From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges between India and Canada
Why in the news?
A parliamentary committee report in Canada has claimed India as the second-biggest foreign threat to the country’s democracy.
About the Khalistan Movement
Origins and Objectives: The Khalistan Movement is a separatist movement seeking to create an independent Sikh state called Khalistan in the Punjab region of India.
Activities in Canada: Canada has a significant Sikh population, and some members support the Khalistan Movement. This has led to tensions between Canadian Sikhs and the Indian government.
Notable Incident: The murder of Hardeep Singh Nijjar, a pro-Khalistan ideologue, in Surrey, British Columbia, on June 18, 2023, intensified these tensions.
Historical Background
Canada and India established diplomatic relations in 1947. The relationship was enhanced by personal ties between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Canadian Prime Ministers Louis St. Laurent and Lester B. Pearson in the 1940s and 1960s.
Canada provided significant aid to India under the “Colombo Plan”, including food aid, project financing, and technical assistance. India has been one of the largest recipients of Canadian bilateral aid, amounting to over $3.8 billion CAD.
Recent Developments
India and Canada have seen significant growth in bilateral trade, reaching $8.16 billion in 2023.
Canada is home to over 1.2 million people of Indian origin, who are well-integrated into the mainstream and active in politics.
The two countries have a strategic partnership underpinned by shared values of democracy and pluralism, with regular high-level interactions and long-standing people-to-people ties.
India and Canada have signed several agreements, including the Air Services Agreement, Extradition Treaty, Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty, and Nuclear Cooperation Agreement.
Challenges
Interference Allegations: Canada claims that India has expanded its interference efforts beyond countering pro-Khalistani activities to include targeting Canadian politicians, ethnic media, and Indo-Canadian communities.
Mutual Suspicion: The Canadian Security Intelligence Service has also accused India of being involved in the election process in Canada, a claim denied by India.
Ethnic and Political Dynamics: The presence of a significant pro-Khalistan population in Canada complicates bilateral relations, with domestic politics in both countries influencing diplomatic interactions.
India’s Stand
Denial of Allegations: The Indian government has consistently denied allegations of interference in Canadian affairs and the murder of Hardeep Singh Nijjar.
Counter-Terrorism: India views the Khalistan Movement as a terrorist threat and seeks to counter its activities both domestically and internationally.
Diplomatic Responses: In response to accusations from Canada, India has taken measures such as suspending visa services and issuing official statements to refute claims of interference.
Way forward:
Regular Consultations: Establish a framework for regular high-level meetings between Indian and Canadian officials to address mutual concerns and prevent misunderstandings.
Bilateral Committees: Form joint committees to handle specific issues such as security concerns, immigration, and trade disputes.
Mains question for practice:
Q Discuss the origins and objectives of the Khalistan Movement and analyse the current challenges it poses to bilateral relations between India and Canada. 15M
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SEBI and its regulatory functions
Mains level: Issue Over Subjective Definition
Why in the news?
SEBI expands promoter definition for IPO-bound companies, including founders holding 10% or more, and their immediate relatives.
According to current SEBI regulations, a promoter is someone who controls the affairs of the company or can appoint the majority of directors or is named as such in an offer document.
What is an IPO?
An IPO is an initial public offering, in which shares of a private company are made available to the public for the first time.
An IPO allows a company to raise equity capital from public investors.
The Dutch are credited with conducting the first modern IPO by offering shares of the Dutch East India Company to the general public.
What Norms Say
Expanded Definition of Promoter: The definition of a promoter has been expanded for companies preparing for an IPO. A promoter is someone who controls the company’s affairs, can appoint the majority of directors, or is named as such in an offer document.
Previous Criteria: Founders holding 25% were previously deemed promoters due to their negative control and power to block special resolutions.
New Criteria: Founders holding 10% or more must classify themselves as promoters if they are key managerial personnel (KMP) or directors in the company. Immediate relatives on the company board or KMP will also be classified as promoters, even if they hold just 1%.
About Declassification and 31A of LODR (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations
Declassification Difficulty: The current regulations do not provide an easy path for declassifying a promoter as a public shareholder.
Rule 31A of LODR Regulations: To be declassified, a person must not hold more than 10% in the listed company along with their relatives.
Restrictive Nature: This restrictive rule makes declassification almost impossible for immediate relatives who are classified as promoters by virtue of their relationship, especially problematic for married daughters with no active role in the company.
Issue Over Subjective Definition
Subjective Nature of Promoter Definition: The definition of a promoter has been historically subjective, leading to varying interpretations and legal disputes.
Court Rulings: There have been several court rulings addressing the subjective nature of who qualifies as a promoter, highlighting inconsistencies and complexities.
Complex Criteria: Accounting standards and regulatory criteria for determining control and influence in a company are often complicated and can be interpreted in multiple ways.
Need for Objectivity: Experts argue for a more objective test to ascertain control and promoter status, which would provide clearer guidelines and reduce disputes.
Example: Vinod Kothari, Director at Vinod Kothari Consultants, points out that moving towards an objective test is a positive step, given the current complexities in determining control.
Way forward:
Standardised Guidelines: Develop clear and standardised guidelines for identifying promoters, reducing subjectivity and ensuring consistency.
Detailed Disclosures: Mandate detailed disclosures from companies about their promoters, including shareholding patterns, roles, and influence in decision-making.
Mains PYQ:
Q In the light of Satyam Scandal (2009), discuss the changes brought in corporate governance to ensure transparency and accountability. (UPSC IAS/2015)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Women in Lok Sabha 2024
Mains level: Different Demographic Observations and What Needs to Be Done?
Why in the news?
Over time, there has been a general inclination towards enhancing women’s representation in the Lok Sabha. However, the advancement has been gradual and inconsistent.
Women in Lok Sabha 2024 (PRS data):
Number of Women MPs: India has elected 74 women MPs to the Lok Sabha in 2024, which is four fewer than in 2019.
Percentage of Representation: Women MPs make up just 13.63% of the elected strength of the Lower House.
Party-wise Distribution: Women MPs come from 14 different parties, with the BJP leading with 31 women MPs, followed by the Congress with 13.
Different Demographic Observations:
Trend in Representation: Over the years, there has been a slow and non-linear increase in women’s representation in the Lok Sabha.
Historical Trends: Women’s representation started at 4.41% in 1952 and peaked at 14.36% in 2019.
