From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of EU’s CBAM policy;
Why in the News?
India has called protectionist policies like the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive, and Deforestation Regulation as “unfair” and “unjust”.
What is CBAM (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism)?
CBAM (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism) is a proposed policy by the European Union (EU) aimed at addressing carbon leakage, ensuring that imported goods face a similar carbon cost as those produced within the EU.
The mechanism requires companies that export goods to the EU from non-EU countries to purchase carbon certificates, reflecting the carbon emissions involved in the production of these goods.
This is intended to create a level playing field for EU industries that have to meet strict carbon emissions regulations.
How will the CBAM impact India’s key industries and overall trade?
Disruption to Trade: CBAM could significantly affect India’s exports to the EU, especially sectors like iron, steel, aluminum, cement, and fertilizers, which account for a large portion of India’s trade with the EU.
Increased Export Costs: The new requirements under CBAM, such as carbon emission certificates, will likely increase production costs for industries, making them less competitive in the global market.
Risk to Iron and Steel Industry: As iron and steel make up 76.83% of India’s exports affected by CBAM, this sector could face the greatest challenge in terms of compliance and potential cost increases.
Economic Strain on Developing Economies: The additional burden of having to meet emissions standards without corresponding support or time for transition may lead to economic difficulties for India’s industries.
What strategies can India employ to effectively challenge the CBAM?
Coordination with Other Developing Countries: India should align its arguments with other developing economies to present a unified stance, ensuring a coordinated response to the EU-CBAM that reflects shared concerns.
Arguing for Adequate Time for Adaptation: India can argue that developing nations should be given sufficient time to adapt to the CBAM, similar to the EU’s phased climate targets, to avoid disproportionate burden.
Revenue Sharing: India can advocate for the EU to share the revenues generated from CBAM with non-EU countries to support capacity building, technology transfer, and emission reduction initiatives in developing nations.
Equity-Based Accounting (EBA) Proposal: India can push for a more equitable framework for emission reductions, suggesting the adoption of an EBA that takes into account historical contributions to climate change, trade benefits, and the developmental needs of nations.
Highlighting the CBAM’s Discriminatory Nature: India should emphasize that CBAM imposes an unjust transfer of climate responsibilities to developing countries without considering their economic realities or historical emissions.
What role does International cooperation play in addressing the challenges?
Global Coordination on Climate Action: India should work with other developing countries to demand a more inclusive global framework for addressing climate change, ensuring that the impacts of mechanisms like CBAM are shared equitably.
Technology and Knowledge Sharing: International cooperation can facilitate the transfer of green technologies, which would help developing nations meet emissions targets without stifling their economic growth.
Addressing Historical Responsibilities: Cooperation with other nations can strengthen calls for addressing historical emissions and providing the necessary financial resources to developing countries to adapt to climate policies like CBAM.
Leveraging Multilateral Platforms: India can use international platforms such as the UNFCCC and COP discussions to engage with other nations and challenge policies that disproportionately affect developing economies.
Conclusion: India should actively engage with other developing countries and form a coalition to present a unified front against the discriminatory nature of CBAM. This could involve joint lobbying at international forums such as the UNFCCC and COP summits.
Mains PYQ:
Q Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (UPSC IAS/2021)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Trade and ties; USA-China Trade war;
Why in the News?
After the election of the USA, Prez Donald Trump plans to impose tariffs of up to 60% on Chinese imports and 10% on EU imports to address the U.S.-China trade deficit and reduce unfair subsidies.
What are the economic impacts of imposing tariffs on Chinese imports?
The imposition of tariffs, particularly those proposed by the U.S. on Chinese imports, can have domestic and international economic consequences.
Increased Domestic Prices: Tariffs raise the cost of imported goods, leading to higher prices for U.S. consumers. This can contribute to domestic inflation, especially if tariffs are applied broadly across consumer goods.
Impact on Trade Deficit: While tariffs may help reduce the trade deficit by discouraging imports, they can also lead to a rise in domestic production costs, which might not fully offset the increased prices for consumers.
Shifts in Consumption: Tariffs may shift consumer preferences away from imported goods towards domestically produced items. This could boost local industries and potentially increase domestic supply, helping to moderate inflation if production meets demand.
Global Trade Relations: The introduction of tariffs can provoke retaliatory measures from affected countries, leading to trade wars that can disrupt global supply chains and negatively impact international trade dynamics.
How might China respond to increased tariffs?
Retaliatory Tariffs: Historically, China has imposed tariffs on U.S. goods in response to American tariffs. This could include targeting products from politically sensitive regions or sectors in the U.S. to maximize political impact.
Currency Manipulation: China may allow its currency, the yuan, to depreciate, making its exports cheaper and counteracting the effects of U.S. tariffs.
Increased Domestic Support: The Chinese government could implement fiscal stimulus measures to bolster domestic industries affected by U.S. tariffs, including subsidies for exporters and incentives for local production.
Diversification of Trade Partners: China might further diversify its trade by strengthening ties with other countries and participating in regional trade agreements that exclude the U.S., reducing its reliance on American markets.
Do tariffs achieve their intended goals?
Trade Balance Improvement: While tariffs are designed to improve the trade balance by reducing imports, their success is contingent upon consumer behaviour and whether domestic producers can meet demand without significant price increases.
Political Ramifications: Retaliatory actions from China can undermine the intended benefits of tariffs, leading to a cycle of escalation that may harm both economies. The political fallout from these actions can also influence U.S. domestic politics, particularly if key industries are adversely affected.
Long-Term Economic Impact: The long-term economic impact may be limited if countries like China successfully adapt through measures such as currency adjustments or finding alternative markets for their goods.
How can India benefit from it?
Market Diversification: India can capture U.S. market share by exporting goods as American buyers seek alternatives to Chinese imports.
Supply Chain Shift: India can attract companies relocating production from China, leveraging its manufacturing policies and workforce.
Boost in FDI: Heightened U.S.-China tensions may increase Foreign Direct Investment in India as firms diversify investment destinations.
