Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hanle Dark Sky Reserve
Why in the News?
Expert astro-photographers and astronomers have gathered at the Hanle Dark Sky Reserve from for the second Star Party.
Star Party and Its Details
- The Star Party at the Hanle Dark Sky Reserve is a gathering of amateur astronomers and astro-photographers who travel to Hanle to observe and capture celestial phenomena.
- It was hosted by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) from and attended by over 45 astronomy enthusiasts from across India.
- Participants brought their own telescopes and cameras to capture unique celestial events, including faint galaxies, the Zodiacal Light, and the rare sight of Venus casting a shadow.
|
About Hanle Dark Sky Reserve (HDSR)
- The HDSR is a designated area in Changthang region of eastern Ladakh created to control man-made light pollution and protect the naturally dark night skies.
- It spans approximately 1,073 square kilometers and is home to the Indian Astronomical Observatory, operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA).
- Established to promote astronomy and astrophotography, it offers some of the darkest skies in India, ideal for astronomical research.
- Hanley is also the home to second-highest optical telescope in the world, established in 2001 by IIA.
Special Features of HDSR and the Surrounding Region
- High Altitude: Hanle is situated at a high altitude, providing clearer skies with minimal atmospheric interference.
- Minimal Light Pollution: The region has low light pollution, which makes it perfect for observing faint celestial objects.
- Dry Climate: The dry weather in the region contributes to excellent visibility, reducing the impact of humidity on astronomical observations.
Significance of HDSR
- Astrophotography and Research: The dark skies allow for detailed observation of celestial phenomena and astrophotography, attracting enthusiasts and researchers.
- Astro-Tourism: The reserve fosters astro-tourism, boosting the local economy by creating jobs for guides and supporting infrastructure.
- Preservation of Night Skies: It plays a crucial role in preserving the natural darkness of the sky, curbing light pollution in the region.
- International Attention: The reserve has attracted amateur and professional astronomers from across India and beyond, making it a hub for astronomical events.
| PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following phenomena:
- Light is affected by gravity.
- The Universe is constantly expanding.
- Matter warps its surrounding space-time.
Which of the above is/are the prediction/predictions of Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, often discussed in media?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India’s relation with major powers in the world;
Why in the News?
India’s participation in the sixth Quad Leaders’ Summit in Wilmington, Delaware, U.S., on September 21, 2024, has heightened expectations for strengthening security cooperation among the “four key maritime democracies in the Indo-Pacific.”
How can India navigate its relationships with major powers?
- Strategic Autonomy: India maintains a policy of non-alignment, balancing relations with both the U.S. and Russia. It is careful not to be drawn into formal alliances but seeks to leverage its partnerships for national interests.
- Quad vs. Russia: India’s engagement with the U.S.-led Quad strengthens its Indo-Pacific strategy, while its ties with Russia (a Quad opponent) focus on maintaining historical military and strategic benefits.
- Russia-China Dynamics: As Russia moves closer to China, India seeks to rebalance, ensuring its interests are not sidelined, particularly in the context of China’s growing influence in Asia and unresolved border disputes.
- U.S. Partnership: While deepening ties with the U.S., India is cautious about fully aligning with Washington’s agenda (for exports), especially regarding tensions with Russia.
What role does India play in Global Conflict Resolution?
- As a Peace facilitator: India is increasingly positioning itself as a peace facilitator, evidenced by the NSA (Ajit Dowal) of India’s outreach to Russia and France regarding the Ukraine conflict and peace plan.
- As a ‘Vishwa Bandhu’: India’s engagement with both Ukraine and Russia shows its willingness to serve as an interlocutor, navigating complex diplomatic terrains while pushing for dialogue in global conflicts.
- India’s attempts to mediate in conflicts like Ukraine emphasize its independent foreign policy, aiming to project itself as a “Vishwa Bandhu” (friend to the world).
What implications do Domestic Issues have on India’s Foreign Policy?
- Economic Dependencies: India’s reliance on Russian military equipment and discounted oil affects its stance on the Ukraine war, pushing for a more nuanced approach in balancing U.S. and Russian relations.
- Border Tensions with China: Domestic security concerns, such as the standoff at the LAC, influence India’s foreign policy decisions, especially in its cautious relationship with China despite economic interdependence.
- Public Opinion and Strategic Decisions: India’s foreign policy must account for domestic perceptions of global powers, balancing national security with economic growth and political stability in a complex international environment.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Strategic Autonomy: India should continue balancing its relationships with major powers by deepening economic and security ties with both the U.S. and Russia, while maintaining flexibility to protect its national interests, particularly in the Indo-Pacific and vis-à-vis China.
- Expand Peace Diplomacy: India can further leverage its role as a mediator in global conflicts, enhancing its international standing by promoting dialogue and peace initiatives.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sustainable Development;
Mains level: Issues associated with Urbanization; Sustainable development; High-performance building;
Why in the News?
Due to rapid urbanization, India is facing the challenge of exceeding global energy efficiency and carbon benchmarks. High-performance buildings (HPBs) offer resilient, adaptive, and self-sufficient designs, promoting healthier indoor environments and better air quality.
What are High-Performance Buildings (HPBs)?
- These are structures designed to achieve peak levels of energy efficiency, sustainability, and occupant comfort.
- They go beyond standard building practices by integrating advanced technologies and smart design strategies to minimize environmental impact, optimize resource use, and improve overall performance.
- For example, Unnati (Greater Noida) and Indira Paryavaran Bhawan (New Delhi) showcase smart designs like sun-optimized facades and advanced HVAC systems, reducing energy use.
Key features of HPBs include:
- Energy Efficiency: HPBs use cutting-edge technologies like energy-efficient HVAC systems, smart lighting controls, and advanced insulation to reduce energy consumption.
- Water Conservation: Techniques like greywater recycling and rainwater harvesting help HPBs minimize water usage.
