From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India Russia IGA
Why in the News?
India and Russia signed the working plan of the Joint Russian-Indian Commission on Cooperation in the Field of Emergency Management for 2025-2026.
Background of the Cooperation:
The meeting held in Moscow aimed to strategize the execution of previous agreements between India and Russia, including:
The Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) for cooperation in the field of Emergency Management was signed in December 2010.
The regulation was established in 2013 to create the Indo-Russian Joint Commission for Cooperation in the prevention and elimination of emergency situations.
The first meeting of this commission was held in New Delhi in 2016.
About the Joint Commission on the Cooperation in the Field of Emergency Management for 2025-2026
It is an initiative aimed at enhancing collaboration between India and Russia in the area of disaster management and emergency response.
The plan covers a two-year period from 2025 to 2026 and focuses on several key areas:
Use of Space Monitoring Technologies: To improve risk forecasting and emergency response capabilities.
Exchange of Experiences: On responding to large-scale disasters to enhance preparedness and response strategies.
Training of Specialists: In fire and rescue operations to build a robust capacity for emergency management.
The next meeting is scheduled to be held in India in 2026 to facilitate cooperation and strategic planning in emergency management.
About the Indo-Russian Joint Commission for Cooperation
Established in 2013, it seeks to formalize and enhance cooperation between India and Russia in the prevention and elimination of emergency situations.
It was formed under the framework of the Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) for Cooperation in the Field of Emergency Management, signed in December 2010.
The commission serves as a platform for India and Russia to collaborate on various aspects of disaster management, including:
Prevention and Preparedness: Developing strategies and sharing expertise to prevent and prepare for potential disasters.
Response and Recovery: Coordinating efforts to respond to emergencies and support recovery efforts following disasters.
Capacity Building: Enhancing the skills and knowledge of personnel involved in emergency management through joint training programs and knowledge exchange.
It facilitates a structured approach to managing disasters by leveraging the strengths and resources of both countries.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Agricultural Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Scheme
Why in the News?
The Union Cabinet has approved the expansion of the Agricultural Infrastructure Fund (AIF) scheme.
It will now include financial support for Farmers’ Producers Organizations (FPOs) to enhance their financial security and creditworthiness.
About Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Scheme:
Details
Launch
July 2020, Central Sector Scheme
Nodal Ministry
Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India
Fund Allocation
Rs. 1 lakh crore, with disbursements planned until 2025-26; interest subvention and credit guarantee assistance extended till 2032-33.
Aim
To mobilize medium to long-term debt financing for investment in viable projects relating to post-harvest management infrastructure and community farming assets, to enhance agricultural infrastructure in India.
Key Features
– Interest Subvention: 3% on loans up to Rs. 2 crore, with additional rate reductions for NABARD loans for PACS.
– Credit Guarantees: Under the CGTMSE scheme for loans up to Rs. 2 crore.
– Fund Usage: Supports up to 25 projects per beneficiary across different locations.
Target Beneficiaries
Farmers, Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS), entrepreneurs, startups, Self Help Groups, Agricultural Produce Market Committees, and federations.
Management
Managed through an online MIS platform with national, state, and district level monitoring committees for real-time monitoring and feedback.
Lending Institutions
Includes 24 commercial banks, 40 cooperative banks, and NABARD among others.
Hassle-Free Process
Supported by a user-friendly online portal to facilitate speedy loan sanctions.
Key changes introduced:
Description
Support for FPOs
Includes financial support for Farmers’ Producers Organizations (FPOs) to improve financial security and creditworthiness.
Broader Eligible Projects
Expand the scope to cover more types of agricultural infrastructure projects.
Community Farming Assets
Allows the creation of community farming assets to enhance productivity and sustainability.
Integrated Processing Projects
Adds integrated primary and secondary processing projects as eligible activities; standalone secondary projects remain under MoFPI schemes.
Alignment with PM-KUSUM
Converges AIF with PM-KUSUM Component-A for joint development of agricultural infrastructure and clean energy solutions.
Extended Credit Guarantee
Extends credit guarantee coverage to FPOs through NABSanrakshan, in addition to CGTMSE, to boost investment confidence.
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to ‘National Investment and Infrastructure Fund’, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. It is an organ of NITI Aayog.
2. It has a corpus of 4,00,000 crore at present.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Food inflation trend;
Mains level: Impact of food inflation;
Why in the News?
The recently released Consumer Price Index-Combined (CPI-C) data reveals that food inflation, particularly from pulses, vegetables, and cereals, is rising faster than the overall CPI inflation.
The Consumer Price Index-Combined (CPI-C) is the index used to calculate headline inflation in India. It is calculated and published monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Key Highlights of the CPI-C Data:
On Current Inflation Rates: The generalCPI inflation stands at 3.54%, while food inflation is notably higher at 5.06%, driven by increases in prices of pulses, vegetables, and cereals.
On Inflation Dynamics in the Past: Over the past decade, food inflation has contributed to the overall volatility of prices. In 52 of the 124 months analyzed, food inflation exceeded the general CPIrate, indicating a significant and fluctuating impact on overall inflation.
Expectations by the report: The RBI has highlighted that food inflation significantly influences inflationary expectations, which remain unanchored, often exceeding actual inflation rates.
(*Note: These data don’t include income taxes or investment items like stocks, bonds, and life insurance.)
Recently impact of good Monsoon on Food Production and Inflation:
Increased Sowing Due to Robust Monsoon: India has reported a significant increase in the sowing of paddy and pulses, with paddy sowing up by 16% to 39 million hectares and pulses by 7% to 12 million hectares as of August 23, 2024, driven by a strong monsoon.
Potential Impact on Food Inflation: Despite concerns over rising food inflation, the expanded cultivation area for staple crops like rice and pulses could positively impact the agriculture sector and support government efforts to enhance farm productivity.
Present Situation of Inflation in the Agri-Food Sector
Volatility in Food Prices: Food inflation has been volatile, with instances of both high and low inflation. For example, food inflation was above 6% in 52 out of 124 months, while it was below 2% in 20 months, including periods of negative inflation.
