Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Direct Taxes and its types
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- India’s net direct tax collections witnessed a remarkable growth of 17.7% in the fiscal year 2023-24, reaching ₹19.58 lakh crore.
- This performance indicates a strong revenue stream for the government.
Direct Tax Collections Trends in this Fiscal
- Notably, Personal Income Taxes (PIT) played a pivotal role in driving the surge, accounting for 53.3% of the total tax kitty, up from 50.06% in the previous year.
- Conversely, the contribution of corporate taxes dipped to 46.5% from 49.6% in the preceding fiscal.
- While gross corporate tax collections increased, net tax receipts from Corporates, adjusted for refunds, experienced a slight decline.
What Is Net of Tax?
The term net of tax refers to the amount left after adjusting for the effects of taxes. Net of tax can be a consideration in any situation where taxation is involved. In the financial industry, ‘gross’ and ‘net’ are two key terms that refer to before and after paying certain expenses.
It’s Significance:
- Individuals and businesses often analyze before and after-tax values to make investment and purchasing decisions.
- Net tax is also an important part of expense analysis when reviewing annual tax filings and the net income of businesses.
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Types of Direct Taxes:
- Income Tax: Depending on an individual’s age and earnings, income tax must be paid. Various tax slabs are determined by the Government of India which determines the amount of Income Tax that must be paid.
- The taxpayer must file Income Tax Returns (ITR) on a yearly basis. Individuals may receive a refund or might have to pay a tax depending on their ITR. Huge penalties are levied in case individuals do not file ITR.
- Wealth Tax: The tax must be paid on a yearly basis and depends on the ownership of properties and the market value of the property. In case an individual owns a property, wealth tax must be paid and does not depend on whether the property generates an income or not.
- Corporate taxpayers, Hindu Undivided Families (HUFs), and individuals must pay wealth tax depending on their residential status.
- Payment of wealth tax is exempt for assets like gold deposit bonds, stock holdings, house property, commercial property that have been rented for more than 300 days, and if the house property is owned for business and professional use.
- Estate Tax: It is also called an Inheritance Tax and is paid based on the value of the estate or the money that an individual has left after his/her death.
- Corporate Tax: Domestic companies, apart from shareholders, will have to pay corporate tax. Foreign corporations who make an income in India will also have to pay corporate tax. Income earned via selling assets, technical service fees, dividends, royalties, or interest that is based in India are taxable. The below-mentioned taxes are also included under Corporate Tax:
- Securities Transaction Tax (STT): The tax must be paid for any income that is earned via taxable security transactions.
- Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT): In case any domestic companies declare, distribute, or are paid any amounts as dividends by shareholders, DDT is levied on them. However, DDT is not levied on foreign companies.
- Fringe Benefits Tax: Companies that provide fringe benefits for maids, drivers, etc., Fringe Benefits Tax is levied on them.
- Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT): For zero-tax companies that have accounts prepared according to the Companies Act, MAT is levied on them.
- Capital Gains Tax: It is a form of direct tax that is paid due to the income that is earned from the sale of assets or investments. Investments in farms, bonds, shares, businesses, art, and home come under capital assets.
- Based on its holding period, tax can be classified into long-term and short-term. Any assets, apart from securities, that are sold within 36 months from the time they were acquired come under short-term gains.
- Long-term assets are levied if any income is generated from the sale of properties that have been held for a duration of more than 36 months.
PYQ:
[2014] The sales tax you pay while purchasing a toothpaste is a
(a) Tax imposed by the Central Government
(b) Tax imposed by the Central Government but collected by the State Government
(c) Tax imposed by the State Government but collected by the Central Government
(d) Tax imposed and collected by the State Government |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Why Israel position is so strong in conflict?
Why in the news?
Writings and statements from Israel give us an understanding of what “a Jewish national home” means and the ongoing conflict it involves.
Historical origins and evolution of the concept of a Jewish national home
- Historical and Religious Context: The concept of a Promised Land for the Jewish people dates back to biblical times, with references in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) to the land of Canaan as a homeland promised to the descendants of Abraham. The idea of returning to this ancestral homeland remained significant in Jewish religious and cultural traditions throughout centuries of diaspora.
- Zionism: The modern movement for Jewish nationalism, known as Zionism, gained momentum in the late 19th century. Zionist thinkers and leaders, such as Theodor Herzl, envisioned the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
- Theodor Herzl and the First Zionist Congress: The publication of Herzl’s book “Der Judenstaat” (“The Jewish State”) in 1896 is often considered the starting point of modern political Zionism.
- British Mandate for Palestine: During World War I, the British government issued the Balfour Declaration in 1917, expressing support for the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine.
- Settlement and Immigration: Jewish immigration to Palestine increased significantly during the early 20th century, as Jewish communities sought to establish settlements and build infrastructure in the region.
- United Nations Partition Plan: In 1947, the United Nations proposed a partition plan for Palestine, which would have divided the territory into separate Jewish and Arab states, along with an internationalized Jerusalem. While Jewish leaders accepted the plan, Arab leaders rejected it, leading to the Arab-Israeli War of 1948 and the establishment of the State of Israel.
Continue Struggle after Arab-Israeli War 1948
- International Response and Recognition after 1967 war: UN Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) and 338 (1973) addressed the aftermath of the 1967 war. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was recognized by the Arab League and the UN General Assembly as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. The Arab League Declaration/Initiative of 2002 and the Palestinian Non-Paper outlined visions for a solution, including reference to the 1967 Armistice Line as a border.
- Annexation of West Bank Settlements: In 2018, Israel’s ruling Likud Party unanimously endorsed a resolution calling for the annexation of West Bank settlements, indicating a hardline stance on territorial claims.
Why Israel’s position is so strong in conflict?
- Military Might: The military success of Israel in the 1967 war shifted the dynamics of the Arab-Israeli conflict, convincing Arab states that they could not achieve victory through military means. However, it did not lead to a recommendation for a political settlement based on compromise.
- Madrid Conference of 1991: The Madrid Conference was a significant event in the peace process, though the phrase “territories for peace” was not explicitly mentioned in the invitation letters. It marked a diplomatic effort to address the conflict.
- American Support : The United States has provided unprecedented support to Israel, both diplomatically and militarily.And Israel’s conduct and efforts to shape the post-war situation have been growing.
Conclusion: The idea of a Jewish national home emerged from historical and religious roots, gained momentum through Zionism, and was furthered by international recognition. Resolution requires diplomacy, acknowledgment of historical grievances, and genuine efforts towards mutual understanding and compromise to stabalise the situation.
