Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NCART
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Centre is contemplating the establishment of the National Council for Agriculture and Rural Transformation (NCART), envisioned as a federal body to formulate policies and programs for the agricultural sector.
What is NCART?
- The NCART is a proposed federal body aimed at coordinating and driving actions in the agriculture sector in India.
- It would have representation of both the Centre and States.
- The idea for NCART has been proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare as part of its 100-day action plan for the new government.
- It draws inspiration from the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council.
Terms of Reference of NCART:
- Policy Formulation: NCART is envisioned as an overarching federal body responsible for devising policies and programs to promote agricultural and rural development.
- Coordination: One of the key objectives of NCART is to ensure coordinated actions across various stakeholders involved in the agriculture sector, including the central government, state governments, and other relevant entities.
- Consultative Body: NCART is expected to include representation from both the central and state governments, similar to the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council, to ensure a consultative approach in decision-making.
- Legal Status: While the GST Council is a constitutional body, the exact status of NCART is yet to be finalized.
India’s Agriculture Expenses:
- Despite agriculture being a state subject, the Centre has significantly increased budgetary allocations for the Agriculture Ministry.
- Budgetary allocation for the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare surged from Rs. 27,662.67 crore in 2013-14 to Rs. 1,25,035.79 crore in 2023-24 BE.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hopen Island, Barents Sea.
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Researchers disclosed that one of Norway’s Hopen Island in the Svalbard Archipelago witnessed its first walrus death due to Bird Flu (H5N1).
About Hopen Island in the Svalbard Archipelago
- Hopen Island is situated in the southern part of the Svalbard Archipelago, between the Barents Sea and the Greenland Sea.
- The island covers an area of about 47 square km, making it one of the smaller islands in the Svalbard group.
- The landscape mainly consists of low-lying tundra, rocky outcrops, and coastal cliffs.
- Like the rest of Svalbard, Hopen Island experiences a harsh Arctic climate. Winters are long, dark, and extremely cold, while summers are short and cool.
- It serves as an important breeding ground for seabirds such as guillemots, puffins, and kittiwakes. Polar bears are also occasionally spotted on the island, along with walruses, seals, and Arctic foxes.
- It is uninhabited and largely inaccessible to humans due to its remote location and extreme weather conditions.
- Historically, Hopen Island has been of strategic importance due to its location between the Barents Sea and the Greenland Sea.
H5N1 Bird Flu: Details
- H5N1 originated from a virus outbreak on a goose farm in China in 1996 and has since evolved into a highly pathogenic strain.
- The virus quickly spread from Europe to Africa, Asia, North America, and South America, and most recently, it reached mainland Antarctica.
- H5N1 is a subtype of the influenza A virus that causes severe respiratory disease in birds, known as avian influenza or “bird flu”.
- Influenza A viruses are classified by subtypes based on the properties of their surface proteins, with H5N1 being one subtype.
How widespread is it?
- The virus has affected birds in over 80 countries, resulting in mass culling of poultry and wild birds.
- Furthermore, it has now begun infecting mammals, including seals, sea lions, and marine mammals.
- While humans rarely contract bird flu, those at risk are typically individuals who have extensive contact with infected birds at poultry farms.
- Bird flu first broke out in Maharashtra in 2006.
- The H5N1 virus led to the culling of millions of poultry so as to contain the virus. But it has resurfaced from time to time.
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PYQ:
[2014] Which one of the following pairs of islands is separated from each other by the ‘Ten Degree Channel’?
(a) Andaman and Nicobar
(b) Nicobar and Sumatra
(c) Maldives and Lakshadweep
(d) Sumatra and Java |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ethylene Oxide (ETO)
Mains level: Health concerns related to ETO
Why in the News?
Many have announced an investigation into possible contamination of spice mixes sold by top Indian brands like MDH and Everest Masalas.
- Delhi-based think tank Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI) in a recent note held, “With nearly $700 million worth of exports to critical markets at stake.”
What is Ethylene Oxide (ETO)?
- Ethylene oxide is a flammable, colorless gas at temperature above 51.3 F (10.7 C). When used directly in the gaseous form or in non-explosive gaseous mixtures with nitrogen or carbon dioxide, ETO serves as a disinfectant, fumigant, sterilizing agent, and insecticide.
- ETO has also been reported to be produced from natural sources. In certain plants, ethylene (a natural plant growth regulator) is degraded to ethylene oxide. ETO ia also generated from water – logged soil, manure and sewage sludge.
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What are the health concerns?
- ETO Usage and Contamination: ETO is a prohibited pesticide that is used as a sterilizing agent in the food industry, including spices.
- Toxicity and Carcinogenicity: Residues of ETO can lead to the formation of toxic and carcinogenic compounds, such as ethylene glycol. Long-term exposure to ethylene oxide is associated with various health risks, including cancers like lymphoma and leukemia.
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- Previous Incidents: Indian-made products, including cough syrups, have been linked to incidents where ethylene glycol contamination resulted in fatalities, particularly among children in countries like Cameroon, Gambia, Indonesia, and Uzbekistan.
- Regulatory Response: The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has banned the use of ETO and has flagged contamination issues in Indian spices in the past. A recent EFSA report highlighted carcinogenic chemicals found in numerous products linked to India.
Which countries have flagged safety of Indian spices?
- Hong Kong: Suspended the sale of three MDH spice blends and Everest fish curry masala due to high levels of ethylene oxide (ETO).
- Singapore: Ordered a recall of Everest spice mix, stating that ethylene oxide makes the spices unfit for human consumption and poses a cancer risk.
- United States: The FDA is aware of the reports and is gathering additional information about the situation.
- Maldives: The Maldives FDA has suspended the sale of spices produced by Everest and MDH.
- Australia: Food Standards of Australia and New Zealand is working with international counterparts to understand the issue and determine if further action is required.
- Bangladesh: Gathering information on companies importing possibly contaminated products and plans to carry out examinations if necessary.
What are the operational challenges faced by the Indian government?
- Lack of Standardized Protocol System: India’s diverse food landscape, the lack of standardised monitoring and intentional food fraud may prevent manufacturers from efficiently tracing ingredients and assessing potential risks.
- Lack of Database: Many companies struggle to trace ingredients, especially raw agricultural commodities, due to the lack of standardised recordkeeping and intentional food fraud. This prevents manufacturers from assessing potential risks, compromising the safety of the entire food supply chain.
- Traceability is particularly challenging for small and medium sized businesses with limited resources.
What steps is Food and Drug Administration (FDA) taking to improve the safety of spices?
- Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA): The FSMA rules address both domestically produced and imported foods.
- For example, the preventive controls rule requires food facilities, including those that manufacture spices, to conduct a hazard analysis, identify hazards reasonably likely to occur, and establish preventive controls for such hazards.
