Q Safeguarding the Indian art heritage is the need of the moment. Comment (10) (UPSC IAS/2018)
Q Do you agree that regionalism in India appears to be a consequence of rising cultural assertiveness? Argue. (UPSC IAS/2020)
Mentors’ comment: India, with its landscapes ranging from the world’s highest peaks to low-lying coastal plains, showcases a diverse morphology that has evolved over billions of years. Numerous locations feature a variety of rocks, minerals, and distinctive fossil assemblages. These geological features and landscapes reveal spectacular ‘origin’ stories based on scientific interpretations rather than mythology. India’s tumultuous geological past is etched in its rocks and terrains and should be regarded as part of our non-cultural heritage. The country offers many such examples. Geo-heritage sites serve as educational spaces where people can gain much-needed geological literacy, especially given India’s generally poor regard for this legacy.
Let’s learn!
Why in the news?
India’s turbulent geological history is captured in its rocks and landscapes and should be regarded as part of our non-cultural heritage.
Scant Traction in India:
Lack of Awareness and Importance: Despite international advancements in geological conservation, India has not prioritized geo-conservation, with many fossil-bearing sites destroyed due to development and real estate growth.
Destructive Activities: Stone mining activities, covering more than 10% of India’s total area, have led to significant destruction of geological sites, undermining the preservation of these natural laboratories.
Neglect of Geological Heritage: There is a paradox in India’s approach—seeking evidence of early life on Mars while destroying crucial geological evidence within its own territory, such as the little-known Dhala meteoritic impact crater.
Absence of Legislation: India lacks specific legislation or policies to protect geo-heritage, despite being a signatory to international agreements advocating geological conservation.
Half-hearted Measures:
Abandoned Legislation Attempts: In 2009, a Bill to constitute a National Commission for Heritage Sites was introduced but later withdrawn, indicating a lack of commitment to geo-heritage conservation.
Ineffective Notification by GSI: The Geological Survey of India (GSI) has notified 34 geological monuments but lacks regulatory power to enforce preservation measures, leading to threats against these sites.
Draft Bill with No Progress: In 2022, the Ministry of Mines drafted a Bill for the preservation and maintenance of geo-heritage sites, but there has been no further progress, reflecting a lack of urgency and follow-through.
Recent Cliff Demolition Example: The demolition of part of the Varkala cliff, a designated geological heritage site, by the district administration citing landslide hazards highlights the inadequate protection and respect for such sites.
Impact:
Loss of Scientific Knowledge: The destruction of fossil-bearing sites and other geological features due to development, real estate growth, and stone mining activities results in the permanent loss of invaluable scientific data. This hampers the understanding of India’s geological history and reduces opportunities for education and research in earth sciences.
Erosion of Cultural and Natural Heritage: Neglecting geological conservation undermines India’s rich natural heritage, which is integral to the country’s identity. The demolition of sites like the Varkala Cliff demonstrates a disregard for preserving unique geological formations that are part of India’s natural legacy.
Missed Economic Opportunities: Geo-heritage sites have the potential to attract tourism, contributing to local and national economies. The lack of legislative protection and promotion of these sites means missed opportunities for sustainable tourism development, which could generate income and create jobs while educating the public about the importance of geological conservation.
Way forward:
Legislative Framework for Geo-Conservation: Enact specific legislation to protect and conserve geo-heritage sites, similar to the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. This legislation should establish clear guidelines for the preservation, management, and sustainable use of geo-heritage sites, ensuring they are protected from destructive activities and development pressures.
National Geo-Conservation Authority: Establish a National Geo-Conservation Authority to oversee the identification, protection, and promotion of geo-heritage sites.
Promotion of Geo-Tourism: Develop and promote geo-heritage sites as sustainable tourism destinations. This includes investing in infrastructure, providing educational resources, and marketing these sites to attract both domestic and international tourists.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Eurasia; Government Initiatives;
Mains level: Strategic dependence on Eurasian countries;
Why in the News?
The significant upheaval caused by the increasing interdependence of European and Asian theatres is accompanied by the rise of influential middle powers. India can seize this opportunity to enhance its national power.
Complex and Deepening Interconnections between European and Asian Security:
Asia’s Active Role in European Geopolitics: Unlike the colonial era, Asian states now actively influence the balance of power in Europe. Both Russia and Western Europe are engaging Asia to shape the narrative on the Ukraine war.
Asian Arms Supply to Europe: Asia has emerged as a major supplier of arms in European conflicts, with North Korea supplying ammunition to Russia and South Korean arms flowing to Ukraine.
