From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges in the Indian healthcare system;
Why in the News?
India’s healthcare since globalization has improved greatly, and is globally recognized due to skilled professionals, effective policies, and strong institutions which draw patients from over 147 countries.
Economic implications of being a preferred Medical Destination:
Foreign Exchange Savings: India saves billions in foreign exchange as fewer Indians need to travel abroad for advanced medical treatments.
Revenue Generation: The influx of international patients generates over $9 billion annually, contributing to economic growth.
Job Creation: The medical tourism sector creates employment opportunities in healthcare, hospitality, transportation, and pharmaceuticals.
Cost-Effective Treatments: India’s affordable yet high-quality medical services attract patients globally, further boosting the economy.
What are the challenges?
Shortage of Healthcare Professionals
Current Shortage: India is estimated to be short of around 600,000 doctors, leading to a doctor-patient ratio of approximately 0.7 doctors per 1,000 people, which is significantly lower than the World Health Organization’s recommended ratio of 1 doctor per 1,000 people.
Future Demand: By 2030, the demand for healthcare professionals in India is expected to double, driven by an ageing population and the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases.
Inadequate Public Healthcare Spending
Low Expenditure: As of 2021-22, India’s public healthcare expenditure stood at 2.1% of GDP, which is significantly lower than that of many developed countries, For instance, countries like Japan and France spend about 10% of their GDP on healthcare, while the United States spends 16.9%.
Comparison with Neighbors: Even neighbouring countries like Bangladesh and Pakistan allocate over 3% of their GDP to public healthcare.
Unequal Access to Healthcare
Urban-Rural Disparity: There is a stark disparity in healthcare access between urban and rural areas. Rural regions often lack basic healthcare facilities, leading to limited access to quality services for a significant portion of the population.
Healthcare Infrastructure: India’s healthcare infrastructure is inadequate to meet the growing demands of its population. For instance, India has one of the lowest per capita bed counts in the world, with only about 0.5 hospital beds per 1,000 people, compared to the OECD average of 4.7 beds per 1,000 people.
High Out-of-Pocket Expenditure
Financial Burden: Approximately 75% of healthcare expenditure in India is borne out-of-pocket by individuals and families.
Need for a Strong Vision (Way forward)
“Heal in India” Initiative: The Prime Minister’s vision of “Heal in India” emphasizes positioning India as a global healthcare leader. This initiative is not merely a slogan but a strategic approach to enhance India’s reputation as a preferred medical destination.
Youth Engagement: Inspiring the youth to pursue careers in healthcare is crucial for sustaining growth in this sector. By encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship among young Indians, the country can ensure a robust healthcare system.
Investment in Public Healthcare: Increase public healthcare spending to improve infrastructure, especially in rural areas, and bridge the urban-rural disparity.
Focus on Medical Device Manufacturing: Promote domestic production of medical devices under the “Make in India” initiative to reduce dependency on imports.
Mains PYQ:
Q Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve ‘Health for All’ in India. Explain. (UPSC IAS/2018)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ramsar Wetland sites in India
Why in the News?
The Environment Ministry announced the designation of three more wetlands: Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary (TN), Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary (TN) and Tawa Reservoir (MP) as Ramsar Sites.
This makes the total Ramsar sites count in India to 85.
About the newly designated Ramsar Sites:
Location
Geographical Features
Key Species
Ecosystem
Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary
Tiruppur District, Tamil Nadu
Located on the banks of Nanjarayan Tank;
~125 hectares
Herons, egrets, pelicans
Wetland habitats, surrounded by agricultural lands
Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary
Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu
Brackish water wetland near Bay of Bengal;
~5,000 hectares
Flamingos, pelicans, storks, waterfowl
Mix of freshwater and saltwater habitats, includes mangroves
Tawa Reservoir
Hoshangabad District, Madhya Pradesh
Part of Narmada River Basin, foothills of Satpura Range;
~225 sq. km
Mahseer fish, surrounded by Satpura forests
Aquatic life, forested surroundings
Important Facts:
India became a signatory to the Ramsar Convention in 1982.
India is one of the contracting parties to the Ramsar Convention, which was signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971.
With the inclusion of these 3 new sites, India now has 85 Ramsar sites, covering a total area of 13,58,068 hectares.
Tamil Nadu currently has the highest number of Ramsar sites in India, with 18 sites, followed by Uttar Pradesh with 10 sites.
India’s Ramsar wetlands constitute about 10% of the total wetland area in the country, spread across 18 states.
UK leads globally with 175 sites, followed by Mexico with 142 sites.
Bolivia, however, has the largest area under Ramsar protection, spanning 148,000 sq. km.