Supply-Side Factors: The disparities between food and retail inflation can be attributed to supply-side issues such as monsoon variability, crop failures, and government policies like minimum support prices (MSPs). Excess demand for specific food categories, such as oils and fats, has also contributed to higher inflation.
Regional Disparities: Rural CPI inflation is higher (5.43%) compared to urban CPI (4.11%), reflecting the impact of agricultural conditions and market dynamics on rural households.
How Can the Gap Between Farmer and Consumer Be Reduced?
Market-Driven Pricing: The government should reconsider its intervention in agricultural markets through MSPs, allowing market forces to determine food prices. This could help reduce production distortions and improve price signals for farmers.
Enhancing Agricultural Productivity: Government expenditure should focus on increasing agricultural productivity through better technology and irrigation practices, which can lead to more stable food supplies and prices.
Reducing Middlemen: Implementing measures to eliminate middlemen in the supply chain can help narrow the gap between what farmers receive and what consumers pay.
Infrastructure Development: Improving infrastructure for storage and transportation can help reduce food wastage and ensure that food products reach consumers efficiently, further stabilizing prices.
Conclusion: Need to encourage the adoption of advanced agricultural technologies and sustainable farming practices to boost productivity and reduce the impact of supply-side disruptions, ensuring more consistent food supplies and stable prices.
Mains PYQ:
Q Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments. (UPSC IAS/2017)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: About Monkeypox;
Mains level: Major Learnings from the COVID-19 Pandemic;
Why in the News?
The recent declaration of Mpox (formerly monkeypox) as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the WHO highlights several critical lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Major Learnings from the COVID-19 Pandemic
Vaccine Manufacturing Capabilities: The COVID-19 pandemic exposed significant gaps in vaccine manufacturing capabilities, particularly in the Global South. This inadequacy was exacerbated by limited technology transfers and a lack of know-how to produce vaccines developed in high-income countries.
The current response to the Mpox outbreak reflects similar challenges, emphasizing the need for robust local manufacturing capabilities to ensure equitable access to vaccines.
Global Cooperation: The pandemic underscored the necessity of international collaboration in health emergencies. The WHO’s declaration of Mpox as a PHEIC aims to foster this cooperation, encouraging countries and organizations to share information and resources to combat the outbreak.
Equity in Health Responses: The recent amendments to the International Health Regulations (IHR) include equity as a core principle, which is crucial for ensuring that all countries, particularly those in lower-middle-income regions, have access to essential medical products during emergencies.
Recent Initiatives by India’s Drug Regulatory Agency:
On August 7, 2024, India’s Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) decided that drugs already approved in developed countries like the U.S. and those in the EU can be used during pandemics in India without needing to go through clinical trials here.
This regulatory change is expected to expedite the availability of critical vaccines like MVA-BN (Jynneos) in India, facilitating faster access to vaccines necessary to combat the Mpox outbreak.
What could be the more improved solution for it?
Scaling Up Production: The demand for pox vaccines is anticipated to surge, with estimates by AfricaCDC, suggesting that 10 million doses are needed to control the outbreak. However, only 0.21 million doses are currently available.
Indian manufacturers, such as the Serum Institute of India and Bharat Biotech, have the potential to rapidly scale up production of the MVA-BN vaccine using established processes and supply chains.
Comprehensive Technology Transfer: Effective technology transfer involves sharing not only the vaccine but also the necessary biological resources, manufacturing know-how, and patents. This is essential to enable lower-middle-income countries to produce vaccines independently, reducing reliance on high-income countries.
Collaborative Negotiations: The Indian government, in collaboration with international organizations like WHO and Gavi, should negotiate with Bavarian Nordic for technology transfer to technology transfer for developing the vaccine.
Way forward:
Strengthen Local Manufacturing: Encourage Indian manufacturers like the Serum Institute of India and Bharat Biotech to rapidly scale up production of the MVA-BN vaccine, ensuring timely and sufficient supply to meet both domestic and global demand during the mpox outbreak.
Facilitate Technology Transfer: The Indian government should lead collaborative efforts with international organizations to secure comprehensive technology transfers, enabling domestic production of vaccines and reducing dependency on high-income countries.
Mains PYQ:
Q COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented devastation worldwide. However, technological advancements are being availed readily to win over the crisis. Give an account of how technology was sought to aid the management of the pandemic. (UPSC IAS/2016)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Salar de Atacama
Why in the News?
A recent study published in journal IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing has found that Chile’s Atacama salt flat (Salar de Atacama) is sinking at a rate of 1 to 2 centimetres per year due to lithium brine extraction.
Lithium brine extraction involves pumping salt-rich water to the surface and letting it evaporate in ponds to collect lithium.
About Salar de Atacama
The Salar de Atacama in Chile boasts the highest lithium concentration (0.15% by weight) among all brine sources worldwide.
Argentina boasts more than half of the world’s total lithium resources.
It holds the distinction of having the 2nd-largest lithium resources, the 3rd-largest lithium reserves, and the 4th-largest lithium production in the world.
It is a part of the Lithium Triangle comprising of Uyuni (Bolivia) and Hombre Muerto (Argentina).
Key Findings of the Study:
Researchers analyzed satellite data from 2020 to 2023 to observe deformations in the Earth’s crust in the salt flat.
The area experiencing subsidence measures approximately 8 km north to south and 5 km east to west.
The study indicates that subsidence occurs because the rate of lithium brine pumping is faster than the recharge rate of aquifers, leading to the ground sinking.
What is Lithium?
Lithium is an alkali metal, often referred to as ‘white gold’ due to its value and color.
It is a soft, silvery-white metal, and notably, it is the lightest metal on the periodic table.
It is typically found in various minerals like spodumene, petalite, and lepidolite, from which it is extracted and refined.
The leading producers of lithium are Australia, Chile, China, and Argentina.
Effects of Lithium Mining on Environment:
Water Use: Lithium mining, especially from salt flats and brine pools, requires substantial water usage, which can deplete local water resources in arid areas.