Way forward:
Strengthen Manufacturing and Exports: Enhance domestic production capabilities through schemes like PLI and focus on exporting goods demanded by the U.S., such as electronics, textiles, and pharmaceuticals.
Attract Global Investments: Improve ease of doing business, offer tax incentives, and promote India as a reliable alternative to China for global supply chains and FDI inflows.
Mains PYQ:
Q The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Explain. (UPSC IAS/2021)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of Russia-Ukraine war;
Why in the News?
Exactly 1,000 days ago, world history took a dramatic turn when Russia initiated a full-scale military invasion with the goal of eradicating Ukrainian statehood, culture, and nationhood.
How has Ukraine demonstrated resilience against Russian aggression?
Ukraine has demonstrated remarkable resilience against Russian aggression since the full-scale invasion began on February 24, 2022. Key factors contributing to this resilience include:
National Unity: The unification of the Ukrainian people under President Volodymyr Zelenskyy has been crucial. This collective spirit has galvanized both military and civilian efforts to resist Russian advances, leading to significant victories such as the defense of Kyiv and the liberation of the Kharkiv and Kherson regions.
Military Strength: Throughout the conflict, the Ukrainian armed forces have transformed into one of the strongest military forces globally. Their ability to repel invaders and conduct successful counteroffensives has been widely recognized and admired internationally.
International Support: Ukraine has received substantial military, financial, and humanitarian aid from allies worldwide. This support has been instrumental in sustaining its defense efforts and rebuilding initiatives.
Cultural and Moral Resolve: The war has fostered a strong sense of identity among Ukrainians, who view their struggle as not only for survival but also for European values and democracy. This moral clarity strengthens their resolve against oppression.
What are the human and economic costs of the conflict for the whole world?
Human Costs: Thousands of civilians, including 600 children, have died. Over eight million people have left Ukraine, and 3.6 million are still displaced. Russia has taken more than 20,000 children, many of whom are still missing or in captivity.
Economic Costs: Ukraine has lost over $400 billion, and it will need $500 billion to rebuild and $35 billion to clear landmines. The war has affected global supply chains and caused inflation worldwide.
How can Ukraine in seeking peace and rebuilding?
Diplomatic Efforts: Ukraine continues to engage in diplomatic initiatives aimed at securing international support for its sovereignty and territorial integrity.
President Zelenskyy emphasizes that neutrality is not an option countries must choose sides in this conflict.
Reconstruction Plans: As rebuilding begins, Ukraine aims to restore its infrastructure while implementing reforms that demonstrate resilience and commitment to democratic values. This effort is supported by international partners who provide financial assistance1.
Cultural Restoration: Protecting cultural heritage is a priority, with initiatives underway to restore damaged institutions and memorialize those lost during the conflict. This cultural revival is integral to national identity and unity moving forward.
What opportunity does India have from this conflict?(Way forward)
Strengthening Diplomatic Influence: India can play a key role in diplomatic efforts by supporting Ukraine’s sovereignty and promoting peace talks, which enhances its global standing as a peacebuilder.
Economic and Trade Opportunities: As Ukraine seeks reconstruction, India can explore investment and trade opportunities in rebuilding efforts, especially in sectors like infrastructure, agriculture, and technology.
Cultural and Educational Collaboration: India can collaborate with Ukraine in preserving cultural heritage and restoring educational institutions, fostering cultural exchanges and strengthening bilateral ties.
Mains PYQ:
Q What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (UPSC IAS/2020)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Electric Vehicle policy;
Why in the News?
The Telangana government has decided to completely waive road tax and registration fees for people buying electric vehicles.
What are the key features of Telangana’s EV policy?
100% Road Tax and Registration Fee Exemption: Electric two-wheelers, four-wheelers, and commercial vehicles (such as taxis, autorickshaws, electric light goods carriers, and buses) will be exempt from road tax and registration fees for the entire lifetime of the vehicle.
Exemption for Telangana State Road Transport Corporation (TSRTC): The exemption will apply to electric vehicles operated by TSRTC and buses owned by industries used for employee transport (not commercial purposes).
Validity Period: The exemption will be valid for two years, up to December 31, 2026, regardless of the number of vehicles registered.
Promotion of EV Awareness: The government is focused on spreading awareness about electric vehicle usage to reduce pollution levels and make Hyderabad pollution-free.
Support for Charging Infrastructure: Manufacturers of electric vehicles are encouraged to take the initiative in establishing charging stations to ensure convenience for users.
How will the government support the EV push?
The government will provide exemptions from road taxes and registration fees for various categories of electric vehicles to make them more affordable for consumers.
A meeting of the concerned departments (Transport, Home, HMDA, etc.) will be convened to ensure effective coordination and implementation of the EV policy.
Government representatives studied the policies of other states to come up with a policy tailored to Telangana’s needs, reflecting the best practices for EV adoption.
India’s New Electric Vehicle Policy 2024:
Duty Reduction: A customs duty of 15% is now applicable on imported EVs priced at $35,000 or above, significantly lower than the previous rates of 70-100%. This reduced rate will last for five years.
Import Limits and Investment Requirements: The policy allows for a maximum of 8,000 imported EVs per year, contingent on manufacturers investing at least ₹4,150 crore (approximately $500 million) in local production. There is no upper limit on investment, encouraging substantial financial commitments in the sector.
Local Manufacturing Mandate: Companies must establish operational facilities within three years and achieve a minimum domestic value addition (DVA) of 25% by that time, increasing to 50% by the fifth year. This aims to enhance local manufacturing capabilities.
Increased Import Allowance for Larger Investments: If a manufacturer invests over $800 million, they can import up to 40,000 EVs, still capped at 8,000 per year, with the option to carry over unused limits.
Bank Guarantees: A bank guarantee is required, which will be returned only upon meeting the DVA target and investment criteria.
Why special EV Policy is needed?
Environmental Goals: The EV policy is part of an effort to reduce pollution levels in Telangana, especially in Hyderabad, to prevent the city from facing pollution issues similar to those in New Delhi.