- Spices Board and its Measures: The Spices Board announced mandatory testing of consignments shipped to Singapore and Hong Kong, and gathering technical details and analytical reports from relevant food and drug agencies.
- Issuance of Guidelines: A circular dated April 30 contains guidelines to exporters on preventing ETO contamination, developed after discussions with the Indian spice industry.
- Measures include voluntary testing of ETO during raw and final stages, storing ETO treated products separately, and incorporating critical control points in hazard analysis.
Way forward:
- Enhanced Regulatory Oversight: Strengthen regulatory bodies such as the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) to ensure strict adherence to food safety standards and regulations. Implement regular inspections, audits, and enforcement actions to monitor compliance with safety guidelines.
- Improved Traceability Systems: Develop and implement robust traceability systems across the food supply chain to track the origin and movement of ingredients and products. Utilize technology such as blockchain and RFID tagging to enhance transparency and accountability.
Mains question for practice
Q Explain the health risks associated with ethylene oxide (ETO) contamination in spices.
Mains PYQ
Q Elaborate the policy taken by the Government of India to meet the challenges of the food processing sector. (UPSC IAS/2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: P versus NP Problem
Mains level: Application of Science and Technology for Healthcare;
Why in the News?
Indian Health Care system faces a new set of complex problems that seem to be harder to solve because of their inherent complexity and the constraints they threaten to impose on resources.
Quick Problems versus Complex Problems in Health Care:
- Healthcare is filled with complex problems. Consider scheduling in a hospital: assigning doctors and nurses to shifts, booking operating theatres for surgeries, and organizing patient appointments.
- It is an intricate puzzle that requires considering various factors — staff availability, urgency of medical cases, etc. — and potential changes such as emergency cases and cancellations.
- The Quick Problems vs Complex Problems in Health Care question is this: there can be a shortcut to solve ‘Complex Problems’ problems as quickly as ‘Quick Problems’ problems.
- The implication is that if Quick Problems equals Complex Problems, we could quickly find the optimal solution to these scheduling problems, thus significantly improving patient care.
Implications for the Healthcare System:
- Impact on Antibiotic Resistance: Quick analysis of bacterial genomes and prediction of resistance patterns could lead to more effective antibiotic prescriptions, improving patient outcomes and combating antibiotic resistance.
- Advancement in Cancer Treatment: Swift identification of the optimal treatment for individual cancer patients could save lives by effectively tackling the complexity of cancer mutations and treatment options.
- Optimization of Insurance Decision-Making: Insurance companies grappling with ‘NP’ problems in determining premiums and packages could benefit from a shortcut provided by solving the P versus NP problem. This could lead to fairer and more accurate premiums and conditions for customers.
- Better utilization of Government health sector funding: Efficiently solving complex problems could lead to better utilization of government spending on healthcare, minimizing leakage and contributing to achieving universal health coverage.
- Resource Constraint Reduction and Improved Health Outcomes: By solving complex healthcare problems more efficiently, there is the potential to dramatically reduce resource constraints and improve health outcomes broadly.
Way Forward: Governments can enact policies and regulations that promote the responsible use of technology in healthcare and incentivize the adoption of evidence-based practices. This includes establishing standards for data privacy and security, fostering transparency in algorithmic decision-making, and ensuring equitable access to healthcare services.
Mains PYQ
Q Public health system has limitation in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that private sector can help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest? (UPSC IAS/2015)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Significance of recognizing menstrual leave as a fundamental right for women
Why in the news?
The DMK’s 2024 election manifesto in Tamil Nadu pledges to advocate for a law mandating menstrual leave for women, promoting gender equality and women’s welfare.
Tracking Regional Progress:
-
-
- The Kerala Sahitya Academy published work, Kerala in 19th Century, mentions that Kerala was the first (in the Cochin State) to recognize the need for “ period leave” for students and allowed it during examinations in 1912.
- Kerala, in January 2023, introduced menstrual and maternity leave to all students above the age of 18.
- Bihar, in 1992, allowed government employees two-day menstrual leave.
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- Japan introduced menstrual leave in 1947, Indonesia in 1948, and South Korea. Taiwan and Vietnam have also implemented paid leave. But concerning the Asian countries, the progress made by the western world, except in Sweden and Spain, is still abysmal.
Global Scenario:
- International Labour Organisation report, in 2003, asked nations to recognise menstrual leave.
- The World Health Organization recognised a non-governmental organisation driven World Menstrual Hygiene Day on May 28 from 2014.
- India’s new code on Social Security, 2020, passed by Parliament, which consolidated existing labour laws (yet to be notified), has not included the aspect of menstrual leave in its code.
Evidence related to impact:
Women laborers in the sugarcane fields of Maharashtra and agricultural laborers in Telangana have been documented to have hysterectomies as menstrual-related absences could endanger their livelihoods. |
Legal Initiatives in India:
- Bill in Tamil Nadu: In December 2021, S. Jothimani, Congress Member of Parliament (MP) from Tamil Nadu, had introduced a Private Member Bill named, ‘Right to Menstrual Hygiene and Paid Leave Bill, 2019’, which sought to bring menstrual leave into the ambit of the rights of a woman.
- Bill in Arunachal Pradesh: Congress MP from Arunachal Pradesh, introduced a private member Bill on menstrual leave in 2017 (the Menstruation Benefit Bill, 2017).
- Bill in Kerala: Shashi Tharoor, Congress MP from Kerala, introducing a similar Bill named The Women’s Sexual, Reproductive and Menstrual Rights Bill, 2018.
- The Supreme Court of India, early in 2023, refused to entertain a public interest litigation in Shailendra Mani Tripathi vs Union of India which sought direction to the state on menstrual leave; it thought that it is in the policy domain of the government.
Way Forward:
- Legislation and Policy Implementation: Advocate for the passage of bills at both the state and national levels that mandate menstrual leave for women. Additionally, ensure effective implementation and enforcement of these policies to guarantee that women can avail themselves of their entitled leave without fear of discrimination or repercussions.
- Awareness and Education: Launch comprehensive awareness campaigns to remove shame of menstruation and promote understanding of its biological, social, and cultural aspects.
Mains PYQ
Q Women empowerment in India needs gender budgeting. What are requirements and status of gender budgeting in the Indian context?
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Antarctica Region
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Antarctic Treaty has sparked debates among policymakers, scientists, and the public, as they weigh the balance between environmental conservation, economic interests, and geopolitical concerns in Antarctica.
About Antarctica
-
- Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, covering an area of approximately 14 million square km.
- It is situated entirely within the Antarctic Circle, with its geographic center near the South Pole.
- It is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent on Earth.
- The interior of Antarctica is a polar desert, receiving very little precipitation, mostly in the form of snow.