New Faces: Out of the 74 women MPs elected, 43 are first-time MPs, indicating a higher percentage of newcomers compared to the overall House.
Younger Representation: The average age of women MPs is 50 years, younger than the overall House age of 56 years.
Comparison with Other Countries:
International Comparison: India lags behind several countries in terms of women’s representation, with countries like South Africa, the UK, and the US having higher percentages of women MPs.
Global Rankings: Women make up 46% of MPs in South Africa, 35% in the UK, and 29% in the US.
What Needs to Be Done?
Increase in Representation: There is a need for greater efforts to increase women’s representation in the Lok Sabha to achieve gender parity.
Policy Measures: Implementation of policy measures such as reserving seats for women in the Lok Sabha could help improve representation.
Encouraging Participation: Encouraging more women to enter politics and providing support for their political careers can contribute to greater representation.
Education and Awareness: Promoting education and awareness about the importance of gender equality in politics is essential for fostering a more inclusive political environment.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space? (UPSC IAS/2019)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Use of Data Analytical Tools in Diagnosis
Why in the news?
WHO reports 33,000 new brain cancer cases yearly in India, highlighting widespread suffering.
What is brain cancer?
Brain cancer, also known as primary brain cancer, is an overgrowth of cells in the brain that form masses called brain tumours.
It is different from secondary brain cancer, which occurs when cancer that began in another part of the body spreads to the brain
The World Health Organization (WHO) Report:
Incidence of Brain Cancer: WHO reports approximately 33,000 new incidences of brain cancer annually in India.
Global Cancer Observatory 2020: Brain cancer ranks as the 19th most common type of cancer worldwide.
Use of Data Analytical Tools in Diagnosis:
Potential of Data Analytics: Utilization of data analytical tools like Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) can simplify the diagnosis process.
Advantages: Data analysis can provide real-time results with precision, reducing the need for invasive procedures like surgeries.
Liquid Biopsy: The introduction of techniques like liquid biopsy offers a less invasive alternative to surgery, enhancing patient comfort.
Impact on Risks, Discomfort, and Pain:
Reduction of Risks: Adoption of data analytics in diagnosis can lower the risks associated with invasive procedures, ranging from short-term paralysis to death.
Enhanced Patient Experience: By offering less invasive alternatives, such as liquid biopsy, patients and their families can experience reduced discomfort and pain during the diagnostic process.
Improved Precision: Data analytics enable clinicians to detect genetic patterns indicative of cancer cells, facilitating early detection and treatment planning, ultimately leading to better outcomes for patients.
Way forward:
Emphasize the transformative potential of data analytics in oncology research, particularly in simplifying diagnosis and reducing risks and discomfort for patients.
Highlight the importance of leveraging innovative technologies like NGS to unlock new possibilities in cancer research and treatment.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of the society? (UPSC IAS/2021)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CPEC 2.0, Gwadar Port
Why in the News?
Pakistani PM is on a formal visit to China to attend the formal announcement of the second phase of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC-II).
About CPEC-II
CPEC’s next phase shifts focus from infrastructure and energy to sectors like agriculture, Pakistan Railways’ Main Line-I (ML-1) upgrade, and realignment of the Karakorum Highway.
CPEC was initiated in 2015 as part of President Xi Jinping’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
Why CPEC-II?
It will provide Pakistan with a strategic advantage in terms of trade and commerce
CPEC-II includes significant investments in the energy sector, which will help overcome Pakistan’s chronic power shortages and ensure a stable supply of electricity
Provides a shortcut for China’s access to the Persian Gulf to secure oil imports, and
Stimulate industrial and economic activity in Pakistan.
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
The Belt and Road Initiative, formerly known as One Belt One Road, is a global infrastructure development strategy adopted by the Chinese government in 2013.
It will invest in nearly 70 countries and international organizations.
Infrastructure projects include ports, railways, highways, power stations, aviation and telecommunications.
“Belt” refers to the overland routes for road and rail transportation, called “the Silk Road Economic Belt”; whereas “road” refers to the sea routes or the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.
The project has a target completion date of 2049 which coincides with the 100th anniversary of the People’s Republic of China.
India’s Concerns
Sovereignty Concerns: India expresses reservations as CPEC traverses through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK), challenging territorial sovereignty and potentially bolstering Pakistan’s claim over the region.
Geostrategic Implications: The expansion of Gwadar port under CPEC extends China’s “String of Pearls” around India, prompting concerns over regional power dynamics.
CPEC’s Progress so Far
Mixed Outcomes: The initial phase of CPEC primarily addressed infrastructure, energy, and port development projects, with progress showing variations.
Project Status: While several power projects have been completed, significant delays and challenges persist in transport-related projects and Special Economic Zones (SEZs).
Challenges and Roadblocks
Slow pace: Gwadar, despite being the epicentre of multibillion-dollar projects, lacks basic necessities like reliable access to water and electricity, let alone other facilities.
Baloch freedom movement: This is another impediment to the stalled project where Chinese officials are targeted and killed.
Consistent security threat: China is also seeking to deploy its Army in the CPEC projects, to which Pakistan has contested.
PYQ:
[2018] The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same. (150 Words, 10 Marks)
[2016] ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: H5N2 , Avian Influenza A
Why in the News?
The World Health Organization (WHO) has confirmed the death of a Mexican resident due to bird flu, marking the first confirmed case of human infection with the H5N2 variant.
This H5N2 strain is different from another bird flu variety-H5N1 which infected people in America recently.
What is Avian Influenza A (H5N2)?
Avian Influenza A (H5N2) is a subtype of the influenza A virus that primarily circulates among birds but can infect humans under certain circumstances.
Human infections typically result from direct contact with infected birds or contaminated environments, showcasing the zoonotic nature of the virus.
Symptoms of H5N2
Infection of H5N2 may cause mild to severe upper respiratory tract infections and can be fatal.
Conjunctivitis, gastrointestinal symptoms, encephalitis and encephalopathy have also been reported.
Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols
Laboratory Diagnosis: The identification of avian influenza in humans necessitates laboratory testing to confirm the presence of the virus.
WHO Guidance: The World Health Organization periodically updates technical protocols, such as RT-PCR methods, to enhance the detection of zoonotic influenza.
Treatment Strategies: Antiviral medications, notably neuraminidase inhibitors like oseltamivir and zanamivir, demonstrate efficacy in reducing viral replication duration and improving survival prospects for afflicted individuals.