Lack of Implementation in the Past: Although the previous government introduced an EV policy for 2020-30, it was not implemented effectively. The new policy addresses this gap and actively promotes EV adoption.
Growing Need for Awareness and Infrastructure: The policy also aims to spread awareness about EVs and address infrastructure challenges, such as the availability of charging stations, which are crucial to making electric vehicles a viable alternative.
Encouraging Wider Adoption: The policy aims to increase the percentage of electric vehicles in the state (currently 5 out of every 100 vehicles are EVs) by offering financial incentives and creating an ecosystem that supports EV users.
Conclusion: Expanding and improving the availability of EV charging stations across the state is crucial to ensure the seamless adoption of electric vehicles, especially in urban areas and key highways.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Toilet Day, 2024
Why in the News?
World Toilet Day, celebrated every year on November 19, is an official United Nations observance aimed at raising awareness of the global sanitation crisis and promoting action for safe toilets worldwide.
2024 Theme: “Sanitation for Peace” – highlights the role of sanitation in promoting peace, security, and resilience.
About World Toilet Day
It is celebrated each year on November 19 to raise awareness about global sanitation issues.
It became an UN-recognized day in 2013 to emphasize the importance of safe sanitation under SDG 6.
It was first proposed by Jack Sim of the World Toilet Organization in 2001.
Purpose: To address the health, dignity, and environmental challenges linked to inadequate sanitation.
Significance and Global Collaborations
Public Health: Prevents waterborne diseases; 1,000 child deaths daily linked to unsafe sanitation (WHO).
UN Initiatives: UNICEF, WHO, and UN-Water work with countries to improve WASH (water, sanitation, hygiene) facilities.
NGO Support: Organizations like World Toilet Organization and WaterAid implement sanitation projects and awareness.
International Partnerships: Programs like Sanitation and Water for All (SWA) unify governments and NGOs for sanitation solutions.
Jal Jeevan Mission: Aims to provide piped drinking water to rural households, supporting sanitation.
Women’s Safety Campaigns: Programs like Hamara Shauchalay: Hamara Samman link sanitation to dignity, especially for women.
Waste Management: SBM Phase II focuses on sustainable waste management and sanitation systems.
PYQ:
[2024] Consider the following statements regarding World Toilet Organization:
It is one of the agencies of the United Nations.
World Toilet Summit, World Toilet Day and World Toilet College are the initiatives of this organization, to inspire action to tackle the global sanitation crisis.
The main focus of its function is to grant funds to the least developed countries and developing countries to achieve the end of open defecation.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve
Why in the News?
The Indian government has notified Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve in Chhattisgarh as the country’s 56th Tiger Reserve, now recognized as the third-largest tiger reserve in India.
Third: Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve, Chhattisgarh
About the Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve (TR):
Details
Location
• Located across Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur, Korea, Surajpur, and Balrampur districts of Chhattisgarh.
• Total area: 2,829.38 sq. km.
• Core area: 2,049.2 sq. km (Guru Ghasidas National Park + Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary).
• Buffer area: 780.15 sq. km.
Regional Significance
• Contiguous with Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh forming a 4,500 sq. km landscape.
• Connected to Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve (west) and Palamau Tiger Reserve (east).
Biodiversity
• 753 species documented by Zoological Survey of India.
• 230 bird species.
• 55 mammal species, including several threatened species.
Landscape
• Located within the Chota Nagpur Plateau and partly in the Baghelkhand Plateau.
• Features dense forests, streams, and rivers, providing a rich habitat for tigers and diverse fauna.
PYQ:
[2020] Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dead Sea, Salt Chimneys
Why in the News?
Researchers have identified unique salt chimneys on the Dead Sea floor.
Key facts about the Dead Sea:
Details
Location
• Located between Jordan and Israel, with the eastern shore in Jordan and the western shore in Israel.
• The southern half of the western shore belongs to Israel, and the northern half is in the West Bank.• Divided by Al-Lisan peninsula into two basins: the northern basin is deep (400 m), and the southern basin is shallow (< 3 m).
Geographical Features
• 430.5 meters below sea level, the Earth’s lowest land-based feature.
• Length: 50 km, Width: 15 km at its widest point.
• Surrounded by the Judaea hills (west) and Transjordanian plateaus (east).
Salinity and Density
• Salinity: 34.2%, almost ten times saltier than ordinary seawater, making it the fourth saltiest water body in the world.
• Density: 1.240 kg/L, which allows people to float easily.
Inlets and Outlets
• Main inlet: Jordan River.
• No outlet, water loss occurs primarily through evaporation.
• High salinity and harsh climate result in no life except for algae and microorganisms.
About the Salt Chimneys
Salt chimneys are tall, chimney-like structures made of crystallized salt, recently discovered on the Dead Sea floor.
They are found by researchers from the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) during an underwater survey.
These chimneys range from 1 to over 7m in height.
Formation Process:
Groundwater from surrounding aquifers flows through old salt deposits around the Dead Sea basin, dissolving halite (salt) and carrying it as brine.
Despite being saline, the brine is less dense than the Dead Sea water due to its high salinity, causing it to rise as a plume from the lake bed.
When this brine contacts the colder Dead Sea water, it rapidly crystallizes, forming chimney structures that can grow several centimeters in height each day.
Potential Role in Sinkhole Forecasting
Thousands of sinkholes have appeared near the Dead Sea in recent decades; understanding chimney formation may aid in preventing future collapses in vulnerable areas.
Researchers have linked the formation of salt chimneys to underground cavities, which are often the precursors to sinkholes.
The location of these chimneys may help predict areas at high risk for sinkhole formation, offering a way to monitor and mitigate potential hazards.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Italy-India Joint Strategic Action Plan
Why in the News?
India and Italy signed an ambitious 5-year ‘joint strategic action plan 2025-2029’ that would include cooperation in space sector, critical technology, research, co-production of military equipment and widening the ambit of economic cooperation.
Key Focus Areas of the Joint Strategic Action Plan:
Details
Political Dialogue
• Regular high-level meetings and reciprocal visits.
• Annual bilateral consultations between foreign ministries to discuss mutual interests.
