Why in the News?
The prevalence of Congenital Anomalies and Neurological Challenges in newborns highlights the need for adequate Antenatal and Perinatal care to address them.
Key observations made by the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5):
Perinatal mortality rates stand at 32 for 1,000 pregnancies, neonatal mortality rates at 25 for 1,000 live births, and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy remain a leading cause of maternal death.
- Cause of Maternal and Perinatal Mortality: Preeclampsia (PE) is a significant cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, with early onset PE posing higher risks.
- Combination of Maternal factors and Biomarkers: Screening based on maternal risk factors alone has suboptimal performance, while a combination of maternal factors and biomarkers like mean arterial pressure, uterine artery pulsatility index, and serum placental growth factor can improve detection rates significantly.
- Early Intervention with Aspirin Prophylaxis: First-trimester screening models, like the FMF prediction algorithm, have been effective in identifying high-risk pregnancies for preterm PE, allowing for early intervention with aspirin prophylaxis to reduce the incidence of preeclampsia.
What is Pre-eclampsia?
- Preeclampsia is a complication of pregnancy. Preeclampsia, high blood pressure, and high levels of protein in urine indicate kidney damage (proteinuria), or other signs of organ damage.
- Preeclampsia usually begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy in women whose blood pressure had previously been in the standard range.
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Challenges to cure Pre-eclampsia (PE):
- Complex Screening Protocols: Effective screening requires a combination of maternal history, demographics, color Doppler ultrasound, mean arterial pressure, and placental biomarkers, which may not be uniformly available or implemented.
- Limited Resources: Not all healthcare facilities have access to advanced screening tools and technologies like color Doppler ultrasound and placental biomarker testing.
- Lack of Awareness: Pregnant women may not be aware of the symptoms and risks associated with pre-eclampsia, leading to delayed presentation and diagnosis.
- Delayed Intervention: Identifying high-risk pregnancies early is crucial, but delays in screening and diagnosis can lead to missed opportunities for timely intervention.
- Pharmacological Challenges: Ensuring timely pharmacological intervention, such as aspirin prophylaxis, requires adherence to established protocols, which may only sometimes be followed.
- Logistical Issues: Implementing widespread screening and management protocols involves logistical challenges, including training healthcare providers and ensuring the availability of necessary equipment.
- Complexity of the Disorder: The systemic nature of pre-eclampsia, affecting multiple organs, complicates its management and requires a multidisciplinary approach.
Programs in India:
- “Samrakshan” program: The Indian Radiological and Imaging Association’s (IRIA) “Samrakshan” program aims to reduce pre-eclampsia from 8%-10% to 3% and fetal growth restriction from 25%-30% to 10% by the end of the decade.
- The program focuses on spreading awareness, screening for pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction, and ensuring comprehensive care throughout pregnancy.
Way Forward:
- Early Detection and Management: Early detection through regular prenatal care, including blood pressure monitoring and urine testing for protein, is crucial in managing pre-eclampsia.
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- Timely intervention can help prevent severe complications and ensure the well-being of both mother and baby.
- Promoting Awareness and Education: Raising awareness about the signs and symptoms of pre-eclampsia among pregnant women is essential for early recognition and prompt action.
- Education on risk factors, preventive measures, and the importance of regular antenatal check-ups can significantly impact maternal and neonatal outcomes.
- Ensuring Access to Quality Maternal Healthcare: Access to quality maternal healthcare services, including skilled antenatal care, monitoring, and timely interventions, is vital in addressing pre-eclampsia and reducing maternal mortality rates.
- Empowering healthcare providers with the knowledge and resources to manage pre-eclampsia effectively is key to ensuring safe motherhood.
- Collaborative Efforts for Maternal Health: Collaboration between governments, healthcare institutions, non-profit organisations, and the private sector is essential in implementing comprehensive maternal health programs that prioritise the prevention, early detection, and management of pre-eclampsia.
Conclusion: By spotlighting pre-eclampsia and emphasising the importance of early detection, awareness, access to quality care, and collaborative efforts, we can strive towards ensuring safe motherhood for all women, safeguarding the health and well-being of mothers and their babies.
