Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: DPSP; Right to work; Labour Laws; MGNREGA;
Why in the News?
The implementation guidelines for MGNREGA are outlined in Master Circulars issued by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) annually or biennially.
Mahatma Gandhi NREGA provides a number of legal entitlements to the job seekers through a series of provisions in the Act. While the Act makes provision for at least 100 days work per rural household in a year, it is the strong legal framework of rights and entitlements that come together to make the hundred days of work per year possible.
- Every household residing in any rural area is entitled to a Job Card which contains the names and photographs of all adult members of the household so that they can demand and receive work.
- According to the Master Circular for 2021-22, job cards can only be deleted under specific circumstances:
- when a household has permanently migrated
- if the job card is identified as a duplicate,
- if it was issued using forged documents.
- According to Chapter 4 (Schedule II) of the annual circular, “Every adult member of a registered household whose name appears in the job card shall be entitled to apply for unskilled manual work.
- The Ministry mandates the provision of an additional 50 days of wage employment (beyond the stipulated 100 days) to every Scheduled Tribe Household in a forest area, under the FRA Act, 2006.
- State Governments are mandated to put in place multiple mechanisms by which rural households can submit applications for demand for work at the Gram Panchayat (GP), Block and District levels.
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What were the reasons behind the decision to delete references to the ‘Right to work’ in recent legislation or policy?
- Administrative Efficiency: Governments may argue that streamlining policies and removing cumbersome regulations can enhance efficiency in employment programs.
- Aadhaar-Based Payment Systems (ABPS): The push for ABPS has led to increased deletions of job cards, as officials focus on compliance metrics rather than ensuring workers’ rights are upheld.
- Political and Economic Pressures: There may be external pressures to reduce welfare spending or adjust labour policies in response to economic conditions, leading to a perception that the ‘right to work’ is less critical.
What does the term ‘right to work’ entail, and why is it significant in the context of labor laws?
- The ‘right to work’ is a fundamental principle in labour laws that guarantees individuals the opportunity to engage in employment and earn a livelihood.
- In the context of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), specifically provides rural households with a legal entitlement to at least 100 days of wage employment per year.
- This right is significant because it aims to alleviate poverty, promote social justice, and ensure economic security for rural populations. The act also mandates due process in the deletion of workers from job cards, emphasising the importance of transparency and accountability in employment practices.
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How might the deletion of the ‘right to work’ impact workers, unions, and the broader labour market?
- Workers’ Rights: It undermines the legal protections afforded to workers, making it easier for authorities to arbitrarily delete job cards without proper verification or due process.
- Unions and Collective Bargaining: Unions may find it challenging to advocate for workers’ rights when legal entitlements are diminished, weakening their bargaining power.
- Labour Market Dynamics: A reduction in guaranteed employment can lead to increased unemployment and underemployment, exacerbating poverty and economic inequality among rural populations.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Oversight and Accountability: Implement independent audits, regular reviews, and grievance redress mechanisms to ensure adherence to due process in job card deletions, with active involvement of Gram Sabhas and worker representatives.
- Enhance Worker Protections: Reinforce legal safeguards for the ‘right to work’ by improving transparency in employment programs, ensuring compliance with MGNREGA mandates, and addressing systemic issues like ABPS-linked exclusions through inclusive digital solutions.
Mains PYQ:
Q An essential condition to eradicate poverty is to liberate the poor from the process of deprivation.” Substantiate this statement with suitable examples. (UPSC IAS/2016)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Trade; India USA relation;
Why in the News?
President-elect Donald Trump announced his intention to impose tariffs on the United States’ three largest trading partners—Canada, Mexico, and China—once he assumes office.
What specific tariffs is Trump proposing on imports from China, Canada, and Mexico?
- 25% Tariff on Imports: President-elect Donald Trump announced plans to impose a 25% tariff on imported goods from the United States’ three largest trading partners: Canada, Mexico, and China.
- Additional 10% Tariff on China: He also proposed an additional 10% tariff specifically targeting imports from China, citing the country’s failure to address the flow of fentanyl into the United States.
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What are the underlying reasons for these tariff increases?
- Trade Imbalance: The tariffs aim to address perceived trade imbalances and protect American manufacturing jobs.
- Fentanyl Crisis: The additional tariff on China is a direct response to the ongoing opioid crisis in the U.S., particularly related to fentanyl trafficking. Trump emphasized China’s lack of action in curbing the drug’s flow into the U.S. as a justification for the tariffs.