- Sustainable Materials: HPBs use eco-friendly, durable materials to reduce their carbon footprint and increase building longevity.
- Site-Specific Design: HPBs leverage natural lighting, ventilation, and terrain-specific water management to enhance thermal efficiency and reduce energy demand.
- Building Management Systems (BMS): HPBs employ BMS to monitor real-time performance metrics such as energy usage, water consumption, and indoor air quality, ensuring continuous optimization of resources.
How can HPBs help Indian cities?
- Resource Efficiency: HPBs help reduce energy consumption and promote water conservation, addressing India’s resource scarcity and fluctuating energy markets.
- Urban Resilience: By being energy-efficient and self-sufficient, HPBs can help cities adapt to rising temperatures and urbanization pressures.
- Healthier Environments: HPBs enhance indoor air quality, thermal comfort, and occupant well-being through intelligent systems like air filtration, natural lighting, and smart temperature control.
- The strain on Infrastructure: HPBs can relieve pressure on public infrastructure by minimizing resource usage, making them crucial for fast-growing cities.
- Sustainable Growth: HPBs are key to driving India’s transition to a low-carbon economy, supporting sustainable urbanization, and enhancing property value through long-term cost savings.
Way Forward:
- Scaling Adoption of HPBs: Promote widespread implementation of HPBs through government incentives, regulations, and public-private partnerships, aligning with SDG Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) to foster inclusive, safe, and resilient urban spaces.
- Innovation and Capacity Building: Encourage innovation in building technologies and workforce training to develop HPBs, contributing to SDG Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) by ensuring energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions in cities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Passive mutual fund;
Mains level: Liberalisation of mutual funds;
Why in the News?
On September 30, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) launched the liberalized Mutual Funds Lite (MF Lite) framework specifically for passively managed schemes.
What is a Passive Mutual Fund?
- A Passive Mutual Fund is a type of investment fund that follows a market index, like Nifty50, trying to match its performance.
- They can be easily tracked, whereas, Active Mutual Funds need expert fund managers to actively monitor them and make investments in securities of their choice accordingly.
- Since there’s no need for constant research, analysis, or active trading the costs are lower.
|
Key highlights of the liberalized Mutual Funds Lite (MF Lite) framework:
- Separate Framework for Passive Funds: It is tailored for passively managed schemes, which are less risky and require minimal active management.
- Relaxed Entry Requirements: Lowered net worth requirement (₹35 crore), simplified criteria for sponsor eligibility (profitability, track record).
- Encouraging New Players: It provides easier entry for new AMCs (Asset management companies) and market players in the passive fund segment.
- Governance Flexibility: It has reduced oversight for trustees; operational responsibilities shifted to AMC boards, focusing on fees, expenses, and tracking error.
- Cost Efficiency Focus: It emphasizes on lowering Total Expense Ratio (TER) and minimizing tracking error for better returns.
- Simplified Disclosures: The Scheme Information Documents (SID) are simplified to focus on key metrics like benchmark index, TER, and tracking error.
- Risk Management: Audit committees of AMCs can handle risk management duties due to the lower risk profile of passive funds.
Why a Separate Framework for MF Lite is Needed?
- Lower Risk Profile: Passively managed funds are generally less risky because they track established benchmarks like BSE Sensex or Nifty50, reducing the need for active decision-making.
- Minimal Asset Manager Discretion: Unlike actively managed funds, asset managers of passive funds have limited discretion in asset allocation and investment objectives. They simply mirror the performance of the benchmark index.
- Inapplicability of Existing Regulations: The current framework is designed primarily for actively managed funds, which involve more risks and require more oversight. It is less suitable for passive funds, which operate with predefined, transparent rules.
- Cost-Effective Market Entry: To encourage new players and make the passive fund industry more competitive, SEBI introduced relaxed regulations regarding eligibility, net worth, and profitability.
What about risks and disclosures?
- Success depends on Total Expense Ratio (TER) and tracking error. Lower costs and minimal deviation from the benchmark are crucial for performance.
- Scheme Information Documents (SID) focus on key metrics like the benchmark name, TER, and tracking error, leaving out complex strategies.
- Risk management responsibilities are streamlined, allowing the audit committee of the AMC to handle oversight, reflecting the lower risks of passive funds.
Way forward:
- Enhance Investor Education: Develop targeted educational initiatives to inform retail investors about the benefits, risks, and operational aspects of passive mutual funds, fostering informed investment decisions.
- Ongoing Regulatory Evaluation: Establish a framework for periodic assessment and adaptation of the MF Lite regulations to ensure they remain effective and relevant, promoting competition while safeguarding investor interests.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rythu Bharosa Scheme
Why in the News?
After the completion of the loan waiver, the Telangana government will provide Rythu Bharosa assistance to support farmers further.
About the Rythu Bharosa Scheme:
|
Details |
| Scheme Name |
Rythu Bharosa Scheme (Farmer’s Investment Support Scheme – FISS) |
| Launch Year |
2018-19 Kharif season (Telangana Govt’s Navratna Scheme) |
| Objective |
To support the initial investment needs of farmers by providing financial aid for agriculture and horticulture crops. |
| Benefits |
₹5,000 per acre per season as a grant for input purchases, with no cap on the number of acres owned by farmers. |
| Eligibility |
- Farmers must be residents of Telangana.
- Must own agricultural land.
- Small and marginal farmers are eligible.
- Farmers cultivating land with Record of Forest Rights (ROFR) document (mainly from Scheduled Tribe communities).
|
| Ineligible Farmers |
- Commercial farmers.
- Farmers working on a rental contract or tenant farmers.
|
Significance of the move
- Financial Relief for Farmers: By waiving loans of up to ₹2 lakh per farmer, the scheme provides significant financial relief, helping farmers manage their debt and invest in future agricultural activities.