Mains PYQ:
Q Identify the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that are related to health.Discuss the success of the actions taken by the Government for achieving the same.(UPSC IAS/2013)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NATO countries; NPT; Bordering countries of Russia and Ukraine;
Mains level: Nuclear Policies and the Global geopolitics; NATO countries; NPT;
Why in the news?
The Russia-Ukraine war persists with no end in sight. Russia’s nuclear drills and plans to station weapons in Belarus escalate Global tensions and are deeply concerning.
What is the NPT and how does it address Russia’s actions?
- The NPT (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty) is a multilateral agreement aimed at limiting the spread of nuclear weapons through three pillars: non-proliferation, disarmament, and peaceful use of Nuclear energy.
- It defines Nuclear Weapon States (NWS) as those that had manufactured and detonated a nuclear explosive device before 1967, with all other states considered non-nuclear weapon states (NNWS).
The NPT has addressed Russia’s actions in several ways:
- Russia, as a NWS, is obligated under Article VI to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to nuclear disarmament. However, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has increased the salience of nuclear weapons in ways that threaten to erode this bargain.
- The NPT’s 2022 Review Conference specifically condemned overt nuclear threats, and the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) called for nuclear deterrence to be delegitimized.
- The NPT requires NNWS to accept International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards on all nuclear materials on their territories. However, the IAEA has found several states, including Russia, in non-compliance with their safeguards agreements.
- The NPT’s review process, where state parties convene every five years to review the implementation of the Treaty, has been unable to reach a consensus on condemning Russia’s nuclear threats due to Russia’s objections.
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The Shift in Nuclear Policy of Russia:
- Criticism by Western countries: The international community has expressed concern over Russia’s nuclear rhetoric, calling for accountability. Western states and allies condemn Russia’s actions and seek to address them through initiatives like the United Nations and the NPT (Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons) to uphold norms and deter irresponsible behaviour.
- Changing Nuclear Threshold and Policy: Russia appears to be considering lowering the threshold for nuclear weapon use, which could set a dangerous precedent.
- Traditionally, Nuclear Weapons were reserved for existential threats, but Russia is now signalling a potential first-use policy even for non-existent threats.
- Erosion of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD): For decades, the principle of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) deterred the use of nuclear weapons. Russia’s current stance threatens this principle, suggesting that nuclear weapons could be used in conflicts that do not directly jeopardize National survival.
What are the consequences of Russia’s nuclear rhetoric for Global Security?
- It has raised the risk of nuclear escalation and use, as Russia has purposefully increased the level of risk to discourage Western support for Ukraine and instill fear. Russia’s actions may encourage other nuclear-armed states, like Iran and North Korea, to adopt similar tactics.
- This undermines the long-standing separation between Conventional and Nuclear warfare.
- Undermined Strategic Stability and the Global Nuclear Order: Russia’s actions have broken down nuclear guidelines and norms, advocating for nuclear use against Ukraine and NATO. This has contributed to the return of nuclear arms competition on the global stage.
- It has caused alarm and fear among Russia’s neighbors, who worry that if Russia is not stopped in Ukraine, it may turn aggression against other territories. Small countries like Moldova, Georgia, and even Russia’s allies like Kazakhstan fear becoming Putin’s next target.
- It has required the international community to respond with strong deterrence and accountability measures. The West has emphasized that Russian nuclear use would have devastating consequences.
- Holding Russia accountable through multilateral initiatives is crucial to upholding norms and deterring further irresponsible behaviour.
Way forward:
- Strengthen International Diplomatic Engagement: Initiate high-level dialogues involving all nuclear-armed states to reinforce commitments to non-proliferation treaties and discourage the lowering of nuclear use thresholds.
- Revise and Reinforce Security Assurances: Provide renewed and clear security assurances to non-nuclear states to discourage them from pursuing nuclear weapons. Revisit agreements like the Budapest Memorandum to ensure their effectiveness and credibility.
Mains PYQ:
Q (UPSC IAS/2022)
(a): Russia and Ukraine war has been going on for the last seven months. Different countries have taken independent stands and actions keeping in view their own national interests. We are all aware that war has its own impact on the different aspects of society, including human tragedy. What are those ethical issues that are crucial to be considered while launching the war and its continuation so far? lllustrate with justification the ethical issues involved in the given state of affair.