- The Antarctic Ice Sheet is the largest single mass of ice on Earth, containing approximately 70% of the world’s freshwater.
Geographical Features:
|
Description |
| Mountains |
- The continent is home to several mountain ranges, including the Transantarctic Mountains.
- Vinson Massif is the highest peak at 4,892 meters (16,050 feet) above sea level.
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| Ice Shelves |
Large floating ice shelves extend along the coast, formed by glaciers flowing from the interior, crucial for stabilizing the Antarctic ice sheet. |
| Glaciers |
Numerous glaciers flow from the high interior to the coast, including Pine Island Glacier and Thwaites Glacier, among the largest and fastest-moving in the world. |
| Icebergs |
- Glaciers calve off large chunks of ice, forming icebergs of various sizes.
- Antarctic Iceberg A-68, which broke off from the Larsen C Ice Shelf in 2017, was one of the largest recorded.
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| Plateaus |
Much of Antarctica’s interior consists of high, flat plateaus covered by ice, reaching elevations over 4,000 meters (13,000 feet) above sea level. |
| Ice-Free Areas |
Despite being predominantly ice-covered, some ice-free areas exist along the coastlines and in the Antarctic Peninsula region, supporting limited vegetation and wildlife. |
Territorial Claims on Antarctica:
The countries with territorial claims in Antarctica are:
- Argentina: Claims a sector of Antarctica known as Argentine Antarctica.
- Australia: Claims the Australian Antarctic Territory.
- Chile: Claims a sector of Antarctica known as Chilean Antarctic Territory.
- France: Claims a sector of Antarctica known as Adélie Land.
- New Zealand: Claims the Ross Dependency.
- Norway: Claims a sector of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land.
- United Kingdom: Claims a sector of Antarctica known as the British Antarctic Territory.
- United States: Claims a sector of Antarctica known as the Marie Byrd Land.
India’s Antarctic Outreach
- Initiated in 1981, India’s Antarctic Program, managed by National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, encompasses multi-disciplinary research expeditions.
- With the establishment of research bases like Dakshin Gangotri (1983) (now decommissioned), Maitri (1989), and Bharati (2012), India contributes significantly to Antarctic exploration.
- Notably, India’s presence in Antarctica includes a Post Office established in 1984, facilitating communication and research logistics.
PYQ:
[2011] The formation of ozone hole in the Antarctic region has been a cause of concern. What could be the reason for the formation of this hole?
(a) Presence of prominent tropospheric turbulence; and inflow of chlorofluorocarbons
(b) Presence of prominent polar front and stratospheric’: Clouds; and inflow of chlorofluorocarbons
(c) Absence of polar front and stratospheric clouds; and inflow of methane and chlorofluorocarbons
(d) Increased temperature at polar region due to global warming. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NADA and its Functions, Therapeutic Use Exemptions, WADA
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA), India, recently concluded its #PlayTrue Campaign, commemorating WADA’s Play True Day.
- The campaign aimed to raise awareness about clean sport and anti-doping practices across India.
National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA):
- Established in November 2005 by the Government of India with the objective of ensuring dope-free sports.
- Formed as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act of 1860.
- Functions as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports.
- It follows the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC) and the Prohibited List published annually by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).
- Primary functions include:
- Conducting In-Competition and Out-of-Competition dope testing of athletes across various sports disciplines.
- Educating athletes, coaches, and support personnel about the dangers of doping and the importance of clean sports through awareness programs and workshops.
- Implementing a robust anti-doping policy framework in line with international standards.
- Investigating and prosecuting anti-doping rule violations in accordance with the WADA Code.
- Collaborating with international anti-doping organizations and agencies to ensure harmonization of anti-doping efforts globally.
- Providing support and guidance to National Sports Federations (NSFs), State Sports Associations (SSAs), and other stakeholders to develop and implement effective anti-doping measures.
Key Function: Dope Testing
- NADA conducts both in-competition and out-of-competition dope testing of athletes participating in various national and international sports events.
- NADA employs trained Doping Control Officers (DCOs) who are responsible for conducting dope testing at sports events and collecting samples from athletes.
- These officers are trained to adhere to international standards and protocols during sample collection.
- NADA works towards ensuring compliance with the WADA Code and the National Anti-Doping Rules by all stakeholders involved in Indian sports, including athletes, coaches, NSFs, and SSAs.
Allowed Substances and Methods:
- Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs): Athletes can apply for TUEs to use otherwise prohibited substances for legitimate medical reasons. TUEs are granted based on the assessment of medical documentation by anti-doping authorities.
- Specified Substances: Some substances, such as certain beta-2 agonists and glucocorticoids, are permitted in specific dosages or routes of administration and may require a TUE depending on the circumstances.
- PROHIBITED: Prohibited substances and methods include anabolic agents, peptide hormones, beta-2 agonists, hormone and metabolic modulators, diuretics, stimulants, narcotics, cannabinoids, glucocorticoids, beta blockers, blood doping, and gene doping.
Back2Basics: World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
- WADA was established in 1999 and is headquartered in Montreal, Canada.
- It was set up as a foundation under the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
- It was formed pursuant to the terms of the Lausanne Declaration (1999), which provided for the creation of an independent international anti-doping
- WADA is responsible for the World Anti-Doping Code, adopted by more than 650 sports organizations, including international sports federations, national anti-doping organizations, the IOC, and the International Paralympic Committee
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PYQ:
[2021] Consider the following statements in respect of the Laureus World Sports Award which was instituted in the year 2000:
1. American golfer Tiger Woods was the first winner of this award.
2. The award was received mostly by ‘Formula One’ players so far.
3. Roger Federer received this award maximum number of times compared to others.
Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Features of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and its applicability
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The Supreme Court recently emphasized the sacredness of Hindu marriage, stating it is not merely a social event but a ‘samskara’ and a sacrament of significant value in Indian society.
- The court’s observations came in response to a case involving two commercial pilots seeking a divorce decree without a valid Hindu marriage ceremony.
About Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
|
Details |
| Enactment |
Passed by the Parliament of India on May 18, 1955. |
| Purpose |
Amendment and codification of laws related to marriage among Hindus and others. |
| Applicability |
- Applies to Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs, and others NOT governed by Muslim, Christian, Parsi, or Jewish laws.