Influenza A Viruses
The alphanumeric codes of H and N are used to subdivide the viruses according to what kinds of proteins are on the surface of the virus based on 2 types:
Hemagglutinin (HA)
Neuraminidase (NA)
There are 18 known HA subtypes and 11 known NA subtypes.
In birds, 16 HA and 9 NA subtypes have been identified. (Two additional subtypes, H17N10 and H18N11, have been identified in bats.)
Many different combinations of HA and NA proteins are possible.
For example, an “A(H7N2) virus” designates an influenza A virus subtype that has an HA 7 protein and an NA 2 protein.
Similarly, an “A(H5N1)” virus has an HA 5 protein and an NA 1 protein.
PYQ:
[2015] H1N1 virus is sometimes mentioned in the news concerning which one of the following diseases?
Two wetlands in Bihar, Nagi and Nakti bird sanctuaries, have been added to the global list of wetlands of international importance under the “Ramsar Convention”, bringing India’s total Ramsar sites to 82.
Do you know?
Currently, the highest number of such sites is in the UK (175) followed by Mexico (144).
The number of Indian sites on the list has increased from 26 to 82 in the last ten years, of which 40 have been added in the last three years.
About Nagi-Nakti Wetland
These wetlands, situated in Bihar’s Jamui district within the Jhajha forest range, are man-made reservoirs nestled amid dry deciduous forests and hills.
Both sanctuaries were developed as man-made reservoirs, primarily for irrigation purposes, through the construction of dams.
These wetlands host a diverse range of flora and fauna, including over 150 species of birds, mammals, fish, aquatic plants, reptiles, and amphibians.
Nakti Bird Sanctuary:
It was developed primarily for irrigation through the construction of the Nakti dam.
In 1984, the wetland was designated as a bird sanctuary, highlighting its importance as a wintering habitat for several migratory species, with over 20,000 birds congregating during winter months.
This includes one of the largest congregations of red-crested pochard in the Indo-Gangetic plain.
Nagi Bird Sanctuary:
It was, on the other hand, created by the damming of the Nagi River, which enabled the gradual formation of water bodies with clear water and aquatic vegetation.
Overall, the wetland and its fringes provide habitat for over 75 bird species, 33 fish, and 12 aquatic plants.
Notably, the site hosts one of the largest congregations of bar-headed geese in the Indo-Gangetic plain.
Ecological Significance
Migratory Bird Haven: The sanctuaries serve as critical wintering habitats for numerous migratory bird species, attracting over 20,000 birds during the winter months.
Species Diversity: Nagi and Nakti sanctuaries support a rich biodiversity, including over 75 bird species, 33 fish species, and 12 aquatic plant species.
Bar-headed Geese Congregation: Notably, the wetlands host one of the largest gatherings of bar-headed geese on the Indo-Gangetic plain, highlighting their importance as migratory bird habitats.
Back2Basics: Ramsar Convention
Explanation
Purpose
International treaty aimed at conserving and promoting the sustainable use of wetlands.
Establishment
Established on February 2, 1971, in Ramsar, Iran.
Key Components
Identifying and designating wetlands of international importance.
Ensuring their effective management.
Promoting international cooperation for wetland conservation and sustainable use.
9 Criteria for Sites Declaration
A site should contain representative, rare, or unique wetland types.
It should support vulnerable, endangered, or endemic species.
It should be a habitat for waterfowl.
It should have significant ecological, botanical, zoological, limnological, or hydrological features.
It should support scientific research and biodiversity conservation.
It should provide essential services such as flood control, water purification, and groundwater recharge.
It should have cultural, recreational, or spiritual value for local communities.
It should support sustainable livelihoods for human communities.
It should be at risk or face human-induced threats that require international cooperation for conservation.
Participating Countries
171 contracting parties (countries) as of September 2021.
India and Ramsar Convention
The first Ramsar Site in India, the Chilika Lake in Odisha, was designated in 1981.
Ramsar Secretariat
The convention is administered by the Ramsar Secretariat, based in Gland, Switzerland.
World Wetlands Day
February 2nd of each year.
To raise awareness about the importance of wetlands and commemorate the adoption of the Ramsar Convention.
Montreux Record
Register of wetland sites on the List of Wetlands of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention that require special attention.
PYQ:
[2014] If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply?
(a) Changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely to occur in the wetland as a result of human interference.
(b) The country in which the wetland is located should enact a law to prohibit any human activity within five kilometres of the edge of the wetland
(c) The survival of the wetland depends on the cultural practices and traditions of certain communities living in its vicinity and therefore the cultural diversity therein should not be destroyed
(d) It is given the status of ‘World Heritage Site’
[2019] Consider the following statements:
Under Ramsar Convention, it is mandatory on the part of the Government of India to protect and conserve all the wetlands in the territory of India.
The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 were framed by the Government of India based on the recommendations of the Ramsar Convention.
The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 also encompass the drainage area or catchment regions of the wetlands as determined by the authority.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Why South Korea has suspended the 2018 agreement?
Why in the news?
South Korea has suspended the 2018 peace agreement and announced the possibility of resuming propaganda broadcasts in North Korea following Pyongyang’s release of thousands of balloons filled with trash and human waste into the South.
Inter-Korean Peace Agreement, 2018
The 2018 inter-Korean peace agreement refers to several agreements and declarations made between North and South Korea to reduce military tensions and improve diplomatic relations. Key elements of the agreement included:
Ceasefire Maintenance: Maintaining and reinforcing the Korean Armistice Agreement.
Demilitarization: Implementing measures to reduce military tensions, such as dismantling guard posts in the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ).
Family Reunions: Facilitating family reunions for those separated by the Korean War.
Economic Cooperation: Pursuing economic projects and infrastructure development.
Propaganda Halt: Both sides agreed to cease propaganda broadcasts and leaflet drops across the DMZ.
Why did South Korea suspend the 2018 agreement?
Recent Provocations: North Korea’s recent aggressive actions, including GPS signal jamming, missile launches, and the release of balloons carrying trash and human waste, pose a threat to South Korean security and civilian safety.
Lack of Trust: The ruling People Power Party (PPP) in South Korea cited a significant erosion of trust between the two Koreas. Senior PPP official Choo Kyung-ho emphasized that mutual trust needs to be restored for any agreements to be honoured.
Calls for Apology: South Korea demands an immediate apology from North Korea for these provocations, highlighting the need for accountability and reparations for the damages caused.
