From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Adenovirus, herpesvirus, and papillomavirus
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
Researchers found traces of many present-day viruses in the bones of two Neanderthals who lived 50,000 years ago, providing a new perspective on their extinction.
Breakthrough Study on Neanderthals
Ancient viruses in Neanderthal DNA samples from skeletons found in Russia’s Chagyrskaya cave.
The study detected fragments resembling three modern viruses: adenovirus (common colds), herpesvirus (cold sores), and papillomavirus (genital warts).
Health Impacts Inherited in Modern Human Beings:
Modern humans inherit various health impacts from Neanderthals, including skin conditions, allergies, metabolism, nicotine addiction, mood disorders, sleep patterns, blood clotting, sense of smell, and UV radiation response.
Who were the Neanderthals?
Neanderthals were a distinct species of hominins that lived in Europe and parts of Asia around 400,000 to 40,000 years ago during the Middle to Late Pleistocene Epochs.
Their evidence was first found in 1856 in the Neander Valley in present-day Germany.
Physical Features:
Neanderthals were robustly built, with a stocky and muscular frame adapted to cold climates.
They had large brains, comparable in size to modern humans, indicating advanced cognitive abilities.
Distinctive features included a prominent brow ridge, large nose, and a receding chin.
Social Life:
Neanderthals were skilled hunters and gatherers, using tools such as stone flakes, scrapers, and spears for hunting and butchering animals.
They utilized fire for cooking, warmth, and protection, as evidenced by the presence of hearths in their archaeological sites.
Evidence suggests they had complex social structures and engaged in rituals and symbolic behaviours, including burying their dead with grave goods.
Habitat and Distribution:
Neanderthals inhabited a wide range of environments, including open grasslands, forests, and even cold tundra regions.
Their range extended from Western Europe to Central Asia, with evidence of populations in regions such as Spain, France, Germany, Croatia, and the Middle East.
Interactions with Modern Humans:
Neanderthals coexisted with early modern humans (Homo sapiens) for thousands of years in Europe and Asia.
There is evidence of interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans, with genetic studies indicating that non-African humans carry about 1-2% Neanderthal DNA.
PYQ:
[2019] The word ‘Denisovan’ is sometimes mentioned in media in reference to
(a) Fossils of a kind of dinosaurs
(b) An early human species
(c) A cave system found in North-East India
(d) A geological period in the history of Indian subcontinent
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ferroptosis
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
Columbia University study on COVID-19 fatalities found ferroptosis as the main cause of lung cell death, advancing understanding of lung disease development.
What is Ferroptosis?
Ferroptosis is a type of regulated cell death characterized by the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxides to lethal levels.
Other forms of cell death:
Apoptosis (highly regulated process that occurs in multicellular organisms to eliminate unwanted or damaged cells without causing inflammation),
Necrosis (cell death characterized by rapid and uncontrolled cell lysis, often accompanied by inflammation and tissue damage).
Autophagy (involves the degradation and recycling of cellular components through lysosomal machinery).
Mechanism of Ferroptosis:
The precise molecular mechanism underlying ferroptosis is still being elucidated, but it involves the deregulation of iron metabolism and lipid peroxidation. Here’s a simplified overview of how ferroptosis occurs:
Iron Accumulation: Ferroptosis is characterized by the accumulation of iron within cells, particularly in the form of labile iron pools. Excess iron can lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through Fenton chemistry.
Lipid Peroxidation: ROS generated from excess iron promotes lipid peroxidation, particularly of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) within cell membranes. Lipid peroxides accumulate and propagate, leading to membrane damage and loss of membrane integrity.
Glutathione Depletion: Glutathione (GSH) is an antioxidant that helps to neutralize ROS and prevent lipid peroxidation. In ferroptosis, there is a depletion of cellular GSH levels, which impairs the cell’s ability to counteract oxidative stress.
GPX4 Inhibition: Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of lipid hydroperoxides to their corresponding alcohols, thereby protecting cells from lipid peroxidation. In ferroptosis, GPX4 activity is inhibited, leading to the accumulation of lipid peroxides and cell death.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Ferroptosis is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, including alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential and morphology, as well as disruption of mitochondrial metabolism and bioenergetics.
Cellular Consequences: The accumulation of lipid peroxides and mitochondrial dysfunction ultimately leads to cellular damage, loss of cell membrane integrity, and cell death by ferroptosis.
Significance of the Study
Targeting and preventing ferroptosis could offer novel treatment avenues for COVID-19 lung disease and its possible future mutations.
Inhibiting this form of cell death may help improve the treatment outcomes for severe cases of COVID-19.
PYQ:
[2020] COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented devastation worldwide. However, technological advancements are being availed readily to win over the crisis. Give an account of how technology was sought to aid management of the pandemic.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tropical Cyclone
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
Cyclone Remal is forecasted to make landfall between Sagar Island in West Bengal and Bangladesh’s Khepupara on Sunday midnight.
The name ‘Remal’ originates from Oman and means ‘sand’ in Arabic.
What are Cyclones?
Cyclones are wind systems rotating inwardly towards an area of low atmospheric pressure. They are categorised into Tropical (Temperature-induced) and Temperate (extra-tropical) cyclones(airmass-induced).
Formation Conditions: Tropical cyclones originate in warm regions, requiring conditions such as
Warm sea surface (> 27°C),
Coriolis Force,
Pre-existing low-pressure systems,
Small vertical wind speed differences, and
Upper air divergence.
Characteristics of Tropical Cyclones:
Theyform over warm water bodies due to energy derived from the condensation of warm water within cumulonimbus clouds.
Wind rotation is influenced by the Coriolis force, resulting in anti-clockwise rotation in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
Regional Movement of Cyclones:
In the northern hemisphere, cyclones initially move westward under earth rotation and the Easterlies.
As they progress towards higher latitudes, the Coriolis force deflects them rightward, towards north and later east.
By 30° latitude, the diminished warmth halts cyclone activity.
Naming of Cyclones:
Responsibility of RSMCs and TCWCs: The naming of cyclones that form in every ocean basin across the world is carried out by the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centres (RSMCs) and Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres (TCWCs).
Procedure in the North Indian Ocean: For north Indian Ocean including Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea, the RSMC, New Delhi assigns the name to tropical cyclones following a standard procedure.
Agreement by WMO/ESCAP Panel: The WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones in 2000 agreed in principle to assign names to the tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea.
Selection Process: Each country would sent their suggestions, based on which the Panel would finalise a list.
Retirement of Names: Generally, names of some storms that cause widespread damage and deaths are usually retired and are not brought back or reused later, at least for 10 years. These names are then replaced with new names.