Ecological Disruption: The extraction process can alter the chemical balance of the natural environment, affecting local flora and fauna.
Pollution: Mining and processing lithium can release harmful chemicals into the environment, impacting air and water quality.
PYQ:
[2008] Which one of the following pairs of metals constitutes the lightest metal and the heaviest metal, respectively?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ANUBHAV AWARDS, 2024
Why in the News?
The Minister of State for Personnel, Public Grievances, and Pensions has conferred the Anubhav Awards 2024.
ANUBHAV Awards
Details
Purpose
To recognize the contributions of retired officials to nation-building and document the administrative history of India through their written narratives.
Portal Launch
Launched in March 2015.
Organizing Body
Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions, Department of Pension & Pensioners’ Welfare.
Objectives
– Create a database of significant suggestions and work experiences.
– Utilize the experience of retiring employees for nation-building.
– Enable Ministries/Departments to consider useful and replicable suggestions.
Criteria
Retiring Central Government employees and pensioners, who can submit their Anubhav write-ups 8 months prior to retirement and up to 1 year post-retirement.
Award Process
Write-ups are assessed by the concerned Ministries/Departments, published, and then shortlisted for the Anubhav Awards and Jury Certificates.
Awards and Recognition
– ANUBHAV Awardees: Receive a medal, certificate, and a prize of ₹10,000.
– Jury Certificate Winners: Receive a medal and a certificate.
PYQ:
[2021] Consider the following statements in respect of Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards :
1. Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards are titles under the Article 18(1) of the Constitution of India.
2. Padma Awards, which were instituted in the year 1954, were suspended only once.
3. The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of five in a particular year.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)
Why in the News?
PM Modi launched the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) on 28th August 2014. It has now completed a decade of successful implementation.
About PMJDY
Details
Objective
• Banking the Unbanked: Open basic savings bank deposit (BSBD) accounts with minimal paperwork, relaxed KYC, e-KYC, account opening in camp mode, zero balance & zero charges.
• Securing the Unsecured: Issue Indigenous Debit cards with free accident insurance coverage of ₹2 lakh.
• Funding the Unfunded: Provide micro-insurance, overdraft, micro-pension, and micro-credit facilities.
Initial Features
• Universal Access to Banking Services: Access through branches and BCs.
• Basic Savings Bank Accounts: With an overdraft facility of up to ₹10,000 for every eligible adult.
• Financial Literacy Program: Promote savings and credit usage.
• Insurance: Accident cover up to ₹1 lakh and life cover of ₹30,000 for accounts opened between Aug 2014 to Jan 2015.
• Pension Scheme: For the unorganized sector.
• Creation of Credit Guarantee Fund.
Key Provisions
• Inter-operability: Through RuPay debit card or Aadhaar-enabled Payment System (AePS).
• Fixed-point Business Correspondents.
• Simplified KYC / e-KYC.
Extension and New Features (Post-2018)
• Focus Shift: From ‘Every Household’ to ‘Every Unbanked Adult’.
• RuPay Card Insurance: Increased accidental insurance cover to ₹2 lakh for new accounts.
• Overdraft Facilities Enhanced: Limit doubled from ₹5,000 to ₹10,000; up to ₹2,000 without conditions.
• Increase in upper age limit for OD: From 60 to 65 years.
Eligibility for Other Programs
PMJDY accounts are eligible for Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT), Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY), Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY), and Atal Pension Yojana (APY).
Successes of PMJDY
Financial Inclusion: PMJDY is recognized as the largest financial inclusion initiative globally, with over 53 crore bank accounts opened as of August 2024.
It has facilitated access to credit for individuals without a formal financial history, as evidenced by the rise in Mudra loan sanctions at a compounded annual rate of 9.8% from FY 2019 to FY 2024.
Social Empowerment: 55.6% of Jan Dhan account holders are women, and 66.6% of accounts are in rural and semi-urban areas, demonstrating the program’s reach among marginalized communities.
Deposit Growth: The total deposits in PMJDY accounts have reached Rs. 2.31 lakh crore, showing a 15-fold increase since August 2015.
Digital Transaction Growth: Digital transactions under PMJDY have surged, with UPI financial transactions growing from 535 crore in FY 2018-19 to 13,113 crore in FY 2023-24.
Effective DBT Mechanism: The Jan-Dhan Aadhaar Mobile (JAM) trinity has enabled a diversion-proof subsidy delivery mechanism, with subsidies and social benefits directly transferred into the bank accounts of the underprivileged.
Savings and Financial Discipline: The average deposit in the PMJDY account has increased 4 times since August 2015, indicating improved saving habits among account holders.
PYQ:
[2015] ‘Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana’ has been launched for
(a) Providing housing loan to poor people at cheaper interest rates.
(b) Promoting women’s Self-Help Groups in backward areas.
(c) Promoting financial inclusion in the country.
(d) Providing financial help to the marginalized communities.
[2016] Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is necessary for bringing unbanked to the institutional finance fold. Do you agree with this for financial inclusion of the poorer section of the Indian society? Give arguments to justify your opinion.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Plea Bargaining
Why in the News?
According to a report by the Ministry of Law and Justice, only 0.11% of cases were settled through “plea bargaining” in 2022.
Key Findings of the Report:
In 2022, only 19,135 out of 1,70,52,367 cases (about 0.11%) in Indian courts were disposed of through plea bargaining, indicating its minimal use.
Despite legal restrictions, 119 cases of crimes against women and only4 cases under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act (POCSO) were resolved through plea bargaining in 2022, showing a deviation from the intended exclusions.
What is Plea Bargaining?
Details
Definition
Plea bargaining allows an accused person to negotiate with the prosecution for a lesser punishment by pleading guilty to a less serious offence.
This involves pre-trial negotiations on the charge or the sentence.
Provision in India
• Introduced in 2006 as part of the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2005 under Chapter XXI-A (Sections 265A to 265L).
