From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: About NSSO
Mains level: Key highlight of recent survey by NSSO
Why in the news?
The NSSO’s 2021-22 and 2022-23 survey outcomes reveal effects of significant economic shocks due to demonetisation, GST implementation, and the COVID-19 pandemic on India’s economy.
About NSSO:
The NSSO is India’s premier agency for conducting large-scale nationwide sample surveys on socio-economic aspects that collects data on employment, consumption, health, education, and other areas to provide essential inputs for policy and planning.
The NSSO was merged with the Central Statistical Office in 2019 to form the National Statistical Office.
Key highlight as per the recent survey by NSSO
Impact of Economic Shocks: The surveys reflect the aftermath of major economic events such as demonetisation (November 2016), the rollout of GST (July 2017), and the COVID-19 pandemic (starting March 2020).
Employment Trends: There has been a noticeable decline in employment within the informal sector over the past seven years, with around 16.45 lakh jobs lost.
Sectoral Dynamics: The unincorporated manufacturing sector saw a significant contraction, with the number of enterprises declining by 9.3% from 19.7 million in 2015-16 to 17.82 million in 2022-23.
What are unincorporated enterprises?
Unincorporated enterprises are informal businesses not legally registered as companies.
They include MSMEs, household units, own-account enterprises, and partnerships, operating outside formal regulatory frameworks but contributing significantly to employment and economic activity.
Why are these survey results important and what do they represent?
Timely Insights: These survey results offer current data crucial for understanding the evolving role of the informal sector in job creation, particularly during economic slowdowns when formal sector employment may decline.
Impact Assessment: They provide a detailed analysis of how significant economic events like demonetisation, GST implementation, and the COVID-19 lockdowns have affected the informal sector, highlighting vulnerabilities and resilience.
Policy Relevance: The findings inform policymaking aimed at supporting and regulating the informal sector, ensuring that measures address its unique challenges and contributions to overall economic stability and inclusivity.
What has been the pattern of ‘Informal Employment’ across states?
The data shows a mixed pattern across states, with 16 out of 34 states/UTs recording a decline in informal sector workers in 2022-23 compared to 2015-16.
Around 63 lakh informal enterprises shut down due to GST between 2015-16 and 2022-23, resulting in a loss of about 1.6 crore jobs.
The number of informal enterprises plunged from 50.32 lakh with 85.6 lakh workers in April-June 2021 at the peak of the COVID-19 second wave, to 1.91 crore firms with 3.12 crore employees in January-March 2022.
Way Forward:
The government should provide targeted support and incentives to help informal enterprises adapt to the post-GST and post-pandemic environment.
Policymakers should aim to facilitate a gradual transition of informal enterprises to the formal sector.
Mains PYQ:
Q How globalization has led to the reduction of employment in the formal sector of the Indian economy? Is increased informalization detrimental to the development of the country? (UPSC IAS/2016)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: About 106th Amendment Act
Mains level: Quota should be provided in political parties for women
Why in the News?
In the recently concluded general elections in the U.K., a record 263 women MPs, making up 40% of the total, have been elected to the House of Commons.
Political representation of Women in the world:
Have women been fairly represented in Parliament in independent India?
Women were granted the right to vote from the First General Elections in 1952, yet their representation in the Lok Sabha has been low.
Statistics about women’s representation: The women’s representation in Lok sabha in between of 1952 and 2004 was about ranged from 5% to 10%.
The percentage women’s representation had increased to 12% in 2014 and stands at 13.6% in the 18th Lok Sabha while in the Rajya Sabha (upper house), the figure is 13%.
Constitutional Amendments: The 73rd and 74th amendments in 1992/1993 provided one-third reservation for women in panchayats and municipalities, but similar reservations for the Lok Sabha and State assemblies have not been successful until recently.
Note: The global average of 26.9% of women in National parliaments.
Women’s Representation in State Legislatures:
No state has more than 20% women representation in its legislative assembly.
Chhattisgarh has the highest representation with 18% women MLAs.
Himachal Pradesh has just one woman MLA and Mizoram has none.
Should political parties provide internal reservations to increase women’s political participation?