Unique Policy for North Indian Ocean: Unlike in other regions, the names of tropical cyclones over the north Indian Ocean once used, will cease to be used again.
Destruction Caused by Cyclones:
Strong Winds/Squall: Cyclones cause infrastructure damage through high-speed winds.
Torrential Rains and Inland Flooding: Heavy rainfall leads to floods, soil erosion, and embankment weakening.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Arab League; its members
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
The Arab League called for UN peacekeeping forces in the Palestinian territories during a summit in Bahrain’s Manama. The “Manama Declaration” issued by the league sought UNPKF in the occupied Palestinian territories” until a two-state solution is implemented.
Back2Basics: United Nations Peacekeeping
UN Peacekeeping is a collective effort by the international community, led by the United Nations, to maintain peace and security in regions affected by conflict.
UN peacekeepers are often referred to as Blue Berets or Blue Helmets because of their light blue berets or helmets) can include soldiers, police officers, and civilian personnel.
History:
The concept of UN peacekeeping emerged in the aftermath of World War II, with the establishment of the United Nations in 1945.
The first UN peacekeeping mission was established in 1948, following the Arab-Israeli War, to monitor the ceasefire between Israel and its Arab neighbours.
This mission, known as the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO), set the precedent for future peacekeeping operations.
Since then, the scope and complexity of UN peacekeeping have evolved significantly, with operations conducted across the globe in regions affected by conflict, civil war, and humanitarian crises.
Operations:
UN Peacekeeping is guided by three basic principles:
Consent of the parties
Impartiality
Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate
UN peacekeeping operations are deployed with the consent of the main parties to the conflict. It can be deployed at the request of the partiesinvolved in a conflict or with the authorisation of the UN Security Council.
The objectives may vary depending on the specific context but often include monitoring ceasefires, disarming combatants, facilitating the delivery of humanitarian aid, promoting human rights, and supporting the establishment of democratic governance structures.
UN peacekeeping operations operate under the principles of impartiality, consent of the parties, and non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate.
India’s Role:
India has been one of the largest contributors to UN peacekeeping operations since their inception.
India has contributed nearly 195,000 troops, the largest number from any country, and participated in more than 49 missions and 168 supreme sacrifices while serving in UN missions.
About Arab League
Details
Establishment
Founded on March 22, 1945, in Cairo, Egypt.
Founding Members
Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria.
Objective
Promote economic, cultural, political, and military cooperation among member states. Safeguard independence and sovereignty.
Functions
Operates on consensus among member states. Decisions are made through consultations and discussions.
Regular meetings among Arab leaders to address regional issues, formulate policies, and coordinate actions.
Specialised committees and councils address specific areas of cooperation, such as economic affairs, social affairs, and defence.
Member States
Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Kuwait, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Somalia, Sudan, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
Observer Nations
Non-Arab countries with observer status include Brazil, Eritrea, India, Venezuela, and others.
No voting rights are accorded to Observer nations.
Important Achievements
Proposal of the Arab Peace Initiative in 2002.
Coordination of military efforts in various conflicts.
Promotion of economic cooperation through initiatives such as the Arab Free Trade Area.
Facilitation of cultural and educational exchange programs among member states.
Challenges
Internal divisions, Differences of opinion over the Palestinian-Israeli conflict etc.
PYQ:
[2014] Recently, a series of uprisings of people referred to as ‘Arab Spring’ originally started from
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Budapest Convention
Mains level: Internal and External Security; Challenges of Cybersecurity in India
Why in the News?
Over 5,000 unemployed/employed Indians are reportedly trapped in Cambodia and forced to work into cyber fraud, resulting in an estimated Rs 500 crore loss in India over six months.
Present Cybersecurity Status of India:
India has secured 10th rank in the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) 2020 by ITU (International Telecommunication Union) by moving up 37 places.
The US topped (1st), followed by the UK (United Kingdom) and Saudi Arabia tied for the second position together.
India secured the fourth position in the Asia Pacific region.
What is the Budapest Convention? Is India a party to it?
The Council of Europe’s (CoE) Cybercrime Convention, commonly known as the Budapest Convention, was opened for signature in 2001 and came into force in 2004.
It is the only legally binding international multilateral treaty on cybercrime, coordinating investigations between nations and criminalizing specific cybercrime activities.
Budapest Convention is supplemented by a Protocol addressing xenophobia and racism committed through computer systems.
As of now, the Convention has 56 member countries, including the US and UK. However, India is not a party to the Budapest Convention.
Indian Nationals vs. Organised Crimes in the South Asian Region:
Most web applications use the Chinese language to perform financial fraud, thereby not ruling out the Chinese connection.
Financial crimes such as digital arrest, stock market scams, investment scams, and romance or dating scams account for a loss of over ₹1,776 crores in 89,054 cases in the first four months of the year spurt in organized crime from Southeast Asia.
Numerous Indian nationals employed within a suspected fraudulent operation based in Sihanouk City, Cambodia, have voiced their grievances against their employers.
What are the causes of the increase in Organized Financial Fraud?
Weak Prevention Measures: Online Platforms in India at present account for 89% of all fraud incidents, with 40% of companies losing over $1 million.
Rapid Digitization and Payment Systems: After the pandemic, there was a massive shift, with the average Indian company now operating at least more than two online platforms in the normal course of business.
This has made it easier for fraudsters to operate anonymously and target a large number of victims.
Informal Investigation and Prosecution: India lacks the standardized data formats protocol system from the core banks itself. This makes it difficult to track devices and jurisdictional issues in interstate cases.
Lack of Deterrence: With only 26% of victims able to recover lost funds, fraudsters are encouraged to target individuals and organizations. The total value of frauds reported in 2021-22 was a staggering ₹60,414 crore.
Lack of Awareness: Sharing sensitive financial details with others or storing them insecurely it makes a common man vulnerable to fraud.
What are the Initiatives taken by the government to tackle cyber crimes in India?
National Cyber Security Strategy 2020: Currently being formulated to enhance cyber awareness and strengthen cybersecurity through more rigorous audits.
Draft Personal Data Protection Bill, 2018: Based on the recommendations of the Justice BN Srikrishna Committee, this bill aims to secure citizens’ data.
Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C): Approved in October 2018, this initiative addresses all types of cybercrimes in a comprehensive and coordinated manner.
National Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In): Functions as the nodal agency for coordinating all cybersecurity efforts, emergency responses, and crisis management.
National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC): Established to protect and ensure the resilience of critical information infrastructure.