- Political Strategy: The tariffs may also serve as a political manoeuvre to reinforce Trump’s stance on trade issues and drug-related policies as he prepares to take office.
What potential economic impacts could arise in the Asian region (esp India) from these tariffs?
- Increased Costs for Importers: Indian companies that rely on imports from these countries may face higher costs due to increased tariffs, potentially leading to higher prices for consumers.
- Supply Chain Disruptions: The tariffs could disrupt existing supply chains, particularly in industries that rely on components from Canada, Mexico, and China, affecting production schedules and costs.
- Investment Shifts: Businesses might reconsider their investment strategies in light of new tariffs, potentially leading to a shift in manufacturing bases or sourcing strategies away from affected countries.
- Opportunities for Indian Manufacturers: Conversely, Indian manufacturers might find opportunities to fill gaps left by increased tariffs on imports, potentially boosting local production and employment.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Trade and Strategic Engagement with the U.S.: India should proactively address trade imbalances by diversifying imports from the U.S., aligning with American regulatory standards, and offering enhanced market access in key sectors like technology and defence.
- Position as a Reliable Alternative to China: Leverage initiatives like Make in India to attract U.S. investments, promote joint ventures, and emphasize India’s strategic importance as a trusted partner in global supply chains.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of ‘Trade War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Preamble;
Why in the News?
Nearly 75 years after the adoption of the Constitution of India, the Supreme Court reaffirmed (on 25th Nov’ 24) the inclusion of the terms ‘socialist’ and ‘secular’ in the Preamble of the Constitution.
What historical context led to the insertion of the terms ‘socialist’ and ‘secular’ in the Preamble?
- The Objectives Resolution, introduced by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1946, laid foundational principles for the Constitution, emphasizing independence, equality, and minority rights, which set the stage for later amendments.
- Initial discussions around socialism and secularism occurred during the drafting of the Constitution, with early proposals to include these concepts being rejected. The debates highlighted differing views on the role of socialism and secularism in India’s governance.
- The terms ‘socialist’ and ‘secular’ were inserted into the Preamble during the Emergency (1975-1977) under the 42nd Amendment, a time characterized by significant political unrest and government overreach.
What was the SC’s reasoning for upholding these terms in the Preamble?
- Evolution of Meaning: The Supreme Court noted in 1973 () that the meanings of ‘socialism’ and ‘secularism’ have evolved over time within the Indian context.
- The court recognized that these terms now reflect principles of economic justice and religious neutrality rather than strict ideological definitions.
- Interpretation of Secularism: The court emphasized that India’s interpretation of secularism is unique, where the state neither endorses nor discriminates against any religion. This interpretation aligns with the Preamble’s ideals of fraternity and equality.
- Socialism as Economic Justice: The court defined socialism as ensuring economic and social justice, asserting that it does not impede private enterprise but rather supports state intervention to uplift marginalized communities.
How do ‘socialist’ and ‘secular’ reflect India’s Constitutional values and principles?
- Commitment to Justice: The inclusion of ‘socialist’ reflects a commitment to social and economic justice, aiming to reduce inequalities in society.
- Religious Neutrality: By incorporating ‘secular’, the Constitution underscores India’s commitment to religious pluralism and the protection of individual rights regardless of faith.
- Basic Structure Doctrine: The Supreme Court’s decision reinforces the idea that these terms are integral to the basic structure of the Constitution, which cannot be altered or removed without undermining India’s democratic framework.
What are the steps taken by the Government to implement the Socialist and Secular principles of the Preamble?
- Promoting Social Justice (Socialist): Welfare schemes like MNREGA, Ayushman Bharat, and PDS reduce poverty and ensure equitable access, while progressive taxation and affirmative action address economic disparities.
- Ensuring Religious Neutrality (Secular): Laws protecting religious freedom, minority rights (Articles 25–30), and institutions like the National Commission for Minorities promote interfaith harmony and safeguard pluralism.
- Strengthening Democracy and Equality: Free and fair elections by the Election Commission and rights-based laws like the RTE Act and the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act ensure equality, fraternity, and justice for all.
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Way forward:
- Strengthening Constitutional Values: Enhance awareness of constitutional principles through education and public campaigns, ensuring adherence to secularism, socialism, and democratic ideals in policymaking.
- Inclusive Governance: Implement targeted programs to address socio-economic inequalities, promote interfaith dialogue, and uphold democratic rights, fostering harmony and justice in a diverse society.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss each adjective attached to the word ‘Republic’ in the preamble. Are they defendable in the present circumstances stances?. (UPSC IAS/2016)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNSC Resolution 1701
Why in the News?