• Limited to offences thatdo not attract the death sentence, life sentence, or a term above seven years.• Not applicable to offences affecting socio-economic conditions or committed against women or children under 14. (applies only to offences punishable by up to seven years of imprisonment)
Procedure in India
• Only the accused can initiate plea bargaining.
• The accused must apply to the court to start the process. If permitted, a meeting involving the prosecutor, investigating officer, and victim (if any) is held for a satisfactory case disposition.
• Includes possible reduced sentences and compensationpayments to the victim by the accused.
Benefits Offered
• Speeds up trials, reduces litigation costs and ends uncertainty over case outcomes.
• Helps reduce prison overcrowding and the number of prolonged imprisonments of undertrials.
• Offers a chance for offenders to make a fresh start.
• Could improve conviction rates, as seen in the USA.
• Recommended by the Malimath Committee (2000) for its potential to dramatically impact conviction rates and ensure a speedy trial.
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to India, consider the following statements:
1. Judicial custody means an accused is in the custody of the concerned magistrate and such accused is locked up in police station, not in jail.
2. During judicial custody, the police officer in charge of the case is not allowed to interrogate the suspect without the approval of the court.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Importance of Balochistan for India;
Why in the News?
The recent protests are a significant part of Balochistan’s long history of political struggles. They highlight the difficulties Pakistan faces in creating a country based solely on religion.
Causes and Reasons for the Recent Protests in Balochistan:
Balochistan has a long history of resistance against central authority, dating back to the forced accession of the region to Pakistan in 1948.
Political Discontentment: The continued centralization of power, lack of genuine federalism, and repeated dismissals of provincial governments have fueled discontent.
Economic Neglect: Despite being rich in resources like copper, gold, coal, and natural gas, Balochistan remains one of the poorest regions in Pakistan. The benefits of resource exploitation have not trickled down to the local population, exacerbating feelings of economic injustice.
Cultural and Ethnic Identity: Balochistan has a distinct cultural and historical identity, which has often clashed with the central government due to assimilation policies.
Human Rights Violations: The region has seen widespread reports of enforced disappearances, custodial killings, and fake encounters as part of Pakistan’s counter-insurgency strategy.
China’s Role in the Region:
Gwadar Port and Militarization Concerns: The Gwadar port, leased to a Chinese firm for 40 years, has raised fears of potential militarization, which could disrupt local livelihoods, especially those of the fishing communities.
The presence of Chinese trawlers has also sparked protests due to concerns about illegal fishing.
CPEC influence: The influx of non-locals into Balochistan for CPEC-related projects has led to fears of demographic changes, further alienating the local population.
Indian perspective:
Strategic Implications: India’s interest in Balochistan primarily stems from the region’s strategic importance, given its location and the Gwadar port’s proximity to the Strait of Hormuz.
Diplomatic Stance: India has occasionally highlighted human rights issues in Balochistan, especially in international forums, as a counter-narrative to Pakistan’s stance on Kashmir. However, India’s involvement remains cautious to avoid escalating tensions with Pakistan.
Impact on Regional Stability: The unrest in Balochistan, coupled with Chinese involvement, complicates the security situation in South Asia.
India’s approach will likely focus on balancing its strategic interests while advocating for the rights of the Baloch people within international norms.
Way forward: (What should India do?)
Diplomatic Advocacy: India should continue to highlight human rights issues in Balochistan at international forums, positioning itself as a defender of human rights while maintaining a balanced approach to avoid escalating tensions with Pakistan.
Strategic Monitoring: India should closely monitor developments in Balochistan, particularly regarding Chinese activities in the Gwadar port, to safeguard its strategic interests and regional stability.
Mains PYQ:
Q The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same. (150 Words, 10 Marks) (UPSC IAS/2018)
Q ‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor. (UPSC CSE 2017)
Q China and Pakistan have entered into an agreement for development of an economic corridor. What threat does this pose for India’s security? Critically examine (UPSC CSE 2014)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues in the healthcare sector;
Why in the News?
The recent brutal rape and murder case in Kolkata has sparked widespread calls for the death penalty for the accused.
The Justice J.S. Verma Committee, formed in response to the 2012 Delhi gang rape, recommended against the death penalty for rape, even in the rarest of rare cases, arguing that it would be a regressive step.
Deeper problem in the Health Care Sector:
Healthcare Violence: The protests by resident doctors stem from a series of violent attacks against medical personnel. This violence often arises from disgruntled patients and their families who perceive poor healthcare services.
Corruption in Healthcare: The World Health Organization estimates that corruption claims nearly $455 billion annually, which could otherwise extend universal health coverage globally.
In India, this corruption manifests in various forms, including bribery and sextortion, further undermining the healthcare system’s integrity.
Ineffective Responses: Traditional responses to healthcare violence, such as enhancing security and legal measures, have proven inadequate. These knee-jerk reactions fail to address the root causes of the violence.
What does the Justice K. Hema Committee reportsay on the Culture of Assault?
On Sexual Assault and Consent: Instances of sexual assault are not isolated events but are rooted in societal practices that undermine women’s autonomy and consent.
The National Crime Records Bureau reported 31,516 cases of rape in India in 2022, indicating a significant prevalence of sexual violence against women.
The Justice Hema Committee report emphasizes that rape is a manifestation of a culture that views women as objects rather than individuals with rights.
On Workplace Harassment: The Vishaka guidelines established in 1997 aimed to protect women from workplace harassment, leading to the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013, which mandates the formation of Internal Complaints Committees (ICC).
The report argues that ICCs are inadequate for the film industry due to potential biases and influence from abusers, advocating for an independent government forum to address these issues.
Need to Rethink Violence in Healthcare:
Understanding the Multi-faceted Nature of Violence: Violence in healthcare settings is not limited to patient assaults on healthcare workers, it also includes institutional and managerial violence. This encompasses horizontal violence among healthcare providers and the systemic issues that create a hostile work environment.
Implementing Comprehensive Safety Measures: While immediate responses such as improving security and legal protections are necessary, they must be part of a broader strategy that includes training healthcare workers on conflict resolution, mental health support, and creating a culture of safety within healthcare institutions.