Asian Agency in Great Power Dynamics: Putin’s visit to North Korea and Vietnam highlights the increased agency of Asian states in leveraging great power rivalries for their own strategic benefits.
Impact on Western Alliances: The increasing agency of Asian countries like North Korea and South Korea affects the dynamics of Western alliances, with the US seeking stronger ties with South Korea and Japan in response to Russia’s actions.
Scope for a Strategic Window:
Increased Asian Maneuverability: Countries like Vietnam are skillfully balancing their relationships with China, the US, and Russia, enhancing their strategic autonomy and influence in the region.
Western Dilemmas: The US is facing challenges in balancing its strategic focus between Europe and Asia, with debates on whether to prioritize the Ukraine conflict or the challenge posed by China.
Europe’s Defence Responsibilities: Both Biden and Trump agree on the need for Europe to take greater responsibility for its own defense, urging Eurasian nations to balance Russia and China.
Opportunities for Middle Powers: Middle powers like India have a unique opportunity to enhance their national power and military capabilities through strategic partnerships with the US and its allies. This includes modernizing India’s defense industrial base and expanding arms production, crucial for achieving strategic autonomy.
Way forward:
Engage with Key Allies: India should Deepen strategic partnerships with the US, Japan, Australia, and South Korea to enhance security cooperation and joint defense initiatives.
These partnerships can provide India with access to advanced military technology and training, as well as opportunities for joint exercises and intelligence sharing.
Leverage International Platforms: India must actively participate in international platforms like the Quad and the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) to strengthen India’s role in regional security and disaster resilience efforts.
Mains question for practice:
Q Discuss the complex and deepening interconnections between European and Asian security in the current geopolitical landscape. How can India leverage these dynamics to enhance its national power? 15M
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India-Tibet Relations; Neighbourhood first policy;
Mains level: Challenges related to the Promotion of Resolution to the Tibet-China Dispute Act;
Why in the News?
A U.S. lawmaker delegation’s visit to Dharamshala closely followed the passage of the ‘Promoting a Resolution to the Tibet-China Dispute Act’ in Congress, awaiting Biden’s approval.
About the delegation on ‘Promoting a Resolution to the Tibet-China Dispute Act’
Legislative Background: The U.S. Congress passed the ‘Promoting a Resolution to the Tibet-China Dispute Act,’ emphasizing support for Tibetan autonomy and human rights.
The delegation’s visit to Dharamshala, India, followed this legislative action to underscore U.S. commitment to Tibetan freedom.
Delegation Composition and Purpose: The delegation included bipartisan U.S. lawmakers who were co-authors of the Act, invited by the Central Tibetan Administration.
Their visit aimed to advocate for restarting dialogue between the Dalai Lama’s representatives and Beijing, stalled since 2010.
India’s Diplomatic Calculus: Hosting the U.S. delegation amidst ongoing tensions with China signals India’s nuanced diplomacy in managing its relations with both nations.
It reflects India’s stance on Tibet as sensitive, balancing its traditional policy of non-interference with growing international scrutiny.
Geopolitical Implications: The delegation’s visit raises geopolitical questions about India’s sovereignty and diplomatic independence in the face of U.S.-China strategic competition.
It underscores India’s role in regional stability and global human rights discourse, impacting its strategic partnerships and international standing.
Challenges and weaknesses involved
Diplomatic Sensitivities: India faces challenges in balancing its historical support for Tibetan refugees with its current diplomatic relations with China, a crucial economic and strategic partner.
Hosting U.S. lawmakers advocating for Tibetan autonomy could strain India-China relations, given Beijing’s sensitivity to international interference on Tibet-related issues.
Domestic Perception and Political Messaging: Allowing U.S. lawmakers to publicly advocate for Tibetan independence in India could be perceived domestically as compromising India’s stance on sovereignty and non-interference in internal matters.
There is a risk of domestic backlash or political opposition questioning the government’s handling of sensitive foreign policy issues, particularly regarding Tibet and China.
Impact on Bilateral Relations: The visit and the Act may lead to diplomatic friction between India and China, potentially affecting bilateral cooperation in various domains, including trade, defense, and regional stability.
China’s response to perceived foreign interference on Tibet could escalate tensions, impacting broader regional dynamics and India’s strategic autonomy.
Future Scope (Way forward):
International Advocacy and Diplomatic Engagement: The U.S. delegation’s visit and advocacy for the Tibet-China Dispute Act highlight ongoing international interest and support for Tibetan autonomy.
The future scope involves continued diplomatic engagement by global stakeholders to advocate for human rights and autonomy for Tibetans, potentially influencing China’s policies.