(b): Write short notes on the following in 30 words each:
(i) Constitutional morality
(ii) Conflict of interest
(iii) Probity in public life
(iv) Challanges of digitalization
(v) Devotion to duty
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bordering countries with Iran;
Mains level: India- Iran Relations;
Why in the News?
The sudden demise of Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi in a helicopter crash has sent shockwaves through the Islamic Republic, grappling with the implications for the country’s future leadership.
- India is closely monitoring the unfolding of Iran’s succession plan, given the significant geopolitical and economic stakes involved.
- India and Iran have recently signed a 10-year agreement to develop and operate a terminal at the strategic Chabahar Port, enhancing trade connections with Afghanistan and Central Asian countries.
BACK2BASICS: India-Iran Bilateral Relations:
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- Pre-Cold War Era: India and Iran span centuries of relationship which is marked by meaningful interactions. Both countries shared a border till 1947 with several common features in their language, culture, and traditions. They established their diplomatic ties in March 1950.
- Cold War Era (1950-1990): India followed its Non-alignment policy, but paralleling strong links with the Soviet Union (USSR), while Iran was an open member of the Western Bloc and enjoyed close ties with the United States.
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- Therefore, the relations between India and Iran suffered due to their differing political interests.
- Post Cold-War Era:
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- Iran’s continuously supported Pakistan in the India–Pakistan border conflicts. This was also a major reason that India had expressed strong opposition to Iran’s Nuclear program.
- India’s close relations with Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War greatly strained bilateral ties.
- Oil Trade: In 2019, due to the sanctions imposed by the US on Iran, India stopped importing crude oil from the country. Before 2019, India was the second biggest buyer of oil from Iran.
- During recent times in 2021, both countries continued to collaborate in supporting the broad-based anti-Taliban government until the Taliban recaptured Afghanistan.
- Other Trades:
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- India-Iran bilateral trade during the FY 2020-21 was USD 2.1 billion, a decrease of 56 % as compared to USD 4.8 billion during FY 2019-20.
- Our Exports to Iran: rice, tea, sugar, fresh fruits, drugs/pharmaceuticals, man-made staple fibers, electrical machinery, artificial jewelry etc.
- Our Imports from Iran: dry fruits, inorganic/organic chemicals, glass and glassware, natural or cultured pearls, precious or semiprecious stones, leather, gypsum, etc.
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About Raisi’s Rise and Hardline Agenda:
- Ebrahim Raisi, had politically risen through the ranks of Iran’s theocracy and was widely seen as a leading candidate to succeed.
- His presidency was part of a broader consolidation of power by hardliners dedicated to shoring up the pillars of the Islamic Republic against dissent and external threats.
- Raisi’s death poses significant challenges for the conservative hardliners who had backed him as a unifying figure loyal to the Supreme Leader.
- Raisi’s demise opens the door for the ambitions of the powerful Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC), which has exploited its constitutionally mandated roles to expand its political and economic influence.
- Raisi’s death introduces great uncertainty into the succession process, with various factions and figures vying for influence.
What are the potential implications of Iran’s succession plan for India?
- Trade ties: The death of President Raisi could impact India-Iran trade relations, which reached $2.33 billion in 2023-24 under Raisi’s policies.
- Regional stability: India has enjoyed good ties with Iran and has been involved in key projects like the development of the Chabahar port, which serves as India’s gateway to Central Asia.
- The succession plan in Iran could affect regional stability and India’s relation to energy security and connectivity.
- Foreign policy alignment: Changes in Iran’s stance towards regional conflicts and international agreements could influence India’s foreign policy decisions in the Middle East.
- Security concerns: Instability or changes in Iran’s approach to regional conflicts or its relations with other countries could impact India’s security calculations.
Way Forward
India needs to prioritize economic projects like the Chabahar Port, which are crucial for regional trade and India’s strategic interests, ensuring long-term agreements and investments. Further, maintaining a delicate balance between US relations and Iran ties by leveraging diplomatic channels to navigate sanctions can help.
Mains PYQ:
Q In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to its situation? (UPSC IAS/2018)
Q The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the most important part of India’s economic progress. Analyze India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian Countries. (UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Functions of RBI; Date of Commencement of Commercial Operations;
Mains level: Banking and Regulations; Issue of NPA’s;
Why in the News?
