: This mountain range runs through southern Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, forming part of the border between the two countries.
- Amu Darya: Also known as the Oxus River, the Amu Darya is one of the major rivers in Central Asia. It originates in the Pamir Mountains and flows through Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan before emptying into the Aral Sea (though much of its water is diverted for irrigation).
- Syr Darya: Another important river in Central Asia, the Syr Darya, originates in the Tian Shan Mountains. It flows through Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan, eventually joining the Amu Darya in the Aral Sea basin.
- Aral Sea: Once the fourth-largest lake in the world, the Aral Sea has shrunk dramatically due to diversion of its tributary rivers for irrigation purposes. Its decline has had severe ecological and economic consequences for the region.
- Issyk-Kul: Located in eastern Kyrgyzstan, Issyk-Kul is one of the largest alpine lakes in the world. It is surrounded by snow-capped mountains and is a popular tourist destination.
- Karakum Desert: Covering much of Turkmenistan, the Karakum Desert is characterized by vast expanses of sand dunes and sparse vegetation. It is home to the Darvaza Gas Crater, also known as the “Door to Hell.”
- Kyzylkum Desert: Situated primarily in Uzbekistan, with parts extending into Kazakhstan, the Kyzylkum Desert is known for its red sands and arid climate. It is sparsely populated, with nomadic herders and wildlife such as gazelles and wild boars.
- Oil and Gas: The Caspian Sea region, in particular, is known for its oil and gas deposits, with countries like Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan actively involved in their exploration and extraction. The discovery of large oil fields, such as the Tengiz Field in Kazakhstan and the Galkynysh Field in Turkmenistan, has attracted international investment and contributed to economic growth in the region.
- Uranium: Kazakhstan is one of the world’s leading producers of uranium, with significant deposits located in the south of the country. Other Central Asian countries, such as Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, also have uranium reserves, although they are less developed than those in Kazakhstan.
- Precious Metals: Kyrgyzstan has a long history of gold mining, with several large-scale mines operating in the country. Uzbekistan is also a significant producer of gold, with the Muruntau Gold Mine being one of the largest in the world.
- Copper, Aluminum, and Iron: These resources are primarily found in mountainous regions, such as the Tian Shan and Pamir Mountains. Countries like Uzbekistan and Tajikistan have large deposits of copper ore, which are mined for domestic use and export. Additionally, Kazakhstan is a major producer of aluminum, with significant reserves of bauxite, the primary source of aluminum.
- Central Asia experiences a continental climate, with hot summers and cold winters.
- However, the climate varies significantly depending on altitude and proximity to mountain ranges.
- In general, the region is characterized by low precipitation and high evaporation rates, leading to arid and semi-arid conditions in many areas.
- The mountains influence local climates, with cooler temperatures and higher precipitation levels in upland areas.
Major Disputed Areas:
|
Countries Involved |
Description |
| Bagys and Turkestanetz |
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan |
- Disputed settlements involved in border negotiations between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
- Turkestanetz ultimately attributed to Uzbekistan, while Kazakhstan retained control over significant water reservoirs.
- Negotiations primarily occurred in the early 2000s.
- The area is characterized by flat plains and arid landscapes, typical of Central Asian geography.
|
| Arnasy Dam |
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan |
- Part of the land negotiations between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, particularly significant during the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s.
- The area surrounding the dam is marked by river valleys and semi-arid terrain, with the Arnasy River being a prominent feature.
|
| Sokh and Shakhi-Mardan Enclaves |
Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan |
- Uzbek enclaves located in Kyrgyzstan, particularly contentious and mined by Uzbekistan as part of their border security measures.
- Tensions in this area have been ongoing since the collapse of the Soviet Union, with occasional flare-ups in violence.
- The region is characterized by mountainous terrain, including the Pamir-Alay and Turkestan mountain ranges.
|
| Ferghana Valley |
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan |
- A fertile region shared by Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, known for its complex network of enclaves and high degree of inter-ethnic tensions.
- Disputes often arise over control of strategic points such as border crossings and access to water resources, leading to occasional clashes and violence.
- Tensions in the Ferghana Valley have persisted since the early 1990s.
- The valley is surrounded by the Tian Shan and Alay mountain ranges, with the Syr Darya river flowing through it.
|
| Vorukh Enclave |
Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan |
- A Tajik enclave within Kyrgyzstan, part of the complex border issues in the Ferghana Valley.
- Tensions in this enclave date back to the Soviet era but have intensified since the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
- The enclave is nestled in the mountainous terrain of the Ferghana Valley, near the Zeravshan Range.
|
| Chardara Reservoir and Lake Arnasai |
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan |
- Areas discussed in border negotiations between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
- The negotiations occurred primarily in the late 1990s, with Kazakhstan securing a neck of land that provided a direct transport connection to the rest of the country.
- The region is characterized by flat plains and agricultural land surrounding the reservoir and lake.
- The Chardara Reservoir is fed by the Syr Darya river.
|
| Osh City and Osh Volost |
Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan |
- Areas that were contentious during the national delimitation in the Soviet period, particularly in the 1920s.
- They were included in the Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast despite a high percentage of Uzbek residents who opposed this inclusion.
- The area is characterized by mountainous terrain, including the Fergana Range.