Globally, higher representation for women is achieved through voluntary or legislated compulsory quotas for candidates within political parties or reserved seats in parliament.
So, quotas within political parties offer more democratic choices to voters and flexibility in candidate selection. It means quota in Political parties could be the most important step to increase women’s representation in Parliament.
Some parties, like Naam Tamilar Katchi in Tamil Nadu, have adopted voluntary quotas (50% for women candidates), but such measures alone have not significantly improved overall representation.
When will the 106th constitutional amendment be implemented?
The 106th Amendment Act provides for 33% reservation for women in the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies, including the Delhi Legislative Assembly.
The reservation will come into effect after an exercise of delimitation is undertaken following the first census conducted after the commencement of the 106th Amendment Act.
The women’s reservation will be in operation for a period of 15 years from its commencement.
Way Forward:
Public Awareness and Advocacy: Need to conduct widespread awareness campaigns to highlight the importance of gender equality in political representation.
Capacity Building and Support Mechanisms: Need to implement comprehensive capacity-building programs aimed at empowering women politically. For example,provide training in leadership skills, campaign management, and legislative processes.
Mains PYQ:
Q The reservation of seats for women in the institutions of local self-government has had a limited impact on the patriarchal character of the Indian Political Process.” Comment. (UPSC IAS/2019)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Agronomy; Food production;
Mains level: Challenges in Farm Sector; Value Chains;
Why in the News?
India holds the position of the second-largest agricultural producer globally however, it only accounts for 2.4% of global agricultural exports, ranking eighth worldwide due to the post-harvest loss.
A closer look at India’s post-harvest loss:
Economic Impact: India faces annual post-harvest losses amounting to approximately ₹1,52,790 crore, significantly impacting farmer incomes and the agricultural economy.
Perishable Commodities: The biggest losses occur in perishable commodities like livestock produce (22%), fruits (19%), and vegetables (18%). Export processes further add to these losses, particularly at the import-country stage.
Supply Chain Inefficiencies: There is Inefficiencies in storage, transportation, and marketing, alongside a lack of assured market connectivity, contribute to significant post-harvest losses. Small and marginal farmers, who make up 86% of the farming community, struggle with economies of scale and market access.
Initiatives taken by the Railways Department:
Truck-on-Train Service: Indian Railways introduced the truck-on-train service, allowing loaded trucks to be transported on railway wagons. This service has been expanded following successful trials with commodities like milk and cattle feed.
Parcel Special Trains: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Railways introduced parcel special trains to transport perishables and seeds between producers and markets, ensuring timely delivery and reducing post-harvest losses.
The DFI (Doubling farmers’ income) committee recommends streamlining loading and unloading processes to minimize transit times and address staffing shortages through recruitment and training initiatives.
Kisan Rail Scheme: It was launched to connect production surplus regions with consumption regions. This scheme facilitates the transportation of perishables (including milk, meat, and fish) more efficiently.
Specialized Wagons and Facilities: Investment in specialized wagons for temperature-controlled transport and establishing rail-side facilities for safe cargo handling are essential steps taken by the Railways.
Way for Untapped Opportunities:
Enhanced Environmental Benefits: Rail transport generates up to 80% less carbon dioxide for freight traffic compared to road transport.
Public-Private Partnerships: The private sector can play a crucial role in enhancing operational efficiency and strengthening rail infrastructure through public-private partnerships, thereby improving the overall logistics ecosystem for agricultural produce.
Budgetary Support and Infrastructure Development: The budgetary allocation for agriculture in 2024 aims to bridge the farm-to-market gap with modern infrastructure and value-addition support.
Technology Integration: Incorporating advanced technologies like real-time tracking, temperature monitoring, and automated loading/unloading systems.
Way forward:
Expand climate-controlled storage facilities and cold storage capacity to accommodate a larger share of agricultural produce.
Provide small and marginal farmers access to storage facilities through cooperatives or subsidies.
Invest in specialized rail wagons for temperature-controlled transport and establish rail-side cargo handling facilities.