The RBI has issued draft regulations for a Harmonized Prudential Framework and revised DCCO criteria, to enhance the Regulatory Framework for long-term (infrastructure, non-infrastructure, and commercial real estate sectors) project financing.
- RBI’s purpose behind this is to regulate and supervise payment and settlement systems in the country, ensuring safe, secure, and efficient mechanisms for financial transactions.
What is the Date of Commencement of Commercial Operations (DCCO)?
The DCCO is a critical milestone for project loans, indicating the start of revenue-generating activities for the project.
Banks maintain the DCCO for project loans for several key reasons:
- Asset classification: The DCCO is crucial for determining the asset classification of a project loan. If the project fails to commence commercial operations by the stipulated DCCO, the loan may be classified as a Non-performing asset (NPA).
- Restructuring: The DCCO is used as a reference point for allowing the restructuring of project loans without treating it as an NPA. RBI guidelines permit banks to extend the DCCO by up to 1 year for commercial real estate projects and up to 2 years for infrastructure projects, without downgrading the asset classification, provided certain conditions are met.
- Viability assessment: When extending the DCCO, banks must satisfy themselves about the viability of the project and the restructuring plan.
- Provisioning: If a loan remains in the pre-commencement of the commercial operations phase for an extended period, banks may need to make higher provisions, considering the risk involved.
- Monitoring and control: Maintaining a clear DCCO allows banks to monitor the project’s progress and take timely action if there are delays or cost overruns. This helps in managing the bank’s exposure and mitigating risks.
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Key Highlights of the Proposed New Framework:
- Income Recognition and Asset Classification: The draft framework outlines guidelines for Income Recognition, Asset Classification, and Provisioning of Advances for Projects Under Implementation (IRACP-PUIMP).
- It emphasizes the importance of monitoring stress in projects and initiating resolution plans proactively.
- Increase in general provisioning at the construction stage from 0.4% to 5% on all existing and fresh exposures, phased over three years (2% for FY25, 3.5% for FY26, and 5% for FY27).
- Restructuring Norms: The RBI has prescribed norms for restructuring exposure in projects due to changes in the DCCO.
- Lenders are required to have a board-approved policy for resolving stress in projects, triggered by a credit event during the construction phase.
- Provisioning can be reduced to 2.5% and 1% at the operational phase if certain conditions are met.
- Consortium Arrangements: In projects financed under consortium arrangements, specific exposure limits have been set based on the aggregate exposure of lenders.
- Individual lenders must maintain a Minimum Exposure Percentage to ensure a balanced risk-sharing mechanism.
- Financial Closure and Repayment Structure: The framework mandates that financial closure must be achieved before the disbursement of funds.
- It discourages moratoriums on repayments beyond the DCCO period and sets guidelines for the repayment tenor not exceeding 85% of the economic life of the project.
- Projects must demonstrate a positive net operating cash flow to cover all repayment obligations and a reduction in total long-term debt by at least 20%.
- Net Present Value (NPV) Requirement: A positive NPV is a prerequisite for any project financed by lenders. The RBI stresses the importance of reevaluating the project NPV annually to ensure financial viability and address credit impairment risks.
- Guidelines for a standby credit facility to fund cost overruns due to delays, with incremental funding of 10% of the original project cost.
ICRA Observations:
ICRA set up in 1991 is an independent and professional investment Information and Credit Rating Agency. It observed the proposed new framework could have the following implications:
- Profitability Impact: Higher provisioning requirements for projects under implementation could impact the profitability of Non-banking Financial Companies and Infrastructure Financing Companies. The impact will be spread over 3 years.
- Funding Costs: Estimated increase in funding costs by 20-40 basis points as lenders build additional risk premiums.
- Major banks like SBI, Union Bank of India, and Bank of Baroda do not foresee significant impacts, although the pricing of loans may need adjustments.
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Way Forward:
- Enhanced Monitoring and Compliance: Implement robust monitoring mechanisms to ensure compliance with the new regulations. Regularly review and update the prudential framework to adapt to evolving market conditions.
- Capacity Building: Train bank staff and stakeholders on the new regulatory requirements and best practices for project financing.
Prelims PYQ:
Q The Reserve Bank of India regulates the commercial banks in matters of: (UPSC CSE 2013)
- liquidity of assets
- branch expansion
- merger of banks
- winding-up of banks
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1 and 4 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Climate Change; Madrid Protocol; Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP);
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
The 26th Meeting of the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP) is set to be held in Kochi, Kerala.