According to the National Wetland Inventory and Assessment by ISRO, India’s wetlands cover approximately 1,52,600 sq. km., which is 4.63% of total geographical area.
India has 19 types of wetlands, with Gujarat having the largest area, followed by Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following statements:
Under Ramsar Convention, it is mandatory on the part of the Government of India to protect and conserve all the wetlands in the territory of India.
The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 were framed by the Government of India based on the recommendations of the Ramsar Convention.
The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 also encompass the drainage area or catchment regions of the wetlands as determined by the authority.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Captagon Drug
Why in the News?
Captagon, the “poor man’s cocaine,” has become increasingly popular among young adults in the Middle East and North Africa.
What is the Drug Captagon?
Captagon is a synthetic drug that was originally developed in Germany in the 1960s and 1970s.
It was initially created as a pharmaceutical treatment for attention deficit disorders, narcolepsy, and sometimes depression.
The primary active ingredient in Captagon is fenethylline, a compound that, once ingested, is metabolized into two powerful stimulants: amphetamine and theophylline.
These substances stimulate the central nervous system, leading to increased alertness, reduced fatigue, and a sense of euphoria.
How Addictive is Captagon?
Captagon is highly addictive due to its powerful effects on the brain and body.
As a psychostimulant, Captagon significantly impacts the central nervous system, leading to a range of effects that can make it very difficult for users to stop taking the drug once they start.
It is also reportedly used byfighters in conflict zones to enhance their endurance and suppress fatigue.
The primary effects of Captagon include:
Euphoria: Users often experience an intense feeling of happiness or well-being.
Increased Wakefulness: The drug reduces the need for sleep, keeping users awake and alert for extended periods.
Enhanced Physical and Mental Performance: Users may feel stronger, more focused, and more capable of performing both physically and mentally demanding tasks.
However, the heavy use of Captagon comes with serious risks such as cognitive impairment, cardiovascular issues, and risk of addiction.
Where is Captagon Made?
In recent years, Syria the “narco state” of Middle East has emerged as the largest producer of Captagon.
Its production increased after 2011 Arab Spring protests, which led to civil unrest and conflict in the region.
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following statements:
The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) has a ‘Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air’.
The UNCAC is the ever-first legally binding global anti-corruption instrument.
A highlight of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) is the inclusion of a specific chapter aimed at returning assets to their rightful owners from whom they had been taken illicitly.
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is mandated by its member States to assist in the implementation of both UNCAC and UNTOC.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Extremophile bacteria
Why in the News?
Researchers have isolated extremophile bacteria from harsh environments like volcanic vents, permafrost, acid mines, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and lakes beneath polar ice caps.
What are Extremophiles?
Extremophiles are microorganisms that thrive in extreme environmental conditions where other life forms typically cannot survive.
For example: Volcanic vents, Permafrost, Acid mines, Deep-sea hydrothermal vents, dark lakes buried beneath polar ice caps, on the exteriors of spacecraft, around nuclear waste storage sites.
Adaptation and Evolution:
Extremophiles have developed unique biological and biochemical processes over millions of years to adapt to diverse habitats.
Unlike more complex life forms, which have one set of proteins, extremophiles have multiple sets of proteins, each adapted to specific environmental conditions.
These proteins are ‘activated’ based on the surrounding environment, enabling survival during extreme conditions like high temperatures, lack of water, or high acidity.
Significance: Some scientists believe that life on Earth may have begun as an extremophile in extreme environmental niches before spreading and adapting to more temperate ecosystems.
About the ‘Earth Microbiome Project’
It is a global initiative aimed at mapping, organising, and understanding the diversity of microbial life across different environmental niches on Earth.
The project was founded in 2010.
Objective:
To sequence 200,000 genetic samples from diverse environments.
To assemble 500,000 microbial genomes, creating a comprehensive map of microbial diversity on Earth.
Significance:
The project is part of broader efforts to understand the microbial world, which is still in its infancy.
It is related to other significant projects like the ‘Earth Biogenome Project,’ which aims to sequence the genomes of all eukaryotic organisms on the planet.
Understanding microbial diversity has numerous biological and industrial applications, such as developing new enzymes for molecular biology or finding new ways to adapt organisms to challenging environments.
PYQ:
[2017] With reference to agriculture in India, how can the technique of ‘genome sequencing’, often seen in the news, be used in the immediate future?
1. Genome sequencing can be used to identify genetic markers for disease resistance and drought tolerance in various crop plants.
2. This technique helps in reducing the time required to develop new varieties of crop plants.
3. It can be used to decipher the host-pathogen relationships in crops.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
There has been a significant increase in importsof precious metals from the UAE under the trade agreement.
Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI) has raised concerns about the spurt in imports of gold, silver, platinum, and diamonds with zero tariffs in the coming years.