North Korea emboldened by Russian support
Military Assistance: The US has warned that Russia is aiding North Korea in developing advanced weapons technologies, such as hypersonic missiles, in exchange for artillery shells amid Russia’s ongoing war in Ukraine.
Diplomatic Shield: As a permanent member of the UN Security Council, Russia provides a diplomatic shield for North Korea, stalling efforts to pass new resolutions condemning North Korean actions. This backing allows Pyongyang to act more aggressively without significant international repercussions.
Escalated Danger of Conflict
The situation on the Korean Peninsula poses an escalated danger of conflict due to several factors:
Aggressive Posturing: North Korea’s recent actions, including missile tests and aerial provocations, signal an aggressive stance that could lead to military confrontations.
Policy Shift: Analysts believe Kim Jong Un may be deviating from the defensive policies of his predecessors, adopting a more aggressive strategy aimed at altering the status quo on the peninsula.
International Alliances: North Korea’s alignment with Russia, and possibly other authoritarian states like China and Iran, suggests a willingness to use military force to achieve geopolitical goals, challenging the US-led liberal world order.
Military Preparedness: The South Korean military and its allies need to stay vigilant as North Korea tests the South’s air defences and military response times, indicating a higher readiness for potential conflict.
Way forward:
Engage in Multilateral Talks: Revitalize dialogue with key stakeholders, including the United States, China, Japan, and Russia, to address North Korea’s actions and find diplomatic solutions.
Leverage International Organizations: Utilize platforms like the United Nations to garner international support and pressure North Korea to comply with international norms.
Mains PYQ:
Q Evaluate the economic and strategic dimensions of India’s Look East Policy in the context of the post-Cold War international scenario. (UPSC IAS/2016)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Critical Mineral Acquisition Plans of India in Africa
Mains level: Government Initiatives to Secure Critical Minerals
Why in the news?
India has signed new agreements and updated existing ones with a dozen African countries to secure critical minerals. This initiative is crucial for achieving India’s energy transformation goals.
India’s Critical Mineral Acquisition Plans in Africa
India has signed new agreements and updated existing ones with a dozen African countries to secure critical minerals.
This initiative is crucial for India’s energy transformation goals, aiming to diversify sources and reduce dependence on any single supplier.
The agreements are part of a broader strategy to secure access to minerals necessary for renewable energy technologies and electric vehicles.
Demand for Energy in India and China’s Dominance
Energy Demand in India: India’s peak power demand increased to 250 GW in 2023-24, marking a 12.7% increase from the previous year. By 2030, India’s peak power demand is expected to reach 366 GW, up from the current level of 240 GW.
China’s Dominance: China leads in securing and processing critical minerals, having established long-term relationships with mineral-rich countries in Africa and Latin America. Chinese companies dominate mining rights in economically poor yet mineral-rich nations.
China has built significant capacities for processing and refining minerals, making it the primary global hub for critical mineral processing.
India’s Other Overseas Critical Mineral Acquisition Plans
Earlier this year, India signed an agreement with Argentina to explore and develop five lithium brine blocks.
The Geological Survey of India (GSI) discovered inferred lithium reserves of 5.9 million tonnes in Jammu & Kashmir.
India aims to diversify its sources of critical minerals by securing mining leases abroad, ensuring a stable and sustainable supply chain.
Government Initiatives to Secure Critical Minerals
Exploration and Geological Studies: The government is pushing for more extensive exploration and geological studies within India to identify potential reserves of critical minerals. The Geological Survey of India has been tasked with accelerating the exploration of India’s 3.2 lakh sq km land mass using new data and technologies.
Securing Mining Leases Abroad: India is focusing on securing mining leases in other countries to ensure a diversified supply of critical minerals. The agreements with African countries and Argentina are examples of this strategy.
Building Domestic Capacities: The government is providing incentives to build refining and processing capacities within India for critical minerals. There is an emphasis on attracting private miners, both domestic and global, to participate in critical mineral exploration within India.
Policy and Auction Reforms: The government is analyzing why auctions often fail to generate enough interest and is considering policy changes to attract big players. Coordinated efforts between the Centre and state governments on clearances and royalty payments are being emphasized to streamline the auction process.
White Hydrogen Exploration: There is a call for active exploration of potential White Hydrogen deposits within India’s geographical borders.
Way forward:
Accelerate exploration efforts across India’s 3.2 lakh sq km land mass.
Utilize new data sources and advanced technologies to identify potential reserves of critical minerals.
Focus on unexplored areas for potential discoveries of critical minerals, including White Hydrogen deposits.
Mains PYQ:
Q Do you think India will meet 50 percent of its energy needs from renewable energy by 2030? Justify your answer. How will the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables help achieve the above objectives? Explain. (UPSC IAS/2022)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NOTA
Mains level: Impact of NOTA Receiving the Highest Number of Votes in a Particular Constituency
Why in the news?
Over 200,000 votes were cast for NOTA in the Indore Lok Sabha constituency. Let’s explore the reasons behind the introduction of this option and what occurs if, in an improbable scenario, NOTA garners more votes than all other candidates.
Back2Basics: NOTA in Indian Elections
NOTA, which stands for None of The Above, is an electoral choice where voters can express their disapproval of all the candidates in a voting system.
In the 2013 PUCL v. Union of India case, the Supreme Court mandated the use of NOTA in direct elections for the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies.
The ruling specified that in such elections, voters should have the option to select to indicate their dissatisfaction with all candidates or political parties listed on the ballot.
The NOTA option was first used in the 2013 legislative assembly elections held in four states—Chhattisgarh, Mizoram, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh, and the union territory of Delhi.
Impact of NOTA Receiving the Highest Number of Votes in a Particular Constituency
1. Legal Consequence:
Current Status: NOTA has no legal consequence; the candidate with the highest votes after NOTA wins the election.
Indore Case: Shankar Lalwani won with a massive margin over NOTA, which received the highest number of votes ever recorded for NOTA in any constituency.
Possible Change: There are ongoing discussions and petitions urging that elections be declared null and void if NOTA receives the highest number of votes.
2. Future Considerations:
Petition by Shiv Khera: Calls for the ECI to frame guidelines to declare elections null and void if NOTA receives the majority vote and to debar candidates who receive fewer votes than NOTA for five years.
Judicial Stand
2013 Judgment: The Supreme Court ruled that the right to secrecy in voting includes those who choose not to vote, mandating the introduction of the NOTA option.