26th CEP Agenda
- Review of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (the Madrid Protocol).
- Evaluation of the effectiveness of existing Environmental Protection Measures.
- Identification of areas for potential enhancement or amendment to strengthen environmental conservation efforts.
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What is the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP?
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- It was formed as part of the Environmental Protocol (Madrid Protocol, 1991) to the Antarctic Treaty, which came into force in 1998.
- Aim: To advice and formulate recommendations on environmental protection measures in the Antarctic region.
- Composition: It consists of representatives from the consultative parties to the Antarctic Treaty, which includes countries active in Antarctic research and governance.
- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): The CEP oversees the EIA process for activities conducted in the Antarctic region to ensure they minimize environmental impacts.
- Site Inspections: It conducts inspections of Antarctic facilities and activities to verify compliance with environmental regulations.
- Scientific Research: The CEP promotes scientific research on Antarctic ecosystems and advises on measures to conserve biodiversity.
- Waste Management: It develops guidelines for waste management and pollution prevention in the Antarctic, aiming to minimize human impact on the environment.
- Policy Formulation: The CEP formulates policies and guidelines related to environmental protection in the Antarctic Treaty.
Back2Basics: Madrid Protocol, 1991
- The Madrid Protocol refers to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty.
- It is an international agreement that was adopted in 1991 and entered into force in 1998.
- Key aspects of the Madrid Protocol include:
- Environmental Principles: The Protocol outlines principles for the protection of the Antarctic environment, including the conservation of living resources, the prevention of pollution, and the protection of wilderness and scientific values.
- Designation of Protected Areas: It designates certain areas of Antarctica as specially protected areas (SPAs) and sites of special scientific interest (SSSI), where specific environmental protection measures apply to safeguard their ecological, scientific, and aesthetic values.
- Waste Management: It establishes guidelines and regulations for waste management and pollution prevention in Antarctica, aiming to minimize human impact on the environment and prevent pollution of the Antarctic ecosystem.
- Prohibition of Mineral Resource Activities: The Protocol prohibits all mineral resource activities, including exploration and exploitation, in Antarctica. This provision aims to preserve the pristine and fragile nature of the Antarctic environment and prevent the potential environmental damage associated with mineral extraction.
- Consultative Mechanisms: The Protocol establishes mechanisms for consultation and cooperation. This includes the CEP, which provides advice and recommendations on environmental matters to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM).
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PYQs:
[2021] How do the melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers of the Antarctic differently affect the weather patterns and human activities on the Earth? Explain.
[2011] The formation of ozone hole in the Antarctic region has been a cause of concern. What could be the reason for the formation of this hole?
(a) Presence of prominent tropospheric turbulence; and inflow of chlorofluorocarbons.
(b) Presence of prominent polar front and stratospheric clouds; and inflow of chlorofluorocarbons.
(c) Absence of polar front and stratospheric clouds; and inflow of methane and chlorofluorocarbons.
(d) Increased temperature at polar region due to global warming. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Naegleria fowleri, Amoeba
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- A five-year-old girl in Kozhikode, Kerala has succumbed to primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM), caused by Naegleria fowleri.
- India has recorded 20 reported cases of PAM, with the recent case marking the seventh infection in Kerala.
What is Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)?
- PAM is a rare brain infection caused by Naegleria fowleri, a free-living amoeba found in warm freshwater and soil worldwide.
- An amoeba is a type of cell or unicellular organism with the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudopods.
- Higher temperatures of up to 115°F (46°C) are conducive to its growth and it can survive for short periods in warm environments.
- The amoeba enters the body through the nose, typically during activities like swimming, and travels to the brain, causing severe damage.
- PAM is also non-communicable.
- Symptoms: Headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, hallucinations, and coma.
- According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most people with PAM die within 1 to 18 days after symptoms begin. It usually leads to coma and death after 5 days.
Treatment Challenges
- Currently, there are no established effective treatments for PAM.
- Medical interventions typically involve a combination of drugs, including amphotericin B, azithromycin, fluconazole, rifampin, miltefosine, and dexamethasone.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ATCM 46, Antarctic Treaty, India in Antarctica.