Mains PYQ
Q “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Objective of Aadharshila
Mains level: Significance Aadharshila's Curriculum
Why in the news?
For the first time ever, the Central government has released curriculum advisable to be taught to children aged three to six-years-old
Objective of Aadharshila
- The early childhood education curriculum is expected to bridge foundational literacy and numeracy gaps which may arise in later school years
Who Launched?
- The Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) has released the National Curriculum for Early Childhood Care and Education 2024 titled ‘Aadharshila,’ on the lines of the National Education Policy 2020 and the National Curriculum Framework.
Where?
- Aadharshila (translated as foundation stone) is a detailed 48-week curriculum meant for learning in the age-group of three to six-year-olds in anganwadis.
Significance Aadharshila’s Curriculum
- Structure of Curriculum: The curriculum is organized on a weekly basis, comprising 48 weeks of learning over a three-year duration. It is designed to cater to children aged three to six attending anganwadis.
- Initiation Phase: The curriculum begins with four weeks of initiation, focusing on academic activities to help children transition from home to the anganwadi center. These activities are engaging and involve fun and free play.
- Exploration Phase: The subsequent 36 weeks are dedicated to exploration, free play, conversation, creation, and appreciation. Activities during this phase include storytelling, singing rhymes, art and craft, and other engaging activities. Storytelling themes often revolve around conflict resolution, responsibility, and cooperation.
- Learning Objectives: Children learn various concepts such as colors, shapes, numbers, body parts, family and friends, listening and responding to instructions, basic counting, and themes like seasons, festivals, and food.
Anganwadi
- Anganwadi services in India are a part of the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme, which was launched on 2 October 1975.
- The main objective of the Anganwadi programme is to improve the nutritional and health status of children in the age group of 0-6 years, to lay the foundation for proper psychological, physical, and social development of the child, and to reduce the incidence of mortality, morbidity, malnutrition, and school dropout.
Conclusion: The release of ‘Aadharshila’ marks a significant step in early childhood education, aiming to bridge foundational gaps. To enhance its effectiveness, continuous monitoring, teacher training, and community involvement are essential.
Mains PYQ
Q National Education Policy 2020 isin conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ribal Leaders in the Freedom Struggle
Mains level: Contributions of Tribal Leaders in the Freedom Struggle
Why in the news?
President of India Droupadi Murmu was being presented a book, Contributions of Tribal Leaders in the Freedom Struggle, at a National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) event.
Contributions of Tribal Leaders in the Freedom Struggle
- Santhal Revolution: Led by Buddhu Bhagat, Joa Bhagat, and Madara Mahato, the Santhal Revolution was a significant tribal uprising against British colonial rule in 1855. The Kols were joined by other tribes like the Hos, Mundas, and Oraons in this struggle
- Paika Rebellion: The Paika Rebellion in 1817 was a tribal uprising against the British in Odisha. The Paikas were a warrior class who were fighting for their rights and against the exploitation by the British
- Kol Revolt: The Kol Revolt of 1831-32 was a tribal uprising against the British in Chhattisgarh. The Kols were fighting for their rights over the land and against the exploitation by the British
- Birsa Munda: Birsa Munda was a tribal leader from Jharkhand who led the Millenarian Movement against the British in the late 19th century. He mobilized the tribal community against the British and forced them to introduce laws protecting the land rights of tribals
- Rani Gaidinliu: Rani Gaidinliu was a tribal leader from Nagaland who led a revolt against the British in the early 20th century. She was a spiritual leader who fought for the rights of the Nagas and against the exploitation by the British
- Laxman Naik: Laxman Naik was a tribal leader from Odisha who led a revolt against the British in the early 20th century. He was a farmer who fought for the rights of the farmers and against the exploitation by the British
Impact of Tribal Revolts during Freedom Struggle:
- The tribal revolts during the freedom struggle contributed to the very beginning of the aggression for British Raj. They revolted not against the British but their policy for Indians which were imposed on them without even knowing their culture and its significance. Later this led to the revolt of 1857, which took attention of all over the country
Conclusion: President Droupadi Murmu received the book “Contributions of Tribal Leaders in the Freedom Struggle” at an NCST event, highlighting significant uprisings like the Santhal, Paika, and Kol revolts, emphasizing tribal resistance against British exploitation, influencing broader Indian agitation.
Mains PYQ
Q Several foreigners made India their homeland and participated in various movements. Analyze their role in the Indian struggle for freedom.(UPSC IAS/2013)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Brahmos and its Range, MTCR
Mains level: Boost in Defence Exports of India
Why in the news?
India has handed over the first batch of BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles to the Philippines marking a significant step in bilateral defense cooperation.
India- Philippines Brahmos Deal
- In January 2022, the Philippines inked a $375-million deal with India for three batteries of the shore-based, anti-ship variant of the BrahMos missile,
- This made it the first export customer for this joint venture between India and Russia.
- Several countries, including Indonesia and Thailand, have expressed interest in procuring BrahMos systems, and discussions are underway.
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About BrahMos Missiles
Development:
- BrahMos is a joint venture between the DRDO and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyeniya.
- The name BrahMos comes from the two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia.
- The first successful test in 2001 was conducted from a specially designed land-based launcher.
Capabilities:
- BrahMos is a medium-range ramjet supersonic cruise missile.
- Launched from: Submarine, ships, aircraft, or land.
- It is the fastest supersonic cruise missile in the world.
- It has two stages:
- First stage comprising of a solid fuel rocket booster and
- Second stage comprising a liquid-fueled ramjet.
Warhead:
- Ship-launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg warhead,
- Aircraft-launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg warhead.
Variants and Range
- The missile travels at speeds of Mach 2.8 to 3.0, which is being upgraded to Mach 5.0.
- A hypersonic version of the missile, BrahMos-II, is also presently under development with a speed of Mach 7-8 to boost aerial fast strike capability.
- Initially restricted by the Missile Technology Control Regime to a range of 290km, the BrahMos missile’s range was extended to 450km following India’s entry into the regime in June 2016.
- Ongoing efforts aim further to extend the missile’s range beyond 600km, enhancing its operational reach and effectiveness in various scenarios.
Strategic Implications of the move
- This development comes amidst escalating tensions in the South China Sea between the Philippines and China emphasizing the significance of enhancing defensive preparedness.