- NOTE: The Special Marriage Act, 1954 applies to all citizens of India, irrespective of religion, faith, or belief. It facilitates inter-religious and inter-caste marriages.
|
| Conditions for Marriage |
Section 5 specifies conditions including age, mental capacity, consent, and absence of prohibited relationships. |
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Features of the HMA
|
| Guardianship for Marriage |
Section 6 outlines the persons entitled to give consent for a bride’s marriage. |
| Solemnization of Marriage |
Section 7 recognizes customary rites and ceremonies for Hindu marriage. |
| Registration of Marriage |
Section 8 allows for the registration of Hindu marriages for facilitating proof. |
| Ceremonies for a Hindu Marriage |
- Explains the special varieties of ceremonies that may be done to solemnize a Hindu marriage. Ex. ‘Saptapadi’
- It acknowledges each conventional and court-registered marriage.
|
| Restitution of Conjugal Rights |
Section 9 permits application for restitution of conjugal rights if one spouse withdraws without excuse. |
| Judicial Separation |
Section 10 provides for judicial separation based on certain grounds. |
| Nullity of Marriage and Divorce |
Grounds for voidable marriages and divorce specified in Sections 11-13. |
| Mutual Divorce |
Section 13B allows mutual divorce by consent of both parties. |
| Alimony and Maintenance |
Sections 24-25 enable spouses to seek maintenance and alimony post-divorce. |
| Marriage Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2010 |
Proposed amendments for easier divorce on grounds of irretrievable breakdown. |
| Judicial Review |
Supreme Court rulings on divorce petitions and exercise of powers under Article 142. |
Essence of Hindu Marriage: Supreme Courts’ Observations
- Denouncement of Unrecognized Marriages:
-
-
- The Supreme Court denounced the practice of seeking marital status without a valid ceremony.
- Emphasized that marriage is a lifelong commitment and not to be treated lightly.
- Sacred Character of Hindu Marriage:
-
-
- Hindu marriage is termed as a ‘sacrament’ with a sacred character.
- It symbolizes the unity of two individuals into a dignified, equal, and consensual union.
- Institutional Importance:
-
-
- Viewed as a vital institution for procreation, family consolidation, and fostering fraternity within communities.
- Adherence to Rites and Ceremonies:
-
-
- The court reiterated that a Hindu marriage must adhere to the rites and ceremonies prescribed under the Hindu Marriage Act.
- For instance, the ‘saptapadi’ ceremony is essential for validity.
- Role of Marriage Registration:
-
- Marriage registration aids in providing evidence of the wedding.
- However, it does not confer legitimacy if the marriage is not solemnized according to the Hindu Marriage Act.
PYQ:
[2020] Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to obscurantism. Do you agree?
[2015] Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizen a uniform civil code as provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Antares (Jyeshtha), Occultation
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The Bengaluru-based Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) captured the moon passing in front of Antares, a bright red star.
- Moon occasionally occults bright stars such as Antares and planets as it orbits the Earth once a month.
About Antares (Jyeshtha)
- Antares is a red supergiant star also called ‘Alpha Scorpii,’ located in the constellation of Scorpius.
- It is visible in the southern sky during the summer months in the northern hemisphere.
- It is often referred to as the “heart of the scorpion” due to its location within the Scorpius constellation and its striking red color.
- It is a massive star, with a diameter estimated to be around 700 times that of the Sun.
- It has a relatively low surface temperature compared to other stars, which gives it its distinctive red color.
- The distance to Antares from Earth is approximately 550 light-years, making it one of the closest red supergiant stars to our solar system.
What is Occultation?
- An occultation is a total or a partial cut-off of the light of a celestial body due to its passage behind another body.
- The finest example of an occultation is the solar eclipse.
- Strictly speaking, it is not an eclipse, but a lunar occultation of the sun.
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PYQ:
[2012] A person stood alone in a desert on a dark night and wanted to reach his village, which was situated 5 km East of the point where he was standing. He had no instruments to find the direction, but he located the pole-star. The most convenient way now to reach his village is to walk in the _______.
(a) Direction facing the pole-star
(b) Direction opposite to the pole-star
(c) Direction keeping the pole-star to his left
(d) Direction keeping the pole-star to his right |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Commission on Population and Development (CPD)
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
India’s Elected Women Representatives (EWRs) are participating in the Commission on Population and Development (CPD57) 57th session at the United Nations Headquarters in New York.
About Commission on Population and Development (CPD)
|
Details |
| Establishment |
Established by United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) resolution 18(IV) in 1946 to advise on population and development issues. |
| Mandate |
Provides guidance and recommendations on population and development policies to ECOSOC and the UN General Assembly. |
| Membership |
Comprises 47 member states elected by ECOSOC for 4-year terms, based on geographic representation and expertise. |
| Meetings |
Holds annual sessions at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, typically in April. |
| Themes |
Focuses each session on specific population and development themes, such as youth empowerment and gender equality. |
| Reports and Resolutions |
Prepares reports and adopts resolutions containing recommendations for action by ECOSOC and the UN General Assembly. |
| Linkage to SDGs |
Closely aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 3, 5, 10, and 17. |
| Regional Collaboration |
Collaborates with regional commissions and expert groups to analyze population trends and develop strategies at regional and national levels. |
PYQ:
[2017] What are the main functions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)? Explain different functional commissions attached to it.
[2017] With reference to the role of UN-Habitat in the United Nations programme working towards a better urban future, which of the statements is/are correct?
1. UN-Habitat has been mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities to provide adequate shelter for all.
2. Its partners are either governments or local urban authorities only.
3. UN-Habitat contributes to the overall objective of the United Nations system to reduce poverty and to promote access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ensuring safety and health at work in a changing climate report
Mains level: The ILO has identified six key impacts of climate change
Why in the News?
The International Labour Organization’s (ILO) latest report, ‘Ensuring safety and health at work in a changing climate’, is an urgent call to ensure the future of labour is climate proofed and to address the constantly evolving work environment as the planet warms.
What are the Emerging Hazards? (The ILO has identified six key impacts of climate change)
- Solar Ultraviolet Radiation: Increased exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation due to climate change can have adverse effects on outdoor workers, potentially leading to skin damage and cancer.
- Extreme Weather Events: Climate change is contributing to the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires, which pose significant risks to workers in various sectors.
- Workplace Air Pollution: Climate change can exacerbate air pollution in workplaces, particularly in industrial settings, leading to respiratory illnesses and other health problems among workers.
- Vector-Borne Diseases: Changing climate patterns can influence the distribution and prevalence of vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and Zika virus, posing risks to workers in affected regions.
- Agrochemicals: Agricultural workers may face increased exposure to agrochemicals due to changes in pest and disease patterns resulting from climate change, potentially leading to health issues such as pesticide poisoning.
- Gig Economy Workers: The rise of gig employment, particularly in heat-susceptible sectors such as transportation and delivery services, exposes workers to additional risks related to heat stress and other climate-related hazards.
Most affected Sectors of the Economy:
- Agriculture: Despite a decline in the proportion of the workforce engaged in agriculture over the past few decades, it remains the most heat-susceptible sector, particularly in the developing world like India.