- Boost to Agricultural Sector: The waiver will enable farmers to focus on improving productivity and crop yields without the burden of debt, potentially boosting the state’s agricultural output.
- Reduction in Farmer Distress: This move will alleviate distress among farmers, especially those affected by unpredictable weather and fluctuating crop prices, reducing the risk of farm-related suicides and financial instability.
PYQ:
[2020] Under the Kisan Credit Card scheme, short-term credit support is given to farmers for which of the following purposes?
- Working capital for maintenance of farm assets
- Purchase of combine harvesters, tractors and mini trucks
- Consumption requirements of farm households
- Post-harvest expenses
- Construction of family house and setting up of village cold storage facility
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 5 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC)
Why in the News?
India’s power regulator, the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC), has appointed a Single Member Bench to assess the challenges of a sudden surge in power demand.
Projected Power Demand for October 2024
- India’s projected peak power demand for October 2024 is 230 Gigawatts (GW).
- After factoring in Inter-State Transmission System (ISTS) losses, the demand is expected to rise to 232.2 GW.
- To meet this demand, an additional 12.60 GW of generation resources is required.
Concerns over Power System Operation:
- The steep rise in electricity demand, without enough generation sources, could pose a risk to power system operations.
- The Regional Load Despatch Centres (RLDCs) and State Load Despatch Centres (SLDCs) are responsible for conducting operational planning to manage this surge, especially due to seasonal variations.
|
About Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC):
|
Details |
| Establishment |
It was constituted on July 24, 1998, under the Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998, and later brought under the Electricity Act, 2003. |
| Type |
Statutory body with quasi-judicial status under Section 76 of the Electricity Act, 2003. |
| Ministry |
Functions under the Ministry of Power, Government of India. |
| Primary Functions |
– Regulates tariffs of power generation companies (owned/controlled by the Government of India).
– Regulates interstate transmission tariffs.
– Issues licenses for interstate transmission and trading. |
| Key Role in Tariff Evolution |
– Introduced a Two-Part Tariff in 1992.
– Introduced Availability Based Tariff (ABT) in 2000 to improve grid stability. |
| Advisory Role |
– Contributes to National Electricity Policy and Tariff Policy.
– Promotes competition, efficiency, and investment in the electricity sector. |
| Licensing |
– Issues licenses for electricity transmission and interstate trading. |
| Grid Operation Standards |
Enforces standards under the Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC) to improve grid stability and power quality. |
| Dispute Resolution |
Adjudicates disputes involving power generation companies and transmission licensees. |
| Collaboration |
Signed a MoU with the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) in 2009 for enhancing power market regulation and grid reliability. |
| First Chairman |
Mr. S.L. Rao (1998–2001). |
PYQ:
[2016] Which one of the following is the purpose of ‘UDAY’, a scheme of the Government?
(a) Providing technical and financial assistance to start-up entrepreneurs in the field of renewable sources of energy
(b) Providing electricity to every household in the country by 2018
(c) Replacing the coal-based power plants with natural gas, nuclear, solar, wind and tidal power plants over a period of time
(d) Providing for financial turnaround and revival of power distribution companies |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Academic Freedom Index (AFI)
Why in the News?
India has seen a sharp decline in Academic Freedom Index rankings over the past 10 years.
About the Academic Freedom Index (AFI):
|
Details |
| Released by |
Global Public Policy Institute (GPPi) in collaboration with Scholars at Risk (SAR) and V-Dem Institute (Varieties of Democracy)
Published as a part of a global time-series dataset (1900-2019) |
| Purpose |
To assess and quantify academic freedom across different countries |
| Score Range |
- 0 (complete repression) to 1 (full academic freedom)
- Scores based on expert surveys and institutional data
|
| Main Parameters |
- Freedom to Research and Teach
- Institutional Autonomy
- Freedom of Academic Exchange and Dissemination
- Campus Integrity
- Freedom of Expression for Academics
- Constitutional Protection of Academic Freedom
|
| Usage |
- Tracking academic freedom trends
- Influencing policy
- Advocating for academic liberty in different countries
|
| Annual Report |
Published as part of the “Free to Think” report series by Scholars at Risk |
India’s Performance:
- India’s academic freedom score dropped from 0.6 points in 2013 to just 0.2 points in 2023, marking a significant deterioration.
- The report categorizes India as “completely restricted”, the country’s lowest rank since the mid-1940s.
- This decline is attributed to many factors, including:
- Political Influence on Universities
- Limitations on Student Protests
Significance
- Impact on Democracy: The decline threatens democratic values, as universities, traditionally spaces for free thought and dissent, and are increasingly under political control, limiting student protests and academic expression.
- International Reputation: India’s shrinking academic freedom could harm its global standing, making it less attractive to international students, scholars, and research collaborations.
- Long-Term Effects on Education: The politicization of higher education may weaken innovation and critical thinking, hindering economic growth and the development of future leaders and policymakers.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SAARC Currency Swap Framework
Why in the News?
The RBI has announced a Currency Swap Agreement with the Maldives Monetary Authority (MMA) under the SAARC Currency Swap Framework 2024-27.
India’s Financial Support to Maldives
- India will extend financial support to the Maldives, providing $400 million under the US Dollar/Euro Swap Window.
- Additionally, ₹30 billion (approximately $357 million) will be made available under the INR Swap Window.
- The Currency Swap Agreement will remain valid until June 18, 2027.
|
About SAARC Currency Swap Framework:
|
Details |
| Objective |
To provide short-term liquidity support to SAARC member countries during financial crises or instability. |
| Administered by |
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) |
| Launch Year |
2012 |
| Countries Involved |
All SAARC members: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. |
| Facility |
Swap arrangement in US Dollar, Euro, or Indian Rupee. |
| Interest Rate |
Based on the currency borrowed, includes a margin over international benchmark rates. |
| Purpose |
To address the balance of payment crises and provide financial stability. |
| Recent Users |
Sri Lanka, Maldives |
Maldives’ Debt Situation
- The Maldives’ debt is now estimated at 110% of its gross domestic product (GDP), with increasing risks of defaulting on its sukuk (Islamic bond).