Mains PYQ:
Q How do subsidies affect the cropping pattern, crop diversity and economy of farmers? What is the significance of crop insurance, minimum support price and food processing for small and marginal farmers? (UPSC IAS/2017)
Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Population of SC and ST in India
Mains level: Objective of reservation
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court has reserved its decision on sub-caste reservations for SC/STs. Any ruling on this matter must be substantiated not only legally but also academically.
What is the Sub-categorization of castes?
It refers to the practice of further dividing larger caste categories into smaller groups or sub-groups based on specific criteria such as socio-economic status, geographical location, historical background, or specific needs for policy implementation.
Background of the Case:
The case involves the validity of sub-classification within the SC and ST categories for providing reservations in government jobs and education.
In 2004 Supreme Court strikes down Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Castes (Rationalisation of Reservations) Act, 2000, citing violation of the right to equality in the E.V.Chinnaiah v State of Andhra Pradesh case and emphasised that the SC list should be treated as a single, homogeneous group
Only Parliament has the power to sub-classify SCs and STs for reservations
The Supreme Court is now considering whether states have the power to create sub-classifications within these reserved categories.
The case stems from a 1975 Punjab government notification that divided its 25% reservation for SCs into two categories: half for Balmikis (Valmikis) and Mazhabi Sikhs, and the other half for the remaining groups within the SC category.
Objectives behind the implementation of reservations and present SC scenario:
Objective of Reservations: The primary objective of reservations, as advocated by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, is to ensure equitable representation and opportunities for historically marginalized communities, particularly Scheduled Castes (SCs).
Present SC scenario: Despite reservations, certain sub-castes within SCs continue to face challenges in securing adequate representation in jobs and education. This under-representation is often attributed to factors such as inadequate educational opportunities, economic disparities, and historical discrimination.
The policy of economic empowerment in India and its associated challenges:
Policies for Economic Empowerment: These policies complement reservations by focusing on enhancing the ownership of capital assets (like land and businesses) and improving educational attainment among SC individuals
For example, Self-Employment Scheme for Rehabilitation of Manual Scavengers (SRMS), National Scheduled Castes Finance & Development Corporation (NSFDC) and National Safai Karamcharis Finance & Development Corporation (NSKFDC).
These policies are aimed at building capabilities and enabling greater participation in economic activities.
Challenges: There are challenges in implementing economic empowerment policies including inadequate access to credit and financial resources, lack of skill development initiatives, and persistent socio-economic barriers that hinder the upward mobility of SC communities.
Intersection with Reservations: Integrating economic empowerment with reservations is crucial to ensure that individuals from SC backgrounds not only secure reserved positions but also have the necessary skills and resources to thrive in competitive environments.
What must be our focus? (Way Forward)
Holistic Approach: There is a need for a holistic approach that combines reservations with targeted economic and educational interventions. This approach should address both systemic discrimination and socio-economic barriers faced by SC communities.
Capacity Building: There should be emphasis on enhancing the educational infrastructure and skill development programs tailored to the needs of SC individuals.
Data-Driven Policy: The policy decisions related to sub-caste reservations should be informed by empirical data that assesses the actual impact of discrimination versus socio-economic factors on under-representation.
Mains PYQ:
Q Whether National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) can enforce the implementation of constitutional reservation for the Scheduled Castes in the religious minority institutions? Examine (UPSC IAS/2018)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lunar Caves; Mare Tranquillitatis, LRO.
Why in the News?
Scientists have confirmed the presence of a cave on the Moon, near the site of the first lunar landing 55 years ago.
This discovery could provide astronauts with a potential habitat on the Moon in the future.
About the Cave on Mare Tranquillitatis
A study titled “Radar evidence of an accessible cave conduit on the Moon below the Mare Tranquillitatis pit” was published in the journal Nature Astronomy.
The study established the presence of a moon cave at the Sea ofTranquillity, a large, dark, basaltic plain on the Moon’s surface.
The cave is located 400 kilometers from where astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed in 1969.
It is roughly 45 meters wide and up to 80 meters long, with an area equivalent to 14 tennis courts.
Research Method
Researchers analyzed photos taken in2010 by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft.
They concluded that the pit was the entry point to a cave created by the collapse of a lava tube, a tunnel formed when molten lava flows beneath a field of cooled lava.