Way Forward:
Update and Enforce Laws: Regularly update the Information Technology Act and other relevant laws to address emerging cyber threats and ensure strict enforcement.
Upgrade Cyber Defense Systems: Invest in advanced cybersecurity technologies and infrastructure to protect critical information systems.
Training Law Enforcement: Provide specialized training for law enforcement agencies to equip them with the skills needed to investigate and prosecute cybercrimes.
Collaborate with Industry: Foster partnerships between the government and private sector to share threat intelligence and best practices.
Mains question for practice:
Q Discuss the current challenges of cybersecurity in India, citing examples of recent trends in cybercrime. What measures have been taken by the Indian government to address these challenges? 15M
Mains PYQ
Q What are the different elements of cyber security? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy.(UPSC IAS/2022)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: El Nino ,La Nina and ENSO
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has recently forecasted that La nina will affect the Indian monsoon in August and September.
What are El nino and La nina?
El Nino and La Nina are climate phenomena resulting from ocean-atmosphere interactions in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, significantly influencing global weather patterns.
El Nino (meaning “little boy” in Spanish) occurs when weak trade winds allow warm surface waters to accumulate near South America, reducing the usual upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water. This leads to warmer-than-average sea surface temperatures.
La Nina (meaning “little girl” in Spanish) involves strong trade winds pushing warm water towards Asia, increasing upwelling and resulting in cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures along South America.
Together with a neutral phase, they form the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle.
How could the incoming La Nina impact global weather?
Temperatures
Global temperatures are likely to decrease compared to the recent record-breaking heat during the 2023-2024 El Nino event.
However, despite the cooling effect of La Nina, temperatures will still be higher than in previous decades due to the long-term warming trend from greenhouse gas emissions.
Rainfall
La Nina typically brings drier conditions to parts of Southeast Asia, Australia, and the southern United States.
Wetter than normal conditions are expected in parts of South America and eastern Africa.
Tropical Storms
La Nina is associated with increased tropical storm activity in the Atlantic Ocean and fewer storms in the Pacific.
The 2023 Atlantic hurricane season could see more intense storms due to La nina conditions.
Economic Impacts
Droughts and floods linked to La nina can negatively impact agriculture, food security, and infrastructure in affected regions.
Fishing communities in the eastern Pacific may face reduced catches due to cooler ocean temperatures.
La nina’s impact on India
Positive Impact on Monsoons
La Nina generally leads to above-average monsoon rainfall in India. Since 1950, out of the 13 droughts India faced, only one was during a La nina year.
The extended La Nina event in 2022 led to a change in wind patterns, with winds blowing from north to south instead of the usual northwesterly direction.
This caused pollutants from agricultural burning in northern states to bypass Delhi and reach southern regions like Mumbai.
Negative Impacts
La Nina can sometimes lead to heavy rains and floods in some parts of India, while the Western Ghats may receive average or below-average rainfall.
Winter rainfall is less than normal in north India, and snowfall over the Western Himalayas is also lower than usual during La Nina years.
Farmers may be at risk of losing their standing Kharif crops if heavy rains occur during this period.
Is climate change affecting EnSO?
El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global climate phenomenon that emerges from variations in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific Ocean.
Climate change is likely impacting the ENSO cycle, potentially altering the frequency and intensity of El Nino and La Nina events.
Studies suggest that global warming may change mean oceanic conditions in the Pacific, possibly leading to more frequent or intense El Nino events.
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has indicated that climate change is expected to influence extreme weather events associated with EnSO, including more severe droughts, floods, and heatwaves.
Way Forward:
Develop more accurate climate models for better prediction of EnSO events and their impacts.
Foster international collaboration to share data, resources, and strategies for managing EnSO-related challenges.
BACK2BASICS
India Meteorological Department (IMD)
The India Meteorological Department (IMD), established in 1875, serves as the national Meteorological Service and is the principal government agency responsible for meteorology and related subjects in India.
Operating under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, IMD is headquartered in New Delhi.
IMD is one of the six Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres of the World Meteorological Organization.
Mains PYQ:
Q Most of the unusual climatic happenings are explained as an outcome of the El-nino effect. Do you agree? (UPSC IAS/2014)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BIMSTEC;
Mains level: Significance of BIMSTEC for all member countries;
Why in the News?
The Ministry of External Affairs has announced that with the establishment of its inaugural charter on May 20th, the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) will now accept new members and observers.
About BIMSTEC:
The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) formed in 1997 is a multilateral regional organization comprising seven member states: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Thailand, Myanmar, and India.
Aim: To promote technical and economic cooperation among its member countries, particularly in sectors such as security, connectivity, trade, agriculture, environment, science and technology, and people-to-people contact.
Adoption of the Charter:
After years of deliberation, the BIMSTEC leaders adopted the organization’s first charter during their 5th summit.
This charter provides a legal framework for the group, granting it a “legal personality” and enabling the structured diplomatic dialogue with other countries and regional groupings.
In the context of international organizations like BIMSTEC, obtaining legal personality means that the organization is recognized as a legal entity in its own right, separate from its member states.
Significance of BIMSTEC for all member countries:
The charter’s implementation enhances cooperation and deeper integration within the Bay of Bengal region, benefiting all member states economically and strategically.
Enhanced Cooperation: With the charter in place, member countries can engage in more structured and organized cooperation across various sectors such as security, connectivity, trade, agriculture, environment, science and technology, and people-to-people contact.
Strengthened Regional Integration: The charter facilitates deeper integration within the Bay of Bengal region. By establishing common goals and mechanisms for cooperation, it promotes economic growth, social development, and cultural exchange among member countries.
Diplomatic Dialogue: The charter enables BIMSTEC to enter into structured diplomatic dialogue with other countries and regional groupings. This opens up avenues for broader engagement and partnership, enhancing the geopolitical significance of the BIMSTEC platform.
Challenges in the present world context:
Historical Discord: Long-standing historical discord between member states, such as Bangladesh and Myanmar, presents a challenge to cohesive cooperation within BIMSTEC. These tensions can hinder progress on joint initiatives and impede the organization’s effectiveness.
Geopolitical Complexities: Geopolitical complexities, exacerbated by events like the Rohingya refugee crisis and the coup in Myanmar, add layers of complexity to regional dynamics.
These complexities can strain relationships between member states and complicate efforts to foster collaboration and integration within BIMSTEC.
Stagnation of SAARC: While BIMSTEC offers an alternative platform for regional cooperation, the near stagnation of SAARC underscores the challenges faced by regional organizations in fostering meaningful collaboration.
Way forward:
Need a Conflict Resolution Mechanisms: Implement effective conflict resolution mechanisms to address historical discord and tensions between member states.