GTRI’s report highlights potential revenue losses and a shift in import business from banks to private traders, favouring Dubai-based firms.
It also claims that many imports do not meet the Rules of Origin conditions, making them ineligible for concessions.
Review of IT Hardware Import Regime
When asked about the review of the new authorisation regime for monitoring imports of certain IT hardware products, Barthwal indicated that the government would make a decision at the appropriate time.
The government had previously adjusted import restrictions on laptops and computers, allowing importers to bring in shipments under an ‘authorisation’ system until September.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PHEIC, Mpox
Why in the news?
The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared mpox as a “public health emergency of international concern” (PHEIC).
What is a PHEIC?
A PHEIC is a formal declaration by the WHO under the International Health Regulations (IHR), 2005.
It refers to an “extraordinary event” posing a public health risk through the international spread of disease, potentially requiring a coordinated global response.
Criteria for PHEIC:
Serious and unusual event: Poses a significant public health risk.
Cross-border implications: Affects more than one country.
International response needed: Requires immediate global coordination.
Purpose: Mobilizes resources, raises awareness, and coordinates efforts to manage and contain the threat.
What is Mpox?
Mpox is a disease caused by the orthopoxvirus, related to the smallpox virus.
First detected in humans in 1970, it is endemic in central and West Africa.
Transmission: Spread from animals to humans (zoonotic) and between humans via close contact, respiratory droplets, or contaminated materials.
Symptoms: Fever, rash, swollen lymph nodes; can lead to severe complications or death.
Vaccination: WHO recommends vaccines, widely used in Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to control outbreaks.
Recent Developments:
In recent years, there has been an increase in mpox cases, including the emergence of new strains such as clade 1b, which has spread to countries outside of its typical endemic regions.
This led to the declaration of mpox as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) due to its potential for widespread impact.
PYQ:
[2014] Consider the following diseases
1. Diphtheria
2. Chickenpox
3. Smallpox
Which of the above diseases has/have been eradicated in India?
Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Tussle between the Lt. Governor and elected government of Delhi;
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court ruled that Delhi’s LG can independently nominate 10 aldermen to the MCD which escalates tensions between the Union, Delhi, and local governments.
How did the Delhi government evolve?
At the commencement of the Constitution in 1950, Delhi was classified as a Part C State.
Following the state reorganisation in 1956, it became a Union Territory governed by an administrator.
The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) was established in 1958, and a limited local government was introduced in 1966.
Based on the Balakrishnan Committee’s recommendations in 1989, the 69th Constitutional Amendment in 1991 created a Legislative Assembly and council of ministers for the NCT of Delhi.
However, the Union government retained control over public order, police, and land, excluding these subjects from the Delhi government’s jurisdiction.
Why is there constant tension and friction between the Union government and the Delhi government?
Legal Disputes: Legal battles have escalated tensions, particularly following Supreme Court judgments that have altered the balance of power between the elected Delhi government and the Lieutenant Governor (LG). For instance, recent rulings have clarified the LG’s powers, allowing for unilateral actions that bypass the council of ministers.
Control Over Key Areas: The Union government retains control over critical areas such as police, public order, and land, which limits the Delhi government’s autonomy.
Administrative Confusion: The presence of multiple layers of governance, including the MCD and other local bodies, complicates accountability and governance, leading to blame-shifting during crises, such as the recent incidents of electrocution and flooding.
Budgetary Conflict: The Delhi State Government has accused the Central Government of underfunding the MCD, leading to poor civic services, while the Central Government has argued that the State Government is not providing adequate support.
Division and Unification of MCD: In 2012, the MCD was trifurcated into three separate entities by the Congress-led state government, a move seen as an attempt to decentralize power. However, in 2022, the BJP-led Central Government passed a law to reunify the MCD, citing administrative efficiency, but the move was perceived by the Delhi State Government as an effort to centralize control.
What did the 1989 Balakrishnan committee recommend?
On Union Territory Status: The Balakrishnan Committee recommended that Delhi must remain a Union Territory rather than achieving full statehood.
On Governance Structure: The committee proposed a governance model that included an Administrator exercising powers based on the advice of the Council of Ministers, ensuring a balance of power while maintaining central oversight.
On Representation and Accountability: The committee emphasized the need for a more effective representative democratic system to safeguard the rights of Delhi’s growing population.
How has the Municipal Corporation of Delhi been involved in the power tussle?
Multiple Authorities: The MCD operates under the Union government’s control, adding complexity to the governance structure in Delhi. For example in public services and urban management.
Electoral Conflicts: The MCD’s elected representatives have often been caught in the crossfire of political disputes between the Union and Delhi governments, leading to inefficiencies and a lack of coherent governance. The recent tragedies in the city have highlighted the consequences of this blame-shifting.