Israel and Lebanon agreed to a ceasefire after 13 months of rising conflict, though it is linked to the UN Resolution 1701, which has not been fully implemented.
About UNSC Resolution 1701:
|
Details |
| What is it? |
- Passed on August 11, 2006, following the 34-day war between Israel and Hezbollah.
- Aimed to end hostilities, ensure the security of Israel and Lebanon, and establish long-term peace along the Israel-Lebanon border.
- Also designed to prevent Hezbollah from using southern Lebanon as a base for military operations against Israel.
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| Key Provisions and Objectives |
- Cessation of Hostilities: Aimed at halting the conflict between Hezbollah and Israel.
- Disarmament of Armed Groups: Called for the disarmament of Hezbollah and all other armed groups in Lebanon, leaving only the Lebanese state with weapons authority.
- Israeli Withdrawal: Mandated Israel’s full withdrawal from southern Lebanon, which had been occupied since the 1982 Lebanon War.
- Lebanese Forces Deployment: Directed the Lebanese government to deploy its army in southern Lebanon to ensure peace and prevent Hezbollah’s rearmament.
- UNIFIL Deployment: Increased deployment of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) to monitor the border and ensure compliance.
- Arms Embargo: Imposed restrictions to prevent the transfer of weapons to Hezbollah.
- Implementation of Taif Accords (1989): The resolution emphasizes the full implementation of this accord, which is critical for the disarmament of non-state actors in Lebanon and the consolidation of Lebanese state authority across the country.
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| Implementation and Violations |
- Partial Implementation: While Israel withdrew from southern Lebanon, Hezbollah retained its weapons and continued its terror operations.
- Lebanese Army Deployment: The Lebanese army was deployed in southern Lebanon but struggled to assert full control, as Hezbollah’s influence remained strong in the region.
- UNIFIL’s Role: UNIFIL, while active, faced challenges in fully enforcing the provisions of the resolution due to Hezbollah’s continued presence and the complexities of local politics.
- Violations: Despite the resolution’s provisions, violations have included Hezbollah’s stockpiling of weapons and cross-border skirmishes, as well as the failure to fully disarm all armed groups, undermining the resolution’s goals.
- Taif Accords Violation: This has hindered the establishment of complete state sovereignty in Lebanon.
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PYQ:
[2018] “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India Post Payments Bank (IPPB)
Why in the News?
The Minister of State for Communications has provided crucial information about the India Post Payments Bank (IPPB).
About India Post Payments Bank (IPPB):
|
Details |
| What is it? |
Division of India Post under the Ministry of Communications, launched in 2018.
Operates as payments bank. |
| Vision and Principles |
• Objective: Promote financial inclusion by providing accessible and affordable financial services.
• Customer-Centric: Focuses on delivering secure and affordable banking to rural and underserved areas. |
| Empowerment Initiatives by IPPB |
• Financial Inclusion: Offers savings accounts, current accounts, money transfers, bill payments, and insurance.
• Aadhaar-Linked Services: Implements Aadhaar-enabled Payment System (AePS) for easy and secure transactions.
• Doorstep Banking: Provides banking services through 3 lakh postmen and Grameen Dak Sewaks.
• Rapid Expansion: Reached 4 crore customers by December 2020 and crossed 8 crore customers by January 2022, with over 9 crore customers as of March 2024. |
Back2Basics: Payments Bank
- A payments bank operates like a regular bank but without credit risk.
- It was set up based on the recommendations of the Nachiket Mor Committee.
- Objective: To promote financial inclusion, especially in unbanked areas, serving migrant workers, low-income households, and small entrepreneurs.
- Payments banks are registered as public limited companies under the Companies Act, 2013, and licensed under the Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
- Governed by the Banking Regulation Act, RBI Act, 1934, and the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999.
- Services Offered:
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- Minimum paid-up equity capital is Rs. 100 crores.
- Can accept deposits up to Rs. 2,00,000 in savings and current accounts.
- 75% of deposits must be invested in government securities (SLR), with the remaining 25% placed as time deposits with other scheduled commercial banks.
- Offers remittance services, mobile payments, ATM/debit cards, net banking, and third-party fund transfers.
- Act as a banking correspondent (BC) for credit and other services.
- Limitations:
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- Cannot issue loans or credit cards.
- Cannot accept time deposits or NRI deposits.
- Cannot set up subsidiaries for non-banking financial activities.