India’s Strategic Positioning: India may explore a nuanced approach to balance its historical support for Tibetan refugees with its current diplomatic relations with China.
Future scope includes India asserting its stance on Tibet in international forums while managing bilateral relations with China to avoid escalation and maintain regional stability.
Mains question for practice:
Q The recent visit of a delegation of U.S. lawmakers to Dharamshala, closely following the passage of the ‘Promoting a Resolution to the Tibet-China Dispute Act’ in the U.S. Congress, has brought forth significant diplomatic challenges and implications for India.15M
Mains PYQ:
Q “The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Explain. (UPSC IAS/2021)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Coal production in India
Mains level: Coal Mining and its challenges;
Why in the News?
A new study by the National Foundation of India (NFI) reveals that 75% of focus group participants have chronic respiratory and skin ailments due to prolonged exposure to coal mining pollutants.
The study report titled, “At the Crossroads: Marginalised Communities and the Just Transition Dilemma”, is a sequel to the 2021 study by NFI on the socio-economic impact of coal transitions in India.
Key Highlights of the reports by the National Foundation for India:
The study covered two districts each from three central Indian states—Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Odisha surveying 1209 households and conducting 20 Focused Group Discussions (FDGs).
Other key findings of the study are:
Health Concerns: Prolonged exposure to coal mining pollutants has resulted in widespread respiratory and skin diseases among the local populations. At least 75% of participants in Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) reported issues such as chronic bronchitis, asthma, and various skin conditions.
Economic Impact/ Economic Dependency on Coal: The phasing down of coal is expected to result in significant job losses and economic downturns in coal-dependent regions. This will not only impact the coal miners and workers directly but also the broader local economy.
Caste-Based Inequities: Access to resources and opportunities is significantly skewed, with marginalized communities such as Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) being disproportionately affected.
The report identifies several challenges in achieving a just transition, including the need to upskill a largely under-educated workforce and the lack of alternative livelihoods.
It underscores the importance of community-specific policies, robust institutional mechanisms, and coordinated efforts between government bodies.
The study offers a potential framework for safeguarding the interests of these communities through:
Alternative Livelihoods: Emphasizing the development of new economic opportunities beyond coal.
Ecological Restoration: Promoting environmental recovery to mitigate the health impacts of coal mining.
Inclusive Policies: Ensuring that the transition policies are inclusive and consider the needs of marginalized communities.
Present Challenges of Medical Expenses and Shift from Coal:
Health Concerns: People living closer to coal mines face higher medical expenses due to increased incidence of lung and breathing-related diseases and skin infections.
Economic concerns: The global shift away from coal is expected to result in job losses and economic downturns in coal-dependent regions, affecting both coal miners and the broader local economy.
Economic disparities exist with varying income levels and irregular wage receipt patterns in coal-dependent districts.
Dhanbad and Koriya, solely reliant on coal production, reported lower incomes compared to diversified industrial districts.
Way Forward:
Diversification of Local Economies: Develop alternative industries and economic activities in coal-dependent regions to reduce reliance on coal mining. Promote skill development programs to help coal workers transition to new employment opportunities in emerging sectors such as renewable energy, manufacturing, and services.
Investment in Health Infrastructure: Enhance healthcare facilities in coal mining regions to address the higher incidence of lung, and breathing-related diseases, and skin infections. Implement comprehensive health monitoring and support programs for communities living near coal mines.
Promotion of Renewable Energy: Accelerate the shift towards renewable energy sources, building on the recent trend of increased capacity addition in renewable energy. Invest in renewable energy infrastructure and create job opportunities in the renewable sector to offset job losses in coal mining.
Government and Policy Support: Implement policies and provide financial support for a ‘just transition’ to ensure that workers and communities dependent on coal mining are not left behind.
Community Engagement and Participation: Involve local communities in planning and decision-making processes related to the transition from coal.
Mains question for practice :
Q Analyse the health and socioeconomic impacts of prolonged coal mining in India, as highlighted by the National Foundation for India’s survey. 10M
Mains PYQ:
Q In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for Development”. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2017)
Explained | | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Critical Infrastructure Sectors;
Mains level: Resilience Mechanism
Why in the News? The unprecedented surge in electricity demand offers a glimpse into the kind of stress that critical infrastructure endures during extreme weather events and resulting disasters.
Present Challenges in India -> High Temperatures and Electricity Demand:
Record-breaking Electricity Demand: Delhi experienced record-breaking electricity demand due to persistently high temperatures.
Frequent Power Cuts: The high demand led to frequent power cuts in Delhi and neighbouring areas.