- The NSSO data of July 2018-June 2019 reveal that almost 90% of Indian farmers own less than two hectares of land, and earn an average monthly income of a little over ₹10,000
- Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs): India’s vast MSME sector, employing over 123 million workers, contributes significantly to the country’s economy. However, the sector’s informalization poses challenges in ensuring worker safety and health.
- Lack of oversight by state Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) departments makes workers highly vulnerable to heat hazards, despite the sector’s substantial contribution to exports and manufacturing output.
- Building and Construction: With approximately 70 million workers, the construction sector in India faces the urban heat island effect, especially in rapidly growing cities. Workers in this sector are exposed to physical injuries and health hazards such as asthma due to air pollution, as many Indian cities rank among the most polluted globally as per World Air Quality Report 2023 by IQAir.
About Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 (OSH Code, 2020):
- This is a comprehensive law, enacted in September 2020.
- It consolidates and amends more than 13 central laws related to workplace safety, including the Factories Act, 1948, the Workmen Compensation Act, 1923, the Building and Other Construction Workers Act, 1996, the Plantations Labour Act, 1951, the Mines Act, 1952, and the Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act, 1979.
- However, the enforcement of this law is yet to be officially notified by the Union government.
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Way forward:
- Enhanced Regulations and Enforcement: Implement and enforce the Occupational Safety, Health, and Working Conditions Code, 2020 to ensure comprehensive protection for workers across all sectors. This includes setting clear standards for workplace safety, regular inspections, and penalties for non-compliance.
- Heat Stress Management: Implement measures to manage heat stress in workplaces, especially in heat-susceptible sectors like agriculture and construction. This can include providing access to shaded rest areas, increasing hydration facilities, adjusting work schedules to avoid peak heat hours.
- Healthcare Access: Ensure access to healthcare services for workers, including regular health check-ups and treatment for heat-related illnesses and other occupational health issues. This may involve setting up medical facilities near worksites or providing transportation to nearby healthcare facilities.
Mains PYQ
Q ‘Climate change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Issues in PCA 1960
Why in the News?
Presently, Croatia has imposed stricter penalties for acts of cruelty, especially the abandonment of domestic pets. Countries across the world are reforming their animal cruelty laws and enhancing punishments for animal cruelty.
On punishment theories:
- Inadequacies in the PCA Act (1960): The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (PCA Act) is the primary legislation criminalizing various forms of cruelty towards animals in India.
- Failure to Achieve Objectives: Despite being in place for several decades, the PCA Act has failed to achieve its main objective of preventing cruelty to animals effectively.
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Theories of punishment suggest that punishment serves three main goals:
- Retribution: Retribution refers to punishment imposed to avenge the crime committed.In the context of animal cruelty, retribution could involve imposing punishment on perpetrators to seek justice for the harm inflicted on animals.
- Deterrence: It aims to prevent future crimes by imposing punishment that dissuades both the perpetrator and the general public from engaging in similar behavior.
- Reformation or Rehabilitation: It focuses on reforming the behavior of the perpetrator to prevent future offenses.
Issues in PCA 1960 :
- Bail and Non-Cognisable Offences: Many offences under the PCA Act are bailable and non-cognisable, allowing accused individuals to seek bail easily and preventing immediate police action without court permission. This delays justice and hampers effective enforcement.
- Inadequate Fines: The fines prescribed under the PCA Act have remained unchanged for over 130 years, rendering them insignificant and failing to act as a deterrent against animal cruelty. In many cases, fines are as low as ₹10, which does not reflect the seriousness of the offenses.
- Discretionary Sentencing: The law grants courts discretion to choose between imposing imprisonment or a fine on offenders, even for severe cases of animal cruelty. This leniency allows perpetrators to evade appropriate punishment, undermining the deterrent effect of the law.
- Lack of Rehabilitation Measures: The PCA Act lacks provisions for alternative forms of punishment such as community service, which could help reform perpetrators and address the root causes of animal cruelty.
Steps taken by Government:
- In November 2022, the Draft PCA (Amendment) Bill, 2022 was published by the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying for public comments. Despite widespread public support for the Draft Bill, it was not tabled in Parliament.
- The Draft Bill includes significant amendments to the 1960 Act such as the inclusion of the five fundamental freedoms for animals, enhancement of the punishments and the amounts of money to be paid as fines for various offences, and addition of new cognisable offences.
Way forward
- Legislative Reforms: Need to table the Draft PCA (Amendment) Bill, 2022 in Parliament for consideration and enactment.Enhance penalties and fines for animal cruelty to reflect the seriousness of the offenses and act as a deterrent.
- Promotion of Public Awareness: Launch campaigns and awareness programs to educate the public about animal welfare and the consequences of cruelty.
Mains PYQ
Q Discuss the significance of the lion and bull figures in Indian mythology, art and architecture. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Public Accounts Committee
Mains level: Key points related to report on the performance of State legislatures in India in 2023
Why in the news?
- Madhya Pradesh passed 85% of its Budget without discussion in 2023 followed by Kerala and Jharkhand.
- These observations are based on repot of PRS Legislative Research’s Annual Review of State Laws 2023.The report analyses the performance of State legislatures in various key functions.
BACK2BASICS:
What is Public Accounts Committee (PAC)?
- The inception of the Public Accounts Committee dates back to 1921 following its initial reference in the Government of India Act, 1919, commonly known as the Montford Reforms.
- Currently, the formation of the Public Accounts Committee is an annual occurrence as per Rule 308 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Lok Sabha.
- The primary objective of the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) is to examine and scrutinize the government’s financial transactions and expenditures to ensure transparency, accountability, and proper utilization of public funds.
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Key points related to report on the performance of State legislatures in India in 2023:
- Budget Passing Without Discussion: Nearly 40% of the ₹18.5 lakh crore budget presented by 10 States was passed without discussion. In some States like Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Jharkhand, and West Bengal, a significant portion of the budget was passed without debate.
- Public Accounts Committee (PAC) Inactivity: In five States, including Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Maharashtra, and Odisha, the PAC did not table any reports in 2023. Maharashtra’s PAC neither met nor released a report during the year.
- Fast-Track Passage of Bills: A significant number of bills were passed quickly with minimal debate, with 44% passed either on the same day they were introduced or the next day. This trend was consistent with previous years, indicating a pattern of swift legislative activity.
- Promulgation of Ordinances: 84 ordinances were promulgated in 20 States, covering various subjects such as new universities, public examinations, and ownership of apartments. Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra accounted for the highest number of ordinances.
- Regional Disparities: There were regional disparities in legislative activity, with states like Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh tabling a significant number of PAC reports, while others like Maharashtra and Bihar saw inactivity. Similarly, some states passed bills quickly, while others took more time for deliberation.