Rationale: The Court emphasised that secrecy is an essential feature of free and fair elections, supported by the introduction of EVMs to maintain voter anonymity.
Current Deliberations:
New Petition (2024): The Supreme Court is considering a petition to make elections null and void if NOTA gets the highest votes, with additional consequences for candidates.
State-Level Precedents: Some states and union territories (e.g., Maharashtra, Haryana, Delhi) have declared NOTA as a “Fictional Electoral Candidate” for local elections, mandating fresh elections if NOTA receives the majority vote.
Way forward:
Null and Void Clause: Introduce a clause in the Representation of the People Act to declare elections null and void if NOTA receives the highest number of votes.
Debarment of Candidates: Amend the law to debar candidates who receive fewer votes than NOTA from contesting elections for a specified period (e.g., five years).
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the procedures to decide the disputes arising out of the election of a Member of the Parliament or State Legislature under The Representation of the People Act, 1951. What are the grounds on which the election of any returned candidate may be declared void? What remedy is available to the aggrieved party against the decision? Refer to the case laws. (UPSC IAS/2022)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: What is a Clearing Corporation?
Mains level: Significance of Usha Thorat Committee Reviewing the Ownership and Economic Structure of Clearing Corporations
Why in the news?
SEBI forms a committee to review clearing corporations’ ownership and economic structure, aiming to enhance resilience, independence, and neutrality as risk managers.
About the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI):
SEBI is the capital markets regulator in India responsible for regulating the securities market and protecting the interests of investors.
It was established in 1988 and given statutory powers in 1992 under the SEBI Act.
SEBI’s functions include regulating stock exchanges, registering and regulating brokers and other intermediaries, and promoting fair and transparent securities markets.
What is a Clearing Corporation?
A clearing corporation is a central counterparty (CCP) that provides clearing and settlement services for trades executed on various exchanges.
It acts as an intermediary between buyers and sellers, guaranteeing the completion of transactions and managing counterparty risk.
Clearing corporations ensure the smooth functioning of financial markets by facilitating the timely settlement of trades and reducing systemic risk.
About Usha Thorat Committee on Reviewing the Ownership and Economic Structure of Clearing Corporations:
SEBI has formed a committee chaired by Usha Thorat, former Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), to review the ownership and economic structure of clearing corporations.
The committee’s mandate includes examining the ownership structure and finances of clearing corporations to ensure their resilience, independence, and neutrality as risk managers.
It will assess the feasibility of broadening the list of eligible investors allowed to hold stakes in clearing corporations and suggest categories of investors who can acquire such stakes.
The committee will also explore alternative ownership structures and shareholding patterns suited to an interoperable environment, where clearing corporations provide services across multiple exchanges.
It aims to propose alternatives that address the periodic capital needs of clearing corporations and ensure sufficient capital and liquidity during market-wide systemic stress.
The current ownership structure of clearing corporations is dominated by the parent exchange, which exposes them to the expectations of shareholders of the parent exchange.
Conclusion: The Usha Thorat Committee aims to enhance the resilience and independence of clearing corporations by exploring alternative ownership structures and suggesting measures to ensure adequate capital and liquidity.
Mains PYQ:
Q The product diversification of financial institutions and insurance companies, resulting in overlapping of products and services strengthens the case for the merger of the two regulatory agencies, namely SEBI and IRDA. Justify.(UPSC IAS/2013)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Blaze Star and its location
Why in the News?
NASA predicts the dim star T Coronae Borealis will become visible to the naked eye by September 2024, reaching brightness comparable to Polaris.
A dim star known as the “Blaze Star,” officially designated as T Coronae Borealis (T CrB), located 3,000 light-years from our solar system, is set to become visible to the naked eye for the first time since 1946.
About the Blaze Star
The Blaze Star located in the constellation Corona Borealis, also known as the “Northern Crown,” is situated between the constellations of Bootes and Hercules.
To locate Corona Borealis, begin by identifying prominent stars in the summer night sky, such as those of the Big Dipper.
Understanding the Blaze Star Phenomenon
The Blaze Star is a rare recurrent nova, a binary star system comprising a cool, red giant star and a smaller, hotter white dwarf star in orbit around each other.
Every 80 years, the red giant transfers matter onto the white dwarf, triggering explosive phenomena.
Historical observations suggest the Blaze Star is on the brink of another explosion, following similar brightness patterns observed before previous eruptions in 1866 and 1946.
Precursor Signs: The star has been steadily brightening since 2015, followed by a visible dimming in March 2023, mirroring past eruption precursors.
Implications for Observation
Peak Visibility: During its brightness peak, the Blaze Star is expected to be visible to the naked eye for several days, extending to just over a week with stargazing binoculars or a small telescope.
Astronomical Insights: The impending eruption offers a unique opportunity for astronomers to observe and study this celestial event, providing valuable insights into stellar evolution and dynamics.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Neo Protein, Reverse Transcriptase
Why in the News?
“Klebsiella pneumoniae” bacteria might employ a newly discovered protein called “Neo” to halt bacteriophage infections.
AboutNeo Protein
Discovery Details: Researchers, led by Stephen Tang and Samuel Sternberg, reported the discovery of Neo in a 2023 preprint paper on bioRxiv, while investigating Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Neo’s Defense Strategy: Bacteria employ diverse immune systems to fend off viral infections, including defense-associated reverse transcriptase (DRT) systems, which Neo is a part of.
DRT-2 System: This system involves de novo gene synthesis via rolling-circle reverse transcription (RT) of a non-coding RNA (ncRNA).
Operational Process: In uninfected cells, the ncRNA and RT enzyme catalyze the synthesis of a repetitive single-stranded cDNA.
Activation by Phage: Phage presence triggers the synthesis of the second-strand cDNA, resulting in long double-stranded DNA.
Role of Neo Protein: The translation of this double-strand cDNA produces the Neo protein, which induces potent growth arrest (cell dormancy), thereby protecting the bacterial population from phage proliferation.
Biotechnological and Medical Implications
Potential Applications: Neo represents a promising tool for controlling viral infections, holding significance in both biotechnology and medicine.
Evolutionary Connections: Neo’s discovery sheds light on the shared evolutionary history and functional mechanisms of retroelements in the human genome and bacterial reverse transcriptases.
Technological Influence: Bacterial reverse transcriptases, predecessors of their eukaryotic counterparts, share analogous mechanisms and have revolutionized molecular biology research methods.
What is Reverse Transcriptase?