Worsening Conditions: Other regions in central and eastern India faced similar or worse situations, with high night temperatures exacerbating the situation.
Heat-related Deaths: The lack of electricity and high temperatures likely contributed to several heat-related deaths.
Mounting Losses:
Increased Economic Losses: Despite early warnings and quick responses reducing human casualties, economic and other losses from extreme weather events and disasters have been rising due to their increasing frequency and intensity.
Government Expenditure: States spent over Rs 1.5 lakh crore between 2018 and 2023 on disaster and natural calamity aftermaths.
Long-term Costs: Long-term costs include livelihood losses and reduced agricultural land fertility, which are projected to worsen over time.
Job Losses: A 2022 World Bank report projected that heat-related stress could result in a loss of around 34 million jobs in India by 2030.
Food Wastage: Food wastage due to non-air-conditioned transportation is estimated at about $9 billion annually.
Uncounted Infrastructure Damage: Damage to critical infrastructure like transportation, telecommunications, and power supply is often uncounted in government figures, particularly for privately owned services, causing massive disruptions.
Incorporating Resilience:
Disaster Management Plans: Infrastructure sectors have disaster management plans to prepare and respond to events, such as backup power supplies for hospitals, waterlogging prevention for airports and railways, and underground telecommunication lines.
Slow Progress: Despite plans, much of India’s infrastructure remains extremely vulnerable to disasters.
Future Infrastructure: India is still developing much of its infrastructure, and it is more cost-effective to incorporate disaster resilience during construction than to retrofit later. Upcoming projects need to be climate-smart, sustainable, energy-efficient, and disaster-resilient.
A case study of Odisha:
The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) studied Odisha’s electricity transmission and distribution infrastructure, revealing its extreme fragility. Over 30% of distribution substations are within 20 km of the coastline; 80% of electricity poles are susceptible to high wind speeds; over 75% of distribution lines are over 30 years old and not cyclone-resistant.
Note: CDRI’s Created in 2019, CDRI aims to make critical infrastructure resilient to natural disasters. It serves as a knowledge hub and collaborates with over 30 countries, but only a few Indian states have engaged with CDRI.
Way Forward:
Proactive Infrastructure Planning and Investment: Future infrastructure projects in India must integrate disaster resilience at the planning and construction stages. This approach ensures that new developments are sustainable, energy-efficient, and capable of withstanding extreme weather events, reducing the need for costly retrofits later.
Collaboration with Expert Bodies and Adoption of Best Practices: States and infrastructure sectors should actively seek expertise and collaboration from organisations like the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI).
Mains question for practice:
Q Discuss the implications of extreme weather events on critical infrastructure in India, citing recent examples. What measures can be taken to enhance the resilience of infrastructure against such events? 15M
Mains PYQ:
Q Describe the benefits of deriving electric energy from sunlight in contrast to conventional energy generation. What are the initiatives offered by our government for this purpose? (UPSC IAS/2020)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Security; LSAM 20;
Why in the News?
The Indian Navy has inducted the ‘Ammunition Cum Torpedo Cum Missile Barge, LSAM 20 (Yard 130) into its fleet.
What is LSAM 20?
LSAM 20 (Yard 130) is the Ammunition Cum Torpedo Cum Missile Barge (Storage) inducted by the Indian Navy. (built by MSMEShipyard, M/s Suryadipta Projects Pvt Ltd, Thane).
LSAM 20 facilitates transportation, embarkation, and disembarkation of articles/ammunition to IN Ships.
These Barges areindigenously designedand built under relevant Naval Rules and Regulations of the Indian Register of Shipping.
Objective
A Torpedo Cum Missile Barge is a specialized vessel used by the Indian Navy to transport various types of ammunition, torpedoes, and missiles to operational areas.
These barges play a crucial role in providing logistical support to naval vessels by ensuring the uninterrupted transportation of essential military supplies.
PYQ:
[2016] Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently?
(a) Amphibious warfare ship
(b) Nuclear-powered submarine
(c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel
(d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier
Practice MCQ:
What is the primary function of LSAM 20 (Yard 130) recently inducted by the Indian Navy?
a) Transportation of personnel
b) Transporting ammunition, torpedoes, and missiles
The RBI has introduced updated guidelines for Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) through a master direction, effective from April 24, 2024.
What is an Asset Reconstruction Company (ARC)?
Description
About
ARC is a special financial institution that acquires debtors from banks at a mutually agreed value and attempts to recover the debts or associated securities.
Regulation
ARCs are registered under the RBI.
Regulated under the SARFAESI Act, 2002 (Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Securities Interest Act).