High Diplomatic Engagement: Encourage regular diplomatic engagement and dialogue between member states to address geopolitical complexities and build trust.
Mains PYQ
Q Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organization like the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organization? (UPSC IAS/2022)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Xenotransplantation, Crispr-Cas9
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
The recent passing away of Richard Slayman, the first recipient of a modified pig kidney transplant, has drawn attention to xenotransplantation—an innovative medical procedure with the potential to revolutionise organ transplantation.
What is Xenotransplantation?
It involves transplanting live cells, tissues, or organs from nonhuman animal sources into human recipients.
It seeks to address the critical gap between organ demand and supply.
Xenotransplantation, pioneered in the 1980s with heart transplants, has emerged as a promising solution to alleviate the organ shortage crisis, particularly prevalent in kidney transplantation.
Examples:
Chimpanzee-to-Human Transplants: In the 1960s, there were attempts at chimpanzee-to-human kidney transplants, heart transplants, and liver transplants.
Pig-to-Human Heart Transplant: In 2022, a groundbreaking milestone was achieved with the first successful transplantation of a pig heart into a human with end-stage heart disease
Procedural Details
Xenotransplantation involves genetic modifications to animal organs, like 69 CRISPR-Cas9 edits to a pig kidney, removing pig genes and adding human genes for compatibility.
Why is the Pig a Preferred Source?
Anatomical Resemblance: Pigs are favoured for xenotransplantation due to their physiological similarities to humans, facilitating successful integration. Pig organs, like heart valves, have been used in human medicine for over 50 years.
Breeding Advantages: Extensive pig farming ensures a readily available and cost-effective supply of organs, with diverse breeds offering size-matching opportunities.
Challenges associated
The main challenge is preventing organ rejection. Innovative methods, such as embedding the pig’s thymus gland under the kidney’s outer layer, help manage immune responses.
There are also significant concerns regarding potential infections from both recognised and unrecognised infectious agents that could affect not only the recipient but also the wider population.
Retroviruses present in the animal organs pose a risk of cross-species infection, which could remain latent and cause diseases years after the transplantation.
PYQ:
[2017] With reference to agriculture in India, how can the technique of ‘genome sequencing’, often seen in the news, be used in the immediate future?
Genome sequencing can be used to identify genetic markers for disease resistance and drought tolerance in various crop plants.
This technique helps in reducing the time required to develop new varieties of crop plants.
It can be used to decipher the host-pathogen relationships in crops.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ICAI, Tax Audit
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court upheld a rule issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) that limits Chartered Accountants to accepting no more than 60 tax audit assignments in a financial year.
The court found that the rule does NOT violate the fundamental right to practice a profession under Article 19(1) (g) of the Constitution (apart from also being violative of the right to equality under Article 14).
Tax Audit Regime: A Quick Backgrounder
The mandatory tax audit regime was initiated in 1984 with Section 44AB in the Income Tax Act, of 1961 which required certain businesses and professionals to get their accounts audited.
Tax Audit aims to ensure compliance with the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961, and detect and prevent tax evasion and fraud.
In 1988, the ICAI limited Chartered Accountants to a specified number of tax audit assignments to ensure quality and reduce the risk of misconduct.
This limit was part of the guidelines issued in 2008, which replaced previous notifications and were challenged in various High Courts.
About the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI):
Details
Establishment
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) is a statutory body established by an Act of Parliament, viz. The Chartered Accountants Act, 1949.
Regulatory Body
The second largest professional body of chartered accountants in the world after the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA).
Only licensing authority for chartered accountants in India
Headquarters
New Delhi, India, with 5 regional offices and 163 branches across the country.
Functions
Regulates education, training, and examinations for Chartered Accountants. Formulates accounting and auditing standards.
Membership
Granted to individuals who complete prescribed education and training and pass final examinations.
Powers of ICAI
Involves theoretical education and practical training under a practising Chartered Accountant.
Conducted at Foundation, Intermediate, and Final levels, held twice a year in May and November.
Formulates Accounting Standards (AS), Auditing Standards (SA), and other guidance notes.
Investigates complaints of professional misconduct against members and takes disciplinary actions.
International Affiliations
Member of international accounting bodies including-
International Federation of Accountants (IFAC),
Confederation of Asian and Pacific Accountants (CAPA), and
South Asian Federation of Accountants (SAFA).
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to India’s decision to levy an equalization tax of 6% on online advertisement services offered by non- resident entities, which of the following statements is/are correct?
It is introduced as a part of the Income Tax Act.
Non-resident entities that offer advertisement services in India can claim a tax credit in their home country under the “Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements”.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: WEF, Travel and Tourism Development Index (TTDI)
Why in the News?
India has moved up to the 39th position in the World Economic Forum’s latest “Travel & Tourism Development Index (TTDI) 2024, a significant climb from 54th in 2021.
The United States tops the index, followed by Spain, Japan, France, and Australia.
Pakistan is ranked 101st.
India’s Performance and Ranking
Price Competitiveness: India is ranked 18th in terms of price competitiveness.
Transport Infrastructure: It stands at 26th for air transport and 25th for ground and port infrastructure.
Resource Ranking: India is 6th in natural resources, 9th in cultural resources, and 9th in non-leisure resources.
TTDI Score Change: India’s overall TTDI score decreased by 2.1% compared to its 2019 level.
Decline in Sustainability Performance: India has seen a decline in sustainability performance relative to 2019 but still performs well due to the prevalence of sustainable long stays among inbound visitors.
About Travel & Tourism Development Index (TTDI)
The TTDI was compiled in collaboration with the World Economic Forum (WEF) and the University of Surrey in the United Kingdom (UK).
TTDI 2024 is the second edition, evolved from the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) series, a flagship index of WEF that has been in production since 2007.
TTDI 2024 covered 119 countries’ travel and tourism sectors across various factors and policies.
Founded in 1971 by Swiss-German economist Klaus Schwab in Geneva, Switzerland.
Purpose
To bring together public and private sector leaders to address global political, social, and economic issues.
Membership
Introduced in 1975, membership includes the world’s top 1,000 companies.
Scope Expansion
Initially focused on European firms catching up with US management practices, expanded to encompass broader economic and social issues.
Birth of the G20
The concept of the G20, focusing on global finance and comprising 20 countries, emerged from discussions at the WEF in 1998.
Key Reports Published
Global Competitiveness Report
Global Risks Report
Global Gender Gap Report
Global Human Capital Report
Global Information Technology Report
Future of Jobs Report
Global Enabling Trade Report
Trick: Reports beginning with the name ‘Global’.