About Justice J.S. Verma Committee Recommendations
Recommendations on
Explanation
Rape
• It recognized rape as a Crime of Power, not just passion.
• Expand definition to include all forms of non-consensual penetration.
• Remove marital rape exception; marriage should not imply automatic consent. (European Commission of Human Rights in C.R. vs U.K)
Sexual Assault
• Broaden definition to include all non-consensual, non-penetrative sexual acts.
• Penalty: Up to 5 years of imprisonment or fines.
Verbal Sexual Assault
• Criminalize unwelcome sexual threats.
• Punishable by up to 1 year in prison or fines.
Sexual Harassment at Workplace
• Include domestic workers under protections.
• Replace internal complaint committees with Employment Tribunals.
• Employers to compensate victims of sexual harassment.
Acid Attacks
• Propose a 10-year minimum punishment, separate from grievous hurt.
• Establish a compensation fund for victims.
Women in Conflict Areas
• Review AFSPA; exclude government sanction for prosecuting sexual offenses by armed forces.
• Appoint special commissioners to monitor offenses.
Trafficking
• Comprehensive anti-trafficking laws beyond prostitution.
• Protective homes for women and juveniles overseen by High Courts.
Child Sexual Abuse
• Define ‘harm’ and ‘health’ in the Juvenile Justice Act to include both physical and mental aspects.
Death Penalty
• Opposed chemical castration and death penalty for rape.
• Recommend life imprisonment.
Medical Examination of Rape Victims
• Ban the two-finger test; victim’s past sexual history should not influence the case.
Reforms in Case Management
• Set up Rape Crisis Cells, increase police accountability, allow online FIR filing.
• Encourage community policing and increase police personnel.
Need for a Comprehensive Approach:
National Task Force: Improving hospital security and infrastructure alone may not be sufficient to address the problem. The national task force constituted by the Supreme Court should devise a comprehensive road map to prevent and arrest medical corruption, particularly in the public sector.
Need Expertise: The task force should include experts from public health, medico-legal, and other allied fields, along with the participation of the larger governing and administrative community.
Note: Recently some states have taken steps to empower women. For example, the Himachal Pradesh Assembly passed a Bill on Tuesday to increase the minimum marriage age for women from 18 to 21 years.
Mains PYQ:
Q Appropriate local community level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve ‘Health for All’ in India. Explain. (UPSC CSE 2018)
Q We are witnessing increasing instances of sexual violence against women in the country. Despite existing legal provisions against it, the number of such incidences is on the rise. Suggest some innovative measures to tackle this menace. (UPSC CSE 2014)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Pros and cons related to simultaneous election;
Why in the News?
In an Independence Day speech, the Prime Minister renewed his push for simultaneous elections, targeting implementation by the 2029 polls.
Pros and Cons of Simultaneous Elections in India:
Pros
Cons
Cost Reduction: It can decrease the deployment of resources such as EVMs, security personnel, and election management teams to only one time in 5 years.
Continuity in Governance: Simultaneous elections can prevent the frequent imposition of the Model Code of Conduct, which disrupts government development activities and decision-making processes.
Reduced Election Fatigue: Voters, political parties, and the administration could benefit from reduced election fatigue, allowing them to focus more on governance and development.
Uniformity in Policy Implementation: Central and state governments can work in sync on policy implementation without the hindrance of upcoming elections in various states.
Constitutional Challenges: The implementation of simultaneous elections would require significant amendments to the Constitution, particularly Articles 83, 85, 172, and 174, which deal with the duration of legislative bodies.
Federalism Concerns: Opponents argue that simultaneous elections could undermine the federal structure of India, marginalizing regional parties and giving dominance to national parties.
Voter Disengagement: The synchronization of elections might lead to voter disengagement due to the overwhelming nature of combined elections, where national issues may overshadow regional ones.
Key Recommendations of High-Level Committee
The High-Level Committee on Simultaneous Elections, chaired by former President Ram Nath Kovind, has made several significant recommendations aimed at synchronizing elections for the Lok Sabha, state assemblies, and local bodies in India.
Amendment to Article 82A: Allow the President to set an ‘Appointed Date’ for starting simultaneous elections to Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies
Term Synchronization: States with elections between June 2024 and May 2029 would have their terms end with the 18th Lok Sabha, enabling the first simultaneous elections in 2029
Premature Dissolution Measures: Fresh elections only for the remaining term until the next simultaneous elections in case of early dissolution of Parliament or state Assembly
Synchronization of Local Body Elections: Parliament to pass legislation to align municipalities and panchayats elections with General Elections within 100 days
Single Electoral Roll: The committee advocates for a single electoral roll applicable to all tiers of government, which would require an amendment to Article 325. This aims to reduce redundancy and duplication in voter registration.
Logistical Arrangements: ECI to provide detailed logistical and expenditure plans for simultaneous elections in coordination with SECs.
Way forward:
Constitutional and Legal Reforms: Begin with phased constitutional amendments and legal reforms to address the challenges of synchronization while ensuring that the federal structure and democratic principles are preserved.
Pilot Implementation: Consider piloting simultaneous elections in a few states with synchronized local body elections to assess feasibility, logistical challenges, and public response before scaling up to the national level by 2029.
Mains question for practice:
Q Discuss the feasibility and implications of implementing simultaneous elections in India by 2029, as recently proposed by the Prime Minister. 15M
Mains PYQs
‘Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2017)
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Polygraph Test, Judments mentioned
Why in the News?
The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) concluded polygraph tests on the accused in the Kolkata Rape and Murder Case.
About Polygraph Tests in India
Details
Definition
A procedure measures physiological responses like blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity while a subject answers questions to detect deception.
Physiological Indicators
• Heart Rate and Blood Pressure: Monitored for changes.
• Respiratory Rate: Tracks breathing patterns.
• Galvanic Skin Response (GSR): Measures skin’s electrical conductance, which varies with moisture levels.