Reverse transcription, the conversion of RNA into DNA, is facilitated by the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
Discovered by Howard Temin and David Baltimore in 1970, reverse transcriptase has transformed molecular biology research, particularly in studying RNA viruses like HIV.
Practical Applications: Reverse transcriptase is instrumental in gene cloning, PCR techniques, genome analysis, and viral load detection in diagnostics, such as the case of SARS-2, aiding in virus surveillance, healthcare management, and vaccine development efforts.
PYQ:
[2019] What is Cas9 protein that is often mentioned in the news?
(a) A molecular scissors used in targeted gene editing.
(b) A biosensor used in the accurate detection of pathogens in patients.
(c) A gene that makes plants pest-resistant.
(d) A herbicidal substance synthesized in genetically modified crops.
Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Key facts and figures about Indian exports
PC: LiveMinit
Why in the News?
During fiscal year 2023-24, the Netherlands emerged as India’s third-largest export market, with a trade surplus expanding to $17.4 billion.
India’s Trade with the Netherlands
Key Export Commodities: Notable export items to the Netherlands include petroleum products ($14.29 billion), electrical goods, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals, showcasing robust growth in these sectors.
Continual Expansion: India’s exports to the Netherlands have steadily risen by approximately 3.5% to reach $22.36 billion in 2023-24, illustrating sustained growth momentum.
Mutual Investment: The Netherlands is a significant investor in India, with foreign direct investment (FDI) amounting to about $5 billion during the last fiscal.
Corporate Presence: Over 200 Dutch companies, including industry giants like Philips, Akzo Nobel, and KLM, operate in India, while Indian firms like TCS, HCL, and Sun Pharmaceuticals have a substantial presence in the Netherlands.
Shift in Trade Dynamics
Outpacing Major Destinations: The Netherlands has surpassed traditional trade partners such as the U.K., Hong Kong, Bangladesh, and Germany in terms of India’s export focus.
Long-term Growth: Export figures have shown consistent growth since 2000-01 when India’s exports to the Netherlands were a mere $880 million.
Significance: Gateway to Europe
Strategic Positioning: The Netherlands’ efficient ports and extensive connectivity with the EU via roads, railways, and waterways have positioned it as a vital gateway to the European market.
Strong Ties: Diplomatic relations between India and the Netherlands, established in 1947, have evolved into robust political, economic, and commercial partnerships.
India’s Trade Dynamics
Export Figures:
Forecasted to reach approximately US$776.68 billion in FY 2023–24.
Slightly surpassed the US$776.40 billion recorded in the previous fiscal year.
Concluded with the highest monthly merchandise exports of US$41.68 billion in March 2024.
Import Figures:
Total goods imports decreased by 5.66 percent to US$675.44 billion.
Global Merchandise Export Ranking:
India advanced from 19th to 17th place.
Marginal increase in share from 1.70 percent in 2014 to 1.82 percent in 2023.
Exported to 115 countries out of a total of 238 destinations during FY 2023-24.
Key Export Markets:
Include the US, UAE, Netherlands, China, UK, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Bangladesh, Germany, and Italy.
Represent 46.5 percent of India’s export portfolio.
Diversification Strategy:
Focus on expanding beyond traditional sectors like iron ore and agricultural commodities.
Target sectors include electronics, pharmaceuticals, engineering products, and food items.
Plan to introduce goods such as alcoholic beverages, prepared meals, confectioneries, jackfruit, and bananas.
Emphasis on market research and analysis for product customization.
Trade Partners:
China emerged as India’s largest trading partner, surpassing the US.
Bilateral trade with China totalled US$118.4 billion in FY 2023-24.
Bilateral trade with the US amounted to US$118.3 billion in the same period.
India’s exports to China increased by 8.7 percent in FY24, driven by various sectors.
Imports from China rose moderately, totalling US$101.7 billion.
(Source of Data:Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Department of Commerce)
PYQ:
[2013] The balance of payments of a country is a systematic record of:
(a) All import and export transactions of a country during a given period of time, normally a year.
(b) Goods exported from a country during a year.
(c) Economic transaction between the governments of one country to another.
(d) Capital movements from one country to another.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tele MANAS, National Mental Health Programme (NMHP)
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) and the Ministry of Defence (MoD) have entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to foster collaboration in operating a special cell of Tele MANAS.
This collaboration, spanning two years, aims to establish a pilot project at the Armed Forces Medical College in Pune.
Suicides and Fratricides in Armed Forces: A Global Issue
As per information given in Parliament in April 2022, there were two cases of fratricide each year from 2019 to 2021 and one case in 2021.
In an older reply in Rajya Sabha on suspected suicide cases in the Army, the Government informed that during the years 2016 to 2018 there were 104, 75 and 80 cases, respectively.
A 2018 study correlated extended deployment to a 15% increased suicide risk in the U.S. military, the U.S. Department of Defence recorded 503 suicides among active-duty personnel in 2019.
Common reasons that forces an individual to take extreme steps are:
Family issues,
Family separation,
Prolonged deployment in difficult areas,
Continuous exposure to hazardous situations,
Traumas originated in Counter Insurgency or Counter Terrorism operations and
Wide range of Human Resource management issues.
Preventive Measures: The Army in its latest advisory issued in August 2023 stated that officers and religious teachers – at least one Pandit, Maulvi, Granthi or Pastor – are posted in each unit and selected other ranks are being trained on the nuances of counselling.
What is the Tele MANAS Initiative?
Tele MANAS, or Tele Mental Health Assistance and Networking across States, stands as India’s National Tele Mental Health Programme.
It is envisioned as the digital extension of the District Mental Health Programme (DMHP).
Its announcement came in the Union Budget of 2022.
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) serves as the nodal agency overseeing its implementation.
The primary aim is to ensure universal access to equitable, accessible, affordable, and high-quality mental health care through round-the-clock tele-mental health services.
The International Institute of Information Technology, Bengaluru, serves as the technology partner.
The nodal centre for Tele MANAS operations is located at NIMHANS, Bengaluru.
The National Health Systems Resource Centre operates within the health system domain.
Helpline numbers for assistance are 14416 and 18008914416.
The implementation structure comprises two tiers:
Tier 1: Consists of State Tele MANAS cells comprising trained counsellors and mental health specialists,
Tier 2: Comprises resources from the District Mental Health Program (DMHP) and medical colleges.