Objective
ARCs take over a portion of the bank’s non-performing assets (NPAs) and engage in asset reconstruction or securitization, aiming to recover the debts.
Functions
Asset Reconstruction: Acquisition of bank loans or other credit facilities for realization.
Securitization: Acquisition of financial assets by issuing security receipts.
Foreign Investment
100% FDI allowed in ARCs under the automatic route.
Limitiations
ARCs are prohibited from undertaking lending activities.
They can only engage in securitization and reconstruction activities.
Working
Bank with NPA agrees to sell it to ARC at a mutually agreed value.
ARC transfers assets to trusts under SARFAESI Act.
Upfront payment made to bank, rest through Security Receipts.
Recovery proceeds shared between ARC and bank.
Security Receipts
Issued to Qualified Institutional Buyers (QIBs) for raising funds to acquire financial assets.
Significance
Banks can clean up their balance sheets and focus on core banking activities.
Provides a mechanism for resolution of NPAs and debt recovery.
What are the new guidelines laid out by the RBI?
Enhanced Capital Requirements:
Minimum Capital Requirement Increase: ARCs are now mandated to maintain a minimum capital requirement of Rs 300 crore, a significant increase from the previous Rs 100 crore stipulation established on October 11, 2022.
Transition Period for Compliance: Existing ARCs are granted a transition period to reach the revised Net Owned Fund (NOF) threshold of Rs 300 crore by March 31, 2026.
Interim Requirement: However, by March 31, 2024, ARCs must possess a minimum capital of Rs 200 crore to comply with the new directives.
Supervisory Actions for Non-Compliance:
ARCs failing to meet the prescribed capital thresholds will face supervisory action, potentially including restrictions on undertaking additional business until compliance is achieved.
Expanded Role for Well-Capitalized ARCs:
Empowerment of Well-Capitalized ARCs: ARCs with a minimum NOF of Rs 1000 crore are empowered to act as resolution applicants in distressed asset scenarios.
Investment Opportunities: These ARCs are permitted to deploy funds in government securities, scheduled commercial bank deposits, and institutions like SIDBI and NABARD, subject to RBI specifications. Additionally, they can invest in short-term instruments such as money market mutual funds, certificates of deposit, and corporate bonds commercial papers.
Investment Cap: Investments in short-term instruments are capped at 10% of the NOF to mitigate risk exposure.
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to the governance of public sector banking in India, consider the following statements:
Capital infusion into public sector banks by the Government of India has steadily increased in the last decade.
To put the public sector banks in order, the merger of associate banks with the parent State Bank of India has been affected.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Thar Desert, Desert National Park;
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Rajasthan’s barren Thar Desert may turn green, says a recent study in the journal Earth’s Future.
About Thar Desert
The Thar Desert is the 18th largest subtropical desert globally and is one of the most densely populated deserts.
Approximately 40% of the human population in Rajasthan resides in the Thar Desert.
It extends from the Sutlej River and is bounded by the Rann of Kutch, the Aravalli Mountains, and the Indus River.
About 85% of the Thar Desert is located in India, with the remainder in Pakistan.
In India, it spans across Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab as well.
Civilizations are believed to have thrived in the Thar region around 50,000 years ago across the extinct Saraswati River.
The Desert National Park (home to the endangered Great Indian Bustard, desert fox, desert cat, blackbuck, and Indian gazelle) is situated in the Thar Desert in the northwest Indian state of Rajasthan.
Why the thar desert getting greener?
Climate Change Effects:
Alteration of Weather Patterns: Climate change is causing shifts in rainfall distribution in the thar desert area.
Potential for Vegetation Growth: The increased precipitation could provide favorable conditions for vegetation growth, contributing to the greening of the desert.
Indian Monsoon Dynamics:
Westward Extension of Indian Monsoon: The Indian monsoon, known for bringing heavy rainfall to eastern India, is now extending further westward into regions like the Thar Desert.
Impact on Moisture and Rainfall: This change in monsoon dynamics could lead to increased moisture and rainfall in the desert region, facilitating the growth of vegetation.
Expansion of Indian Ocean Warm Pool (IOWP):
Influence on Monsoon Patterns: The Indian Ocean Warm Pool (IOWP) influences monsoon patterns and rainfall distribution over the Indian subcontinent.
Westward Expansion due to Climate Change: Climate change is causing the IOWP to expand westward, potentially resulting in increased rainfall over semi-arid regions like the Thar Desert and promoting greening.
Water Management Practices:
Contribution to Greening: Effective water management practices, such as rainwater harvesting and irrigation techniques like johad, kuis, and kunds, may be playing a role in the greening of the Thar Desert.