- The acquisition of BrahMos missiles under Horizon 2 of the Revised Armed Forces of the Philippines Modernization Programme will bolster the defensive capabilities of the Philippines armed forces.
PYQ:
[2014] Which reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct?
- It is a surface-to-surface missile.
- It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
- It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Skytrax World Airport Awards
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The Kempegowda International Airport (KIA) in Bengaluru has been honored as the Best Regional Airport in India and South Asia at the esteemed 2024 Skytrax World Airport Awards.
- Since its inauguration in 2023, KIA Terminal-2 has garnered multiple accolades, including the UNESCO Prix Versailles World’s Most Beautiful Airport
About Skytrax World Airport Awards
- The Skytrax World Airport Awards are annual awards, established in 1999 presented by Skytrax, a UK-based consultancy specializing in airline and airport research.
- Since then, it has become a globally recognized authority in airline and airport research, known for its comprehensive passenger surveys and prestigious awards.
- These awards are considered one of the most prestigious recognitions in the aviation industry and are often referred to as the “Oscars of the aviation industry.”
- Various categories of Award: Best Airport, Best Regional Airport, Best Airport Terminal, and Best Airport Staff, among others.
Evaluation Criteria:
- Rigorous evaluations of various aspects, including check-in procedures, arrivals, transfers, shopping facilities, security, immigration processes, and departures.
- Feedback from airport customers of over 100 nationalities across 550 airports worldwide during a seven-month survey period contributed to the assessment.
Winners of the 2024 Awards
- Doha’s Hamad International Airport clinched the top spot, dethroning Singapore Changi Airport, which had held the title for 12 consecutive years.
- Hamad International Airport is praised for its architectural significance and luxurious amenities, covering an area equivalent to 75 football fields.
- Seoul Incheon Airport secured third place overall and was recognized as the most family-friendly airport.
Performance of key Indian Airports:
- Delhi Airport retained its position at 36th place in the overall rankings.
- Mumbai Airport saw a slight decline, dropping to 95th place from its previous rank of 84.
- Bengaluru Airport experienced a notable improvement, climbing 10 ranks to 59th place compared to last year’s 69th position.
- Hyderabad Airport also showed improvement, rising to 61st place from its previous rank of 65th.
- Goa’s Manohar International Airport secured the 92nd spot in the overall rankings.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Craft Cities in India, World Crafts Council International (WCCI)
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The World Crafts Council International (WCCI) has identified Srinagar as a potential candidate for the prestigious World Craft City (WCC) designation from India.
- Artisans in Srinagar have uniquely preserved their traditional crafts such as Pashmina shawls, carpets, and papier mâché.
Craft Sector Statistics in Kashmir
- The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage-Kashmir (INTACH-K) is working with the J&K Handicrafts department to map Srinagar’s craft sector in preparation for the final nomination.
- Srinagar boasts a rich artisanal heritage, with over 20,000 registered craftsmen engaged in various disciplines such as papier mâché, walnut wood carving, hand-knotted carpets, and more.
- Handicrafts contribute significantly to the local economy, with approximately 2.64% of J&K’s overall economic output attributed to the sector by 2016-17.
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About World Craft Council (WCC International)
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Details |
| What is it? |
Non-profit, Non-governmental organization |
| Working |
- Establishment in 1964;
- Registered in Belgium as an international association without lucrative purpose (AISBL).
- Affiliated to the UNESCO
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| Founders |
Kamaladevi Chattopadhay and Aileen Osborn Webb |
| Purpose |
To promote fellowship among craftspersons worldwide, foster economic development through craft-related activities, organize exchange programs, workshops, conferences, seminars, and exhibitions, and offer encouragement and advice to artisans. |
| Legal Status |
- Registered in Belgium as an international association without lucrative purpose (AISBL)
- WCC is organized into five regions: Africa, Asia Pacific, Europe, Latin America, and North America.
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| Meetings |
- European branch meets annually;
- General Assembly occurs every four years (took place in Chennai in 2012).
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What is World Craft City (WCC) Designation?
- The WCC initiative was launched in 2014 by the World Crafts Council AISBL (WCC-International).
- It recognizes the pivotal role local authorities, craftspeople, and communities play in cultural, economic, and social development worldwide.
- India has only 3 cities designated as World Craft City:
- Jaipur (Kundan Jadai (Gem setting), Meenakari Jewellery, Lac based craft, Gotta Patti Work etc. )
- Mysuru (Kinnal paintings, Sandalwood carvings, Rosewood Inlay etc. )
- Mamallapuram (Stone Carving continuing since Pallava dynasty (275 CE to 897 CE))
With inputs from: https://www.wccinternational.org/craft-cities/craft-cities-asia-pacific
PYQ:
Consider the following pairs:
- Puthukkuli Shawls — Tamil Nadu
- Sujni Embroidery — Maharashtra
- Uppada Jamdani Saris — Karnataka
Craft Heritage of which of the pairs given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Vasuki Indicus, Madtsoiidae snake family, Panandhro Lignite Mine, Middle Eocene Period
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
A fossil unearthed in Gujarat’s Kutch in 2005, initially presumed to belong to a giant crocodile, has been revealed as one of the largest snake ‘Vasuki Indicus’ ever to exist on Earth.
About Vasuki Indicus
- ‘Vasuki Indicus’ is the name given by IIT Roorkee Scientists to the fossil specie.
- The name “Vasuki” derives from the mythological snake depicted often encircling the neck of the Hindu deity Shiva.
Physical characteristics of Vasuki
- It is estimated to measure between 11m (36ft) and 15m (49.22ft) in length,
- It belonged to the extinct Madtsoiidae snake family.
- Its size could potentially surpass the extinct Titanoboa in size, with its closest relatives identified as Titanoboa and Python.
- The serpent’s large size indicates it was a slow-moving, ambush predator, akin to an anaconda, as suggested by researchers.
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- Like contemporary pythons and anacondas, Vasuki Indicus presumably employed Constriction (suffocation) as its primary method of prey capture.
Age and Geological Context:
- Recovered from the Panandhro Lignite Mine in Kutch, the fossil dates back to the Middle Eocene period, approximately 47 million years ago.
- Analysis of the well-preserved vertebrae indicates the snake’s existence during a warm geological interval with average temperatures estimated at 28°C.
- ‘Vasuki’ is believed to represent an extinct relic lineage originating in India, with subsequent India-Asia collision facilitating its dispersal from the subcontinent into North Africa through southern Eurasia.