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| Isfara Valley |
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan |
- A narrow, densely populated valley straddling the border between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, disputes in this region often stem from territorial claims, resource allocation, and control of strategic points such as border crossings and water sources.
- Tensions have been ongoing since the early 1990s.
- The valley is surrounded by mountain ranges, including the Pamir-Alay and Turkestan ranges, and is known for its agricultural productivity.
|
| Batken Region |
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan |
- Located in southern Kyrgyzstan, bordered by Tajikistan to the south and Uzbekistan to the west, disputes in this region are primarily related to territorial claims, control of strategic areas, and occasional clashes between border communities.
- Tensions have been particularly notable since the mid-1990s.
- The region is characterized by rugged mountain terrain, including the Pamir-Alay and Turkestan ranges.
|
| Karakalpakstan |
Uzbekistan |
- An autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, disputes in this region are mainly related to water scarcity, ecological degradation, and the socio-economic impact of the shrinking Aral Sea.
- Tensions over these issues have escalated since the mid-20th century.
- Karakalpakstan is characterized by flat, arid plains and is situated adjacent to the shrinking Aral Sea.
|
| Caspian Sea |
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan |
- The world’s largest inland body of water bordered by Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, disputes often revolve around issues such as maritime boundaries, resource exploration rights, and environmental conservation.
- Negotiations over the status of the Caspian Sea and its resources have been ongoing since the early 1990s.
- The Caspian Sea is characterized by its vast expanse of water and surrounding coastal regions.
|
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Yangli Festival, Khelchawa Festival, Tiwa Tribe
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Tiwa tribals dance recently celebrated the Yangli festival at Bormarjong village, in Karbi Anglong district, Assam.
About Tiwa Tribals
- Tiwa tribes, also known as Lalungs, inhabit both the hills and plains of Assam and Meghalaya states.
- They hold the status of a Scheduled Tribe in Assam.
- The hill-dwelling Tiwa villagers engage in traditional practices such as Jhum cultivation, horticulture, and the cultivation of local crops and vegetables.
- Their language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman linguistic group.
|
About Yangli Festival
- The Yangli festival is celebrated before starting the paddy sowing
- It is also known as the Lakshmi Puja of the Tiwa people.
- It is celebrated with traditional rituals, emphasizing the community’s strong ties to agriculture, their primary livelihood.
- It serves as an occasion for prayers seeking a bountiful harvest and divine protection for crops against pests and natural calamities.
- It is held once in 5 years.
- In April, Khelchawa festival is celebrated by Tiwa tribes marking close of the harvest season.
Celebratory Activities:
- Festivities commenced with traditional rituals and vibrant dances.
- It continues with a joyous gathering along the riverbanks.
- It draws participation from over five hundred individuals representing various groups like Amchi, Rangkhai, and Magrat.
- Ceremonial animal sacrifices, including poultry and goats, are performed to honour the goddess and ensure her benevolence upon the Tiwa people’s granary, known as “NoBaro.”
PYQ:
[2014] Every year, a month long ecologically important campaign/festival is held during which certain communities/ tribes plant saplings of fruit-bearing trees. Which of the following are such communities/tribes?
(a) Bhutia and Lepcha
(b) Gond and Korku
(c) lrula and Toda
(d) Sahariya and Agariya |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), DPI Adoption Index Mains: NA
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The World Bank, in collaboration with the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MEITY), is spearheading the development of a state-level Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) adoption index.
About State-Level DPI Adoption Index
- World Bank confirmed that the project was in its preparatory stages.
- The envisioned state-level DPI index aims to identify gaps and opportunities for strengthening the DPI for the digital economy, promoting financial inclusion, and fostering public-private innovation.
- The index will assess different states based on their adoption levels of DPIs, intending to incentivize increased utilization of these digital systems.
What is Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)?
- DPI refers to the foundational digital infrastructure that enables the delivery of digital services and facilitates digital interactions between citizens, businesses, and governments.
- It encompasses various technological components, policies, and frameworks aimed at enhancing digital connectivity, accessibility, and efficiency in public service delivery.
| DPI, as defined by the G20 New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration (September 2023) “is a set of shared digital systems that are secure and interoperable, built on open technologies, to deliver equitable access to public and/or private services at a societal scale”. |
Three Pillars of DPI:
- DPI primarily focuses on three key pillars: identity, payments, and data management.
- India has pioneered the development of all three DPI pillars through its India Stack Platform, setting a global benchmark.
- Identity: Aadhar serves as India’s digital ID system.
- Payment: The Unified Payments Interface (UPI) facilitates real-time fast payments.
- Data Management: The Data Empowerment and Protection Architecture (DEPA) ensures consent-based data sharing.
India’s Initiatives Leveraging DPI
- Digital India: Initiatives like Digital Locker, e-sign framework, and the National Scholarship Portal are integral parts of the Digital India campaign.
- BharatNet: This project aims to provide affordable internet connectivity to rural India, leveraging high-speed broadband networks.
- National Health Stack: Designed to revolutionize healthcare, this infrastructure facilitates health data exchange and interoperability.
- National Knowledge Network (NKN): Facilitating collaborative research and innovation, NKN promotes knowledge sharing.
- UMANG: The Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance offers access to various government services and schemes.
- Government e-Marketplace (GeM): An online platform streamlining procurement processes for government agencies.
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