World level recovery in travel and tourism:
Sector Recovery: International tourist arrivals and the sector’s contribution to global GDP are expected to return to pre-pandemic levels in 2024.
Regional Recovery: West Asia exceeded its 2019 tourist arrival levels by 20%, while Europe, Africa, and the Americas are recovering robustly, each reaching about 90% of their 2019 levels.
PYQ:
[2019] The Global Competitiveness Report is published by the:
(a) International Monetary Fund
(b) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(c) World Economic Forum
(d) World Bank
Practice MCQ:
The Travel & Tourism Development Index (TTDI) is released by:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ashtamudi and other lakes in Kerala, Microplastics
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
A recent study conducted by the “Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries”, University of Kerala, has revealed alarming levels of microplastic pollution in Ashtamudi Lake, a Ramsar wetland in Kollam district.
Back2Basics:Microplastics
Microplastics are small plastic particles that are less than 5 millimetres (0.2 inches) in size.
They are a type of plastic pollution that originates from the fragmentation of larger plastic debris, as well as from the direct release of small plastic particles in various products and activities.
Types of Microplastics:
About Ashtamudi Lake
Ashtamudi Lake is located in the Kollam district of Kerala.
The lake is also called the “gateway to the backwaters of Kerala”.
Historical Background: The importance of Ashtamudi Kayal dates back to the times of the Romans and Phoenicians in the 14th century.
It is a brackish water lake, meaning it contains a mix of freshwater and saltwater. It covers an area of approximately 61 square kilometres (23.5 square miles).
Kallada River is a major river discharging into the Ashtamudi Lake.
The name “Ashtamudi” translates to “eight coned” in Malayalam, referring to the lakes eight prominent arms or channels.
The lake is surrounded by lush vegetation, including mangrove forests, coconut groves, and palm trees.
Ashtamudi Lake is an integral part of the Kollam-Kottapuram Waterway, which connects the Kerala backwaters to the Arabian Sea.
Notable Islands: Chavara, Munroe
PYQ:
[2022] Consider the following pairs:
Wetland : Lake Location
1. Hokera Wetland : Punjab
2. Renuka Wetland : Himachal Pradesh
3. Rudrasagar Lake : Tripura
4. Sasthamkotta Lake : Tamil Nadu
How many pairs given above are correctly matched?
(a) Only one pair
(b) Only two pairs
(c) Only three pairs
(d) All four pairs
[2019] Why is there a great concern about the ‘microbeads’ that are released into the environment?
(a) They are considered harmful to marine ecosystems.
(b) They are considered to cause skin cancer in children.
(c) They are small enough to be absorbed by crop plants in irrigated fields.
(d) They are often found to be used as food adulterants.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: About International Criminal Court (ICC)
Mains level: World peace and challenges; International Courts and Justice;
Why in the News?
On 20 May 2024, the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) requested arrest warrants against leaders of Hamas and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel about the events of October 7, 2023, and the conflict in Palestine.
What is the International Criminal Court?
The International Criminal Court formed in 2002, is an Intergovernmental Organization and International Tribunal seated in the Hague, Netherlands.
It deals with the most serious crimes of concern to the international community, including genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression.
Unlike the international tribunals, the International Criminal Court is a permanent body.
Against whom has the Prosecutor requested warrants of arrest?
Specifically, warrants have been sought for senior Hamas leaders Yahya Sinwar, Mohammed Deif, and Ismail Haniyeh, along with Netanyahu and Israel’s Minister of Defence Yoav Gallant.
The process of ICC decision-making and the scope of the present case:
ICC decisions are binding, but they rely on the cooperation of member states for support.
A panel of judges at the ICC must decide on the Prosecutor’s application for arrest warrants.
If approved, all State Parties are obligated to cooperate, including arresting and extraditing the accused individuals to The Hague.
This could restrict international travel for Netanyahu and Gallant, affecting visits to countries that are State Parties to the Rome Statute.
Israel is not a Party to the Rome Statute. However, the ICC does have jurisdiction over crimes committed by nationals of both State Parties (such as Palestine) and Non-state Parties (such as Israel) on the territory of a State Party (such as Palestine).
International Criminal Court (ICC) Vs. International Court of Justice (ICJ)
ICC
ICJ
Relationship with the UN
ICC is an independent organization not part of the United Nations
ICJ is an integral part of the UN and acts as its primary judicial branch
Members
ICC has around 105 members, focusing on prosecuting individuals for crimes.
ICJ has all 193 UN member countries as its members, primarily resolving disputes between states
Derivation of Authority
ICC derives its authority from the Rome Statute, focusing on prosecuting individuals for crimes against humanity, war crimes, genocide, and crimes of aggression.
ICJ derives its authority from the Charter of the United Nations, settling disputes between countries based on international law
Funding
It mainly functions on contributions made by state parties to the Rome Statute and voluntary contributions
Its funding sources differ based on its status as an organ of the United Nations
Way forward:
Need Enhanced Cooperation: Encouraging greater cooperation between the ICC and the UN to strengthen their effectiveness in addressing international crimes.
Need Wider Membership: Advocating for more countries to become State Parties to the Rome Statute to broaden the ICC’s jurisdiction and reach.
Mains PYQ:
Q India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2018)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNCCD Reports; Global Land Outlook Thematic Report
Mains level: UNCCD; Land Degradation; f
Why in the News?
The UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) recently published the “Global Land Outlook Thematic Report” on Rangelands and Pastoralists, revealing that up to 50% of Rangelands are degraded.
About UNCCD:
UNCCD adopted in 1994 (effectively from 1996), is a legally binding agreement that aims to protect and restore land and combat desertification and drought.
It is one of the three Rio Conventions (the other two being – the Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD) and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)).
What is the Rangeland?
Rangeland, is any extensive area of land that is occupied by native herbaceous or shrubby vegetation which is grazed by domestic or wild herbivores.
It may include tallgrass prairies, steppes (shortgrass prairies), desert shrublands, shrub woodlands, savannas, chaparrals, and tundras.
These lands constitute 54% of all land cover, account for 1/6th of global food production, and represent nearly 1/3rd of the planet’s carbon reservoir.
World areas that are most acutely affected by Rangeland Degradation:
Central Asia, China, Mongolia: The replacement of government management with privatization and agricultural industrialization led to the abandonment of herders and reliance on insufficient natural resources, causing degradation.
North Africa and the Near East: Climate change is pushing pastoralists into poverty and degrading rangelands.
Sahel and West Africa: Conflict, power imbalances, and border issues have disrupted livestock mobility, leading to degradation.