Reach and Impact
Nationwide Presence: Currently, 51 operational Tele MANAS cells operate across all 36 States and UTs, delivering services in 20 diverse languages.
Remarkable Response: Since its inception in October 2022, Tele MANAS has received over 10 lakh calls and manages a daily average of more than 3,500 calls.
National Mental Health Programme (NMHP):
The NMHP was launched by the Government of India in 1982.
It was initiated to address the significant burden of mental disorders in the population.
Mental disorders affect approximately 6-7% of the population in India.
Objectives of NMHP: Ensuring the availability and accessibility of minimum mental healthcare to all, particularly the vulnerable and underprivileged sections of the population.
As part of NMHP, the District Mental Health Program (DMHP) was introduced in 1996 during the IX Five Year Plan based on the ‘Bellary Model’:
The Bellary Model emphasizes the importance of early detection, short-term training for physicians, and health worker training in identifying individuals with mental health issues.
PYQ:
[2023] Why suicide among young women is increasing in Indian society?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Need of Federalism in India
Why in the news?
The outcome of the Lok Sabha elections surprised those who had relied on the flawed exit polls.
The visible message from the general elections of 2024 emphasized two main points:
Revival of Federalism: The elections underscored the importance of revitalizing federalism, moving away from the centralized control that had characterized the previous decade. It highlighted the need for state governments to have more autonomy and the ability to deliver public services without excessive interference from the central government.
Constructive and Inclusive Political Approach: The results indicated that political parties need to adopt a more constructive and inclusive approach to nation-building. This includes a stronger focus on social justice, addressing economic issues such as unemployment and low wages, and ensuring that policies cater to the needs and rights of various segments of the population, including youth, women, farmers, and workers. The electorate showed a preference for parties that prioritize livelihood and employment issues along with social justice.
Need to revive the Federalism
Decentralization of Power: Federalism ensures a more balanced distribution of power between the central and state governments. This decentralization allows states to manage their affairs more effectively, tailoring policies and programs to their specific needs and circumstances.
Enhanced Public Service Delivery: State governments are primarily responsible for delivering essential public services such as health, education, and infrastructure. A revived federalism would enable states to perform these functions without undue interference from the central government, leading to more efficient and responsive governance.
Cultural and Regional Autonomy: India is a diverse country with varied cultural, linguistic, and regional identities. Federalism respects and accommodates this diversity by allowing states to preserve and promote their unique identities and traditions within the framework of a united nation.
Political Parties need to be more constructive, and inclusive in their approach to nation-building
Addressing Economic Challenges: Parties must focus on pressing economic issues such as unemployment, low wages, and the rising cost of living. Constructive policies that create jobs, support small businesses, and address economic disparities are crucial for national progress.
Social Justice and Inclusion: Inclusivity involves addressing the needs and rights of marginalized and disadvantaged groups. This includes ensuring social justice for various castes, genders, and socio-economic backgrounds. Emphasizing social justice can help reduce inequality and promote a more cohesive society.
Responsive to Public Needs: Political parties need to listen to and address the genuine needs and concerns of the populace. This involves creating policies that reflect the realities faced by people in different regions and socio-economic conditions.
Conclusion: The 2024 Lok Sabha elections underscored the need for revitalized federalism and a constructive, inclusive political approach focused on economic issues and social justice to address diverse public needs effectively.
Mains PYQ
Q How far do you think cooperation, competition and confrontation have shaped the nature of federation in India? Cite some recent examples to validate your answer. (UPSC IAS/2020)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: About Mission Karmayogi and Gati Shakti
Mains level: What is Needed to Achieve the $30 Trillion Economy by 2047?
Why in the news?
The” Indian Institute of Public Administration” evaluated the impact by gathering feedback from supervisors on recently trained staff, and reported enhanced proficiency in data analytics and e-governance tools.
Observations Assessed by the Indian Institute of Public Administration
Increased Proficiency: The Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA) observed increased proficiency in data analytics and e-governance tools among recently trained staff.
Skill Development: Section officers and administration assistants across the country have completed 15 lakh online learning modules on data analytics, Government e Marketplace (GeM) modules, and advanced software tools like Excel, leading to enhanced skill levels.
Supervisor Feedback: Feedback from supervisors indicated noticeable improvements in the capabilities and efficiency of the trained staff, reflecting the positive impact of the training programs.
About Mission Karmayogi and Gati Shakti
Mission Karmayogi: Launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, this initiative aims to transform India’s three million civil servants into citizen-centric, future-ready, and result-oriented professionals. It includes digital training courses and the use of an online learning portal, iGOT Karmayogi Bharat.
Capacity Building Commission (CBC): Constituted in 2021, the CBC provides policy guidance and tools to enhance the capabilities of all levels of India’s civil services, collaborating with various ministries and training institutions.
PM Gati Shakti: This platform integrates legal and geographic layers to plan and execute mega infrastructure projects efficiently. It promotes a “whole of government” approach for de-siloed, harmonized national priorities.
Training and Certification: Over 24,000 officials have completed PM Gati Shakti learning modules, and over 3,88,000 personnel have been certified in emerging technologies through iGOT Karmayogi Bharat.
Issues and challenges
Resistance to Change: Bureaucracy often resists change due to a preference for the status quo, which can hinder the adoption of new approaches and technologies.
Shift from Generalist to Specialist Approach: Moving from generalist to specialist roles can encounter resistance despite the need for domain expertise, which may slow down the development of specialized skills.
Technical Governance Demands: Effective governance today requires technical proficiency, necessitating skilled personnel. The lack of such skills can hinder the effective implementation of the mission
What is Needed to Achieve the $30 Trillion Economy by 2047?
Improved Governance: Efficient and competent civil services are essential for achieving India’s ambitions. Civil servants must be trained to be citizen-centric, future-ready, and result-oriented.
Infrastructure Development: Speed up the construction of mega infrastructure projects such as railways and highways.Overcome delays caused by inter-ministerial permissions through integrated planning.
Skill Development and Training: Equip civil servants with skills in emerging technologies like AI, IoT, and Big Data. Ensure continuous learning and skill enhancement for civil servants through platforms like iGOT Karmayogi Bharat.
Citizen-Centric Approaches: Promote citizen-centric approaches among civil servants to improve public service delivery.Enhance the capacity of police personnel and other frontline workers to address citizen concerns effectively.
State and Municipal Roles: Strengthen the role of state governments and municipal corporations in delivering services and infrastructure.Implement capacity-building programs at the municipal level for better service delivery.