Way Forward:
Revisiting Governance Structure: A constitutional amendment could be considered to delineate the powers of the central government and the Delhi government more clearly. For instance, the area of New Delhi (50-100 square kilometres) could be under central control, while the rest could be governed by the Delhi Assembly.
Implementation of triple chain accountability: Implementing the spirit of the Supreme Court’s 2023 judgment, which emphasized a triple chain of accountability, could help restore balance and ensure that all layers of government are accountable to the people.
Promoting Consensus-Based Governance: Encouraging dialogue and consensus between the different layers of government could help mitigate conflicts and foster a more cooperative governance environment.
Mains PYQ:
Q Whether the Supreme Court Judgement (July 2018) can settle the political tussle between the Lt. Governor and elected government of Delhi? Examine.(2018)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: What is Ballast Water?
Mains level: Serious concern due to Ballast Water;
Why in the News?
The TN Water Resources Department (WRD) has informed the National Green Tribunal that it has requested ₹160 crore from Kamarajar Port in Ennore, Tamil Nadu, to address the removal of invasive mussels along the coast near the port.
The WRD has accused Kamarajar Port of being primarily responsible for the spread of this invasive species due to its failure to regulate ballast water from ships.
What is Ballast Water?
Ballast water is fresh or saltwater held in the ballast tanks of ships. It is used to provide stability and maneuverability during a voyage, especially when a ship is not carrying enough cargo or when additional stability is required due to rough seas.
Ballast water can carry a variety of biological materials, including bacteria, microbes, and small invertebrates. When discharged at a new location, this water can introduce non-native species into local ecosystems, potentially leading to ecological imbalances.
How Serious is the Problem?
Invasive Species in India: Scientists have recorded nearly 30 invasive species entering Indian waters through ship ballast water, with the charru mussel (Mytella strigata) being one of the most harmful. This species has replaced native species in critical habitats like Pulicat Lake in Tamil Nadu.
Ecological Impact: The introduction of invasive species can disrupt local ecosystems, outcompete native organisms, and significantly affect biodiversity. The charru mussel has a high survival rate and prolific reproduction, exacerbating its impact on marine environments.
Economic Consequences: The proliferation of invasive species can hinder fishing activities and affect the livelihoods of local communities dependent on marine resources.
What are Global Regulations?
Ballast Water Management (BWM) Convention: The International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted the BWM Convention, which came into force in 2017. This convention aims to prevent the spread of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens through ballast water.
Under the BWM Convention, ships must manage their ballast water to ensure that aquatic organisms and pathogens are removed or rendered harmless before discharge.
Compliance: Countries like Australia and New Zealand have stringent regulations to prevent ballast water from damaging their marine ecosystems, including rigorous checks of ballast water management systems.
What is India’s Position?
As of July 2023, India has not signed the BWM Convention, meaning there are no obligations for ships calling at Indian ports to comply with its regulations. This lack of participation raises concerns about the unchecked discharge of ballast water.
While other maritime regulations apply in Indian ports but the discharge of ballast water is not subject to checks or regulations, leading to potential ecological risks.
Way forward:
Adopt and Implement the BWM Convention: India should consider ratifying the Ballast Water Management (BWM) Convention to align with international standards.
Strengthen Domestic Regulations and Awareness: Even before ratifying the BWM Convention, India can introduce national legislation to regulate ballast water discharge in its ports.
Mains PYQ:
Q How does biodiversity vary in India? How is the Biological Diversity Act,2002 helpful in conservation of flora and fauna? (2018)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Role of Private sector in RandD;
Why in the News?
The establishment of the Anusandhan National Research Foundation and its funding structure clearly signals the government’s intended direction.
Research Policy in India
Shift Towards Corporatisation: The Indian government’s approach encourages research institutions to generate revenue through external sources, moving away from reliance on public funding.
This trend aligns with the 2015 Dehradun Declaration, which advocated for marketing patents to self-finance research initiatives.
Focus on Market-Driven Research: The ANRF aims to align research outcomes with market needs, promoting the idea that scientific advancements should have immediate applications.
This is evident in the emphasis on prototype development, which assesses the marketability of research products, which was highlighted in the 2024 Budget speech.
Integration of Industry and Academia: The ANRF is designed to forge collaborations between research institutions and the private sector by earmarking a substantial portion of its funding (approximately 72%) from private sources, bridging the gap between scientific research and commercial application.
Note: The Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) is a significant initiative in India’s research landscape, established under the Anusandhan National Research Foundation Act, 2023.
Funding Mechanism of ANRF
Budget Allocation: The ANRF will be allocated ₹50,000 crore over five years, with a significant portion expected to come from non-government sources, including industry and philanthropic contributions.