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- Vasuki thrived during a time when the continents of Africa, India, and South America were amalgamated into a single landmass.
Significance for India
- This discovery underscores India’s rich biodiversity.
- It holds immense potential in unraveling insights into the evolutionary process, continental shifts, and India’s pivotal role in the origin of various species, particularly reptiles.
Middle Eocene Period
- It is part of the Cenozoic Era, which began about 66 million years ago and continues to the present day.
- During the Middle Eocene, the Earth experienced a greenhouse climate, with global temperatures significantly warmer than today.
- The poles were ice-free, and forests extended into higher latitudes than they do today.
- The period was characterized by relatively high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, contributing to the warm climate.
- The Middle Eocene was a time of significant diversification and evolution of various groups of organisms.
- Mammals continued to diversify and evolve, with the emergence of early primates, rodents, and hoofed mammals.
- The period also saw the rise of modern bird groups and the diversification of flowering plants (angiosperms).
- The Middle Eocene was marked by tectonic activity, including the ongoing separation of continents and the formation of mountain ranges in various parts of the world.
- For example, the collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate during this time led to the uplift of the Himalayas.
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PYQ:
[2020] The word ‘Denisovan’ is sometimes mentioned in media in reference to-
(a) Fossils of a kind of dinosaurs
(b) An early human species
(c) A cave system found in North-East India.
(d) A geological period in the history of the Indian subcontinent |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Iron Age in India; Transition period of Mahajanpadas
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Iron Age in India
- India’s Iron Age ranged from approximately 1200 BCE to 200 BCE.
- It was marked by the emergence of new archaeological cultures, including the megalithic cultures, Painted Grey Ware culture (1300–300 BCE), and the Northern Black Polished Ware (700–200 BCE).
- This period corresponds to the transition from the Janapadas (principalities) of the Vedic period to the 16 Mahajanapadas (region-states) of the early historic period.
- This transition culminated in the emergence of the Maurya Empire toward the end of the Iron Age.
- Ironworking was prevalent in the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas from the early second millennium BCE.
- Sites:
- North India: Malhar, Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila, Lahuradewa, Kosambi and Jhusi, Allahabad in present-day Uttar Pradesh.
- South India: Earliest Iron Age sites include Hallur in Karnataka and Adichanallur in Tamil Nadu, dating to around 1000 BCE. Mahurjhari near Nagpur was a significant site for bead manufacturing.
- The Indian Iron Age ended coinciding with other significant events such as the decline of the Mauryan Empire and the spread of Buddhism.
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About the Ooragutta Megalithic Site
- The site boasts over 200 megalithic monuments, although the exact count remains uncertain due to the dense forest and hilly terrain.
- They are characterized by squarish or rectangular shapes, the structures at Ooragutta exhibit unique features.
Dolmenoid Cists
- The newly discovered monuments, termed “Dolmenoid Cists,” feature side slabs arranged to mirror the shape of the cap-stone, resulting in each cist having a distinct shape dictated by the cap-stone.
- These monuments are estimated to date back to around 1,000 BCE.
Rock Art Sites at Damaratogu
- Two new rock art sites have been discovered at Damaratogu in Gundala mandal of Bhadradri Kothagudem district.
- One of these sites, known as ‘Devarlabanda Mula‘, exclusively depicts animals and NO humans, in a rock painting.
- It suggests a cultural significance possibly related to hunting or animal worship.
- The absence of weapons or domestic animals in the paintings indicates that these artworks may belong to the Mesolithic age, dating anywhere between 8000 – 3000 BCE.
Significance of Discoveries
- These monuments resemble to “Passage Chambers” found in Europe.
- This discovery sheds light on previously unknown architectural styles in the region and offers insights into the evolution of megalithic practices.
PYQ:
[2021] Consider the following pairs:
(Historical place) (Well-known for)
- Burzahom : Rock-cut shrines
- Chandraketugarh : Terracotta art
- Ganeshwar : Copper artefacts
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Factors behind the concerning current geopolitical landscape
Why in the news?
Factors such as the lack of globally influential leaders, evolving alliances, economic challenges, and advancements in technology contribute to the current geopolitical landscape.
Factors behind the concerning current geopolitical landscape
Growing chaos, an absent leadership
- Decline of the rules-based international order: The traditional Western-led global order is perceived as dead, leading to increased geopolitical disarray.
- Rise of new alliance patterns: With the weakening of the West and the ascent of China, new alliances have emerged, but none possess enough strength to maintain global peace.
- Lack of influential leaders: Leaders like Xi Jinping, Vladimir Putin, and Joe Biden are seen as lacking the ability to sustain peace globally, with many other Western leaders deemed inadequate for the task.
- Potential for conflict escalation: While shooting wars are limited to certain regions like Ukraine and Gaza, there’s concern about the absence of leaders capable of resolving conflicts peacefully.
- Stalemate in Ukraine: The situation in Ukraine remains deadlocked, with leaders unwilling to compromise, raising concerns about the possibility of the use of battlefield nuclear weapons.
- Escalating tensions in West Asia: Israel’s actions, described as those of a “wounded tiger,” are leading to increased casualties in Gaza, while Iran poses a direct threat to Israel, potentially leading to a broader conflict with dire implications.
- Potential leadership shift in militant Jihadism: There are indications that a resurgent Iran could take over the leadership of militant Jihadism against the West and other perceived “infidels,” further complicating the geopolitical landscape.
A new set of alliances
- Great power rivalry appears diminished: The rivalry between the U.S. and China is described as a “shadow play” with little significance beyond proxy conflicts.
- U.S. setbacks and diminished superpower status: The U.S. is perceived as grappling with hubris following setbacks since Afghanistan in 2020, which has diminished its status as a superpower.
- Europe’s reliance on NATO and limited influence: Europe’s reliance on NATO for protection from Russia has not translated into significant influence in conflicts like Ukraine, despite significant costs.
- Emerging China-Russia-Iran axis: The alliance between China, Russia, and Iran poses a challenge to U.S. and Western influence in West Asia, raising questions about their tactics in the region.
Economic challenges
- Geopolitics of oil: The China-Russia-Iran axis signals a significant shift in the politics of oil, which is likely to have far-reaching consequences for global stability.
- Diminished effectiveness of sanctions: Sanctions are seen as losing their impact in the face of changing geopolitical dynamics, potentially leading to a major economic slowdown.