Procedure
• Sensor Connection: Attached to the chest, fingertips, and arm.
• Baseline Questions: Establish physiological response baselines.
• Control and Relevant Questions: Analyzed to identify deceptive responses by comparing physiological changes.
Constitutional Provisions
• Article 20(3): Protects against self-incrimination; necessitates consent for polygraph tests.
• Article 21: Concerns about potential violations of the right to life and privacy due to mental torture aspects of polygraph tests.
Legal and Judicial Rulings
• Selvi vs. State of Karnataka (2010): Tests must be voluntary with informed consent.
• D.K. Basu vs. State of West Bengal (1997): Involuntary tests could violate the Right to Life and Privacy.
Admissibility in Court
According to the Indian Evidence Act, 1871, results from polygraph tests are not admissible as evidence in court.
Guidelines
National Human Rights Commission Guidelines (1999): Establish consent and procedural requirements for administering polygraph tests to align with human rights standards.
PYQ:
[2018] Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty. Which of the following in the Constitution of India correctly and appropriately imply the above statement?
(a) Article 14 and the provisions under the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution.
(b) Article 17 and the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV.
(c) Article 21 and the freedoms guaranteed in Part III.
(d) Article 24 and the provisions under the 44th Amendment to the Constitution.
Indian citizens with a business plan for non-farm sector income-generating activities in manufacturing, processing, trading, or services, requiring less than ₹10 lakh.
Types of Loans
• Shishu: Loans up to ₹50,000.
• Kishor: Loans above ₹50,000 and up to ₹5 lakh.
• Tarun: Loans above ₹5 lakh and up to ₹10 lakh.
Subsidy
No direct subsidy;
Loans linked to Government schemes providing capital subsidies are eligible under PMMY.
Achievements of MUDRA 1.0
Financial Inclusion: Disbursed over Rs 27.75 lakh crore to 47 crore small entrepreneurs, improving access to formal credit.
Support for Marginalized Groups: 69% of loans went to women, and 51% to SC/ST and OBC entrepreneurs, enhancing social equity and gender equality.
Job Creation: Helped create jobs and encouraged self-employment, especially in rural and semi-urban areas.
Reduction in NPAs: Reduced non-performing assets (NPAs) from 3.61% in FY21 to 2.1% in FY24, showing better loan management.
Challenges Faced by MUDRA 1.0
Unequal Loan Distribution: In 2021-22, the top 10 districts received Rs 26,000 crore, about the same as the bottom 318 districts, showing uneven credit distribution.
High NPAs in Early Categories: The Shishu (loans up to Rs 50,000) and Kishore (loans between Rs 50,001 and Rs 5 lakh) categories had NPAs above 4% from FY20 to FY22 due to a lack of business skills among early-stage entrepreneurs.
Low Financial Literacy: Only 27% of the population is financially literate, leading to poor loan management and higher defaults.
Monitoring and Credit Appraisal Issues: Increased lending led to challenges in maintaining quality credit appraisal processes and monitoring, resulting in some misuse of funds.
What is MUDRA 2.0?
MUDRA 2.0 is the proposed next phase of the scheme, aiming to expand and enhance support for micro-entrepreneurs, especially in underserved regions.
Features of MUDRA 2.0:
Expanded Outreach: Establish new centers in rural and semi-urban areas to provide financial literacy, mentorship, and business support.
Enhanced Financial Literacy: Launch nationwide programs covering budgeting, savings, credit management, and digital literacy to help entrepreneurs manage their finances better.
Improved Credit Support: Introduce the Enhanced Credit Guarantee Scheme (ECGS) to reduce risks for banks and encourage more lending to small enterprises.
Stronger Monitoring: Implement a robust monitoring framework using data analytics to track loan disbursements, usage, and repayments in real-time, ensuring transparency and reducing misuse.
PYQ:
[2016] Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana is aimed at:
(a) Bringing the small entrepreneurs into formal financial system.
(b) Providing loans to poor farmers for cultivating particular crops.
(c) Providing pension to old and destitute persons.
(d) Funding the voluntary organizations involved in the promotion of skill development and employment generation.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Great Moon Hoax
Why in the News?
The Great Moon Hoax of 1835 is a series of fabricated news reports published by The New York Sun, an American newspaper, claiming that life had been discovered on the moon.
What is the Great Moon Hoax of 1835?
The Great Moon Hoax was a series of newspaper articles falsely claiming that John Herschel, an astronomer, had discovered life on the moon.
The hoax was created and published by The New York Sun, a daily newspaper in New York City, starting on August 25, 1835.
It described various fantastical creatures, such as bat-winged humanoids (called Vespertilio-homo), unicorns, and upright beavers, along with detailed landscapes and other features of the moon.
These reports were entirely fictional and intended as satire.
However, they were widely believed by the public and reprinted in other newspapers.
Why the Hoax was conceived?
To Mock Religious Influence on Science: It aimed to satirize the blend of religious beliefs with scientific claims, especially in astronomy.
Boost Readership: The hoax was a tactic to increase The New York Sun’s circulation from 8,000 copies a day.
Challenge Public Credulity: It highlighted how easily the public could be deceived by sensational stories without verifying their accuracy.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Medical devices mentioned and their working
Why in the News?
These medical tools—thermometers, stethoscopes, weighing scales, and sphygmomanometers—are essential for diagnosing and monitoring basic health parameters.
Each tool has its own function and specific way of operation, which helps healthcare professionals make informed decisions about patient care.
Here is the list of tools used in a Doctor’s Diagnosis:
Function
Description and Working Principle
Thermometer
Measures body temperature.
Mercury Thermometer: Features a mercury-filled bulb and a glass capillary with numerical markings. Temperature changes cause the mercury to expand or contract, moving through the capillary to indicate temperature.
Digital Thermometer: Utilizes sensors like infrared or thermistors to detect temperature changes, which are then converted into digital readings.
Stethoscope
Listens to internal body sounds.