Economic Cooperation
• Boosting trade, market access, and investments in sectors like transportation, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and green technologies.
• Promoting industrial partnerships and mutual investments.
Connectivity
• Collaborating on sustainable transport initiatives.
• Enhancing maritime and land infrastructure, participating in the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC).
Science, Technology, IT, Innovation
• Cooperation in emerging technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), telecommunications, and digital services.
• Innovation, research collaborations, and exchange programs for scientific growth.
Space Sector
• Collaboration between the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in Earth observation and lunar science.
• Facilitating mutual commercial space collaborations.
Energy Transition
• Technology summits in renewable energy.
• Cooperation in green hydrogen, biofuels, and energy efficiency.
• Collaboration in global energy alliances like the International Solar Alliance (ISA) and Global Biofuels Alliance.
Defence Cooperation
• Joint defence consultations and staff talks.
• Co-development of defence platforms and equipment.
• Negotiating a Defence Industrial Roadmap.
Security Cooperation
• Capacity-building in cybersecurity and counter-terrorism.
• Regular exchanges and sector-specific talks in multilateral forums.
Significance of the Plan:
Time-Bound Initiatives: It outlines specific, time-bound initiatives to ensure measurable progress and accountability.
Mutual Growth: By focusing on co-development and co-production, the plan aims to leverage the strengths of both nations for mutual economic and technological advancement.
Strategic Alignment: The collaboration in areas like defence, energy transition, and space signifies a strategic alignment of interests, enhancing regional and global stability.
Cultural and People-to-People Ties: Emphasizing cultural exchanges and academic collaborations strengthens the social fabric and mutual understanding between the two countries.
PYQ:
[2016] With reference to the ‘Trans-Pacific Partnership’, consider the following statements:
1. It is an agreement among all the Pacific Rim countries except China and Russia.
2. It is a strategic alliance for the purpose of maritime security only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Infrastructure issues related to Urban Local Bodies;
Why in the News?
The CAG found that urban local bodies in 18 states, serving 241 million people, face a 42% gap between income and spending, with just 29% used for development work.
What are the key findings of the report?
Resource-Expenditure Gap: Urban local bodies (ULBs) in 18 states face a 42% gap between their income and expenditure, with only 29% of spending directed toward development work.
Revenue Dependence: ULBs generate only 32% of their revenue independently, relying heavily on Union and state government funds; they collect just 56% of their property tax demand.
Staff Shortages and Limited Recruitment Powers: ULBs operate with an average 37% staff vacancy rate, and 16 states provide them with limited or no recruitment autonomy.
Incomplete Implementation of the 74th Amendment: While 17 out of 18 functions have been devolved on average, compliance remains weak. Critical areas like urban planning and fire services are the least devolved.
What are the implications of the resource-expenditure gap?
Reduced Development Expenditure: With only 29% of expenditure directed toward programmatic and development work, the quality and quantity of essential urban services such as sanitation, housing, and infrastructure suffer.
Increased Dependence on Grants: Only 32% of urban local bodies’ (ULBs) revenue comes from their own sources, making them overly reliant on state and Union government transfers. This undermines their fiscal autonomy.
Poor Service Delivery: Insufficient resources hinder the ability of ULBs to meet growing urban demands, exacerbating issues like inadequate housing, poor waste management, and insufficient public health services.
Impact on Urban Planning: The resource crunch constrains investment in urban planning and critical services like fire safety, leading to unplanned growth and vulnerabilities.
How does the 37% staff vacancy rate impact government operations?
Operational Inefficiency: Vacant positions lead to delays in service delivery, poor maintenance of urban infrastructure, and inefficiencies in governance.
Overburdened Workforce: Existing staff must take on additional responsibilities, potentially leading to burnout and reduced productivity.
Limited Capacity for Resource Mobilization: Staff shortages in tax collection departments result in only 56% of property tax demand being realised, reducing revenue potential.
Weak Local Governance: Insufficient personnel to handle devolved functions hampers the implementation of policies and schemes meant for urban development.
What are the Urban Local bodies?
The establishment and functioning of ULBs are governed by the 74th Amendment to the Constitution of India, enacted in 1992.
This amendment provides a constitutional framework for urban self-governance and outlines the powers and responsibilities of ULBs, which include various functions related to public health, sanitation, urban planning, and infrastructure development.
ULBs are categorized into three main types: Municipal Corporations (for large cities), Municipalities (for smaller towns), and Nagar Panchayats (for transitional areas).
What measures can be taken to improve resource mobilisation and management? (Way forward)
Enhancing Own Revenue Generation: ULBs should focus on improving their revenue generation capabilities, particularly in property tax collection where they currently realize only 56% of demand.
Implementing technology-driven solutions like GIS for property assessments could enhance collection efficiency.
Financial Management Training: Providing training for ULB officials on financial management could improve budgeting practices, ensuring that funds are allocated more effectively towards development projects.
Strengthening Autonomy: Empowering ULBs with greater autonomy over recruitment and financial decisions would enable them to respond more effectively to local needs and improve service delivery.
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Encouraging partnerships with private entities can help leverage additional resources for urban development projects while sharing risks associated with large-scale investments.
Community Engagement Initiatives: Involving citizens in budgetary processes can increase transparency and accountability, potentially leading to better resource allocation aligned with community priorities.
Mains PYQ:
Q Analyse the role of local bodies in providing good governance at local level and bring out the pros and cons merging the rural local bodies with the urban local bodies. (UPSC IAS/2024)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Climate Change;
Why in the News?
The first week of the COP29 summit in Baku ended without major progress, as stark divisions between developed and developing nations hindered agreements on climate finance, trade measures, and equitable climate responsibilities.
What is a COP meeting?
Establishment and Early Meetings: The COP was established in 1995 following the adoption of the UNFCCC in 1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. The first COP (COP1) took place in Berlin, Germany, where parties began to negotiate binding commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
This initial meeting set the stage for subsequent negotiations and agreements, including the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, which established legally binding targets for developed countries to reduce emissions.