Negative implication
- Lack of Transparency: Budgets being passed without discussion indicate a lack of transparency and accountability in the budgetary process, potentially leading to decisions being made without proper scrutiny or public input.
- Ineffective Oversight: The inactivity of Public Accounts Committees (PACs) in some states suggests a failure of oversight mechanisms, undermining the scrutiny of government expenditure and accountability for public funds.
- Quality of Legislation: The fast-track passage of bills with minimal debate raises concerns about the quality of legislation and the thoroughness of deliberation, potentially resulting in hastily drafted or poorly scrutinized laws.
- Overuse of Ordinances: The high number of ordinances promulgated signifies a reliance on executive orders to bypass the legislative process, which can undermine democratic principles and the role of the legislature in lawmaking.
Way forward
- Enhancing Transparency and Accountability: Mandate thorough discussions and debates on budgets before passage to ensure transparency and accountability in financial decision-making.Establish mechanisms for public participation and input in the budgetary process to increase transparency and foster citizen engagement.
- Reforming Oversight Mechanisms: Strengthen the functioning of Public Accounts Committees (PACs) by ensuring regular meetings and timely submission of reports.Empower PACs with adequate resources, authority, and independence to effectively scrutinize government expenditure and promote accountability.
Mains PYQ
Q Discuss the role of Public Accounts Committee in establishing accountability of the government to the people. (UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Model Code of Conduct (MCC)
Mains level: features and concerns related MCC
Why in the news?
The Election Commission of India (ECI) has issued notifications regarding complaints of violations of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) against prominent leaders in India.
Model Code of Conduct (MCC)
- Set of guidelines : The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is a set of guidelines issued by the Election Commission of India (EC) for political parties and candidates.
- Aim: It aims to establish standards of conduct during election campaigns and polling.The MCC includes provisions for lodging complaints with EC observers and dictates the conduct of ministers from ruling parties during the MCC period.
- In 2019, an addition was made concerning election manifestos, prohibiting promises contrary to constitutional ideals.
- The MCC is not legally binding as it is not a statutory document enacted by Parliament.
- While violating many MCC guidelines may not result in punitive action, certain actions are categorized as electoral offenses and corrupt practices under the Indian Penal Code and the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
- Violators of these laws will face appropriate punishment.
Evolution of MCC:
- Origin: The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) originated as a small set of guidelines for the Assembly election in Kerala in 1960.
- Initially, it covered various aspects such as the conduct of election meetings, processions, speeches, slogans, posters, and placards.
- Expansion of MCC: Under Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) K V K Sundaram in 1968, the EC consulted with political parties and expanded the MCC to ensure minimum standards of behavior for free and fair elections.
- Standard practice: By 1979, it became a standard practice for the EC to circulate the MCC before every General Election.
- Consolidation of MCC: Over time, the MCC evolved further with consultations between the EC and political parties. In 1991, it was consolidated and re-issued with additional sections, including restrictions on the “party in power” to prevent the misuse of authority for unfair advantages.
Features of MCC:
- Activation of MCC: The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is activated immediately upon the announcement of the election schedule by the Election Commission and remains in effect until the completion of the election process, including the announcement of results.
- Applicable on all election: It applies to all elections to the Lok Sabha, State Assemblies, State Legislative Council elections from Local Bodies, and Graduates’ and Teachers’ Constituencies.
- Across all India: During General elections, the MCC is enforced across India, while during Legislative Assembly elections, it is enforced in the specific state going to polls.
- Funded to adhere with MCC: All organizations, committees, corporations, and commissions funded wholly or partially by the Central or State governments are obligated to adhere to the MCC.
- List of Political parties: In addition to listed political parties and candidates, non-political organizations conducting campaigns in support of a political party or candidate are also required to follow specific guidelines outlined by the Election Commission.
Issues related to MCC:
- The political environment in the country has become more intense, leading to a decrease in the effectiveness of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC).
- Instances of violations of the MCC are increasing rapidly and are becoming widespread and aggressive.
- Political leaders are using their influence, resources, and persuasive tactics more aggressively than ever, often exploiting loopholes between the literal and intended meanings of the MCC.
- Money power has become more prominent than physical strength, and advancements in technology have provided new ways to circumvent regulations.
- The MCC lacks clarity on the consequences of violations, which weakens its ability to deter misconduct.
- Delayed responses to violations reduce the impact of penalties and erode public trust in the Election Commission’s credibility.
Way Forward
- Strengthen Enforcement: Enhance the enforcement mechanisms to ensure strict adherence to the MCC guidelines.
- Technological Solutions: Leverage technology to improve monitoring and enforcement of MCC compliance. Implement tools such as social media monitoring, data analytics, and surveillance technology to detect and deter violations effectively.
- Swift and Transparent Action: Ensure timely and transparent action against MCC violations. Establish clear protocols for investigating complaints and imposing penalties on violators. Swift action will enhance the deterrent effect of the MCC.
Mains PYQ:
Q ‘Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss. [2017]
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Antarctic Treaty
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) will host the 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM 46) in Kochi, Kerala.
About Antarctic Treaty
|
Details |
| Signing and Entry into Force |
- Signed on December 1, 1959 at Washington DC.
- Entered into force on June 23, 1961.
- 12 Initial Countries: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the USSR, the UK, and the US.
|
| Objective |
Ensure Antarctica remains exclusively for peaceful purposes, free from international discord. |
| Key Provisions |
- Art. I: Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes only
- Art. II: Freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica and cooperation
- Art. III: Scientific observations and results from Antarctica shall be exchanged and made freely available
|
| Territorial Claims |
- Prohibits new territorial claims.
- Preserves existing territorial sovereignty claims.
|
| Disarmament |
- Prohibits testing of nuclear weapons.
- Prohibits disposal of radioactive waste
|
| Consultative Meetings |
Annual Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM) where member states discuss treaty implementation and cooperation |
| Environmental Protection |
- Promotes protection of Antarctic environment.
- Prohibits activities causing pollution or environmental damage
|
| Mineral Resource Exploitation |
- Bans mining activities until at least 2048.
- Requires consensus for any review or modification
|
| Membership |
-
- 54 parties as of 2024.
- 29 Consultative Parties actively participate in decision-making.
- 25 Non-Consultative Parties.
- India ratified the treaty in 1983.
|
| Madrid Protocol |
- Adopted in 1991.
- Entered into force in 1998.
- Strengthens environmental protection measures in Antarctic.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Water Ice on Moon
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
A study has revealed evidence for enhanced possibility of sub-surface water ice occurrence in the polar craters of the Moon, according to ISRO.
Water Ice on Moon: ISRO’s Findings
- The research indicates that the amount of sub-surface ice within the first few meters is significantly greater, about 5-8x more, than that found on the lunar surface.