Utilization of Water Resources: By harnessing and efficiently utilizing available water resources, local communities and authorities can support vegetation growth and ecosystem restoration efforts in the desert.
Introduction of Irrigation
Commercial Cropping: Irrigation was introduced during British colonial rule in the 19th and 20th centuries to convert arid and semi-arid ecosystems into cropland.
Restrictions on Grazing: The right to graze animals was restricted to landowners who cultivated crops, leading to the transformation of nomadic pastoralists into sedentary agropastoralists.
Sustainability of this transformation
Recent greening activities, largely on arid scrub savannahs, have threatened species adapted to such climates and have been linked to locust outbreaks.
The Indira Gandhi Canal project in the 1980s led to extensive crop cover in the Thar Desert, resulting in areas becoming infertile due to waterlogging and salinity.
Planting invasive species, such as prosopis juliflora and acacia tortilis, has led to habitat degradation and biodiversity loss.
PYQ:
[2018] Which of the following leaf modifications occur(s) in the desert areas to inhibit water loss?
Hard and waxy leaves
Tiny leaves
Thorns instead of leaves
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
[2020] The process of desertification does not have climate boundaries. Justify with examples.
[2013] Major hot deserts in northern hemisphere are located between 20-30 degree north and on the western side of the continents. Why?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Leopard Safari at Bannerghatta Biological Park
Why in the News?
South India’s first and the country’s largest leopard safari was inaugurated at the Bannerghatta Biological Park (BBP).
About Bannerghatta Biological Park
BBP is located near Bangalore and was established in 2002.
It spans an area of approximately 731.88 hectares, situated within the larger Bannerghatta National Park, which covers around 25,000 acres.
The park was created to facilitate the conservation of wildlife, promote tourism, and educate the public about wildlife and conservation efforts.
River Suvarnamukhi stream, the main source of water for the animals of the park, runs through the centre of the park.
Leopards in India
The Indian Leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) is a leopard subspecies widely distributed on the Indian subcontinent.
These are the smallest of the big cats.
They are known for their ability to adapt to a variety of habitats.
They are strong and agile predators that can climb trees and drag their prey up for safety.
Conservation Status:
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
CITES: Appendix I
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I
Do you know?
As per, Status of Leopards in India Report, 2022:
India’s leopard population is estimated at 13,874 individuals.
Madhya Pradesh houses the largest population of leopards in the country – 3907 (2018: 3421), followed by Maharashtra (2022: 1985; 2018: 1,690), Karnataka (2022: 1,879 ; 2018: 1,783) and Tamil Nadu (2022: 1,070; 2018: 868).
PYQ:
[2012] Consider the following:
Black-necked crane
Cheetah
Flying squirrel
Snow leopard
Which of the above are naturally found in India?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Op Blue Star, Golden Temple, Khalistani Movement
Why in the News?
India is considering potential institutional reforms in light of the Pannun issue and alleged assassination attempts.
The US Deputy Secretary emphasized the US seeks accountability from the Indian government and consistently requests updates on the investigation.
What is the Pannun Case?
The Pannun case involves an alleged foiled plot to assassinate Khalistani separatist Gurpatwant Singh Pannun on American soil. Here are the key points:
Background:
Gurpatwant Singh Pannun, who holds dual citizenship of the US and Canada, is wanted in India on terror charges.
In November last year, US federal prosecutors charged Indian national Nikhil Gupta with working alongside an Indian government employee in the plot to kill Pannun in New York.
Following these allegations, India appointed a high-level inquiry committee to investigate the inputs provided by the US regarding the plot.
US Position:
The US has consistently pressed India for updates on the investigation.
US Deputy Secretary of State emphasized seeking accountability from the Indian government and raised the issue directly at senior levels during discussions with Indian counterparts.
The US seeks transparency and accountability in the case.
What is the Khalistan Conspiracy?
The Khalistan movement is a separatist movement aiming to establish a sovereign state called Khalistan (Land of the Khalsa) in the Punjab region of India and Pakistan.
During the Khalistan movement, several significant events shaped its trajectory:
Operation Blue Star (1984): The Indian government launched a military operation to flush out Sikh militants who had taken refuge in the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar. The operation resulted in heavy casualties and damage to the temple, leading to widespread anger among Sikhs.
Assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi (1984): In retaliation for Operation Blue Star, two Sikh bodyguards assassinated Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. This event triggered anti-Sikh riots across India, resulting in the deaths of thousands of Sikhs.