Advancements in technology
- Technology as a disruptor: National security efforts are increasingly focused on protecting vital technologies, with artificial intelligence emerging as a major disruptor in conventional warfare.
- Rise of smaller nations leveraging AI: Smaller nations are leveraging artificial intelligence to challenge the military dominance of larger powers like the U.S. and China, potentially leveling the playing field.
- Impact of ISR revolution in warfare: The military intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) revolution, enabled by drones, aircraft, and space assets, is transforming the battlefield, posing new challenges for military strategies.
- Nuclear arms race and arms control fraying: Arms control agreements are deteriorating, leading to the development of new nuclear warheads and cruise missiles, raising concerns about a nuclear makeover and potential use of nuclear weapons.
Conclusion: The breakdown of the rules-based order, inadequate leadership, and the formation of volatile alliances contribute to geopolitical turmoil. Need of robust leadership and coherent strategiesto avoid the conflict escalation in the world.
Mains PYQ
Q (UPSC IAS/2022) (a): Russia and Ukraine war has been going on for the last seven months. Different countries have taken independent stands and actions keeping in view their own national interests. We are all aware that war has its own impact on the different aspects of society, including human tragedy. What are those ethical issues that are crucial to be considered while launching the war and its continuation so far? lllustrate with justification the ethical issues involved in the given state of affairs.
(b): Write short notes on the following in 30 words each:
(i) Constitutional morality
(ii) Conflict of interest
(iii) Probity in public life
(iv) Challanges of digitalization
(v) Devotion to duty
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF)
Mains level: Why has private investment fallen?
Why in the news?
The failure of private investment, as measured by private Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) at current prices, to pick up pace has been one of the major issues plaguing the Indian economy.
What is GFCF?
- GFCF refers to the growth in the size of fixed capital in an economy.
- Fixed capital refers to things such as buildings and machinery, for instance, which require investment to be created.
- So private GFCF can serve as a rough indicator of how much the private sector in an economy is willing to invest.
- Overall GFCF also includes capital formation as a result of investment by the government.
Why does it matter?
- GFCF matters because fixed capital, by helping workers produce a greater amount of goods and services each year, helps to boost economic growth and improve living standards.
- In other words, fixed capital is what largely determines the overall output of an economy.
What is the trend seen in private investment in India?
- Pre-liberalization (1950s to early 1990s): Private investment remained relatively stable, hovering around or slightly above 10% of GDP. Public investment, however, steadily increased during this period.
- Liberalization (early 1990s onwards): Economic reforms in the early 1990s improved private sector confidence, leading to a significant uptick in private investment. Public investment, although still significant, began to decline relative to private investment.
- Post-global financial crisis (late 2000s to present): Private investment continued to grow until the global financial crisis of 2007-08, reaching around 27% of GDP. However, from around 2011-12 onwards, private investment began to decline, hitting a low of 19.6% of GDP in 2020-21.
Why has private investment fallen?
- Low private consumption expenditure: Some economists attribute the decline in private investment to low private consumption expenditure. They argue that businesses need confidence in future demand to invest in fixed capital, and boosting consumption expenditure can help stimulate private investment.
- Structural problems and policy uncertainty: Other economists argue that structural issues and policy uncertainty are core reasons behind the fall in private investment. They point to unfavourable government policies and policy uncertainty as major factors affecting private investment.
Conclusion: To address the decline in private investment, India needs policies promoting consumer confidence and stable, conducive business environments. Balancing pro-growth fiscal measures with structural reforms can stimulate investment, fostering economic growth and prosperity.
Mains PYQ
Q Explain the meaning of investment in an economy in terms of capital formation. Discuss the factors to be considered while designing a concession agreement between a public entity and private entity.(UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: How could Middle East tensions impact the Indian economy?
Why in the news?
Iran’s attack on Israel earlier this week has sparked tensions in the Middle East and beyond. India, which has friendly ties with both the countries, has expressed “serious concerns” about escalation of hostilities.
India-Israel trade has doubled in the last five years
- India established diplomatic relations with Israel in 1992. Since then, trade between two countries has been rising significantly, from around $200 million in 1992 (comprising primarily of diamonds), to $10.7 billion (excluding defence) in the Financial Year 2022-23.
What are the main components of India’s trade with Israel?
- Based on India’s 8-digit Harmonized System code, under which trade items are classified, the most valued items exported by India to Israel included diesel, diamonds, aviation turbine fuel, radar apparatus, Basmati rice, T-shirts, and wheat.
Value of India-Iran trade came down in the last five years
- India’s trade with Iran has seen a contraction in recent years, before an uptick in the FY 2022-23. It increased by 21.77 per cent — from $1.94 billion in 2021-22 to $2.33 billion in 2022-23.
Israel and Iran do not have significant FDI in India
- Israel’s FDI in India: Israel’s contribution to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India is relatively low, accounting for just 0.4% of the total FDI inflows between April 2000 and December 2023. FDI from Israel to India amounted to $288 million during this period.
- Indian Investment in Israel: Conversely, Indian firms have invested more in Israel, with cumulative Overseas Direct Investment (ODI) reaching around US$ 383 million from April 2000 to May 2023.
- India’s Investment in Iran: India is involved in developing the first phase of the Shahid Beheshti Port at Chabahar in Iran. This initiative aims to enhance India’s connectivity and trade relations with the Middle East and Central Asia.
How could Middle East tensions impact the Indian economy?
- Impact on Trade Routes: Tensions in the Middle East, particularly in the Red Sea region, could disrupt crucial trade routes connecting Europe and Asia. Roughly 12 percent of global trade depends on this route, potentially affecting India’s trade.
- Shipping Disruptions: Yemen-based militants, known as the Houthis, have targeted ships passing through the Red Sea since November 2023, leading to shipping disruptions. This could exacerbate India’s trade problems.
- Stability Concerns in West Asia: The conflict between Iran and Israel adds to the instability in West Asia, potentially delaying projects like the Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC).
- Impact on Petroleum Prices: While the ongoing conflict may not significantly disrupt crude oil and gas production, shipping disruptions in the Red Sea could lead to higher oil and gas prices. However, the impact on Indian consumers may be minimal as the government could offset price increases by reducing taxes.
Conclusion: India’s friendly ties with both Israel and Iran provide an opportunity for diplomatic engagement to mitigate the escalation of hostilities in the region. By actively participating in diplomatic efforts to de-escalate tensions and promote dialogue, India can contribute to regional stability and safeguard its economic interests.