- Moreover, the study reveals that the Northern Polar region harbors twice as much water ice as the southern polar region.
- It highlights the necessity of drilling to access this ice for future missions and sustained human presence on the Moon.
Origin of Water Ice:
- The study validates the hypothesis that sub-surface water ice in lunar poles originated from out-gassing during volcanic activity in the Imbrian period.
- It suggests that Lunar Mare Volcanism and preferential impact cratering govern the distribution of water ice on the Moon.
Methodology:
- The research team utilized seven instruments aboard the NASA robotic spacecraft Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), including radar, laser, optical, neutron spectrometer, ultra-violet spectrometer, and thermal radiometer. LRO hovers over Lunar South Pole.
- These instruments provided crucial data to understand the origin and distribution of water ice on the lunar surface.
Significance of the findings
- Accurate knowledge of water ice distribution and depth is vital for identifying suitable landing and sampling sites for future lunar missions.
- The study supports ISRO’s future plans for in-situ volatile exploration on the Moon, aligning with its broader lunar exploration objectives.
PYQ:
Q. Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology helped India in its socio-economic development? (2016) |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Notable features of the Street Vendors Act, 2014
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- It has been a decade since the enactment of the Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act on May 1, 2014.
- It marks a significant milestone in the recognition of the rights and contributions of street vendors across India.
About Street Vendors Act, 2014
-
- The Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014, was enacted
- Objective: To regulate street vendors in public areas and protect their rights.
- It was introduced in the Lok Sabha (Lower House of the Parliament of India) on 6 September 2012 by then Union Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Kumari Selja.
- The Act came into force from 1 May 2014.
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- 2004: The bill aimed at providing social security and livelihood rights to street vendors, has its origins in the ‘National Policy for Urban Street Vendors’ introduced in 2004.
- 2009: It was later revised as ‘National Policy on Urban Street Vendors’ in 2009.
- 3 Recognized categories of street vending:
Key Provisions of the Bill:
|
Details |
| Town Vending Committee |
- Responsible for conducting surveys of all vendors, issuance of certificates of vending, and designation of vending zones.
- Surveys to be conducted every 5 years.
- No eviction until certificates are issued.
- TVCs to have 40% representation of street vendor representatives and 33% of women street vendors.
|
| Designated Vending Zones |
- All street vendors to be accommodated in designated vending zones.
- Allocation of space by drawing lots if necessary.
- Those unable to secure space in the same zone to be accommodated in adjoining zones.
|
| Certificate of Vending |
- Granted to street vendors above 14 years of age.
- Can be transferred to family members in certain circumstances.
- Can be cancelled if conditions are breached.
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| No-Vending Zones |
- Prohibits vending activities in designated no-vending zones.
- Relocation provisions for affected vendors.
- Notice period of at least 30 days for relocation.
- Failure to vacate may result in penalties.
|
| Dispute Resolution Body |
Consists of a Chairperson (civil judge or judicial magistrate) and two other professionals. |
| Responsibility of Local Authorities for Implementation |
Responsibility for creating schemes and implementation delegated to local municipalities. |
| Role of Town Vending Committee |
Each zone or ward of the local authority to have a Town Vending Committee. |
| Relocation and Penalties |
Vendors failing to relocate from no-vending zones after notice may face penalties, including fines. |
| Representation and Legal Ambiguities |
Criticisms include lack of adequate representation of street vendors in decision-making bodies and legal ambiguities. |
Also read about: PM SVANidhi Scheme
PYQ:
[2016] How has globalization led to the reduction of employment in the formal sector of the Indian economy? Is increased informalization detrimental to the development of the country? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Patachitra, Patuas etc.
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Patachitra Paintings of women in Paschim Medinipur’s Pingla block in West Bengal has become popular worldwide.
About Bengal Patachitra
- Patachitra, also spelled as Pattachitra, is a traditional form of scroll painting that originated in the eastern Indian states of Odisha and West Bengal, as well as parts of Bangladesh. The term “Patachitra” derives from Sanskrit, where “pata” means “cloth” and “chitra” means “picture.”
- These paintings are typically created on cloth canvas, palm leaves, or paper. Artists associated with Patachitra are known as Patuas.
- Origin: Bengal Patachitra is believed to have originated in rural Bengal, with some historical references suggesting its existence during the Pre-Pala period.
- Themes and Style:
- The themes of Bengal Patachitra are diverse, ranging from religious and mythological narratives to secular subjects.
- Religious themes often depict stories from Hindu epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata, as well as folklore such as Manasha and Chandi.
- Secular themes include important news events, accidents, scandals, and social issues.
- Each Patachitra is accompanied by a song called Patua Sangeet, sung by the artists while unfurling the scroll.
- Aspects of Painting:
- Chalchitra: Background paintings associated with religious idols, such as Durga Pratima.
- Durga Pot: Special Patachitras worshiped during Durga Puja, often featuring images of gods and goddesses.
- Various Technique: Different districts have distinct techniques, colors, and designs. For example, Purulia Patachitras prefer burnt sienna with white and yellow patches, while Hooghly and Manbhum scrolls exhibit modernistic abstract linear treatment.
- Artists: Bengal Patua artists, also known as Chitrakars, are concentrated in villages like Naya in the Medinipur district.
- Colors: Bengal Patachitra typically uses natural colors derived from materials like chalk dust (for white), pauri (for yellow), cultivated indigo (for blue), bhushakali (for black), and mete sindur (for red).
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CPI and WPI
Mains level: Challenges and measures related to inflation
Why in the News?
AAZData released showed that Retail Inflation had edged marginally upward last month.
What is Inflation?
- Inflation, as per the definition provided by the International Monetary Fund, represents the pace at which prices rise within a specified timeframe, covering a comprehensive assessment of general price escalations or those about particular goods and services. To measure the inflation there are different types of inflation index.
- An Inflation Index is a statistical measure used to track changes in the overall price level of goods and services in an economy over a specific period. It quantifies the rate of inflation by comparing the current prices of a selected basket of goods and services to their prices in a base period.
In India, there are primarily two types of inflation indices used to measure price changes:
- Consumer Price Index (CPI): The CPI measures changes in the prices paid by urban and rural consumers for a basket of goods and services. It provides insights into inflation experienced by households and is divided into various sub-indices based on categories such as food, fuel, clothing, housing, transportation, medical care, recreation, and education. The Government of India releases multiple CPI indices, including:
- CPI for Industrial Workers (CPI-IW)
- CPI for Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL)
- CPI for Rural Labourers (CPI-RL)
- CPI for Urban Non-Manual Employees (CPI-UNME)
- CPI for Rural (CPI-R)
- CPI for Urban (CPI-U)
- Wholesale Price Index (WPI): The WPI tracks changes in the prices of goods at the wholesale level. It includes the prices of commodities traded in bulk such as agricultural products, minerals, crude oil, manufactured products, and electricity. The Office of the Economic Adviser, under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), releases the WPI every month.