- A failure to make payments would mark the world’s first default of an Islamic bond.
-
- Fitch Ratings estimates that the Maldives’ external debt obligations will reach $557 million by 2025 and exceed $1 billion by 2026.
- The country’s foreign reserves stood at just $437 million at the end of August, only enough to cover one-and-a-half months of imports.
- India provided a $50 million lifeline to the Maldives to help avoid this outcome.
- The Export-Import Bank of India is owed nearly $400 million, while the Export-Import Bank of China is owed about $530 million as of last year.
Significance of India’s Assistance
- Debt Relief: India’s financial aid, including a $50 million lifeline, would help the Maldives avoid debt default and stabilize its economy.
- Geopolitical Influence: With this, India can counter China’s influence in the Maldives, strengthening its strategic position in the Indian Ocean.
- Diplomatic Reset: India’s support strengthens diplomatic relations, aiding the Maldives in debt restructuring and global partnerships.
PYQ:
[2019] In the context of India, which of the following factors is/are contributor/contributors to reducing the risk of a currency crisis?
- The foreign currency earnings of India’s IT sector
- Increasing the government expenditure
- Remittances from Indians abroad
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of Globalisation on the economy;
Why in the News?
External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar highlighted that over the past 25 years, globalisation has led to job losses and dissatisfaction in many societies, as trade has become both globalised and weaponised.
How is trade being weaponised in global politics?
- Trade is increasingly being used as a strategic tool by countries, intertwined with national security concerns. Nations impose tariffs, subsidies, and other economic measures as defensive actions to protect domestic industries and geopolitical interests.
- Technologies and supply chains are viewed through a national security lens, leading to greater control over economic interactions.
Note: Economic and military power comes under hard power.
What implications does this weaponization of trade have for India and its foreign relations?
- Rising Protectionism: India has responded to this trend by imposing over 30 anti-dumping measures against Chinese goods in 2024 alone. These defensive actions are meant to shield Indian industries from what is perceived as China’s predatory pricing strategies.
- Impact on Global Supply Chains: As global supply chains become more transnational, India’s ability to secure its interests, especially in high-tech sectors, becomes crucial.
- India is balancing its integration into the global economy while protecting critical sectors from foreign influence, especially from China.
- Foreign Relations: India’s foreign policy is increasingly being shaped by economic security concerns.
- Trade disputes, such as those with China, have prompted a re-evaluation of economic partnerships and collaboration within frameworks like the Indo-Pacific to reduce dependency on potentially adversarial nations.
What historical context informs India’s current approach to trade and international relations?
- China’s Entry into WTO (2001): India, like many other countries, faced economic repercussions when Chinese goods flooded global markets after China joined the WTO. This led to job losses and industrial competition.
- Globalization and Job Losses: The rapid globalization of the past 25 years has contributed to domestic job losses and dissatisfaction in various sectors in India.
- Strategic Autonomy: India’s foreign relations have historically been guided by a principle of strategic autonomy.
- This informs its cautious stance on fully integrating into global supply chains without safeguarding critical industries, and influences its desire to promote reforms in Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) to suit developing nations’ needs.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Domestic Industries: India should continue enhancing self-reliance through initiatives like Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat, focusing on boosting high-tech sectors and reducing dependency on foreign imports, especially from adversarial nations like China.
- Diversifying Trade Partnerships: India must deepen economic ties with friendly nations and regional alliances such as the Indo-Pacific, while advocating for reforms in global trade systems like the WTO and MDBs to ensure fair competition and support for developing economies.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Regional issues in Africa;
Why in the News?
On September 26, the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) initiated a significant offensive against the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) in Khartoum and Bahri. As a result, the conflict, which had been relatively calm for several months, has reignited with increased intensity.
What is the extent of the war?
- Duration and Scope: The civil war has lasted for over 18 months, initially erupting from a power struggle between the two military factions—the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF). What began in Khartoum has spread to various regions, including Omdurman, Bahri, Port Sudan, El Fasher, and areas in Darfur and Kordofan.
- Casualties and Displacement: The UN reports over 20,000 fatalities since the conflict began. Additionally, the International Organization for Migration estimates 10.89 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) as of October 1.
- Worsening Humanitarian Crisis: Access to aid and healthcare has become severely restricted, particularly in Darfur.
- The UN has declared famine in specific camps like Zamzam, affecting nearly 500,000 IDPs. Currently, 25.6 million people—more than half of Sudan’s population—face critical food insecurity.
How have ethnic tensions and rivalries played a part in the war?
- Ethnic Conflict: The war has evolved beyond a military rivalry, intensifying along ethnic lines. The RSF, composed of predominantly Arab militias, has been involved in targeting non-Arab communities, such as the Masalit, particularly in the Darfur region.
- Militia Involvement: Various regional ethnic militias have taken sides in the conflict, complicating the dynamics further. The SAF has allied with the Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement, while the RSF has garnered support from Arab militias.
- Historical reason: Ethnic tensions are rooted in historical grievances, exacerbating violence and leading to retaliatory attacks between communities, which have fueled the conflict.
What are the implications for the region?
- Mass Displacement: Over two million refugees have fled to neighboring countries, including Chad, South Sudan, and Ethiopia. This has strained resources in host countries and raised concerns about a potential migrant crisis in Europe.
- Ethnic Clashes in Neighboring Regions: The instability in Sudan has triggered ethnic violence along the borders with South Sudan and Ethiopia, particularly in contested areas like Abyei and El Fashaga.
- Economic Impact: The ongoing conflict jeopardizes essential infrastructures, such as oil pipelines from South Sudan to the Red Sea, threatening regional economic stability.