Evolving Focus and Agreements: Over the years, COP meetings have evolved to address not only mitigation strategies but also adaptation, finance, and technology transfer to developing countries.
The landmark Paris Agreement was adopted at COP21 in 2015, establishing a global framework for climate action with commitments from all countries to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius.
What is the status of climate finance commitments from developed countries?
Unmet Financial Pledges: Developed countries have failed to fulfill the $100 billion annual climate finance goal set in 2009, leading to growing frustration among developing nations.
Loans Dominate Finance: Nearly 70% of climate finance provided so far is in the form of loans, creating a debt burden for vulnerable economies.
Demand for $1.3 Trillion Annually: The G-77/China bloc has called for a significant increase in climate finance to $1.3 trillion annually, with a focus on grants and concessional funding instead of debt-inducing mechanisms.
Equity in Climate Finance: Developing nations demand accountability and emphasize that climate finance should address both mitigation and adaptation needs equitably.
How will the Mitigation Work Programme (MWP) support developing countries?
Capacity Building: The MWP aims to enhance the capabilities of developing countries to implement Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) effectively.
Technology Transfer: A robust technology implementation program with dedicated financial backing is proposed to ensure equitable access to climate technologies.
Adaptation Finance: The MWP includes provisions for scaling up financial resources to assist countries in adapting to climate impacts, especially for those most vulnerable.
Equity in Responsibility: The MWP aligns with the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” (CBDR), ensuring that mitigation efforts consider historical emissions and current capacities.
What measures will be taken to address unilateral trade actions impacting developing nations? (Way forward)
Criticism of CBAM: Developing nations, including India and Bolivia, criticized the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), which they view as a discriminatory trade barrier violating equity principles.
Call for Equity: Developing nations argue that CBAM shifts the burden of climate action to economies with minimal historical emissions, impacting industrial growth and development.
Opposition to External Regulations: India emphasized that mitigation measures must align with NDCs and national sovereignty, opposing attempts to impose external climate regulations.
Collaboration Against Trade Barriers: The BASIC bloc, AOSIS, and the Arab Group are working together to resist measures like CBAM and push for trade policies that consider the needs of the Global South.
Reforms in Multilateral Financial Systems: Countries like South Africa advocate for multilateral reforms to ensure fairer financial systems and debt relief for vulnerable economies.
Mains PYQ:
Q Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (UPSC IAS/2021)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Oriental pied Hornbills
Why in the News?
The people of Mayong village in Assam have come together to protect a growing colony of oriental pied hornbills, which they view as symbols of peace and prosperity.
About Oriental-pied Hornbills
Details
Name
Scientific Name: Anthracoceros albirostris Common Names: Sunda Pied Hornbill, Malaysian Pied Hornbill
Size: 600-900 grams, 55-60 cm in length.
Habitat
Found in South and Southeast Asia including India, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
Inhabits tropical moist forests, secondary forests, and mangroves.
Behavioural Features
Diet: Omnivorous, mainly fruits (figs), insects, small reptiles. Role: Seed dispersers, forest regeneration agents. Nesting: Female seals in tree cavity, male feeds her.
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List: Least Concern; CITES: Appendix II (conditional trade permitted). Threats: Habitat loss, poaching, pet trade. Conservation: Protected in reserves, community efforts for habitat preservation.
PYQ:
[2016] In which of the following regions of India, are you most likely to come across the ‘Great Indian Hornbill’ in its natural habitat?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination;
Why in the News?
Madhya Pradesh marked a significant milestone in public health by unveiling a commemorative postage stamp dedicated to the Sickle Cell Eradication – 2047 initiative.
What is the Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)?
SCD is a genetic disorder where red blood cells take a crescent shape, impairing circulation and causing complications like anaemia, organ damage, pain episodes, and a shortened lifespan.
It predominantly affects marginalized tribal populations.
Symptoms: Common symptoms include chronic anaemia, painful episodes (sickle cell crisis), and delayed growth and puberty.
Treatment: Treatments include blood transfusions, hydroxyurea to reduce pain episodes, and gene therapy or stem cell transplantation for long-term management.
India’s Mission:
Union Budget 2023-24 announced a mission to eradicate sickle cell anaemia by 2047, focusing on awareness and screening for individuals aged 0-40.
Anaemia Mukt Bharat Strategy: It provides bi weekly iron Folic acid supplementation to all under five children through ASHA workers.
What are the key facts about theSickle Cell Eradication – 2047Initiative?
Details
Aims and Objectives
• Complete eradication of sickle cell anemia by 2047.
• Awareness and screening in tribal communities.
• Accessible diagnosis and treatment, with tools like HPLC.
• Genetic counseling for prevention.
• Technology-driven monitoring via mobile app and National Sickle Cell Portal.
Features of the Program
• Newborn screening and prenatal diagnostics at AIIMS Bhopal.
• Nationwide expansion to 17 states by 2047.
• Advanced testing with HPLC machines.
• Community engagement through support groups and education.
Implementation
• Collaborations with institutions like AIIMS Bhopal, Sankalp India, and healthcare providers.
• Phased rollout starting with high-prevalence regions in Madhya Pradesh.
• Government funding for infrastructure and tech development.
• Digital technology for data collection and case management.
PYQ:
[2023] Consider the following statements in the context of interventions being undertaken under the Anemia Mukt Bharat Strategy :
It provides prophylactic calcium supplementation for pre-school children, adolescents and pregnant women.
It runs a campaign for delayed cord clamping at the time of child-birth.
It provides for periodic deworming to children and adolescents.
It addresses non-nutritional causes of anaemia in endemic pockets with special focus on malaria, hemoglobinopathies and fluorosis.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) Only three
(d) All four
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNICORN Mast
Why in the News?
India and Japan have signed a Memorandum of Implementation (MoI) for the co-development and co-production of the UNICORN (Unified Complex Radio Antenna) mast for Indian Naval warships.
What is the UNICORN Mast?
The UNICORN Mast is an advanced antenna system designed to enhance the stealth and operational capabilities of naval warships.