What is Retail Inflation?
- Retail inflation, also known as Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation, tracks the change in retail prices of goods and services that households purchase for their daily consumption. CPI is calculated for a fixed basket of goods and services that may or may not be altered by the government from time to time.
- How it is Calculated?
- A representative basket of goods and services is selected to represent the typical consumption patterns of households
- The cost of the basket of goods and services is calculated for a base period.
- The CPI is calculated by dividing the cost of the basket in the current period by the cost of the basket in the base period and multiplying by 100.
- The inflation rate is calculated by comparing the CPI of the current period with the CPI of the base period.
Key points as per AAZData released by the National Statistical Office:
- Retail Inflation Data: The National Statistical Office reported that retail inflation in India increased marginally, rising to 5.69% in December from 5.55% in November, primarily driven by higher food inflation
- Cause of inflation: RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das had anticipated the rise in inflation due to risks in food prices, cautioning about potential second-round effects
- Food Inflation: The Consumer Food Price Index surged to 9.53% in December, up from 8.7% in November, with notable inflation in cereals, vegetables, pulses, sugar, and spices
- Industrial Production: The index of industrial production slowed to 2.4% in November, partly due to the base effect, with a 6.4% increase in industrial output for the first eight months of the year (April-November)
- Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) Actions: The MPC maintained the status quo on rates and stance in the last meeting, focusing on withdrawing accommodation to align inflation with the target of 4%
- Future Monetary Policy: There are discussions within the MPC about the necessity of an interest rate cut to prevent excessive real interest rates, especially as inflation is projected to moderate in the coming quarters
Way Forward
- Monetary Policy Adjustment: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) could consider implementing a cautious monetary policy stance, possibly by tightening monetary policy through measures such as raising the repo rate. This would help curb inflationary pressures by reducing liquidity in the economy and making borrowing more expensive.
- Supply-Side Interventions: The government could focus on addressing supply-side constraints in the agricultural sector to mitigate food price inflation. This might involve measures such as improving infrastructure, increasing agricultural productivity, reducing post-harvest losses, and enhancing market efficiency through better distribution networks.
- Fiscal Policy Support: The government could also provide fiscal support to sectors facing supply-side disruptions or demand constraints, which could help stabilize prices and support economic growth. Targeted fiscal measures, such as subsidies for essential commodities or infrastructure investments, could be considered to address specific challenges contributing to inflation.
Mains PYQ
Q Besides the welfare schemes, India needs deft management of inflation and unemployment to serve the poor and the underprivileged sections of the society. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2022)
Q Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments. (UPSC IAS/2019)
Prelims PYQ
Consider the following statements:(UPSC IAS/2020)
1) The weightage of food in Consumer Price Index (CPI) is higher than that in Wholesale Price Index (WPI).
2) The WPI does not capture changes in the prices of services, which CPI does.
3) Reserve Bank of India has now adopted WPI as its key measure of inflation and to decide on changing the key policy rates.
Which of the statements give above is/are correct?
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: The Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014
Mains level: Challenges related to Act implementation
Why in the News?
The Street Vendors Act was celebrated as a progressive legislation, but the law now faces numerous challenges in its implementation.
The Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014:
|
Details |
| Introduction and Objective |
- Introduced in Lok Sabha on 6 September 2012 by Kumari Selja, Union Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation.
- Objective: Regulate street vendors and protect their livelihoods.
|
| Enactment and Implementation |
- Came into force on 1 May 2014.
- Aims to legalize vending rights and establish mechanisms for protection and regulation.
- State-level rules and schemes are developed for execution.
|
| Roles and Responsibilities |
- Delineates roles of street vendors and government.
- Commits to accommodating existing vendors in vending zones and issuing vending certificates.
|
| Participatory Governance |
- Establishes Town Vending Committees (TVCs).
- Representation: 40% of TVC members, with 33% for women SVs.
- TVCs tasked with including all existing vendors in zones.
|
| Grievance Redressal |
- Mechanisms for addressing grievances and
- Establishes Grievance Redressal Committee chaired by civil judge or judicial magistrate.
|
| Survey and Identification |
States/ULBs conduct surveys to identify vendors at least once every five years. |
| Certificate of Vending |
- Granted to vendors above 14 years.
- Can be transferred to family members.
- Can be cancelled
|
Significance of street vendors
- Role of Street Vendors: Street vendors constitute about 2.5% of any city’s population and play multifaceted roles in city life, providing essential services, modest income for migrants and the urban poor, and affordable goods for others.
- Integral to Urban Life: Street vendors are essential for maintaining affordability and accessibility to food, nutrition, and goods distribution, and they are integral to the cultural fabric of cities like Mumbai and Chennai.
Challenges faced during the implementation:
- Administrative Challenges: Increase in harassment and evictions of street vendors despite the Act’s emphasis on protection and regulation.Outdated bureaucratic mindset viewing vendors as illegal entities.
- Lack of awareness and sensitization about the Act among state authorities, the public, and vendors.
- Limited influence of street vendor representatives in Town Vending Committees (TVCs), often remaining under the control of local city authorities.Tokenistic representation of women vendors in TVCs.
- Governance Challenges: Weak existing urban governance mechanisms.
- Lack of integration of the Act with the framework established by the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act for urban governance.
- Insufficient powers and capacities of ULBs.
- Focus on top-down policies like the Smart Cities Mission on infrastructure development, ignoring provisions for the inclusion of street vendors in city planning.
- Societal Challenges: The prevailing image of the ‘world-class city’ tends to be exclusionary.Marginalization and stigmatization of street vendors as obstacles to urban development rather than legitimate contributors to the urban economy.
- Reflection of these challenges in city designs, urban policies, and public perceptions of neighborhoods.
Way forward
- Decentralization of Interventions: There’s a need to decentralize interventions and enhance the capacities of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) to plan for street vending in cities.
- Shift from Department-led Actions to Deliberative Processes: Moving away from high-handed department-led actions towards actual deliberative processes at the Town Vending Committee (TVC) level is crucial.
- Amendments to Urban Schemes and Policies: Urban schemes, city planning guidelines, and policies need to be amended to include provisions for street vending.
- Need-based Welfare Provisions: Broad welfare provisions of the Act should be used creatively to meet the emerging needs of street vendors, such as addressing the impact of climate change, competition from e-commerce, and reduced incomes.
- Adaptation in National Urban Livelihood Mission: The sub-component of street vendors in the National Urban Livelihood Mission should acknowledge changed realities and facilitate innovative measures to address needs.
Mains PYQ
Q To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralisation of power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots?
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