Governance Structure: The ANRF will be governed by a board that includes industry representatives and experts, ensuring that funding decisions align with market demands and technological advancements.
What are the signals despite the stated objective of ANRF?(challenges)
Potential Undermining of Curiosity-Driven Research: The private sector does not want to fund basic research because it has no immediate commercial applications which ultimately leads to a decline in foundational scientific exploration.
Public Funding Concerns: The government’s expectation for private sector funding raises questions about the sustainability of public investment in research.
The current ratio of public funding for science research in India (0.6% to 0.7% of GDP) is significantly lower than that of countries like South Korea (around 4.8% of GDP).
India’s Achievements Despite a Low GDP Investment in R&D:
High Production of PhDs: Annually, India generates approximately 40,813 PhDs, ranking third globally after the United States and China.
Robust Research Output: India’s research output remains substantial, with over 300,000 publications in 2022, making it the third-largest producer of scientific publications globally.
Growth in Patent Grants: India has shown remarkable progress in intellectual property creation, securing 30,490 patents in 2022, placing it sixth globally.
Improvement in Global Rankings: India has made significant strides in global innovation rankings and research quality. It improved its position on the Global Innovation Index (GII) from 81st place in 2015 to 40th in 2023.
India climbed to the 9th rank in the Nature Index 2023, surpassing countries like Australia and Switzerland.
Investment in Autonomous R&D Institutions: A considerable portion of India’s R&D funding is directed towards autonomous research laboratories. The total investment in R&D reached approximately $17.2 billion in 2020-21, with a significant allocation to key scientific agencies such as the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
Comparison with Other Countries
As of 2023, India’s gross expenditure on R&D stands at approximately 0.64% of its GDP.
United States: The U.S. invests about 3.46% of its GDP in R&D
South Korea: South Korea leads with an impressive 4.8% of GDP allocated to R&D.
Germany: Germany’s R&D spending is around 3.1% of GDP.
China: China’s investment in R&D is approximately 2.4% of GDP.
Taiwan: Taiwan also invests around 3.77% of its GDP in R&D.
Way Forward:
Strengthening Public Funding for Basic Research: To ensure a balanced research ecosystem, the government should increase public investment in foundational scientific research.
Enhancing Industry-Academia Collaboration: The government should facilitate stronger partnerships between research institutions and the private sector while maintaining a focus on both applied and basic research.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of the society? (2021)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: FloodWatch India Version 2.0 App
Why in the News?
The Union Ministry of Jal Shakti has launched Version 2.0 of the ‘FloodWatch India’ mobile application.
About FloodWatch India Version 2.0
FloodWatch India Version 2.0 is a mobile application developed by Central Water Commission (CWC) under the Union Ministry of Jal Shakti.
The app provides real-time information and forecasts related to flood situations across India.
It now covers 592 flood monitoring stations, up from 200 in the previous version, offering a more comprehensive overview of flood conditions.
The app includes information on the storage positions of 150 major reservoirs in India, aiding in flood management.
Key features include:
It provides real-time river flow data and flood forecasts up to 7 days in advance.
Users can view state-wise and basin-wise flood forecasts and advisories.
The app uses satellite data analysis, mathematical modelling, and real-time monitoring to ensure accurate and timely flood information.
The app is available in English and Hindi and offers both readable and audio broadcast formats.
PYQ:
[2016] The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise Udara Shakti, 2024
Why in the News?
The recent edition of Exercise Udara Shakti was recently concluded in Malaysia.
About Exercise Udara Shakti
Udara Shakti is a bilateral air force exercise conducted between India and Malaysia.
The primary objective of this exercise is to enhance military cooperation, improve mutual understanding, and share operational expertise.
Features of the Exercise
Both India and Malaysia deploy their Sukhoi-30 fighter jets for the exercise, facilitating direct comparison and operational cooperation.
A distinctive feature of this initiative is the HOP (Hands-On Participation) Exercise, where pilots from both nations swap aircraft.
The Subject Matter Expert Exchange (SMEE) component focuses on sharing knowledge and skills in aviation and engineering specific to the Sukhoi-30 aircraft.
PYQ:
[2024] Which of the following statements about ‘Exercise Mitra Shakti-2023’ are correct?
This was a joint military exercise between India and Bangladesh.
It commenced in Aundh (Pune).
Joint response during counter-terrorism operation was a goal of this operation.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: St Martin’s Island
Why in the News?
The ousted Bangladeshi PM Sheikh Hasina claimed she could have stayed in power if she had given up St. Martin’s Island and parts of the Bay of Bengal to the United States.
About St Martin’s Island
St. Martin’s Island is located in the northeastern region of the Bay of Bengal, near the maritime boundary betweenBangladesh and Myanmar.