Mains PYQ
Q There arose a serious challenge to the Democratic State System between the two World Wars.” Evaluate the statement. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SPACE Testing, Working of SONAR
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
A state-of-the-art SPACE testing and evaluation hub for sonar systems, designed for the Indian Navy, was inaugurated by DRDO.
About Submersible Platform for Acoustic Characterisation and Evaluation (SPACE)
- The SPACE is located at the Underwater Acoustic Research Facility in Kulamavu, Idukki, Kerala.
- It is developed by the Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory of DRDO.
- It is set to become a premier testing and evaluation hub for sonar systems deployed on various Indian Navy platforms, including ships, submarines, and helicopters.
Key Features of SPACE:
- SPACE comprises two distinct components:
- Floating Platform on the water surface and
- Submersible platform capable of descending to depths of up to 100 meters using winch systems.
- After completing operations, the submersible platform can be winched up and docked with the floating platform, ensuring efficient utilization of resources.
Functions and Capabilities:
- The primary function of SPACE is the evaluation of complete sonar systems, facilitating rapid deployment and retrieval of scientific packages such as sensors and transducers.
- It will serve for surveying, sampling, and data collection of air, surface, mid-water, and reservoir floor parameters utilizing modern scientific instrumentation.
- It will address the data processing and sample analysis requirements, ushering in a new era of Anti-Submarine Warfare research capabilities.
What is SONAR?
- SONAR stands for “Sound Navigation and Ranging.”
- It’s a technique used for detecting and locating objects underwater by transmitting sound waves and analyzing the echoes they produce.
Here’s how it works:
- Sound Transmission: A SONAR system sends out pulses of sound waves, typically at frequencies beyond the range of human hearing. These sound waves travel through the water and propagate in all directions.
- Object Detection: When the sound waves encounter an object underwater, such as a submarine, seafloor, or marine life, they reflect off the object and return to the SONAR system as echoes.
- Echo Reception: The SONAR system receives the echoes of the transmitted sound waves and measures the time it takes for them to return. By knowing the speed of sound in water and the time it takes for the echoes to return, the system can calculate the distance to the object.
- Data Analysis: The received echoes are processed and analyzed to create a visual representation of the underwater environment. This information helps operators identify and locate objects of interest, navigate safely, and map the seafloor.
|
PYQ:
[2020] “The experiment will employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of an equilateral triangle that has sides one million kilometres long, with lasers shining between the craft,” The experiment in question refers to-
(a) Voyager-2
(b) New Horizons
(c) LISA Pathfinder
(d) Evolved LISA |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mount Ruang, Pacific Ring of Fire, Sangihe Islands arc, Tectonic Plates mentioned
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Indonesia witnessed a series of eruptions from Mount Ruang, a stratovolcano located in North Sulawesi Province.
About Mount Ruang
- Ruang is situated in the Sangihe Islands arc, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
- It comprises an island that is 4 by 5 kilometers wide, with a summit containing a partial lava dome reaching an altitude of 725 meters (2,379 ft).
- From its summit, peaks such as Klabat, Siau, and Ternate can be observed in the south, north, and east, respectively.
- The volcano’s first recorded eruption was in 1808.
Why so many volcanic eruptions in Indonesia this year?
- Indonesia, an archipelago of 270 million people, has 120 active volcanoes.
- It is prone to volcanic activity because it sits along the “Ring of Fire,” a horseshoe-shaped series of seismic fault lines around the Pacific Ocean.
What is the Pacific ‘Ring of Fire’?
- The Pacific ‘Ring of Fire’ or Pacific Rim, or the Circum-Pacific Belt, is an area along the Pacific Ocean that is characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes.
- Volcanic arcs and oceanic trenches partly encircling the Pacific Basin form the so-called Ring of Fire.
- It is home to about 75 per cent of the world’s volcanoes – more than 450 volcanoes.
- Also, about 90 per cent of the world’s earthquakes occur here.
Its spread
- Its length is over 40,000 kilometres and traces from New Zealand clockwise in an almost circular arc covering Tonga, Kermadec Islands, Indonesia.
- It is moving up to the Philippines, Japan, and stretching eastward to the Aleutian Islands, then southward along the western coast of North America and South America.
Seismic activity of the region
- The area is along several tectonic plates including the:
- Pacific plate,
- Philippine Plate,
- Juan de Fuca plate,
- Cocos plate,
- Nazca plate, and
- North American plate.
- The movement of these plates or tectonic activity makes the area witness abundant earthquakes and tsunamis every year.
- Along much of the Ring, tectonic plates move towards each other creating subduction zones.
PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following statements:
- The Barren Island volcano is an active volcano located in the Indian Territory.
- Barren Island lies about 140 km east of Great Nicobar.
- The last time the Barren Island volcano erupted was in 1991 and it has remained inactive since then.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 only
(d) 1 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Future Energy Summit 2024, YFEL Program
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
A panel discussion on “Future Growth Opportunities for Long Duration Energy Storage” was held at the World Future Energy Summit 2024 in Abu Dhabi.
About World Future Energy Summit (WFES)
- The WFES is an annual event held in Abu Dhabi; hosted in the United Arab Emirates, aiming to advance future energy, energy efficiency, and clean technologies.
- It began in 2008, held under the patronage of Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi.
- Public relations firm Edelman helped set it up to “burnish the UEA’s green credentials“.
- It was established as a platform to address the growing need for renewable energy solutions and sustainable development in response to global energy challenges.
Key Initiative: Young Future Energy Leaders
- The Young Future Energy Leaders (YFEL) is an element of the annual World Future Energy Summit (WFES).
- A program of the Masdar Institute, it is committed to raising awareness and engaging students and young professionals in the fields of renewable energy and sustainability.
PYQ:
[2014] Which of the following organizations brings out the publication known as ‘World Economic Outlook’?
(a) International Monetary Fund
(b) United Nations Development Programme
(c) World Economic Forum
(d) World Bank |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pulses: Cultivation pattern, Export dynamics, Consumption etc.
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- India’s pulses imports in fiscal 2024 witnessed a remarkable surge, soaring by 84% year-on-year to their highest level in six years.
- Lower production levels prompted India to permit duty-free imports of red lentils (Masoor) and yellow peas (Tur/Arhar), further driving the increase in imports.
Pulses Cultivation in India
|
Details |
| Seasons |
Cultivated in both ‘Kharif’ and ‘Rabi’ seasons. ‘Rabi’ pulses contribute more than 60% of production.