- Cross-Border Tensions: A lack of effective governance in Sudan has led to increased ethnic tensions and clashes in border regions, which could have wider implications for regional security and stability.
Way forward:
- Facilitate Peace Talks: India can leverage its diplomatic relations with the conflicting factions (SAF and RSF) to encourage dialogue and support peace initiatives through multilateral platforms like the African Union and the UN.
- Strengthen Regional Alliances: India can collaborate with neighbouring countries (Chad, South Sudan, Ethiopia) to manage the refugee crisis and promote stability through joint security initiatives.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Urbanisation in the eco-sensitive zone;
Why in the News?
The Maharashtra government allocated 255.9 acres of salt pan land across three parcels in Mumbai’s eastern suburbs for rental housing under the Dharavi Redevelopment Project.
What is Salt pans?
- Salt pans are low-lying coastal areas used for salt cultivation, acting as natural sponges that absorb rainwater and support diverse ecosystems while mitigating flooding.
|
What is the Maharashtra government doing to relocate people?
- Allocation of Land for Housing: The Maharashtra government has issued a Government Resolution (GR) allocating 255.9 acres of salt pan land for the construction of rental housing as part of the Dharavi Redevelopment Project. This land is to be used for slum rehabilitation and affordable housing for economically weaker sections.
- Lease Agreement: The land parcels will be leased to the Maharashtra government for 99 years, with the objective of providing housing for residents displaced from Dharavi.
- Involvement of Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV): The Dharavi Redevelopment Project Private Limited (DRPPL), in which an Adani Group entity holds 80% stake and the State government has a 20% stake, is responsible for the construction and resettlement of laborers working on the land.
- Concessional Rate for Land: The land is being provided at a concessional rate of 25% of the prevailing market rate, making it more accessible for development.
Why is the move controversial?
- Environmental Concerns: Urban planners and environmentalists have raised concerns about the lack of an impact assessment study before developing large parcels of salt pan land.
- Risk of Ghetto Formation: Critics argue that relocating residents to different parts of the city, rather than in-situ rehabilitation (keeping them in their original areas), could lead to the formation of ghettos and further social segregation.
Are salt pan lands ecologically important?
- Ecological Role: Salt pan lands are vital as salt marshlands that serve as holding ponds, absorbing rainwater and acting as natural sponges, thereby helping to mitigate flooding.
- Biodiversity: These areas support diverse flora and fauna, contributing to the ecological balance of coastal regions.
- Natural Defense: The salt pan lands provide a coastal area’s natural defense against flooding and other environmental hazards, highlighting their importance in maintaining regional ecological health.
Way forward:
- Integrate Environmental Assessments with Development Planning: The Maharashtra government should implement a framework that integrates environmental impact assessments into the planning process for the Dharavi Redevelopment Project.
- Adopt a Community-Centric Approach to Resettlement: The government should engage with affected communities to explore in-situ rehabilitation options and gather input on their housing needs.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Battle tanks;
Mains level: Significance of Tank in war;
Why in the News?
The Ukraine war has highlighted the versatility of battle tanks, demonstrating that armor remains crucial on modern battlefields, alongside long-range firepower.
What are the difficulties in Ladakh due to high terrain and altitude?
- High Altitude Challenges: At altitudes of 13,000-15,000 feet, oxygen levels are low, causing rarefied air, which affects the performance of engines and machines, including tanks. Temperatures can dip to as low as -40 degrees Celsius.
- Logistics and Transportation: Transporting tanks and heavy machinery to these high-altitude regions is a Herculean task due to the terrain. Once deployed, they are kept operational throughout, with maintenance facilities set up in forward areas like Nyoma and Daulat Beg Oldi.
Threat from China:
- Chinese Deployment: The Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has enhanced its firepower and mechanised units along the Line of Actual Control (LAC). This includes the deployment of the ZTQ 15 (Type 15) light tanks and Type 96A second-generation tanks.
- Modernisation and Mobilisation: China has also introduced modern wheeled Armoured Personnel Carriers (APCs) and assault vehicles such as the CSK series to the region, indicating a significant military upgrade along the LAC.
- Tactical Proximity: During the 2020 stand-off, Chinese and Indian tanks came within 100 metres of each other, demonstrating the heightened tensions and the tactical threats in Eastern Ladakh.
What are the Indian Army’s future plans to fortify the border areas?
- Indigenous Development: The Indian Army is developing the Zorawar light tank, specifically designed for high-altitude warfare.
- T-90 and BMP Upgrades: India is enhancing the capabilities of existing T-90 tanks and BMP-2 armoured carriers
- Long-term Projects: Plans are underway for Future Ready Combat Vehicles (FRCV) and Future Infantry Combat Vehicles (FICV) to replace current tanks and BMPs, with induction expected by 2030.
- Procurement Plans: The Army is also evaluating the U.S. Stryker infantry combat vehicle and has initiated the process to procure 100 more K9 Vajra Howitzers to bolster long-range firepower.
- Enhancing Infrastructure: Since 2012, India has significantly improved its infrastructure along the LAC, enabling long-term deployment of troops, tanks, and artillery in the region.
Conclusion: The government should continue expanding logistical infrastructure along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), improving transportation, maintenance facilities, and supply chains to support long-term troop and equipment deployment in challenging terrain.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: EnviStats India 2024 Report and its highlights
Why in the News?
- The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has released the “EnviStats India 2024: Environment Accounts” Report.
What is the EnviStats India 2024 Report?
- The EnviStats India 2024 Report, released by the MoSPI, is the 7th consecutive publication.
- It compiles environmental-economic accounts based on the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) Framework.
- This framework provides a global standard for integrating environmental data with economic statistics, offering insights into the country’s natural resources, ecosystems, and environmental sustainability efforts.