Acoustic Stethoscope: Comprises a diaphragm for high-frequency sounds and a bell for low-frequency sounds, connected by a tube to earpieces.
Electronic Stethoscope (Stethophone): Amplifies body sounds electronically and may include recording capabilities and additional diagnostics such as electrocardiograms. These devices transmit sound data to smartphones or other devices.
Weighing Scale
Measures body weight.
Spring Scale: Uses a spring under a plate; weight is measured by the degree of spring compression or extension. Requires calibration to account for local gravity variations.
Electronic Scale: Converts the mechanical force of weight into electrical signals using load cells or strain gauges, displayed as weight readings on a digital screen.
Sphygmomanometer
Measures blood pressure.
Manual Sphygmomanometer: Includes an inflatable cuff, linked to a mercury or aneroid manometer. Uses a stethoscope to detect blood flow sounds (Korotkov sounds) for determining systolic and diastolic pressures.
Electronic Sphygmomanometer: Uses oscillometric technology to sense pressure oscillations caused by arterial blood flow, automating blood pressure measurement. Easier for home use but may have accuracy issues in patients with certain cardiovascular conditions.
PYQ:
[2019] In the context of wearable technology, which of the following tasks is/are accomplished by wearable devices?
Location identification of a person
Sleep monitoring of a person
Assisting the hearing-impaired person
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Location of Sedongpu Gully
Mains level: Cause of Mass Wasting Events;
Why in the News?
A recent study on frequent mass wasting in Sedongpu Gully and rapid warming raises concerns for India’s Northeast region.
About Sedongpu Gully:
The Sedongpu gully (29°47′7.20′′N, 94°55′24′′E) is in the large bend region of the Yarlung Tsangpo River, located in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau.
Debris flows have occurred in two adjacent gullies, namely Sedongpu Gully (SDP) and Zelongnong Gully (ZLN), since the 1950s.
Mass Wasting in the Gully: Stats and Reasons
Since 2017, over 700 million cubic meters of debris have been mobilized in the Sedongpu Gully catchment, with more than 68% of the total 19 identified mass-wasting events occurring in this period.
The events include ice-rock avalanches (IRAs), ice-moraine avalanches (IMAs), and glacier debris flows (GDFs).
Causes: The increased frequency of mass wasting is attributed to a combination of long-term warming and seismic activity.
The area rarely experienced temperatures above 0º C before 2012, but climate change has led to significant warming, destabilizing permafrost and increasing landslide activity.
The 6.4-magnitude Nyingchi earthquake in November 2017 also contributed to the destabilization of slopes.
Implications of sedimentation from mass wasting events:
River Choking and Flash Floods: The study warns that the increased sedimentation from mass wasting events could choke river channels, particularly affecting the Brahmaputra River system.
Hydropower Projects: China is planning to construct a massive 60-gigawatt hydropower project on the Tsangpo River, which could exacerbate sedimentation issues downstream.
This project is expected to have three times the capacity of the Three Gorges Dam, raising concerns about river management and flood risks in India and Bangladesh.
Historical Flood Events: Past incidents, like the 2000 floods in Arunachal Pradesh caused by landslides blocking the Tsangpo River, show how dangerous landslides can be for areas downstream.
The chance of similar disasters is higher now because of the ongoing geological instability in the Sedongpu Gully.
Way forward:
Bilateral and Multilateral Dialogues: India should intensify diplomatic efforts with China, advocating for shared water management strategies and transparency in hydropower projects on the Tsangpo River.
Real-Time Monitoring: Establish advanced real-time monitoring systems for the Brahmaputra River and its tributaries, using satellite imagery, remote sensing, and ground-based observations to track landslides, sedimentation, and water flow.
Mains question for practice:
Q Discuss the potential risks posed by the increasing frequency of mass wasting events in the Sedongpu Gully and the implications for India’s Northeast region. (150 words) 10M
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges Faced by Persons with Disabilities
Why in the News?
The recent film Srikanth depicts industrialist Srikanth Bolla’s triumph over visual impairment. It highlights societal stigma, marginalization, and the lack of support for Persons with Disabilities (PwDs).
Status of Education and Jobs for PwD’s in India:
Limited Employment Opportunities: A 2023 report indicates that only five out of 50 Nifty 50 companies employ more than 1% of persons with disabilities (PwDs), with most being public sector firms.
Gap in Accessibility and Supply: Less than 1% of educational institutions in India are disabled-friendly, highlighting a significant gap in accessibility and support for PwDs in both education and employment sectors.
Inadequate Infrastructure: Data shows that fewer than 40% of school buildings have ramps, and only about 17% have accessible restrooms.
Lack of effective implementation: Despite legislative provisions for reservations in government jobs under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, there is a lack of effective implementation, resulting in low participation of PwDs in the workforce.
Challenges Faced by Persons with Disabilities (PwD)
Social Stigma and Marginalization: PwDs face deep-rooted social stigma, which leads to discrimination and exclusion from various sectors, including education and employment.
Inaccessible Infrastructure: Many public and private spaces lack the necessary infrastructure to accommodate PwDs, such as ramps and accessible restrooms, which severely limits their mobility and independence. For example, Less than 40% of school buildings have ramps, and only about 17% have accessible restrooms.
Educational Barriers: Despite the Right to Education Act, many PwDs encounter barriers such as a lack of inclusive schools, trained teachers, and assistive technologies, leading to high illiteracy rates among disabled individuals.
Workplace Discrimination: PwDs often face discrimination in the workplace, including a lack of reasonable accommodations and societal prejudices that create a “glass ceiling” for their employment opportunities.
Erosion of Identity for PwDs
Negative Representation: The portrayal of PwDs in society often reduces them to objects of pity or ridicule. This negative representation contributes to a societal attitude that undermines their dignity and identity.
Perception as Burdens: Sociologists argue that PwDs are frequently seen as burdens on society, which affects their self-identity and societal participation. This perception is reinforced through media and public discourse.
Intersectionality of Disability: PwDs who also belong to marginalized castes or genders face compounded discrimination, creating a double or triple burden that further erodes their identity and social standing.