Tax System Reforms:Develop a tax system that is painless and rewards honest taxpayers. Train tax personnel to address systemic taxpayer grievances effectively.
Way forward:
Continuous Training and Development: Expand online learning platforms like iGOT Karmayogi Bharat to offer specialized courses in emerging technologies, leadership, and governance for civil servants at all levels.
Performance Evaluation and Feedback Mechanisms: Establish robust performance evaluation systems to assess the effectiveness of training programs and identify areas for improvement.
Mains PYQ:
Q Initially Civil Services in India were designed to achieve the goals of neutrality and effectiveness, which seems to be lacking in the present context. Do you agree with the view that drastic reforms are required in Civil Services. Comment (UPSC IAS/2017)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Real GDP Growth
Mains level: The Centre has to Work Through the States for Reforms
Why in the news?
India’s general election results were surprising, defying exit poll predictions. Despite high economic growth, voters, especially informal workers earning under ₹10,000 monthly, expressed economic concerns.
About the 8% Real GDP Growth in FY24:
Growth Not Inclusive: The 8% real GDP growth has not reached the majority of the population, especially informal-sector workers.
Rural Wages: There’s a contraction in real rural wages, highlighting the dire state of the rural economy.
Income Inequality: High economic growth has not alleviated income inequality, which is reflected in the election results.
The Plight of Taking the Masses into Consideration:
Economic Concerns: Despite the hype around economic growth, voters expressed deep concerns over the state of the economy.
Low Incomes: Over 90% of informal-sector workers registered on the e-Shram portal have a monthly income of ₹10,000 or less.
Election Results: Voters in poorer states have different perceptions; some still support the incumbent government in the hope of better employment and future prospects.
Policy Priorities: The new government must prioritize creating employment opportunities and addressing the economic challenges faced by the masses.
CASE STUDY: Bangladesh:
Role of NGOs: In Bangladesh, NGOs have significantly contributed to social development, especially for women.
Employment Generation: NGOs have provided skilled women power to the apparel industry, enhancing employment opportunities.
NGOs in India: The NGO sector in India has faced scrutiny and high-handedness. The new government should collaborate with NGOs for development programs and employment generation activities.
The Centre has to Work Through the States for Reforms:
Agricultural Sector: With a significant workforce employed in agriculture but contributing minimally to the GVA, reforms in agriculture and allied sectors are essential.
Animal Husbandry and Fisheries: Encouraging growth in animal husbandry, fisheries, and poultry can provide additional income to farmers.
Employment in Other Sectors: To address the surplus workforce in agriculture, employment opportunities must be created in other sectors like textiles, leather, construction, and food processing.
Incentives for Investment: Correcting past policy mistakes and providing incentives for investment in key sectors is crucial.
Infrastructure Development: Improving infrastructure in smaller towns can boost the handicraft, tourism, and hospitality sectors, generating higher incomes and better market access.
Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC): Utilizing ONDC to provide new opportunities for craftsmen to access broader markets.
Government Vacancies: Filling government vacancies transparently can address educated unemployment and prevent demotivation among young people.
Conclusion: Develop schemes that specifically cater to informal-sector workers, ensuring they benefit from economic growth. This could include social security measures, skill development programs, and financial inclusion initiatives.
Mains PYQ:
Q ”Economic growth in the recent past has been led by increase in labour productivity.” Explain this statement. Suggest the growth pattern that will lead to creation of more jobs without compromising labour productivity. (UPSC IAS/2022)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Environment Day 2024
Mains level: How COVID-19 Shows Us the Way Forward
Why in the news?
World Environment Day (WED) on June 5th is a global event where people come together to celebrate the importance of environmental conservation and sustainability, emphasizing the urgent need to tackle environmental challenges.
World Environment Day 2024 Theme
Theme: “Land Restoration, Desertification, and Drought Resilience”
Highlighting Critical Issues: Focuses on the significant threats posed by land degradation and desertification, which impact food security, biodiversity, and climate change. For example, the United Nations estimate that about 30% of land is degraded worldwide
The urgency for Action: Emphasizes the need for immediate actions in the face of the triple planetary crisis: Climate Change, Nature and Biodiversity Loss, and Pollution and Waste.
Shared Responsibility: Stresses collective action and individual responsibility in restoring ecosystems, urging everyone to contribute to solutions.
Empowering Youth: Encourages young people to lead the change towards a sustainable future with the #GenerationRestoration slogan.
Alignment with Global Goals: Supports the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021-2030) and the Sustainable Development Goals, promoting a comprehensive approach to environmental protection.
India’s Ambitious Renewable Targets
Renewable Energy Goals: India aims to achieve 450 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030, emphasizing solar and wind energy.
Solar Energy Initiatives: Major solar projects, including the world’s largest solar park in Karnataka and the International Solar Alliance (ISA), aim to promote solar energy adoption.
Wind Energy: India is one of the world’s largest producers of wind energy, with significant wind farms in Tamil Nadu and Gujarat.
Policy Support: The government has introduced various policies and incentives to encourage investment in renewable energy, including subsidies, tax benefits, and easier land acquisition processes.
Sustainable Development: These initiatives align with India’s commitments under the Paris Agreement to reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainable development.
How COVID-19 Shows Us the Way Forward
Environmental Awareness: The pandemic has heightened awareness of the interconnectedness between human health and the environment, highlighting the importance of preserving natural habitats to prevent zoonotic diseases.
Reduction in Pollution: Lockdowns and reduced industrial activities during the pandemic led to significant decreases in air and water pollution, demonstrating the impact of human activities on the environment.
Green Recovery: The concept of building back better suggests incorporating green recovery strategies into post-pandemic economic plans, focusing on sustainable practices and renewable energy investments.
Resilient Systems: Emphasizes the need for resilient and adaptive systems that can withstand future shocks, including those caused by climate change and environmental degradation.
Global Cooperation: COVID-19 underscored the importance of international cooperation and collective action to tackle global challenges, a principle that is equally applicable to environmental issues.
Conclusion: By embracing the lessons from the pandemic, setting ambitious renewable energy targets, and focusing on land restoration and resilience, the global community can work towards a sustainable and resilient future. World Environment Day 2024 serves as a pivotal moment to reflect on these goals and renew our commitment to environmental stewardship.
Mains PYQ:
Q Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)”.Comment on the progress made in India in this regard. (150 Words, 10 Marks) (UPSC IAS/2018)