Key Highlights:
|
Details |
| Protected Areas (SDG 13 & SDG 15) |
– 72% increase in the number of Protected Areas (2000-2023)
– 16% increase in the area of Protected Areas, reflecting biodiversity conservation efforts. |
| Mangrove Cover (SDG 13 & SDG 15) |
– 8% increase in mangrove cover (2013-2021), highlighting positive growth in coastal ecosystem protection. |
| Ocean Accounts (SDG 14: Life below Water) |
– Introduced for the first time, covering the extent and condition of ocean ecosystems. |
| Energy Use & Physical Asset Accounts (SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy & SDG 13: Climate Action) |
– Includes Physical Asset Accounts and Physical Supply and Use Tables for Energy, aligned with SEEA-Energy Framework, and data from ministries like Coal and Petroleum. |
| Soil Nutrient Index (SDG 2: Zero Hunger) |
– Updated data on Soil Nutrient Index based on the Soil Health Card 2023-24, reflecting soil health and agricultural sustainability. |
| Biodiversity & Species Richness (SDG 15: Life on Land) |
– Data on faunal and floral diversity, including endangered species like Leopards and Snow leopards, connecting to biodiversity conservation. |
Policy Recommendations
The EnviStats India 2024 Report suggests several policy directions based on its findings:
- Biodiversity Protection: Strengthen community-led conservation and expand protection of critical ecosystems.
- Ocean Ecosystem Management: Use Ocean Accounts for sustainable marine resource management and pollution control.
- Soil Health: Encourage sustainable farming practices and better soil management, leveraging Soil Health Cards for improved productivity.
- Integrated Planning: Focus on species conservation, habitat restoration, and genetic conservation through data-driven planning.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rani Durgavati and her contemporaries
Why in the News?
Madhya Pradesh CM chaired a meeting in honour of the 16th century tribal queen Rani Durgavati on her 500th birth anniversary.
Rani Durgavati (1524-1564)
- Rani Durgavati was born in 1524 in the Chandela dynasty of Mahoba (present-day Uttar Pradesh).
- She married Dalpat Shah, son of Gond King Sangram Shah of the Garha-Katanga kingdom.
- After her husband’s death in 1550, she ruled the kingdom as regent for her young son, Bir Narayan.
- Her role against the Mughals:
- Rani Durgavati expanded her kingdom and ruled with prosperity, shifting her capital to Chauragarh for strategic advantage.
- In 1564, the Mughal general Asaf Khan, under Emperor Akbar, attacked her kingdom.
- She led her forces bravely and initially defeated the Mughals in a strategic battle at Narhi.
- To avoid capture, she sacrificed her life, becoming a symbol of courage and resistance.
Her contributions
- Rani Durgavati is remembered for her bravery, administrative skills, and martyrdom.
- She carried out public works, including the construction of Ranital, a reservoir near Jabalpur.
- Celebrated as a symbol of self-determination, especially for tribal communities.
- She is honored in Indian history as a patriotic ruler who resisted Mughal expansion, with various political and cultural tributes dedicated to her legacy.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Features of the Dravidian style of temple architecture
Why in the News?
- The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), has recently finished copying inscriptions at three temples in Thirukurungudi, located in Tirunelveli district.
About the 3 temples mentioned:
Nambi Rayar Temple (Thirukoshtiyur Temple)
- It is a temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu and is located in Thirukoshtiyur, near Sivaganga in Tamil Nadu.
- It is one of the 108 Divya Desams (sacred Vishnu temples).
- It is known for its association with Ramanuja, one of the most important figures in Vaishnavism, who learned the sacred mantra “Ashtakshara” here.
- The temple has a five-tiered rajagopuram (temple tower) and is built in Dravidian style.
Thirumalai Nambi Temple (Thirumaliruncholai Temple)
- It is a temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu and is located in Thirumaliruncholai, also known as Azhagar Kovil, near Madurai, Tamil Nadu.
- This temple is also one of the 108 Divya Desams.
- Thirumalai Nambi, who was a saint and a scholar, was closely associated with this temple and served as a priest here.
- The temple is set in a hilly region and has intricate carvings and sculptures in traditional Dravidian architecture.
Aniliswarar Temple
- It is a Shaivite temple located in Anilivandhan Kottai, near Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu.
- The temple architecture is traditional with a smaller gopuram (temple tower) compared to the larger, more well-known temples.
|
About Dravidian Style of Architecture
|
Details |
| Flourished |
8th century to the 13-14th century AD |
| Enclosure |
Temples are enclosed within a compound wall, unlike Nagara temples. |
| Notable Features |
- Gopuram (Entrance Gateway): The front wall has an elaborate gateway tower called Gopuram, which serves as the main entrance to the temple complex.
- Vimana (Main Tower): Vimana or temple tower has a stepped pyramid-like structure that rises geometrically, unlike the curving shikhara in North Indian temples.
- Temple Tank: It is common to have a large water reservoir or temple tank enclosed within the temple complex.
|
| Shapes of Temples |
- Square (Kuta or Caturasra)
- Rectangular (Shala or Ayatasra)
- Elliptical (Gaja-prishta or Vrittayata)
- Circular (Vritta)
- Octagonal (Ashtasra)
|
| Notable Temples |
The Pallavas, early builders of Dravidian temples, started with rock-cut temples and later shifted to structural temples.
- Mahabalipuram: Narasimhavarman I (Mamalla) initiated construction, and Narasimhavarman II (Rajasimha) built the Shore Temple.
- The Shore Temple houses three shrines for Shiva and Vishnu.
The Rajarajeswara or Brahadeeshwarar Temple at Thanjavur, built by Rajaraja Chola in 1009 CE, is the largest and tallest of Indian temples. It features large Gopurams with elaborate sculptures. |
| Significance |
Temples were not only religious centers but also key administrative hubs, controlling large areas of land and resources, especially during the 8th-12th centuries. |
PYQ:
[2012] The Nagara, the Dravida and the Vesara are the:
(a) Three main racial groups of the Indian subcontinent
(b) Three main linguistic divisions into which the languages of India can be classified
(c) Three main styles of Indian temple architecture
(d) Three main musical Gharanas prevalent in India |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cerebral palsy
Why in the News?