1985 Punjab Accord: The Indian government and moderate Sikh leaders reached an agreement known as the Punjab Accord. It aimed to address Sikh grievances by granting greater autonomy to Punjab and recognizing the Sikh identity. However, hardline separatists rejected this accord.
Continued Violence (1980s): The 1980s witnessed violent clashes between Sikh militants and security forces. Bombings, assassinations, and attacks on civilians became common. The insurgency intensified, leading to a cycle of violence.
Air India Flight 182 Bombing (1985): A bomb planted by Khalistani militants exploded on Air India Flight 182, killing all 329 passengers and crew. This remains one of the deadliest aviation-related terrorist acts in history.
Decline and Suppression (1990s): By the early 1990s, the Khalistan movement lost momentum due to crackdowns by security forces, factionalism, and disillusionment among Sikhs. Many militants surrendered or were killed.
Recent rise of events
Diaspora Influence: The Sikh diaspora, particularly in countries like the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, plays a significant role. These communities maintain strong ties to Punjab and actively advocate for Khalistan, using social media platforms to amplify their message.
Social Media: The widespread use of social media allows pro-Khalistan activists to connect, organize, and spread their ideology globally. Online platforms provide a powerful tool for mobilization and recruitment.
Leadership: Figures like Amritpal Singh have emerged as charismatic leaders, galvanizing support among disaffected Sikhs. Their influence extends beyond geographical boundaries, inspiring followers both in India and abroad.
PYQ:
[2016] Has the formation of linguistic states strengthened the cause of Indian unity?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Key highlights of the conference
Mains level: India-Kenya Relations
Why in the News?
India has shown interest in partnering with Kenya to develop and expand Africa’s space capabilities for predicting and monitoring extreme weather events.
Kenya aims to be an active player in the global space economy, projected to grow significantly by 2035.
Conference Highlights and Recommendations
Conference Conclusion: Calls for more resources for sustainable space activities, including accurate weather and climate event monitoring.
Awareness and Innovations: The expo, themed ‘Space technology for societal benefits,’ aimed to raise awareness about space opportunities for societal benefits like climate change mitigation and socio-economic development.
Support for Private Sector: Experts recommended that African governments support private sector innovations for data commercialization and explore funding models to de-risk the space sector.
STEM Education: Emphasis on boosting national capabilities in space science, breaking entry barriers for women, and promoting STEM education.
India-Kenya Space Collaboration
The India-Kenya Space Collaboration particularly aims for:
Addressing Food Security: Space technology will be crucial for food security, providing accurate early warning systems for farmers and real-time monitoring for climate change mitigation.
Sustainable Development: Space technology integration offers enhanced data for informed decision-making, essential for Kenya’s sustainable development.
Regional Collaboration: Kenya is pursuing collaboration on peaceful uses of outer space with African countries such as South Africa, Angola, Rwanda, Uganda, Ethiopia, Sudan, Egypt, Algeria, Nigeria, and Ghana.
Capacity Development: Focus on developing indigenous capacity in space systems engineering and utilising space services for socio-economic development through joint projects.
Kenyan endeavours so far
Earth Observation Centre: Plans to establish a Centre for Earth Observation at the Luigi Broglio Malindi Space Centre.
International Training Centre: Partnership with the Italian Space Agency to establish a Training Centre for Space Education, enhancing national and regional capabilities.
Back2Basics: India-Kenya Relations
Historical Ties:
Early Connections: Trade between India and the Swahili Coast dates back to ancient times, as documented in the ‘Periplus of the Erythraean Sea’ (60 CE).
Colonial Era: Both nations share a legacy of struggle against colonialism, with Indian communities actively supporting Kenya’s freedom struggle.
Diplomatic Relations:
Establishment of Diplomatic Presence: India set up the office of Commissioner for British East Africa residents in Nairobi in 1948, and a High Commission was established following Kenya’s independence in 1963. An Assistant High Commission is also located in Mombasa.
High-Level Visits: Numerous high-level visits by Indian leaders, including Presidents and Prime Ministers, have strengthened bilateral ties.
Bilateral Trade:
Trade Agreement: The India-Kenya Trade Agreement signed in 1981 granted both nations Most Favoured Nation status.
Indian Exports to Kenya: Petroleum products, pharmaceuticals, steel products, machinery, yarn, vehicles, and power transmission equipment.
Kenyan Exports to India: Soda ash, vegetables, tea, leather, and metal scrap.
Investment: India is the second-largest investor in Kenya, with over 60 major Indian companies operating in sectors like manufacturing, real estate, pharmaceuticals, telecom, IT & ITES, banking, and agro-based industries.