South America: Climate change, deforestation from industrial agriculture, and land use conversion are primary drivers of degradation.
East Africa: Migration and forced displacement due to competing land uses are evicting pastoralists, causing degradation.
North America: Degradation of ancient grasslands and dry rangelands threatens biodiversity in ecosystems like tall-grass prairies and southern deserts.
Europe: Policies favoring industrial farming over pastoralism and misguided incentives are causing the abandonment and degradation of rangelands.
South Africa and Australia: Afforestation, mining, and land conversion are causing degradation and loss of rangelands.
How does it impact the Food chain?
Over two billion people, including small-scale herders, ranchers, and farmers, depend on healthy rangelands for their livelihoods, underscoring the critical link between rangeland health and food chain cycle.
Up to 50% of rangelands are degraded due to various factors including overuse, misuse, climate change, and biodiversity loss, posing a severe threat to food security.
The Economic significance of Rangelands:
Livestock Grazing and Agriculture: Rangelands are crucial for livestock production, providing natural forage for cattle, sheep, goats, and other herbivores. This grazing land supports the meat and dairy industries, which are vital to the global food supply and rural economies.
Eco-tourism and hunting: These areas support a wide range of wildlife, contributing to biodiversity and offering opportunities for eco-tourism and hunting, both of which generate significant income for local economies.
Ecosystem Services: Rangelands provide vital services like water filtration, carbon storage, and soil preservation, yielding economic advantages through climate regulation and conservation.
Income and employment opportunities: Harvesting these resources provides income and employment opportunities for rural populations. The economic contributions made by different countries are as follows:
Ethiopia: Livestock production from rangelands accounts for 19% of the country’s GDP.
India: Livestock from rangelands contributes 4% to the national GDP.
Brazil: As a major beef producer, Brazil generates one-third of its agribusiness GDP from cattle livestock, producing 16% of the world’s beef.
What is the innovative approach presented by the UNCCD Report?
The past estimates by UNCCD of degraded rangeland of roughly 25% are significantly underestimated, where the actual loss of rangeland’s health and productivity was potentially reaching up to 50%.
Conceptual Approach: The report outlines a new conceptual approach designed to help policymakers stabilize, restore, and manage rangelands more effectively.
This new approach is supported by detailed case studies from nearly every world region, which provide important lessons from both the successes and failures in rangeland management.
Core Recommendation – Protect Pastoralism: The report emphasizes the importance of protecting pastoralism a traditional, mobile way of life based on pasture-based livestock production as a key strategy for sustainable rangeland management.
Conclusion: Many countries like the U.S. and Canada makingare trying to reintroduce bison, an animal with significant cultural importance to indigenous peoples. This initiative aims to promote rangeland health and enhance food security.
Mains PYQ:
Q The process of desertification does not have climate boundaries. Justify with examples.(UPSC IAS/2020)
Recently, the apex court held that lawyers as ‘professionals’ could not be subjected to legal proceedings for providing faulty ‘service’ under the Consumer Protection Act 2019 (CPA). A similar case applies to Medical practitioners which is in high controversy.
What is the Consumer Protection Act (CPA)?
Consumer Protection Act, 1986
Consumer Protection Act, 2019
Purpose
Enacted to provide simpler and quicker access to redressal of consumer grievances.
Repeals and replaces the CPA, 1986.
Introduction of Concept
Introduced the concept of ‘consumer’ and conferred additional rights on consumers.
Expands the scope of the definition of ‘consumer’ to include transactions conducted offline or online through electronic means, teleshopping, direct selling, or multi-level marketing.
Scope of Protection
Protects individuals fitting the definition of ‘consumer’ as defined by the Act.
Extends protection to a wider range of transactions, including those related to banking, insurance, transport, housing construction, entertainment, amusement, etc.
About the previous case –Indian Medical Association vs V P Shantha (1995):
In 1995, a three-judge bench of the SC ruled, “Doctors would be covered under the consumer protection law, allowing the filing of several medical negligence lawsuits against doctors for deficiency in service”.
The court also acknowledged that medical professional occupations are often “skilled” work which differs from other occupations and the success usually depends on factors that are beyond the doctor’s control.
Diversity of present Opinions:
What did the National Consumer Disputes Redressal (NCDR) Commission say?
In 2007, the NCDR Commission held that lawyers provide a service to their clients and hence they can be sued for deficiency of service.
This case ultimately reached the apex court where the judgement was passed recently.
What did the Apex court say?
The court said that the objective principle of the CPA 2019 was to protect consumers from unfair trade practices and unethical business practices (the law was not intended to include professionals).
The court noted that the legal profession is unique and cannot be compared with any other profession.
According to the SC, hiring or availing of an advocate is “a contract of personal service” and is therefore exempted from the scope of the consumer protection law.
About the Consumer Redressal Commissions in India:
Legal proceedings under the CPA are heard by the Commissions which are constituted at all the 3 tier- District, State, and National levels (According to the CPA, 1986).
The President of each Commission would be a person who was/ is qualified to be a judge at the District, High Court, and Supreme Court resp.
The other individuals who have the knowledge, experience, or capacity to deal with problems relating to economics, law, commerce, accountancy, industry, public affairs or administration.
Since there is no requirement for commission members to have knowledge in medical matters, they are not suited to deal with complex medical issues.
In 2024, another SC bench appeared to be more sympathetic to the medical practitioners and held that these professionals should not be held to the same standard as other occupations.
Why does the Apex Court not Exempt Medical Profession from the Purview of CPA?
Firstly, doctors have specific duties to their patients, such as deciding on treatment and its administration.
Secondly, if a doctor breaches these duties by failing to provide a reasonable standard of care, they can be held liable under the CPA.
Additionally, the court believes requiring commission members to have case-specific knowledge would be impractical and burdensome.
Conclusion: This decision aims to prevent potential imbalances between District and State Commissions in handling cases and places the responsibility on parties to provide evidence for informed decisions.
Mains level: Volatility and importance of shaping Inflation trends;
Why in the News?
The price fluctuations and Inflation trends in recent market underscore the necessity for Targeted Policy Interventions and a comprehensive grasp of Agricultural Supply Chains.
The Significance of Vegetable Triumvirate (trio):
Tomato, Onion, and Potato (TOP) aren’t just statistical entities but essential ingredients in Indian cuisine, forming the backbone of many dishes.
These vegetables represent more than just a portion of the CPI basket; they embody cultural and dietary preferences deeply ingrained in Indian culinary traditions.
Volatility and its role in shaping Inflation trends by TOP vegetables:
Vegetable prices in India rose by approximately 15% year-on-year, indicating significant inflation in this category.