Back2Basics:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)
NASA launched the LRO on June 18, 2009.
LRO’s primary mission is to map the Moon’s surface in high detail to identify safe landing sites and locate potential resources.
It is equipped with seven scientific instruments, including a camera, a laser altimeter, and a radiation detector.
LRO has provided critical data on lunar topography, temperature, and radiation levels, significantly enhancing our understanding of the Moon.
Characteristics of Lunar Caves
Craters are bowl-shaped and result from asteroid or comet strikes.
Pits, in contrast, appear as massive steep-walled depressions.
At least 200 such pits have been discovered, with 16 believed to have formed from collapsed lava tubes due to volcanic activity over a billion years ago.
Benefits for Human Exploration
The Moon is exposed to solar radiation 150 times stronger than Earth.
The lunar surface heats to about 127 degrees Celsius during the day and cools to around -173 degrees Celsius at night.
Caves, however, maintain stable average temperatures of around 17 degrees Celsius.
They could shield human explorers from radiation and micrometeorites, making them viable for future lunar bases or emergency shelters.
Challenges and Further Research
The depth of such caves could present challenges for accessibility.
There are risks of potential avalanches and cave-ins.
Need for Further Research
Further research is needed to understand and map the structural stability of the caves.
This could be done using ground-penetrating radar, robots, or cameras.
To become viable habitats, caves would need systems to monitor movement or seismic activity and safety zones for astronauts in case of a cave collapse.
PYQ:
[2008] Selene-1, the lunar orbiter mission belongs to which one of the following?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Python Farming
Why in the News?
In the farmlands of central Thailand, thousands of pythons are raised in a warehouse for their diamond-patterned skins, which are sold to high-end European fashion houses.
Some scientists and industry insiders believe the true value of these snakes lies in their meat.
Python Farming in Asia
Researchers estimate that China and Vietnam alone have at least 4,000 python farms, producing several million snakes primarily for the fashion industry.
A study published in Nature highlighted python farming as a flexible and efficient response to global food insecurity.
Benefits of Python Farming
Pythons can survive for monthswithout food or water and maintain their condition.
They were fed waste chicken and wild-caught rodents, offering a more efficient feed-to-meat ratio than poultry, beef, and even crickets.
Female pythons can lay between 50 and 100 eggs annually, leading to rapid reproduction.
Advantages of Python Meat
Pythons offer a more efficient feed-to-meat ratio than poultry, beef, and even crickets.
They can survive without food and water for months without losing condition.
Python meat has a chicken-like texture and is low in saturated fats.
It could provide a sustainable protein source with a lower environmental impact compared to traditional meat.
Challenges and Market Acceptance
Despite the advantages, the market is limited for python meat.
Python farmers struggle to convince people to consume snake meat, resulting in most of it being discarded or sold to fish farms.
Environmental Impact of Traditional Meat
The UN’s IPCC notes that meat from grazing animals has the greatest environmental impact.
The climate impact of traditional meat is significant, with beef identified as having the greatest environmental impact.
The UN and climate activists advocate for a more plant-based diet, but the demand for meat is expected to increase by 14% by 2032.
Drought and extreme weather are making traditional farming difficult in many parts of the world, increasing the need for alternative protein sources.
The paradox of rising meat demand and environmental concerns has spurred interest in alternatives like edible insects and lab-grown meats.
Python Meat as an Alternative
Protein-energy malnutrition caused nearly 190,000 deaths globally in 2021, emphasizing the urgent need for protein sources in many parts of the world.
Python meat could help address this issue, offering a sustainable and efficient alternative.
PYQ:
[2018] How far do you agree with the view that the focus on lack of availability of food as the main cause of hunger takes the attention away from ineffective human development policies in India?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: FARC Peace Deal
Why in the News?
Colombia, the global center of the cocaine industry, is undergoing significant changes due to domestic and global forces.
Recent Changes: Disruption in Cocaine Trade
Colombia, the global center of the cocaine industry, is undergoing significant changes due to domestic and global forces.
Two years ago, drug traffickers who buy coca paste stopped showing up.
This sudden halt left the villagers without income, leading to food shortages and exodus in search of jobs.