It lies about 9 kilometerssouth of the Cox’s Bazar-Teknaf peninsula in Bangladesh.
The island is approximately 7.3 km long and is mostly flat, with an elevation of about 3.6 meters above mean sea level.
It is Bangladesh’s only coral island and is surrounded by coral reefs that extend 10-15 km to the west-northwest of the island.
Historical Background:
The island was originally part of the Teknaf peninsula but gradually submerged into the sea around 5,000 years ago.
It resurfaced approximately 450 years ago.
Arab merchants were among the first settlers in the 18th century. They named it “Jazira” and later “Narikel Jinjira” (Coconut Island).
In 1900, British India annexed the island, and it became known as St. Martin’s Island, named after a Deputy Commissioner of Chittagong.
Strategic importance:
Near the Strait of Malacca: Close to one of the world’s busiest maritime routes, making it strategically important for military oversight.It offers potential for monitoring maritime activities, including strategic interests of global powers.
Border with Myanmar: Proximity to Myanmar adds significance in regional security dynamics.
Other significance for Bangladesh:
It is part of Bangladesh’s EEZ, rich in marine resources like fish, oil, and gas. Also a key tourist destination.
It is important for biodiversity, with coral reefs and diverse marine life.
PYQ:
[2023] Consider the following pairs:
Area of conflict mentioned in news: Country where it is located
1.Donbas: Syria
2.Kachin: Ethiopia
3.Tigray: North Yemen
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Long Range Glide Bomb (LRGB) ‘GAURAV’
Why in the News?
The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has successfully conducted the maiden flight test of the long-range glide bomb (LRGB) ‘Gaurav’.
The test was carried out from a Su-30 MK-I fighter jet of IAF.
About LRGB GAURAV
LRGB Gaurav is a 1,000 kg class long-range glide bomb developed by the DRDO.
It is air-launched from a Su-30 MK-I fighter jet of the Indian Air Force.
The bomb is designed and developed indigenously by the Research Centre Imarat (RCI), Hyderabad.
Adani Defence and Bharat Forge participated as Development cum Production Partners in the Gaurav project.
Key Features:
It uses a hybrid navigation system that combines Inertial Navigation System (INS) with Global Positioning System (GPS) data for highly accurate targeting.
The glide bomb is capable of hitting targets at long distances, although the exact range is not publicly disclosed.
Gaurav enhances India’s precision strike capabilities, allowing for significant impact on various target types with reduced risk to aircraft.
PYQ:
[2014] Which reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. It is a surface-to-surface missile.
2. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
3. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Mains level: Judiciary; Guarantee of Civil Liberties;
Why in the News?
Delhi Deputy Chief Minister Manish Sisodia was arrested in early 2023 by the CBI and ED in the Delhi liquor policy case. After nearly a year and a half in prison, the Supreme Court of India granted him bail, underscoring that bail should not be used as a form of punishment.
Previous judgments on the ‘Right to Speedy Trial’:
The Supreme Court referenced its earlier judgments, including Kashmira Singh (1977), P. Chidambaram (2020), and Satender Kumar Antil (2022), which establish that the right to a speedy trial is fundamental under Article 21 of the Constitution.
The Court’s decision in Arnab Manoranjan Goswami vs The State of Maharashtra and Ors. (2020) was cited, reinforcing that liberty is a core component of constitutionalism.
In recent scenario, the SC relied on its earlier order dated October 30, 2023, in Manish Sisodia vs Central Bureau of Investigation, which highlighted concerns about the large volume of evidence (56,000 pages of documents and 456 witnesses) potentially causing significant delays in trial proceedings.
What are the present limitations?
Prolonged Incarceration: The ruling pointed out that the legal system often leads to excessive delays, which can result in individuals being punished without trial.
Dependence on Prosecutorial Statements: A concern was raised about the reliance on the prosecution’s assurances regarding the timeline for trial completion.
‘Guarantee of Civil Liberties’:
Constitutional Foundation: The Supreme Court emphasized that individual liberties should not be contingent on the discretion of the prosecution.
In judgments like Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978), the Court expanded the understanding of due process, emphasising that any deprivation of liberty must follow fair, just, and reasonable procedures.
Judicial Responsibility: The judgment aims to prevent the misuse of stringent laws like the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) and to uphold the dignity and rights of individuals.
In Rana Ayyub v. Directorate of Enforcement (2023), the Supreme Court emphasized judicial oversight in PMLA enforcement while ensuring trials follow underlying offenses.
Public’s trust on Judiciary: Presently, the Apex Court pointed out the flawed tendency of some judges to deny bail unnecessarily, ignoring the principle of timely trials. This may lead to loss of public trust in the judiciary.