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
- India is hosting the 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM 46), also known as the Antarctic Parliament, from May 20-30 in Kochi.
- The National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Goa, through the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), has organised the meeting, which will be attended by the 56 member countries of the Antarctic Treaty.
What is the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM)?
- ATCM is the primary forum for discussing and coordinating activities related to the Antarctic Treaty System.
- It was established under the Antarctic Treaty, which was signed in 1959 and entered into force in 1961.
- It serves as the annual meeting of the parties to the Antarctic Treaty, known as Consultative Parties.
- The ATCM adopts legally binding agreements, known as Antarctic Treaty Measures (ATMs), as well as non-binding recommendations on various matters.
- Decisions within the ATCM are made by consensus among the Consultative Parties.
- The ATCM established the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP) as a subsidiary body to provide advice and recommendations on environmental matters.
- India had last hosted the ATCM in New Delhi in 2007.
India’s Agenda at ATCM 46
- During the Kochi meet, India will table its plan to construct Maitri II before the members.
- Any new construction or initiative in Antarctica requires the ATCM’s approval.
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About Antarctic Treaty
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Details |
| Signing and Entry into Force |
- Signed on December 1, 1959 at Washington DC.
- Entered into force on June 23, 1961.
- 12 Initial Countries: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the USSR, the UK, and the US.
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| Objective |
Ensure Antarctica remains exclusively for peaceful purposes, free from international discord. |
| Key Provisions |
- Art. I: Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes only
- Art. II: Freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica and cooperation
- Art. III: Scientific observations and results from Antarctica shall be exchanged and made freely available
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| Territorial Claims |
- Prohibits new territorial claims.
- Preserves existing territorial sovereignty claims.
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| Disarmament |
- Prohibits testing of nuclear weapons.
- Prohibits disposal of radioactive waste
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| Consultative Meetings |
- Antarctic Treaty Secretariat (ATS), established in 2004, serves as the administrative hub for the Antarctic Treaty System.
- Annual Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM) where member states discuss treaty implementation and cooperation.
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| Environmental Protection |
- Promotes protection of the Antarctic environment.
- Prohibits activities causing pollution or environmental damage
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| Mineral Resource Exploitation |
- Bans mining activities until at least 2048.
- Requires consensus for any review or modification
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| Membership |
- 54 parties as of 2024.
- 29 Consultative Parties actively participate in decision-making.
- 25 Non-Consultative Parties.
- India ratified the treaty in 1983.
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| Madrid Protocol |
- Adopted in 1991.
- Entered into force in 1998.
- Strengthens environmental protection measures in Antarctic.
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India in Antarctica
1. Governance:
- Since 1983, India has been a consultative party to the Antarctic Treaty.
- Of the 56 nations that are part of the Antarctic Treaty, 29 have consultative party status.
- In this capacity, India votes and participates in all key decision-making processes regarding Antarctica.
- India has undertaken scientific research in Antarctica since 1981.
2. Scientific Expeditions:
- The first Indian Antarctica research station, Dakshin Gangotri, was set up in 1983, some 2,500 km from the South Pole in Queen Maud Land. The station operated till 1990.
- In 1989, India set up its second Antarctica research station, Maitri, in the Schirmacher Oasis, a 3-km wide ice-free plateau with over 100 freshwater lakes.
- It is still operational and located about 5 km from Russia’s Novolazarevskaya Station, and 90 km from Dakshin Gangotri.
- In 2012, India inaugurated Bharati, its third Antarctica research station, located around 3,000 km east of Maitri, on the Prydz Bay coast.
- Although the station focuses on oceanographic and geologic study, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) utilises it for receiving Indian Remote sensing Satellite (IRS) data.
- India plans to open a new station, Maitri II, a few kilometres from the ageing Maitri station. Operations are set to begin by 2029.
- In 2022, India enacted the Antarctic Act, reaffirming its commitment to the Antarctic Treaty.
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About the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR)
- NCPOR is an Indian research and development institution, situated in Vasco da Gama, Goa.
- It is an autonomous institution of the Department of the Ministry of Earth Sciences, established in 1998.
- It is responsible for scientific and strategic endeavors in the Polar Regions (Arctic and Antarctic), the Himalayas, and the Southern Ocean.