The population of Cano Cabra shrunk from 200 to 40 people.
This pattern has repeated in communities across Colombia where coca is the only source of income.
About the FARC Peace Deal
It refers to the agreement reached between the Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) to end decades of conflict. It is a significant milestone in Colombia’s efforts to achieve lasting peace and stability.
FARC is a Marxist-Leninist guerrilla group founded in 1964 that waged an armed struggle against the Colombian government for over five decades.
The conflict resulted in over 220,000 deaths and the displacement of millions of people, making it one of the longest-running conflicts in Latin America.
A peace deal was signed on November 24, 2016, and subsequently ratified by the Colombian Congress.
How does the peace deal impact Columbia?
The FARC financed its war through cocaine, relying on farmers to provide coca leaves.
After the FARC left the cocaine industry, smaller criminal groups took over, adopting a new economic model.
These groups buy large quantities of coca from fewer farmers and limit operations to border regions for easier drug transport.
The shift in the drug trade has left the communities economically devastated.
Cocaine Production in Latin America:
Pablo Escobar the famous drug lord and the leader of the Medellín Cartel was a Colombian.
Ecuador has become a top cocaine exporter, and coca cultivation has increased in Peru and Central America.
These changes have pushed global cocaine production to record highs.
While cocaine consumption has reduced in the United States, it is growing in Europe and Latin America and emerging in Asia.
Implications on India:
Changes in the Colombian cocaine industry may alterglobal drug trafficking routes.
India, as part of the global drug trade network, could see changes in the routes used to smuggle cocaine into the country.
Increased cocaine production globally could lead to a higher availability of the drug in India.
This could result in an increase in drug trafficking activities within the country visible in increased seizures in major cities like Pune.
Higher availability of cocaine could lead to an increase in drug abuse cases in India.
PYQ:
[2018] India’s proximity to the two of the world’s biggest illicit opium-growing states has enhanced her internal security concerns. Explain the linkages between drug trafficking and other illicit activities such as gunrunning, money laundering and human trafficking. What counter-measures should be taken to prevent the same?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: General Finance Rules (GFR)
Why in the News?
The Finance Ministry has announced new rules under the General Finance Rules (GFR) to give scientific Ministries more flexibility in importing and buying research equipment.
These changes address scientists’ concerns about strict rules have slowed down research.
Changes introduced in GFR
The limit for buying goods without needing a tender has been raised from ₹25,000 to ₹1,00,000.
For goods priced between ₹25,000 and ₹250,000, a committee of three members must check the market for the best value and quality.
This limit has been raised from ₹1,00,000 to ₹10,00,000.
Note: These changes only apply if the goods are NOT available on the Government e-Marketplace (GeM).
What are General Finance Rules (GFR)?
The General Finance Rules (GFR) are a set of rules issued by the Government of India to regulate financial matters in public administration.
They provide a framework for financial management, ensuring accountability, transparency, and efficiency in the use of public funds.
The GFR were first issued in 1947, post-independence.
The rules have been revised multiple times, with significant updates in 1963, 2005, and the latest in 2017.
The GFR applies to all central government departments, ministries, and organizations funded by the government.
Key Provisions:
General System of Financial Management: Guidelines on budgeting, accounting, and auditing.
Procurement of Goods and Services: Rules for procurement, emphasizing transparency and competition.
Contract Management: Procedures for awarding, managing, and terminating contracts.
Inventory Management: Guidelines for managing government inventories and assets.
Grants-in-Aid: Procedures for providing grants to institutions and individuals.
Major Highlights:
Emphasis on e-procurement to enhance transparency and efficiency.
Use of the Government e-Marketplace (GeM) for procurement of common use goods and services.
Requirement for performance security in government contracts to ensure compliance and reduce risk.
Strengthening of internal controls and audit mechanisms to ensure compliance with rules and regulations.
Back2Basics:Government e-Marketplace (GeM)
The GeM is a one-stop National Public Procurement Portal to facilitate online procurement of common use Goods & Services required by various Government Departments / Organizations / PSUs.
It was launched in 2016 by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
It was developedby the Directorate General of Supplies and Disposals (under MCI) with technical support from the National E-Governance Division (MEITy).