Call for Systemic Change: The ruling urges a reevaluation of the political and legal systems to prioritize justice and individual rights over personal vendettas.
State of Maharashtra v. Rani Kusum (2005) underscores the necessity for reforms to address delays in the judicial process.
Bail is the Rule, Not the Exception: The Supreme Court’s decision in granting bail to Manish Sisodia reinforces the principle that bail is the rule, not the exception.
Way forward:
Adherence to procedural deadlines: In this situation, courts should enforce stricter adherence to procedural deadlines and prioritize cases involving prolonged incarceration to safeguard the right to a speedy trial.
Independent oversight committees: Need to establish independent oversight committees to regularly review cases of prolonged incarceration without trial, ensuring accountability and reducing reliance on prosecutorial assurances alone.
Mains PYQ:
Q What was held in the Coelho case? In this context, can you say that judicial review is of key importance amongst the basic features of the Constitution? (UPSC IAS/2016)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Applicability of Office of Profit on SEBI Chairperson;
Why in the News?
Hindenburg Research has alleged SEBI Chairperson Madhabi Puri Buch and her husband held stakes in Adani-linked offshore funds, implying bias in SEBI’s Adani investigation.
Accusations Against SEBI Chairman Madhabi Puri Buch
Hindenburg Research has accused SEBI Chairman Madhabi Puri Buch of conflicts of interest related to offshore funds tied to the Adani Group, financial opacity regarding a consulting firm transferred to her husband, and potential favoritism towards Blackstone, where her husband is a senior advisor.
Status of the Ongoing Investigation by SEBI
Supreme Court Oversight: The Supreme Court has directed SEBI to investigate the allegations made by Hindenburg Research.
Show Cause Notice by SEBI: In June 2024, SEBI issued a show cause notice to Hindenburg Research, indicating that the regulator is actively pursuing the matter.
About SEBI’s Code on Conflict of Interest:
According to SEBI’s Code on Conflict of Interest, board members, including the Chairperson, are prohibited from holding any other office of profit or engaging in professional activities that involve receiving a salary or professional fees.It can constitute a number of different things that need to be disclosed by the concerned board member:
Certain transactions in shares: The Code says that a member must disclose their, and their family’s (spouse, dependent children below 18 years of age) holdings within 15 days of the assumption of Office, and annually update this disclosure.
Outside private activities: SEBI board members are not allowed to hold any other ‘office of profit’.
Acceptance of gifts: Board members are not allowed to accept “any gift (whose value exceeds Rs 1,000) by whatever name called, to the extent possible, from a regulated entity”. If they do, they have to hand it over to the General Services Department of the SEBI.
Miscellaneous: Members are bound to disclose “any post, other employment or fiduciary position” which they hold or have held in the past five years, in connection with any regulated entity.
Way forward:
Enhance stricter disclosure requirements: SEBI should implement stricter disclosure requirements for all board members, including the Chairperson, ensuring transparency about their financial interests, past affiliations, and potential conflicts.
Establishing an Independent Ethics Committee: An independent ethics committee should be created to oversee and review any potential conflicts of interest involving SEBI board members.
Mains PYQ:
Q In the light of Satyam Scandal (2009), discuss the changes brought in the corporate governance to ensure transparency and accountability. (2015)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Model Solar Village
Why in the news?
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has issued operational guidelines for the Implementation of ‘Model Solar Village’ under PM-Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana.
The centre recently allocated ₹800 crore for the same.
About PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana
Description
Purpose
To provide 300 units of free electricity per month to beneficiaries through an investment of ₹75,000 crores.
Deadline
Extended the deadline from 2022 to 2026.
Announcement
Initially announced in an Interim Budget 2024-25 speech by the Finance Minister.
Target
Aimed to light up 1 crore households.
Implementation
Urban Local Bodies and Panchayats are incentivised to promote rooftop solar systems.
Financial Support
Average Monthly Electricity Consumption (units)
Suitable Rooftop Solar Plant Capacity
Subsidy Support
0-150
1-2 kW
₹ 30,000 to ₹ 60,000
150-300
2-3 kW
₹ 60,000 to ₹ 78,000
> 300
Above 3 kW
₹ 78,000
Features of the ‘Model Solar Village’ Initiative:
Details
Comprehensive Solarization
Solarize all households and public areas with home lighting, water systems, pumps, and streetlights.
Seeks to create one Model Solar Village per district.
Implementing Agency
State Renewable Energy Development Agency (SREDA) or another entity nominated by the State/UT Government will implement the scheme.
24×7 Solar-Powered Village
Develop villages powered entirely by solar energy, promoting self-reliance in meeting energy needs.
Central Financial Assistance (CFA)
₹1 crore grant per village based on a Detailed Project Report (DPR) by the Implementing Agency.