Development Cooperation:
Development Assistance: India provides loans, credit, and developmental support to Kenya, including capacity-building initiatives such as scholarships for Kenyan students.
Agricultural Support: India aids in agrarian development by supplying machinery and facilitating technology transfer.
Healthcare Contributions: India is a key supplier of pharmaceuticals to Kenya and has supported healthcare initiatives, including donating 1.12 million doses of the Covishield vaccine in 2021.
Environmental Conservation: Cheetahs under the reintroduction project are also being brought from Kenya.
Cultural and Diaspora Links:
Indian Community: Indians have a long-standing presence in Kenya, contributing significantly to its society and economy.
Official recognition: In 2017, the Kenyan government recognized the Indian descent as the 44th tribe of the country.
International Cooperation:
Common Interests: Both nations share interests in various international forums, including the Commonwealth, Non-Aligned Movement, and Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA).
Regional Engagement: Kenya is an active member of the African Union, with which India has long-standing connections.
PYQ:
[2015] Increasing interest of India in Africa has its pro and cons. Critically Examine.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Coral Bleaching Events (GCBE), Lakshadweep, Corals
Why in the News?
Lakshadweep has been severely affected by the fourth global coral bleaching event (GCBE4), the most severe on record according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
Global Coral Bleaching Events (GCBE)
A GCBE means significant coral bleaching has been confirmed in all the ocean regions wherewarm-water corals live: the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
Previous Events: Mass coral bleaching recorded in 1998, 2010, and 2014-2017.
Current Event (GCBE4): Began early 2023, with over 70.7% of the world’s coral reefs impacted by bleaching-level heat stress as of May 23, 2024.
Lakshadweep Specifics
Kavaratti atoll survey indicated an 84.6% bleaching extent, with mass bleaching observed. Previous bleaching events in Lakshadweep were 81% (1998), 65% (2010), and 41.9% (2020).
Resilient species also showing signs: Acropora digitifera, Pocillopora grandis, Isopora palifera, Pavona venosa, Hydnophora microconos.
Contributing Factors: Increased temperatures attributed to global warming; from April 1 to May 2, 2024, temperatures ranged between 29.6°C to 32.8°C.
Importance of Coral Reefs
Marine Biodiversity: Support diverse marine life including fish, invertebrates, and algae.
Coastal Protection: Act as natural barriers against erosion and storm surges.
Local Economy: Provide sustenance and livelihood for local communities and attract tourists.
GCBE-4 and Indian Context
Gujarat Coast: Monitoring coral bleaching mid-summer, with 30-40% bleaching observed annually; most corals recover.
Tamil Nadu: Lesser impact in the Gulf of Mannar due to late bleaching onset and early monsoon reducing seawater temperatures.
Temperature Reduction: The onset of monsoon has slightly reduced water temperatures in Lakshadweep.
Recovery Uncertain: The long-term health of corals depends on sustained cooler conditions and the absence of further stressors.
Back2Basics: Corals
Corals are made up of genetically identical organisms called polyps.
These polyps have microscopic algae called zooxanthellae living within their tissues in a mutualistic relationship.
The coral provides the zooxanthellae with the compounds necessary for photosynthesis.
In return, the zooxanthellae supply the coral with organic products of photosynthesis, like carbohydrates, which are utilized by the coral polyps for the synthesis of their calcium carbonate skeletons.
Corals are marine invertebrates or animals which do not possess a spine.
They are the largest living structures on the planet.
Each coral is called a polyp and thousands of such polyps live together to form a colony, which grows when polyps multiply to make copies of themselves.
Coral reefs are also called the “rainforests of the seas”.
Types of Coral
Corals are of two types — hard corals and soft corals:
Hard corals extract calcium carbonate from seawater to build hard, white coral exoskeletons. Hard corals are in a way the engineers of reef ecosystems and measuring the extent of hard coral is a widely-accepted metric for measuring the condition of coral reefs.
Soft corals attach themselves to such skeletons and older skeletons built by their ancestors. Soft corals also add their own skeletons to the hard structure over the years. These growing multiplying structures gradually form coral reefs.
Conditions Needed for Corals to Flourish
Extensive submarine platforms for the formation of colonies by the coral polyps (not more than 90m below sea level).
High mean annual temperature ranging 20-21 degrees Celsius.
Clean sediment-free water because muddy water or turbid water clogs the mouths of coral polyps resulting into their death.
Oceanic salinity ranging between 27-30 ppt.
Ocean currents and waves, as they bring food supply for the polyps.
PYQ:
2014: Which of the following have coral reefs?
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Gulf of Kachchh
Gulf of Mannar
Sunderbans
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