Highly Volatile: There was notable volatility in vegetable prices, with a sharp decrease of 0.7% in June followed by a substantial increase of 37.4% in July.
High Contribution to Inflation: Despite vegetables weighing only 6% in the total CPI basket, their contribution to inflation was about 30% in Feb/March 2024.
For example, Tomatoes having a weight of only 0.6% in the CPI basket, prices soared by 202% in July 2023, contributing to 18.1% of the total headline inflation.
The contribution of vegetables to headline inflation was 31.9%, with TOP (tomato, onion, and potato) contributing 17.2%, further highlighting their substantial impact on inflation trends.
Navigating Culinary and Economic Realities (Challenges):
Policy Challenges: The volatility in TOP prices underscores the need for effective policy interventions, including agricultural value chain reforms and improved storage facilities to stabilize prices and support farmers.
Farmers’ Plight: Farmers, who are often net buyers of these crops, bear the brunt of price fluctuations, necessitating measures like Minimum Support Prices to ensure their livelihoods are protected.
Government Response: Despite protests and demands from farmers, policy responses have been inconsistent, relying on short-term measures like export bans rather than addressing underlying structural issues in the agricultural sector.
Way forward:
Need for Value Chain Reforms: Implement reforms aimed at improving the efficiency and resilience of agricultural value chains for TOP vegetables.
Need Price Stabilization Mechanisms: Introduce mechanisms to stabilize prices of TOP vegetables, such as market interventions, buffer stocks, or price ceilings during periods of extreme volatility. This can help mitigate the impact of price fluctuations on consumers and farmers alike.
Minimum Support Prices (MSPs): Establish MSPs for TOP vegetables to provide farmers with a guaranteed floor price for their produce.
Mains PYQ:
Q Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments.(UPSC IAS/2019)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Blue Sheep (Bharal); Himalayan Ibex (Tangor).
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
Wildlife authorities in Himachal Pradesh’s Lahaul & Spiti district have initiated surveys to estimate the population of Blue Sheep (bharal) and Himalayan Ibex (Tangor), vital prey species for the iconic snow leopard.
This move aims to assess the region’s biodiversity and promote conservation efforts.
About the Species Mentioned
Bharal (Blue Sheep)
Himalayan Ibex (Tangor)
Scientific Name
Pseudois nayaur
Capra sibirica hemalayanus
Genus
Pseudois
Capra
Distribution
India, Bhutan, China (Gansu, Ningxia, Sichuan, Tibet, Inner Mongolia), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan
Himalayan region of India, Pakistan, Tibet, Nepal
Features
Slate grey coat with bluish shine
Horns grow upwards, curve out, and then towards the back
Large curved horns with notches on the front
Light brown to reddish-brown coat, white belly, black and white markings on legs
Thick, woolly coat in winter, shed in early summer
Behavior
Active throughout the day, alternating between feeding and resting on grassy mountain slopes
Usually found in small herds, sometimes around 50 together;
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Copernicus Programme
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
In response to the helicopter crash involving Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi, the European Union had activated its Copernicus Emergency Management Service (EMS) to aid in search and rescue efforts.
About the Copernicus Programme
This Programme was launched in 1998 by the European Union’s earth observation
Named for Copernicus, it uses satellites and ground systems for environmental data.
It is implemented by EU member states with support from entities like the European Space Agency (ESA) and the European Environment Agency (EEA).
Utility of GMES: Rapid Response Mapping Service
The Copernicus EMS offers rapid response mapping, a crucial component activated during emergencies like natural disasters or accidents.
How Rapid Mapping Works?
Rapid mapping involves acquiring, processing, and analyzing satellite images and relevant data to provide timely information.
It offers several products, including pre-event reference and post-event assessments like first estimates, delineation, and grading of the impacted area.
Application in the Iranian President’s Case
In the case of the Iranian President’s helicopter crash, the EU activated the rapid response mapping service to aid search and rescue operations.
This technology helps locate the crash site and assess the extent of the impact, facilitating swift response efforts.
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), consider the following statements:
IRNSS has three satellites in geostationary and four satellites in geosynchronous orbits.
IRNSS covers entire India and about 5500 sq. km beyond its borders.
India will have its own satellite navigation system with full global coverage by the middle of 2021.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PM WANI Wi-Fi Scheme
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
Under the PM-WANI scheme, India witnesses a swift rise in public Wi-Fi hotspots, reaching approximately 1,99,896 hotspots nationwide, according to government data.
What is the PM WANI Initiative?
PM Modi launched the Prime Minister Wi-Fi Access Network Interface (PM WANI) in December 2020.
It is an initiative under the Department of Telecommunications (DoT).
It takes forward the goal of the National Digital Communications Policy, 2018 (NDCP) of creating a robust digital communications infrastructure.
Objective: To democratize internet access, particularly in remote and underserved areas.
Implementation: Leverages Public Data Offices (PDOs) established in public spaces like railway stations, banks, post offices, and more. Users can access the internet via Wi-Fi at these locations without requiring a SIM card.
PM-WANI ecosystem consists of four parts:
Public Data Office (PDO): It establishes the Wi-Fi Hotspots and provides internet access to users
Public Data Office Aggregator (PDOA): It provides authorisation and accounting services to PDOs.
App Provider: It displays the available hotspots in the phone’s proximity.
Central Registry: This overseen by the Centre for Development of Telematics maintains details of App Providers, PDOs, and PDOAs.
How to Utilize PM WANI?
To access PM WANI services, users must install the Data PM WANI app on their smartphones.
Through the app, users can connect to nearby public Wi-Fi PDOs.
This application facilitates seamless connectivity to PM-WANI-compliant Wi-Fi hotspots, empowering users to access broadband services conveniently.
Data Plans Offered
PM WANI offers various data plans to suit different usage needs:
Rs 6 plan: 1GB data for 1 day
Rs 9 plan: 2GB data for 2 days
Rs 18 plan: 5GB data for 3 days
Rs 25 plan: 20GB data for 7 days
Rs 49 plan: 40GB data for 14 days
Rs 99 plan: 100GB data for 30 days
Role of Public Data Offices (PDOs)
The PM-WANI scheme includes a provision for establishing Public Data Offices (PDOs) by rural entrepreneurs in remote regions.
These PDOs procure internet bandwidth from telecom service providers or ISPs to offer Wi-Fi services at minimal charges.
This model enables individuals to access the internet even in areas with limited or no data connectivity.
PYQ:
[2018] Which of the following is/are the aim/aims of “Digital India” Plan of the Government of India?
Formation of India’s own Internet companies like China did.
Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centres within our national geographical boundaries.
Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our school, public places and major tourists.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 329(b), Forms 17A and 17C
Why in the News?
The Election Commission of India (ECI) told the Supreme Court that there is no legal mandate to provide Form 17C (account of votes recorded) to any other person other than the candidate or his agent.
What does Article 329(b) say?
It specifically bars courts from intervening in any disputes related to the electoral processduring the active phase of an election—from its notification to the final declaration of results.
This is to prevent any potential delays or disruptions caused by litigation during the election.
About Forms 17A and 17C
As per the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, there are two forms that have data on the number of electors and voters — Forms 17A and 17C.
Form 17A: This document, compiled by the Returning Officer for each constituency, lists contesting candidates and registers voter information, including names and symbols.
Form 17C: Form 17C contains the account of votes recorded at each polling station during the election. It is prepared by the Presiding Officer of the polling station after the conclusion of polling. It includes:
EVM identification numbers.
Total number of electors and voters at the polling station.
Number of voters who did not record their votes after signing the register.
Number of voters not allowed to vote.
Total number of votes recorded per EVM.
Part-II of Form 17C: It carries counting results entered on counting day. This form is crucial for any legal challenges to the election results and for candidates to verify results on counting day.
Why is there a Demand to Make Form 17C Data Public?
Activists advocate for greater transparency in election processes.
The high number of polling stations makes it hard for candidates to compile all data.
The Election Commission of India (ECI) is not legally required to publish aggregate voter turnout data.
The ECI ensures that all statutory requirements, including providing Form 17C to candidates, are met.
Discrepancies noted in Form 17C can be contested to maintain election integrity.
Back2Basics: Conduct of Election Rules, 1961
The Conduct of Election Rules, 1961, commonly referred to as the 1961Rules, outline the procedural framework governing various aspects of the electoral process in India.
These rules were formulated under the authority of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
It serves as the foundational legislation for conducting elections in the country.
Activities covered: Preparation of electoral rolls, the nomination of candidates, the conduct of polling, counting of votes, and the declaration of results.
Regulatory Function: The 1961 Rules incorporate provisions for addressing electoral malpractices, disputes, and grievances, thereby safeguarding the sanctity of elections.
PYQ:
[2017] For election to the Lok Sabha, a nomination paper can be filed by
(a) Anyone residing in India.
(b) A resident of the constituency from which the election is to be contested.
(c) Any citizen of India whose name appears in the electoral roll of a constituency.
The prevalence of Congenital Anomalies and Neurological Challenges in newborns highlights the need for adequate Antenatal and Perinatal care to address them.
Key observations made by the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5):
Perinatal mortality rates stand at 32 for 1,000 pregnancies, neonatal mortality rates at 25 for 1,000 live births, and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy remain a leading cause of maternal death.
Cause of Maternal and Perinatal Mortality:Preeclampsia (PE) is a significant cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, with early onset PE posing higher risks.
Combination of Maternal factors and Biomarkers: Screening based on maternal risk factors alone has suboptimal performance, while a combination of maternal factors and biomarkers like mean arterial pressure, uterine artery pulsatility index, and serum placental growth factor can improve detection rates significantly.
Early Intervention with Aspirin Prophylaxis: First-trimester screening models, like the FMF prediction algorithm, have been effective in identifying high-risk pregnancies for preterm PE, allowing for early intervention with aspirin prophylaxis to reduce the incidence of preeclampsia.
What is Pre-eclampsia?
Preeclampsia is a complication of pregnancy. Preeclampsia, high blood pressure, and high levels of protein in urine indicate kidney damage (proteinuria), or other signs of organ damage.
Preeclampsia usually begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy in women whose blood pressure had previously been in the standard range.
Challenges to cure Pre-eclampsia (PE):
Complex Screening Protocols: Effective screening requires a combination of maternal history, demographics, color Doppler ultrasound, mean arterial pressure, and placental biomarkers, which may not be uniformly available or implemented.
Limited Resources: Not all healthcare facilities have access to advanced screening tools and technologies like color Doppler ultrasound and placental biomarker testing.
Lack of Awareness: Pregnant women may not be aware of the symptoms and risks associated with pre-eclampsia, leading to delayed presentation and diagnosis.
Delayed Intervention: Identifying high-risk pregnancies early is crucial, but delays in screening and diagnosis can lead to missed opportunities for timely intervention.
Pharmacological Challenges: Ensuring timely pharmacological intervention, such as aspirin prophylaxis, requires adherence to established protocols, which may only sometimes be followed.
Logistical Issues: Implementing widespread screening and management protocols involves logistical challenges, including training healthcare providers and ensuring the availability of necessary equipment.
Complexity of the Disorder: The systemic nature of pre-eclampsia, affecting multiple organs, complicates its management and requires a multidisciplinary approach.
Programs in India:
“Samrakshan” program: The Indian Radiological and Imaging Association’s (IRIA) “Samrakshan” program aims to reduce pre-eclampsia from 8%-10% to 3% and fetal growth restriction from 25%-30% to 10% by the end of the decade.
The program focuses on spreading awareness, screening for pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction, and ensuring comprehensive care throughout pregnancy.
Way Forward:
Early Detection and Management: Early detection through regular prenatal care, including blood pressure monitoring and urine testing for protein, is crucial in managing pre-eclampsia.
Timely intervention can help prevent severe complications and ensure the well-being of both mother and baby.
Promoting Awareness and Education: Raising awareness about the signs and symptoms of pre-eclampsia among pregnant women is essential for early recognition and prompt action.
Education on risk factors, preventive measures, and the importance of regular antenatal check-ups can significantly impact maternal and neonatal outcomes.
Ensuring Access to Quality Maternal Healthcare: Access to quality maternal healthcare services, including skilled antenatal care, monitoring, and timely interventions, is vital in addressing pre-eclampsia and reducing maternal mortality rates.
Empowering healthcare providers with the knowledge and resources to manage pre-eclampsia effectively is key to ensuring safe motherhood.
Collaborative Efforts for Maternal Health: Collaboration between governments, healthcare institutions, non-profit organisations, and the private sector is essential in implementing comprehensive maternal health programs that prioritise the prevention, early detection, and management of pre-eclampsia.
Conclusion: By spotlighting pre-eclampsia and emphasising the importance of early detection, awareness, access to quality care, and collaborative efforts, we can strive towards ensuring safe motherhood for all women, safeguarding the health and well-being of mothers and their babies.
Mains PYQ:
Q Identify the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that are related to health.Discuss the success of the actions taken by the Government for achieving the same.(UPSC IAS/2013)