- The World Cerebral Palsy Day was celebrated on October 6 with the theme ‘#UniquelyCP’.
- It celebrates the uniqueness of individuals living with cerebral palsy by emphasizing that they are not defined by their disability.
About Cerebral Palsy:
|
Details |
| Condition |
A group of neurological disorders affecting movement, muscle tone, and posture. |
| Cause |
Abnormal brain development, usually before birth; can also occur due to injury during birth or early childhood. |
| Types |
– Spastic CP: Stiff muscles, difficulty with movement (most common, 70-80% of cases).
– Dyskinetic CP: Uncontrolled movements affecting limbs.
– Ataxic CP: Poor balance and coordination.
– Mixed CP: Combination of symptoms from different types. |
| Symptoms |
Motor skill difficulties (crawling, walking); Muscle stiffness or looseness; Poor coordination and balance; Speech or swallowing difficulties; Seizures in some cases. |
| Diagnosis |
Physical examination, MRI scans, developmental monitoring (usually diagnosed within first 2 years). |
| Risk Factors |
Premature birth; Low birth weight; Multiple births; Maternal infections; Lack of oxygen during birth. |
| Treatment |
– Physical, occupational, and speech therapies.
– Medications to reduce muscle stiffness.
– Surgery in severe cases. |
| Life Expectancy |
Normal life expectancy in many cases, depending on severity and associated complications. |
| Prevention |
Some causes are preventable with proper maternal care, but many are not. |
| Policy Support |
Niramaya Health Insurance Scheme:
- Coverage: Up to ₹1,00,000/- for treatments, surgeries, and therapies for persons with disabilities.
- Eligibility: Covers individuals with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation, and Multiple Disabilities.
- Annual Renewal: Requires yearly renewal with different fees for BPL and APL categories.
- Easy Application: Enrollment and claims processed online via Registered Organizations (ROs).
|
PYQ:
[2020] In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care policies are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care. Discuss. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Agriculture;
Why in the News?
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has initiated the development of a National Agriculture Code (NAC), similar to the existing National Building Code and National Electrical Code.
What is the National Agricultural Code (NAC)?
- The NAC is a comprehensive set of standards for the agricultural sector, formulated by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).
- It aims to standardize all agricultural practices and post-harvest operations, including the use of machinery, field preparation, water use, crop management, and input management like fertilisers and pesticides.
- It will cover both traditional and emerging agricultural practices like organic farming, natural farming, and the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture.
What Role Will the NAC Play in Standardization?
- Comprehensive Framework: The NAC will provide a standardized framework for agricultural processes, ensuring quality, consistency, and efficiency in farming practices across India.
- Sector-wide Application: It will set guidelines for various aspects of the agriculture sector, including crop selection, land preparation, irrigation, soil and plant health management, post-harvest operations, sustainability, and documentation.
- Incorporation in Policies: The NAC will serve as a reference for policymakers, agriculture departments, and regulators to incorporate into schemes, policies, and regulations, aiding in quality control across the agricultural value chain.
Who is Involved in the Formulation of the NAC?
- The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is leading the formulation of the NAC.
- The BIS has formed working panels consisting of university professors, R&D organizations, and experts in 12-14 specific areas of agriculture to draft the NAC.
- The BIS is collaborating with premier agricultural institutes and has already signed Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) with institutes like Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (GBPUAT) for setting up Standardized Agriculture Demonstration Farms (SADFs).
How will the NAC Impact Farmers’ Livelihoods?
- Improved Decision-Making: The NAC will provide farmers with a structured guide for better decision-making in agricultural practices, which will help improve crop yields and reduce resource wastage.
- Capacity Building: The BIS plans to offer training to farmers on NAC standards, enhancing their technical knowledge and helping them adopt sustainable practices.
- Quality Assurance and Market Access: Standardized agricultural practices can ensure that crops meet quality requirements, potentially opening up better market access, higher incomes, and improved livelihoods for farmers.
- Adoption of New Technologies: With standards in place for emerging technologies like IoT in agriculture, farmers can integrate modern technology into their operations, increasing productivity and efficiency.
Way forward:
- Training and Capacity Building: Implement widespread training programs for farmers and agricultural professionals on NAC standards, ensuring smooth adoption of standardized practices and emerging technologies like IoT for improved efficiency.
- Policy Integration and Support: Ensure seamless incorporation of NAC recommendations into national agricultural policies, with financial incentives and technical support to promote sustainable and quality-driven farming practices across India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Significance of NMEO-Oilseeds;
Why in the News?
The Union Cabinet has approved the National Mission on Edible Oils-Oilseeds (NMEO-Oilseeds) to enhance domestic oilseed production and attain self-sufficiency in edible oils.
About the Newly Launched NMEO-Oilseeds:
- Aim: Boost domestic oilseed production, achieve self-reliance in edible, and boost farmers’ incomes. Currently, imports account for 57% of India’s domestic demand for edible oils.
- Focus: It will focus on increasing edible oil production from Oil Palm by enhancing the production of key primary oilseed crops (Rapeseed-Mustard, Groundnut, Soybean, Sunflower, and Sesamum)
- Increasing collection and extraction efficiency from secondary sources (Cottonseed, Rice Bran, and Tree Borne Oils).
- Tenure: 7 years (from 2024-25 to 2030-31)
Roadmap for the Mission:
- Increase Edible Oil Production: Achieve 25.45 million tonnes of domestic edible oil production by 2030-31, meeting 72% of domestic demand.
- Seed Infrastructure: It will introduce an online 5-year rolling seed plan through the Seed Authentication, Traceability & Holistic Inventory (SATHI) portal to ensure timely availability of seeds.