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PYQ:
[2018] Which one of the following links all the ATMs in India?
(a) Indian banks’ Association
(b) National Securities Depository Limited
(c) National Payments Corporation of India
(d) Reserve Bank of India |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)
Why in the News?
The Indian Chemical Council (ICC) was honored with the prestigious Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), The Hague Award during the 29th Session of the Conference of the States Parties.
Significance of the OPCW-The Hague Award
- Purpose: The award recognizes contributions to advancing the goals of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), focusing on chemical safety, disarmament, and global security.
- This year, the award was given to the Indian Chemical Council (ICC), the first chemical industry body to receive it, for its role in promoting chemical safety and CWC compliance.
- Global Impact: The award emphasizes ICC’s work in collaboration with international bodies and advocacy for sustainable practices in chemical security.
- Legacy: The OPCW, which won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2013, continues to honor impactful organizations and individuals contributing to the global disarmament agenda.
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What is the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)?
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Details |
| What is it? |
• CWC bans the development, use, and stockpiling of chemical weapons and mandates their destruction.
• Genesis: Negotiations began in 1980.
• Established: Opened for signature on January 13, 1993, and entered into force on April 29, 1997.
• More comprehensive than the 1925 Geneva Protocol, which only banned the use of chemical weapons. |
| Structure and Functions |
• Conference of States Parties (CSP): The main decision-making body, meeting annually.
• Executive Council: 41-member body overseeing CWC implementation.
• Technical Secretariat: Provides support for verification and compliance.
• Verification: Inspects facilities and ensures compliance with the treaty. |
| Membership criteria and members |
• Open to all nations: Any state can join if it meets requirements.
• 193 States-Parties: Includes most nations.
• Non-Signatories: Egypt, North Korea, and South Sudan have neither signed nor ratified the CWC. |
| Functioning Arm |
• Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) implements the CWC, headquartered in The Hague.
• Role: Oversees the destruction of chemical weapons and ensures treaty compliance.
• Inspection: Conducts inspections of chemical facilities worldwide.
• Awards: The OPCW won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2013 for its efforts in chemical weapons elimination. |
PYQ:
[2016] With reference to ‘Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)’, consider the following statements:
- It is an organization of the European Union in working relation with NATO and WHO.
- It monitors the chemical industry to prevent new weapons from emerging.
- It provides assistance and protection to States (Parties) against chemical weapons threats. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Various schemes mentioned
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Science and Technology, through its three key departments — Department of Science and Technology (DST), Department of Biotechnology (DBT), and Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) — is implementing various schemes to bolster the Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) ecosystem across India.
Schemes Implemented Under the Department of Science and Technology (DST)
| Scheme |
Objective |
Key Components |
| Science and Technology (S&T) Institutional and Human Capacity Building (2015) |
Enhance human resource development and institutional capacity in science and technology. |
– Fellowships at various levels (undergraduate, postgraduate, doctoral, post-doctoral).
– Establishment of sophisticated R&D facilities.
– Capacity building for faculty. |
| Research and Development (R&D) (2009) |
Support research in fundamental, applied, and translational sciences. |
– Collaborative research with universities, government, and private sectors.
– International research cooperation.
– Focus on diverse sectors like health, energy, and IT. |
| Innovation, Technology Development, and Deployment (2016) |
Foster innovation and facilitate the development of new technologies for national development. |
– Technology incubation centers.
– Technology transfer and commercialization.
– Support for startups and entrepreneurs. |
| National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber Physical Systems (NM-ICPS) (2017) |
Promote interdisciplinary research in Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) that integrate computational algorithms with physical processes. |
– Development of CPS technologies (e.g., IoT, smart cities, advanced manufacturing).
– Setting up innovation centers and testbeds for CPS. |
| National Quantum Mission (NQM) (2023) |
Advance quantum technologies for solving national challenges in energy, communications, and security. |
– Research in quantum computing, quantum communications, and quantum sensing.
– Establishment of quantum technology hubs and research centers. |
Schemes Implemented Under the Department of Biotechnology (DBT)
| Scheme |
Objective |
Key Components |
| Biotechnology Research Innovation and Entrepreneurship Development (Bio-RIDE) (2017) |
Foster innovation in biotechnology through research, industrial development, and entrepreneurship. |
– Biotechnology R&D: Funding for research projects.
– Industrial & Entrepreneurship Development (I&ED): Support for biotech startups and industrial innovations.
– Biomanufacturing and Biofoundry: Development of manufacturing and biotechnological production systems. |
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