The total financial allocation for this initiative is ₹800 crore.
Eligibility Criteria
Revenue village with a population over 5,000 (or 2,000 in special category states).
Based on installed renewable energy capacity, overseen by the District Level Committee (DLC) 6 months after the declaration.
Fund Disbursement
40% on the award of works, 40% after completion, 20% after 6 months of operation.
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to solar power production in India, consider the following statements:
1. India is the third largest in the world in the manufacture of silicon wafers used in photovoltaic units.
2. The solar power tariffs are determined by the Solar Energy Corporation of India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kursk Operation
Why in the News?
Ukrainian troops have advanced up to 35 kilometers into Russian territory in the Kursk region.
What is the Kursk Operation?
The Kursk operation marks a significant escalation in the ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia.
The operation has been characterized by intense fighting, with reports of casualties.
About Kursk Region:
It is located in the western part of Russia, bordering Ukraine to the southwest.
The region holds historical significance Battle of Kursk as the site of the, which took place from July to August 1943 and is recognized as the largest tank battle in history during World War II.
The Kursk region is rich in iron ore, which has led to substantial mining operations in the area.
The region experiences a continental climate, with cold winters and warm summers.
Significance of the Kursk Operation for Ukraine
Strategic Leverage: Strengthens Ukraine’s position in future negotiations by capturing Russian territory for potential land exchanges.
Buffer Zone Creation: Enhances security for contested Ukrainian areas by establishing a protective buffer on Russian soil.
Military Diversion: Forces Russia to redeploy troops, weakening their main front lines and easing pressure on Ukrainian forces.
PYQ:
[2023] Consider the following pairs:
Regions often mentioned in news
Reason for being in news
1. North Kivu and Ituri
War between Armenia and Azerbaijan
2. Nagorno-Karabakh
Insurgency in Mozambique
3. Kherson and Zaporizhzhia
Dispute between Israel and Lebanon
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of monopoly in the market
Why in the news?
US Federal court ruled Google’s $26 billion payments to default on smartphone browsers violated US antitrust law, blocking competitors and benefiting the Justice Department.
About Google’s Antitrust Case
The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) brought an antitrust case against Google, accusing it of maintaining a monopoly in the online search and advertising sectors.
The DOJ argued that Google’s dominance was achieved through exclusive distribution agreements, which prevented competitors from succeeding in the market.
What Did the Ruling State?
Google Monopolistic Practices: Google broke antitrust laws to keep its monopoly on “general search services” and “general search text ads.”
Note: The Sherman Antitrust Act is a landmark U.S. federal law enacted in 1890 to promote competition and prevent monopolistic practices.
Advantageous position due to the “default” search engine: The Google company has an unseen advantage over its competitors where it’s search engine processes an estimated 8.5 billion queries per day worldwide.
The present judgment by US District of Colombia limits itself to the relevant geographic market of the US.
Paying billions to smartphone makers: Google was accused of paying billions to smartphone makers like Apple and Samsung to ensure Google was the default search engine on their devices and browsers.
How Do Monopolistic Practices Harm Consumer Experience?
Impact on Competition: Monopolistic practices, like those exhibited by Google, stifle competition by preventing rivals from entering the market and can lead to higher prices and reduced innovation.
Unfair Platform for Start-ups: The new start-ups would have to surmount the entry barriers to create a GSE of comparable quality to Google. These barriers would cost high capital, access to distribution channels, and brand recognition.
Quality Degradation: A monopolist may lose the incentive to improve the quality of its products, as there is little risk of losing customers to competitors.
The ruling highlighted that Google conducted a study in 2020 that showed it would not lose search revenue even if it significantly reduced the quality of its search product.
Limites the choices of consumer: When a company holds a monopoly, consumers are often left with few alternatives, allowing the monopolist to exploit its position.
Government Initiatives taken in India for similar line:
The Draft Competition Bill 2024: The Ministry of Corporate Affairs’ Bill prevents giant tech companies/ Systemically Significant Digital Enterprises (SSDEs) from participating in anti-competitive practices.
The Bill imposes restrictions on SSDEs, barring them from favouring their own products and services, and from using or sharing users’ personal data without their consent.
Big tech companies have objected to the Bill because the compliance burdens would shift focus from innovation and research.
Way forward:
Encouraging Innovation: Governments and regulatory bodies should support the development of alternative search engines and platforms through incentives, grants, and support for startups.
Banning Exclusive Agreements: Prohibit exclusive distribution agreements that make one product or service the default, ensuring that consumers have a choice and that competitors can fairly compete.
Mains question for practice:
Q Discuss the significance of India’s Competition Act, 2002 in regulating anti-competitive practices and promoting a fair market environment. 10M