- Seed Hubs & Storage: Establish 65 new seed hubs and 50 seed storage units to strengthen seed production infrastructure.
- Value Chain Clusters: Develop over 600 value chain clusters across 347 districts, covering 10 lakh hectares annually. These clusters will focus on providing high-quality seeds and promoting Good Agricultural Practices (GAP).
Other Initiatives by the Government:
- National Mission on Edible Oils – Oil Palm (NMEO-OP): Launched in 2021 with a budget of Rs 11,040 crore to boost oil palm cultivation.
- Import Duties: A 20% import duty on edible oils has been imposed to protect domestic producers from cheap imports and encourage local oilseed cultivation.
- MSP & PM-AASHA: The Minimum Support Price (MSP) for mandated edible oilseeds has been increased, and the Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA) ensures oilseed farmers receive MSP through price support and deficiency payment schemes.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Research and Development: Invest in research initiatives focused on developing climate-resilient, high-yield oilseed varieties through advanced technologies like genome editing.
- Enhance Farmer Engagement and Training: Implement comprehensive training programs for farmers on Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and effective resource management.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: What is circular migration;
Mains level: Significance of circular migration;
Why in the News?
Maharashtra’s 997 youth, earning Rs 1.37 lakh in Israel, engage in circular migration, boosting skills through labour mobility agreements.
What is the “triple win” scenario associated with circular migration?
- Migrants win by gaining high-paying jobs, improving their skills, and getting social security benefits while working abroad.
- The home country (like India) wins because when the workers return, they bring back new skills and experience that help improve local industries.
- The host country (like Israel or Germany) wins because they get the skilled workers they need to fill labour shortages without facing long-term migration issues.
How does circular migration contribute to skill development and poverty alleviation for Indian migrants?
- Skill Development: Indian workers gain exposure to international work environments, cutting-edge technology, and management protocols, which enhance their skills and employability.
- Poverty Alleviation: Higher wages in developed countries allow migrants to send remittances back home, improving the economic conditions of their families and contributing to poverty alleviation.
In what way does circular migration mitigate the issue of brain drain?
- Temporary Nature: Since workers return after a set period (e.g., five years), they bring back their enhanced skills and experience, preventing a permanent loss of talent to foreign nations.
- Knowledge Transfer: Returning workers contribute to domestic industries by applying the new skills and technologies they learned abroad, benefiting the home economy.
What are the policy implications for implementing circular migration effectively? (Way forward)
- Skill Matching and Training: Governments must ensure exact skill matching between migrant workers and the requirements of the destination countries, providing refresher courses and training as needed.
- Government-to-Government Agreements: Strong bilateral agreements are essential to safeguard the rights of workers, ensure fair wages, and provide social security in the destination countries.
- Streamlined Procedures: Policies should simplify legal compliances, fast-track passport issuance, and remove barriers like language skills through training in languages such as Japanese, German, or French.
Conclusion: Circular migration offers a “triple win” by benefiting migrants, home countries, and host nations. It enhances skills, boosts incomes, mitigates brain drain, and fosters knowledge transfer, provided there is proper policy support, skill matching, and streamlined processes.
Mains PYQ:
Q Major cities of India are becoming vulnerable to flood conditions. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2016)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNAIDS and its functions
Why in the News?
According to the UNAIDS Director, without India’s significant contribution, the world is unlikely to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030.
What is HIV/AIDS?
- HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system, specifically targeting CD4 cells, weakening the body’s ability to fight infections and diseases.
- AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, where the immune system is severely damaged, leading to life-threatening infections and cancers.
- HIV is transmitted through contact with infected body fluids, such as blood, semen, and breast milk.
- Although there’s no cure, antiretroviral therapy (ART) can manage HIV and prevent the progression to AIDS.
India’s progress in reducing HIV Infections
- From 2010 to 2023, India reduced annual new HIV infections by 44%, which is better than the global average.
- India has also made impressive progress in reducing AIDS-related deaths by nearly 80% between 2010 and 2023, surpassing the global average.
- Challenges:
- In 2023, India saw 68,000 new infections, meaning around 185 people were infected each day.
- The Global AIDS Strategy calls for 80% of prevention services to be delivered by community-led organizations.
- These organizations are best placed to reach key populations, but they need adequate resources and space to lead these efforts.
|
About UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS):
|
Details |
| Established |
In 1996, by United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) |
| Headquarters |
Geneva, Switzerland |
| Main Purpose |
To coordinate global action to combat HIV/AIDS, prevent infections, and support those affected |
| Mandate |
• Coordinate the global response to HIV/AIDS
• Support countries in HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment strategies
• Advocate for human rights and equality in access to HIV services |
| Principle |
Greater Involvement of People Living with HIV (GIPA), endorsed by the UN in 2001 and 2006 |
| Global Targets |
90-90-90 targets:
90% diagnosed, 90% on treatment, 90% virally suppressed by 2020 |
| Global AIDS Strategy |
2021-2026: Aim to end inequalities driving HIV and ensure 30 million on treatment by 2025 |
| Cosponsors |
11 UN organizations, including UNICEF, WHO, UNDP, UNESCO, World Bank |
| Key Areas of Focus |
Supporting countries to meet SDG 3: End AIDS by 2030.
• HIV prevention
• Treatment access
• Human rights advocacy
• Gender equality
• Youth and adolescents |
| Funding |
Donors include governments, private foundations, and corporations |
| Key Campaigns |
World AIDS Day (December 1), global awareness and advocacy efforts |
| Achievements |
Significant progress toward the 90-90-90 targets, especially in countries like South Africa, Cambodia, and Eswatini |
PYQ:
[2013] Which of the following diseases can be transmitted from one person to another through tattooing?
- Chikungunya
- Hepatitis B
- HIV-AIDS
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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