Social Exclusion: The stigma surrounding disabilities often leads to exclusion from social activities and relationships, reinforcing the idea that PwDs can only relate to one another, which diminishes their broader social identity.
Way forward:
Enhance Accessibility: Ensure that educational institutions and workplaces are fully accessible by upgrading infrastructure and implementing inclusive design standards.
Combat Stigma and Promote Inclusion: Launch targeted awareness campaigns to challenge negative perceptions of PwDs and promote their positive contributions.
Mains PYQ:
Q The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 remains only a legal document without intense sensitisation of government functionaries and citizens regarding disability. Comment. (2022)
Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Cross-Border Payments;
Why in the News?
Despite being worth $181.9 trillion in 2022, cross-border payments still have inefficiencies prompting the G-20 to focus on improving them for economic growth.
Present Status of the Global Cross-Border Payments Market
The cross-border payments market was valued at approximately $181.9 trillion in 2022 and is projected to reach $356.5 trillion by 2032, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.3% from 2023 to 2032.
The growth is driven by increasing globalization, the rise of e-commerce, and technological innovations in the financial sector. The demand for faster, more secure, and transparent payment solutions is compelling banks and fintech companies to enhance their offerings.
The market includes various channels such as bank transfers, money transfer operators, and card payments, with a significant share coming from business-to-business (B2B) transactions.
Difference Between Old and New Systems
Cross-Border Payment
Features
Challenges
Old System
Cross-border payments relied on manual processes involving letters of credit, checks, and extensive documentation.
It faced challenges such as high transaction costs, slow processing times, and limited access due to regulatory burdens.
New System
Incorporates technological advancements such as blockchain, digital wallets, and instant payment systems.
Example:peer-to-peer transactions and interlinked payment infrastructures
challenges around scalability, security, regulation and standardization.
Challenges to Cross-Border Payments
High Costs: Transaction fees remain a significant barrier, with various financial institutions imposing different charges that complicate cost-effectiveness.
Low Speed: Processing times can vary greatly, often taking several days due to intermediary banks and regulatory checks, which can frustrate users seeking rapid transactions.
Limited Access: Many individuals and businesses still face obstacles in accessing cross-border payment services, particularly in underbanked regions.
Insufficient Transparency: Users often lack clarity regarding fees, processing times, and the overall transaction process, leading to mistrust and reluctance to engage in cross-border transactions.
Regulatory Compliance: Navigating diverse legal frameworks across jurisdictions complicates transactions, with anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorist financing (CFT) regulations adding layers of complexity.
Way forward:
Adoption of Emerging Technologies: Leveraging blockchain, digital currencies, and AI can streamline processes, reduce transaction costs, and enhance transparency, making cross-border payments faster and more accessible.
Regulatory Harmonization and Collaboration: Promoting global regulatory alignment and fostering collaboration between financial institutions and governments can simplify compliance, improve transaction efficiency, and broaden access to underbanked regions.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Unified Pension Scheme (UPS)
Why in the News?
The Union Cabinet approved the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) for 23 lakh central government employees.
About Unified Pension Scheme (UPS):
Explanation
Implementation Date
Effective from April 1, 2025.
Eligibility
Central government employees with at least 10 years of service.
Assured Pension
50% of average basic pay over the last 12 months prior to retirement for employees with 25+ years of service.
Proportionate benefits for 10-25 years of service.
Assured Minimum Pension
₹10,000 per month for employees with at least 10 years of service.
Assured Family Pension
60% of the pension that the employee was drawing before their death.
Inflation Protection
Pensions indexed to inflation;
Dearness Relief (DR) based on the All India Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (AICPI-IW).
Government Contribution
18.5% of basic pay and DA, increased from 14% under the National Pension System (NPS).
Employee Contribution
10% of basic pay and DA (same as under NPS).
Lump Sum Payment on Superannuation
One-tenth of the last drawn monthly pay (including DA) for every 6 months of completed service, in addition to gratuity.
Option to Choose
Employees can choose between UPS and NPS starting from the upcoming financial year; the choice is final once made.
Beneficiaries
Initially benefits 23 lakh central government employees;
May extend to 90 lakh if adopted by state governments.
Difference from NPS
Unlike the market-dependent NPS, UPS provides a guaranteed pension amount, a minimum pension, increased government contribution, fixed family pension, and a lump sum payment at superannuation.
Significance of the UPS
Financial Security: Guarantees a pension and family pension for stable post-retirement income.
Minimum Pension: Ensures at least ₹10,000 per month for retirees, supporting lower-income employees.
Inflation Protection: Indexes pensions to inflation, maintaining purchasing power over time.
Increased Benefits: Raises government contribution to 18.5%, enhancing employee retirement benefits.
Flexibility: Allows choice between UPS and NPS based on personal financial needs.
Family Support: Provides 60% of the pension to the spouse if the employee passes away.
Employee Welfare: Aligns with government goals to improve employee welfare and post-retirement life quality.
PYQ:
[2017] Who among the following can join the National Pension System (NPS)?
(a) Resident Indian citizens only.
(b) Persons of age from 21 to 55 only.
(c) All State Government employees joining the services after the date of notification by the respective State Governments.
(d) All Central Government employees including those of Armed Forces joining the services on or after 1st April, 2004.
Pali, Persian, Prakrit, and Farsi (Persian) as per the National Education Policy-2020.
Criteria for Classical Language Status
– High Antiquity: Recorded history of 1500-2000 years.
– Valuable Heritage: Possesses ancient literature and texts.
– Originality: Unique literary tradition, not borrowed from other languages.
– Distinctness: Language and literature distinct from modern forms.
Promotion of Classical Languages
– International Awards: Two major awards for scholars in classical Indian languages.
– Centre of Excellence: For studies in classical languages.
– Professional Chairs: UGC requested to create chairs in Central Universities.
The Eighth Schedule
Lists 22 official languages, governed by Articles 344(1) and 351 of the Constitution. Includes Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu.