Kharif Season Pulses:
- Pigeon Peas (Arhar/Toor/Red Gram)
- Green Beans (Moong Beans)
- Black Matpe (Urad/Mah/Black Gram)
- Black Eyed Peas (Lobia)
- Chick Peas (Kabuli Chana)
- Red Kidney Beans (Rajmash)
Rabi Season Pulses:
- Bengal Gram (Desi Chick Pea/Desi Chana)
- Lentils (Masoor)
- White Peas (Matar)
|
| Production (2023) |
Approximately 27.5 million metric tonnes
Reported as 7.6 quintals per hectare |
| Area under Cultivation |
Pulses account for around 20% of the area under food grains in India. |
| Top Producing States |
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka |
| Government Initiatives |
National Food Security Mission (NFSM) for Pulses, Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA) Scheme |
| Research and Development |
Conducted by Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in collaboration with State Agricultural Universities |
| Goal |
Aim for self-sufficiency in pulse production by 2027 |
Pulses Import: Figures and Value
- India imported a total of 4.65 million metric tons of pulses in the fiscal year ending March 31, 2024, marking the highest volume since fiscal 2018.
- In terms of value, imports surged by 93% to reach $3.75 billion in the same period.
Pulses Production in India: Key Facts
- India is the largest producer (25% of global production), consumer (27% of world consumption) and importer (14%) of pulses in the world (as per FAO).
- Pulses account for around 20% of the area under foodgrains and contribute around 7-10% of the total foodgrains production in the country (as per Vikaspedia).
- Gram (Chana) is the most dominant pulse having a share of around 40 per cent in the total production followed by Tur/Arhar at 15 to 20 per cent and Urad and Moong at around 8-10 per cent each. (Reference)
- Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka are the top five pulses producing States. (Reference)
|
Global Impact of Higher Imports
- The surge in imports by India, the world’s largest importer, producer, and consumer of protein-rich pulses, has been bolstering global prices.
- It has also contributed to reducing stocks in exporting countries such as Canada, Australia, and Myanmar.
Significance of Pulses Consumption
- Nutritional Value:
- Pulses are considered to be ‘poor man’s protein’.
- They contain 20-25% of protein by weight, with twice the protein available in wheat and thrice that present in rice.
- WHO recommends 80gm/day of Pulses in the diet.
- Environmental Sustainability:
- Pulses have low carbon and water footprints, making them integral to sustainable farming.
- Water footprints for producing one kilogram of meat are five times higher than that of pulses.
- Pulses emit 0.5 kilogram in CO2 equivalent per kilogram, while meat produces 9.5 kilograms in CO2 equivalent.
PYQ:
[2019] Among the agricultural commodities imported by India, which one of the following accounts for the highest imports in terms of value in the last five years ?
(a) Spices
(b) Fresh fruits
(c) Pulses
(d) Vegetable oils
[2020] With reference to pulse production in India, consider the following statements:
- Black gram can be cultivated as both kharif and rabi crop.
- Green-gram alone accounts for nearly half of pulse production.
- In the last three decades, while the production of kharif pulses has increased, the production of rabi pulses has decreased.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bhojshala-Kamal Maula Complex, Reign of Mihir Bhoja, Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty and its contemporaries
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Supreme Court has issued a cautionary note to Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) barring any physical excavation that could alter the character of the Bhojshala-Kamal Maula Complex.
About Bhojshala Complex
|
Details |
| Location |
Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh. |
| Historical Background |
Established by Raja Bhoj, the greatest ruler of the Parmar dynasty, as an educational institute. |
| Date of Establishment |
11th century. |
| Transformation |
Originally a Goddess Wagdevi (Saraswati temple), later converted into Kamal Maulana Mosque by Muslim rulers. |
| Architectural Features |
- Large open courtyard (Mahaāyata);
- Verandah with decorated pillars (Sthāpanā);
- Prayer hall with intricately carved ceilings (Shikharākāra).
|
| Inscriptions |
- Two hymns depicting the Karmavatar of Vishnu (Avatār);
- Sarpabandha pillar inscriptions with Sanskrit alphabet and grammatical rules (Vyākaraṇa).
|
| Archaeological Significance |
Protected by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) as an 11th-century monument under Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 |
Controversy over Bhojshala Complex
- Religious Claims: Hindus regard the site as the temple of Goddess Wagdevi (Saraswati), while Muslims believe it to be the Kamal Maula mosque.
- Usage Agreement: The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) allows Hindus to pray on Tuesdays and Vasant Panchami, and Muslims to offer namaz on Fridays,
Recent Developments
- Vasant Panchami Dispute: A recent order allowing Hindus to worship during Basant Panchami hours led to discontent among some Right-wing activists.
- Demand for Extended Access: Hindu groups demand all-day access to the shrine on such occasions, leading to protests and petitions filed in the High Court.
Who was Raja Bhoj?
|
Details |
| Original name |
Raja Bhoja (Mihir Bhoja) |
| Dynasty |
Gurjara-Pratihara |
| Reign |
836 – 885 AD |
| Rise to Prominence |
Emerged as the paramount power in northern India, defeating rivals like the Palas and Rashtrakutas |
| Capital |
Kannauj (Mahodaya) |
| Military Strength |
Possessed India’s strongest cavalry, as noted by Arab traveller Sulaiman |
| Title |
Assumed the title of “Adivaraha”; referred to as “King Baura” by Arab travellers |
| Religious Affiliation |
Great follower of Vaishnavism |
| Acknowledgment of Supremacy |
Acknowledged as supreme by various factions, including Arabs of Sindh, Chandalas, and Kalachuris |
| Notable Feats |
Triumph over Pala king Devapala and Rashtrakuta king Amoghavarsha |
| Legacy |
Renowned for his wisdom, military prowess, and patronage of Vaishnavism |
| Historical Significance |
Marked the zenith of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, leaving a lasting impact on Indian history |
|
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to Chausath Yogini Temple situated near Morena, consider the following statements:
- It is a circular temple built during the reign of Kachchhapaghata Dynasty.
- It is the only circular temple built in India.
- I was meant to promote the Vaishnava cult in the region.
- Its design has given rise to a popular belief that it was the inspiration behind the Indian Parliament building.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 2, 3 and 4 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Key challenges in Dalit politics today
Why in the news?