It was developed through collaboration between three Japanese companies: NEC Corporation, Sampa Kogyo K.K., and The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd.
It will be co-developed in India by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL).
It consolidates multiple antennas, typically attached separately to a mast, into a single radar dome (radome).
By reducing the cross-sectional visibility of the mast, UNICORN significantly minimizes the electronic signatures of warships, making them harder to detect.
This technology is already in use on Mogami-class frigates in the Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force.
Objectives behind the Mission:
Enhance Naval Stealth: Improve stealth by reducing electronic and radar signatures.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Features of Ayushman Vay Vandana Yojana
Why in the News?
Within just three weeks of its launch, over 10 lakh senior citizens have enrolled for the Ayushman Vay Vandana Yojana.
Note: Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana (PM-VVY) is a pension scheme and insurance policy for senior citizens in India. One must not get confused with Ayushman-VVY.
AboutAyushman Vay Vandana Yojana:
Details
Features and Provisions
• Cashless health coverage up to ₹5 lakh per year for senior citizens aged 70and above. • Beneficiaries receive an Ayushman Vay Vandana Card, which grants them access to free treatment in empaneled hospitals across India.
• Coverage includes medical consultations, treatments, pre- and post-hospitalization expenses, and complex procedures such as angioplasty.
Structural Mandate
• Administered under the PM-JAY framework, ensuring structured implementation and integration with India’s health insurance network.
• Implemented across empaneled hospitals in both urban and rural areas, ensuring nationwide reach.
• Centralized digital system tracks treatments, patient details, and expenses for transparency and accountability.
• Specifically designed for senior citizens, addressing their unique healthcare needs.
Aims and Objectives
• Universal healthcare for senior citizens, ensuring access to essential medical treatments without financial strain.
• Seeks to reduce out-of-pocket expenditure for elderly citizens and their families.
• Encourages preventive care and early medical intervention to address age-related health conditions.
Eligibility Criteria
• Open to all Indian citizens aged 70 and above.
• There are NO income/ family size restrictions, making it accessible to all senior citizens, regardless of their economic status.
• Beneficiaries must be Indian citizens.
• Seniors need to register under PM-JAY to receive the AVV Card and avail of the benefits.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Vehicular Pollution;
Why in the News?
To tackle Delhi’s severe pollution and smog, the Delhi government started implementing GRAP Stage III on November 15, which bans BS-III petrol and BS-IV diesel four-wheelers in the National Capital Region (NCR) to help improve air quality.
What are Bharat Stage Emission Standards?
Bharat Stage (BS) emission standards are regulations established by the Indian government to control the output of air pollutants from internal combustion engines in vehicles.
The first standards were introduced in 1991, with subsequent updates leading to the current BS-VI standard, which came into effect on April 1, 2020. India has progressively aligned its standards with European norms, skipping BS-V altogether due to increasing pollution levels.
What is the difference between BS-IV and BS-VI norms?
Sulphur Content: BS-VI fuel has a significantly lower sulphur content (10 ppm) compared to BS-IV fuel (50 ppm), resulting in reduced harmful emissions.
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Emissions:
Diesel Vehicles: NOx emissions are limited to 80 mg/km under BS-VI, down from 250 mg/km under BS-IV.
Petrol Vehicles: NOx emissions are reduced from 80 mg/km in BS-IV to 60 mg/km in BS-VI.
Particulate Matter (PM): The permissible PM emissions for diesel vehicles have been reduced from 25 mg/km under BS-IV to 4.5 mg/km under BS-VI. Petrol vehicles are also subject to a new limit of 4.5 mg/km for PM.
Emission Control Technologies: BS-VI introduces advanced technologies such as Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF), which were not part of the BS-IV standards. Additionally, Real Driving Emissions (RDE) testing is implemented to monitor emissions during actual driving conditions.
Why have BS-III petrol and BS-IV diesel four-wheelers been banned in Delhi-NCR?
Higher Emission Levels: BS-III petrol and BS-IV diesel vehicles emit significantly higher levels of pollutants like NOx, PM 2.5, and sulphur oxides compared to BS-VI vehicles. These emissions worsen Delhi-NCR’s already poor air quality, especially during high pollution periods.
Combatting Severe Smog and Pollution: Delhi-NCR experiences severe air quality degradation during winter due to factors like temperature inversion and low wind speeds. Banning older vehicles helps reduce pollution sources and alleviates smog conditions.
Alignment with GRAP Stage III: The Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) Stage III mandates stricter pollution control measures during critical air quality levels, including banning more polluting vehicle categories, to protect public health and comply with environmental standards.
Note: The Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) Stage III has been implemented in Delhi-NCR due to severe air pollution levels, specifically when the Air Quality Index (AQI) exceeds 400.
What did the emission inventory say about Delhi NCR?
Current Challenges: The Delhi NCR region faces severe air quality issues, exacerbated by vehicular emissions, construction dust, and seasonal factors like stubble burning. The emission inventory indicates these pollutants contribute significantly to the city’s chronic smog problem.
Government Response: In response to high pollution levels, the Delhi government has implemented measures such as the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP), which includes bans on certain vehicle categories based on their emission standards.
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)recorded an average AQI of 494 (Severe plus category) for Delhi where the different scales and methods explain the gap.
A study by the Centre for Science and Environment reveals that:
Vehicular emissions are the largest contributor to Delhi’s air pollution, accounting for 51.5% of the city’s pollution;
Neighbouring districts add 34.97 %,
Farm fires contribute 8.19%, and
Dust particles make up 3.7 % of the total air pollution in the city.
What is the AQI Crisis in North India and What is the role of Climatic Conditions?
Northern India, particularly Delhi, is currently facing a severe air quality crisis, characterized by record-breaking Air Quality Index (AQI) levels. The AQI in many areas has exceeded 500, categorizing it as “severe-plus,” which poses significant health risks and limits visibility due to thick smog.
This year, despite a relatively pollution-free October and early November, the second week of November brought a sudden spike in toxic particulate matter, primarily PM2.5.