PYQ:
[2015] The term ‘IndARC’ sometimes seen in the news is the name of
(a) An indigenously developed radar system inducted into Indian Defence.
(b) India’s satellite to provide services to the countries of Indian Ocean Rim.
(c) A scientific establishment set up by India in Antarctic region.
(d) India’s underwater observatory to scientifically study the Arctic region. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Autoimmune Diseases, X Chromosome
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
The X chromosome influences biological functions and disease susceptibilities, affecting genetic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and Alzheimer’s, with research offering potential new treatments and therapies.
Back2Basics: Chromosomes
- Chromosomes are fundamental components of cells that play a vital role in storing and transmitting genetic information.
- These structures contain genes, which carry instructions for the development, functioning, and inheritance of traits.
- Chromosomes consist of tightly coiled DNA molecules wrapped around proteins called histones, forming chromatin.
- Before cell division, chromosomes replicate into identical sister chromatids held together at the centromere.
Types of Chromosomes:
- Autosomes: Non-sex chromosomes (22 pairs in humans) determine most traits.
- Sex Chromosomes: Determine biological sex (XX for females, XY for males).
Functions of Chromosomes
- Genetic Information Storage: Genes on chromosomes encode instructions for protein production and cellular processes.
- Inheritance: Chromosomes transmit genetic information during sexual reproduction through meiosis, ensuring genetic diversity in offspring.
- Gene Expression Regulation: Chromosomes control gene activation or silencing, crucial for development and cell functioning.
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Genetic Landscape of the X chromosome:
- The human X chromosome encodes around 800 genes, producing proteins.
- Loss of function in these genes can lead to various genetic diseases.
- Diseases influenced by the X chromosome fall into three categories:
- X-linked genetic diseases
- Diseases influenced by XCI (X chromosome inactivation) escape
- Diseases linked to X-chromosome aneuploidy
What is the X chromosome?
- It is one of the two sex chromosomes in humans, the other being the Y chromosome.
- Females have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).
- Significance:
- Encodes around 800 genes that are crucial for various biological processes.
- Plays a significant role in determining sex and influencing many physiological functions.
- Loss of function or mutations in X chromosome genes can lead to several genetic disorders.
What are Autoimmune Diseases?
- Diseases where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own cells and tissues.
- Normally, the immune system defends against infections by targeting harmful pathogens.
- Common Autoimmune Diseases:
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): Chronic inflammation affecting various body parts.
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Inflammation of joints and surrounding tissues.
- Sjogren’s Syndrome: Affects glands that produce moisture, leading to dry mouth and eyes.
How does the X chromosome cause Autoimmune Diseases?
- X Chromosome Inactivation (XCI):
- In females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated during early embryonic development to balance gene expression between males and females.
- This process is crucial to prevent overexpression of X-linked genes.
- XCI Escape:
- Not all genes on the inactive X chromosome are completely silenced.
- Up to a fourth of these genes may escape inactivation and continue to be expressed.
- Link to Autoimmune Diseases:
- Skewed XCI: Uneven inactivation of X chromosomes may lead to an imbalance in gene expression, contributing to autoimmune disorders.
- Incomplete XCI: Reactivation of genes that should be silenced can result in abnormal immune responses.
Studies, such as one published in Science Advances (May 3, 2023), have shown that reactivation of X-linked genes in immune cells can lead to lupus-like symptoms in mice.
Linkage between X chromosome and Alzheimer’s disease
- Sex Bias in Alzheimer’s:
- Women are almost twice as likely as men to develop Alzheimer’s disease.
- Role of X-Linked Genes:
- Researchers have identified a gene called ubiquitin-specific peptidase 11 (USP11) on the X chromosome.
- USP11 Gene: Involved in protein modification processes and thought to influence the accumulation of tau proteins in the brain.
- XCI Escape: USP11 may escape XCI in females, leading to higher expression levels and contributing to Alzheimer’s pathology.
- A study from Case Western Reserve University (Cell, October 2022) highlighted this mechanism, suggesting it as a target for new treatments.
PYQ:
[2011] At present, scientists can determine the arrangement or relative positions of genes or DNA sequences on a chromosome. How does this knowledge benefit us?
- It is possible to know the pedigree of livestock.
- It is possible to understand the causes of all human diseases.
- It is possible to develop disease-resistant animal breeds.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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