Organising grand events and celebrations in April to commemorate Babasaheb Ambedkar’s birth anniversary has become a national ritual now.
Ambedkar’s Vision for Dalit Political Power
- Ambedkar envisioned the Dalit-Bahujan mass as the prime claimant of state power, aiming to form a greater social alliance with Adivasis, poor working classes, and agrarian laborers against exploitative orders.
Historical Significance of Dalit Political Movements
- The mid-1990s saw the emergence of powerful Dalit political leadership, such as the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) under Kanshi Ram and Mayawati in Uttar Pradesh, as well as leaders like Prakash Ambedkar and Ramdas Athawale in Maharashtra.
Limitation in Dalit politics today
- Fragmentation in Dalit Political Legacy: Despite the unity seen in commemorations, there is a growing splintering in Ambedkar’s political legacies, resulting in Dalit political parties becoming passive and relegated forces.
- Disintegration of Contemporary Ambedkarite Dalit Politics: Current Dalit politics lacks visionary leadership, a strong social base, and effective political strategies to emerge as a crucial player in democratic battles. It has disintegrated into segments.
- Political Alliances and Vacillations: Dalit parties have sometimes formed alliances with parties like the BJP, despite Ambedkar’s ideologies being fundamentally opposed to Brahmanical and exploitative orders. This has led to criticism and accusations of abandoning core principles.
Way Forward
- Building Stronger Intra-Dalit Unity: Encourage dialogue and collaboration among different Dalit political factions to foster a sense of unity and common purpose.
- Investing in Leadership Development: Support initiatives aimed at nurturing visionary leadership within the Dalit community.
- Strengthening Grassroots Mobilization: Focus on building a strong social base by actively engaging with Dalit communities at the grassroots level.
Mains PYQ
Q Debate the issue whether and how contemporary movements for assertion of Dalit identity work towards annihilation of caste.(UPSC IAS/2015)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Climatology; Heatwave;
Mains level: Heat Action Plans (HAPs) ;
Why in the news?
Come summer, we are used to seeing heat alerts from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) for various parts of India. This year, these alerts began in February itself.
What is a heatwave?
- According to the IMD, the definition of a heatwave depends on the physiography of regions.
- The IMD will declare a heatwave if the maximum temperature recorded at a station is 40 degrees Celsius or more in the plains, 37 degrees Celsius or more in the coast, and 30 degrees Celsius or more in the hills.
Heat Action Plans (HAPs) to tackle heatwave
- Aim: HAPs aim to increase preparedness and lower the adverse impacts of extreme heat by outlining strategies and measures to prepare for, address, and recover from heat waves.
- The National Disaster Management Authority and IMD are reported to be working with 23 States to develop HAPs.
- Issue with Database: There is no centralized database on HAPs, but at least 23 HAPs exist at the State and city level, with a few States, such as Odisha and Maharashtra, laying out district-level HAPs.
Key components of Heat Action Plans (HAPs)
Limitation
- Challenges related to Determining Heatwaves: While a national threshold is currently used to determine heatwaves, determining them at smaller scales such as states, districts, and cities poses a challenge due to variations in local factors like the urban heat island effect, type of roofing, and proximity to water or green bodies, as well as humidity.
- Inconsistent Methods and Vulnerability Assessments: The methods used for vulnerability assessments in HAPs are inconsistent because of the diverse physiography of regions
- Addressing Vulnerable Populations: While HAPs prioritize protecting vulnerable populations, targeted interventions often fail to account for varying needs based on local socio-economic and demographic factors.
- Resource Allocation and Financing: Implementation of HAPs varies depending on local government priorities and available capacities because at the local level Fund crunch.
- Integration and Collaboration: HAPs are currently standalone plans with limited finance, highlighting the need for integration with broader action plans promoting urban resilience and climate adaptation to pool resources effectively.
Way Forward:
- Determination at Local Scales: Invest in local monitoring systems that capture variations in temperature, humidity, and other relevant factors.
- Standardizing Methods: Establish guidelines for conducting vulnerability assessments that account for diverse physiography and local context.
- Tailoring Interventions: Conduct comprehensive community consultations to understand the unique needs of vulnerable populations in different localities.
- Funding and Resources: Advocate for increased funding for HAPs at the national and local levels through budget allocations, grants, and public-private partnerships.
- Integration and Collaboration: Establish inter-agency task forces or committees to coordinate HAPs with other relevant initiatives, such as urban planning, public health, and disaster management.
Mains PYQ
Q Climate change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Religious Issues;
Why in the news?
On 12 March 2024, in a first for Uttar Pradesh, a trial court in Hapur awarded life imprisonment in a case of cow protection-related lynching of a Muslim person.
- Six years earlier, in June 2018, Qasim Qureshi was lynched to death, and Samiuddin was brutally assaulted, by a Hindu group in the Bajhera Khurd village, under the false accusation of cow slaughter.
| Mob lynching is an act of premeditated extrajudicial killing by a group of people, often targeted against a particular individual or group. Mob lynching is based on some false information, unconfirmed rumours etc. |
Key issues in the investigation as per judgment:
- Police Fabrication and Accountability: The court censures the police for fabricating the FIR, creating an alternative narrative of the incident, and failing to collect witness statements and conduct proper investigations. This raises questions about police accountability and their collusion with the accused.
- Intent and Collusion: The judgment questions the police’s intent and alleges collusion of police personnel and investigating officers in protecting the accused. There are allegations of damaging video evidence and neglecting forensic investigations, highlighting potential corruption or bias within the police force.
- Failure in Investigation: Despite eyewitnesses approaching officers, the police did not conduct an official identification parade, which aided the accused in securing bail. This failure indicates potential attempts by the police to misdirect the investigation.
- State’s Role and Vigilante Violence: The conviction highlights the state’s role as not only a participant but also an enabler in the violence. It demonstrates how the state delegates illegal policing to vigilantes, with convictions having little material impact on the state’s involvement.
Way forward
- Need Accountability: Implement strict protocols for filing FIRs and conducting investigations to prevent fabrication of evidence.
- Need for Fast-track courts: The lynching cases should be tried by fast-track courts with day-to-day hearings. It is important to punish the culprit with stringent punishment and conclusion of the cases within 6 months.
- Enhancing Investigation: Mandate the conduct of official identification parades in all cases involving serious crimes to facilitate accurate witness identification.
- Addressing State Complicity: Strengthen legal frameworks to hold state authorities accountable for their role in enabling or condoning vigilante violence.
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