Weather Patterns: Inversions and stagnant air conditions have contributed to the accumulation of pollutants. The presence of a thick pollution blanket at around 500 meters above ground level has been linked to adverse local impacts when combined with regional emissions from stubble burning and other sources.
External Pollution Sources: The increase in pollution levels due to significant contributions from external sources, including emissions from nearby states like Punjab and Haryana.
What are the challenges in Monitoring AQI?
Inconsistent Data Reporting: There is confusion regarding AQI readings, with some private agencies reporting values exceeding 1,000 while official figures cap at 500. This discrepancy arises from differences in how pollutant concentrations are converted to AQI values based on less stringent national guidelines compared to WHO standards.
Dependence on External Data: India’s reliance on satellite data from NASA for monitoring fires and pollution limits its ability to independently assess air quality. There is a need for more localized monitoring using Indian satellites that can provide continuous coverage.
Lack of Comprehensive Frameworks: Current monitoring systems do not adequately account for regional cooperation or comprehensive frameworks that address transboundary pollution issues effectively. This lack of coordination complicates efforts to manage air quality across state lines.
Way forward:
Accelerate Transition to Cleaner Vehicles: Promote the adoption of electric and BS-VI vehicles through subsidies, scrappage policies, and robust charging infrastructure to phase out older, polluting vehicles effectively.
Strengthen Air Quality Measures: Enhance monitoring of industrial and vehicular emissions, enforce GRAP actions stringently, and increase public awareness to reduce pollution sources and improve compliance.
Public Health Prioritization: A health-centric approach should prioritize the well-being of citizens by implementing measures that reduce exposure to harmful pollutants, particularly for vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly.
Multidisciplinary Solutions: Addressing air quality issues necessitates collaboration across various sectors, including transportation, urban planning, and public health. This multidisciplinary approach can foster innovative solutions tailored to local contexts while addressing broader climatic challenges.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the key features of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) initiated by the government of India? (UPSC IAS/2020)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Importance of Middle Eastern countries;
Why in the News?
Saudi Arabia recently hosted a summit of Arab and Islamic leaders, urging an immediate halt to Israel’s military actions in Gaza and Lebanon while addressing the broader Palestine issue.
What were the key outcomes of the Riyadh summit on the Gaza conflict?
Condemnation of Israeli Actions: The leaders from Arab and Islamic countries condemned the Israeli military’s actions in Gaza, describing them as “shocking and horrific crimes,” including accusations of genocide and ethnic cleansing.
Call for Investigation: They demanded the establishment of an “independent, credible” international committee to investigate these alleged crimes committed by Israel.
Support for Palestinian Statehood: The summit urged for measures to end the Israeli occupation and called for the establishment of an independent Palestinian state based on the borders prior to June 4, 1967, with East Jerusalem (Al-Quds) as its capital, aligning with the two-state solution and the Arab Peace Initiative of 2002.
How does the summit reflect changing dynamics in regional politics?
Shift from Normalization: The summit reflects a significant shift in regional politics where Arab nations, which had previously moved towards normalising relations with Israel (as seen in the Abraham Accords), are now re-emphasizing the importance of addressing the Palestinian issue as a prerequisite for peace.
Collective Arab Stance: The gathering showcased a united front among Arab leaders in response to Israel’s actions, indicating a collective anger and a strategic pivot back towards supporting Palestinian rights rather than sidelining them for diplomatic ties with Israel.
Impact on Saudi-Israel Relations: Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s strong condemnation of Israel’s actions signals a deterioration in potential normalization talks with Israel, as any future agreements are now explicitly linked to resolving the Palestinian question.
What is the possibility of the Arab World Joining the war?
Unlikelihood of Military Action: Despite heightened tensions and strong rhetoric, it is highly unlikely that any Arab nation will engage militarily against Israel. Historical precedents show that while Arab states have condemned Israeli actions, they have refrained from direct military confrontation since 1973.
Focus on Diplomatic Solutions: The current sentiment among Arab nations leans towards seeking diplomatic resolutions rather than military involvement, especially given their previous moves towards normalizing relations with Israel.
Strategic Realignment: The recent developments suggest a subtle realignment in West Asia’s strategic landscape, where Arab states may prioritize internal stability and regional cooperation over direct military engagement, even as they express solidarity with Palestine.
What can India do to resolve the Gaza conflict?
Mediation and Dialogue Facilitation: India can leverage its strong relationships with both Arab countries and Israel to act as a neutral mediator, facilitating dialogue and promoting peaceful negotiations between the conflicting parties.
Support for International Initiatives: India can advocate for a renewed focus on the two-state solution within international forums like the UN, aligning with global efforts to establish a sustainable, independent Palestinian state alongside Israel.
Way forward:
Strengthen Diplomatic Efforts: Arab nations should focus on reinforcing diplomatic pressure on Israel and the international community to address the Palestinian issue, promoting dialogue and supporting peaceful resolutions.
Support Palestinian Unity: Arab countries should work towards fostering unity within Palestinian leadership to present a coherent political front and advance their cause for statehood in international forums.
Mains PYQ:
Q How will the I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics? (UPSC IAS/2022)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Biotechnology; Health sector; Diseases and it’s policies in News;
Why in the News?
Global diabetes cases surged from 200 million in 1990 to over 800 million in 2022, with adult prevalence doubling from 7% to 14%, according to The Lancet report.
What are the WHO’s targets for diabetes diagnosis and management by 2030?
The World Health Organization (WHO) aims for 80% of people with diabetes to be diagnosed.
The target is for 80% of diagnosed individuals to achieve good glycemic control, which is crucial for preventing complications associated with diabetes.
What is the current state of diabetes prevalence in India?
As of 2022, India has the highest number of people with diabetes globally, totalling 212 million, significantly up from around 200 million in 1990.
The prevalence of diabetes among adults in India rose from 7% in 1990 to 14% in 2022.
India also leads in the number of untreated diabetes cases, with 133 million individuals over the age of 30 remaining undiagnosed, compared to 78 million in China.
The increase is partly attributed to improved data collection methods that include individuals with elevated fasting plasma glucose and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), capturing a broader population affected by diabetes.
What strategies can India implement to achieve these targets?
Targeted Screening and Lifestyle Interventions: India can adopt Finland’s approach of identifying high-risk individuals through targeted screening and offering lifestyle interventions, including dietary changes and exercise, to prevent diabetes.
Enhance Public Awareness Campaigns: Community-based implementation and awareness programs align with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) by promoting healthy lifestyles, preventing diabetes, and ensuring equitable access to healthcare for all, especially vulnerable populations.
Improve Access to Healthcare Services: Ensure that diagnostic facilities for blood glucose testing are widely available and affordable. Strengthen primary healthcare services to facilitate easier access to diabetes care and management.
Steps taken by the government:
National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Stroke (NPCDCS): Launched to promote awareness, early diagnosis, and management of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including diabetes. This program aims to reduce risk factors through lifestyle modifications and improve access to healthcare services.
Collaboration with WHO and Other Organizations: India collaborates with the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international bodies to align its diabetes management strategies with global best practices and targets, including those set for 2030.
Way forward:
Strengthen Preventive Healthcare: Focus on early detection through widespread screening, robust public awareness campaigns, and targeted interventions for high-risk groups, emphasizing healthy lifestyle promotion.
Enhance Integrated Care Systems: Scale up access to affordable diabetes care, strengthen primary healthcare services, and integrate technology for monitoring and management to achieve WHO’s glycemic control targets by 2030.
Mains PYQ:
Q Stem cell therapy is gaining popularity in India to treat a wide variety of medical conditions including leukaemia, Thalassemia, damaged cornea and several burns. Describe briefly what stem cell therapy is and what advantages it has over other treatments. (UPSC IAS/2017)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Operation Sagar Manthan
Why in the News?
The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) has initiated Operation Sagar Manthan to dismantle the extensive drug empire of Haji Salim, also known as the “Lord of Drugs”.
AboutOperation Sagar Manthan
Details
About the Operation
• An initiative by Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) to dismantle the drug trafficking network led by Haji Salim.
• Launched under the direction of Union Home Minister Amit Shah.
• A comprehensive crackdown on Salim’s syndicate linked to narco-terrorism.
Aims and Objectives
• Break supply lines, seize narcotics, and arrest operatives.
• Disrupt funding for cross-border terrorism.
• Strengthen surveillance in remote coastal areas used by the syndicate.
• Counter aid from entities like Pakistan’s ISI and disrupt links with figures like Dawood Ibrahim.
Goals
• Reduce cartel influence in the Indian Ocean region.
• Mitigate narco-terrorism to enhance regional security.
• Improve maritime security to prevent future networks.
Why does the government crack down on drug trafficking?
Public Health Protection: Drug trafficking fuels addiction, mental health issues, and diseases, straining healthcare systems and undermining societal well-being.
National Security and Social Stability: It funds organized crime, terrorism, and violence, destabilizing communities, weakening governance, and hindering law and order.
PYQ:
[2023] Explain how narco-terrorism has emerged as a serious threat across the country. Suggest suitable measures to counter narco-terrorism.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Western Honey Bees
Why in the News?
Western Honey Bees widely used for boosting pollination has led to unintended ecological consequences.
Now they inadvertently carry and transmit Thai Sacbrood Virus to native bee colonies.
AboutWestern Honey Bees
Scientific Name: Apis mellifera
Introduced globally for their pollination abilities and honey production. In India, they were introduced in 1983 to enhance honey yield.
Widely used in agriculture, particularly for pollination of crops like fruit trees, crops, and vegetables.
Thai Sacbrood Virus Outbreak
The Thai Sacbrood Virus (TSBV) outbreak in China and Vietnam has severely impacted honey bee populations.
In 1991-1992, a Thai sacbrood virus outbreak devastated around 90% of Asiatic honey bee colonies in South India and re-emerged in 2021 in Telangana.
The virus primarily infects honey bee larvae, leading to their high mortality rates.
As a result, the affected regions experienced significant declines in bee colonies, which in turn affected pollination services and honey production.
The movement of bee colonies for commercial pollination and honey production has facilitated the spread of the virus.
AboutIndian Bees and Their Habitat
Indian bees are predominantly Apis cerana indica, a species of Asian honey bee.
They are found in a wide range of habitats, including forests, agricultural land, and urban environments.
They thrive in areas with abundant flowers and nectar sources.
Indian bees are important for pollination, especially for local flora, and contribute to the ecosystem by supporting biodiversity and food production.
They face threats from habitat loss, pesticide use, and competition from Western Honey Bees, which may outcompete them for food and nesting sites.
Significance of Honey Bee:
Pollination and Food Security: Honey bees play a crucial role in pollinating crops, contributing to the production of fruits, vegetables, and nuts, ensuring global food security and agricultural sustainability.
Biodiversity Conservation: By facilitating plant reproduction, honey bees support ecosystem health and biodiversity, maintaining the balance of natural habitats and enhancing the resilience of ecosystems.
PYQ:
[2023] Which of the following organisms perform waggle dance for others of their kin to indicate the direction and the distance to a source of their food?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kaalinga Specie
PC: The Hindu
Why in the News?
The Western Ghats’ king cobra, commonly called ‘Kalinga Sarpa’, will soon be recognized in the scientific community as Ophiophagus kaalinga.
AboutKaalinga (Ophiophagus kaalinga):
Details
Geographical Location
• Native to the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India, and extends to adjacent regions within the Western Ghats.
• Prefers dense tropical forests and hilly terrains.
Physical Features
• Can grow up to 10-12 feet.
• Carnivorous, feeding on snakes, small mammals, and lizards.
• Potent neurotoxic venom capable of killing several humans or an elephant in a single bite.
Uniqueness
• Known for territorial behaviour and intelligence.
• Females build and fiercely guard nests (4 ft x 3 ft) with 23-43 eggs per clutch.
Conservation Status
• At risk due to habitat fragmentation, human-animal conflict, and the absence of specific anti-venom.
IUCN Status: Vulnerable
WPA, 1972:Schedule II (accorded protection but with lesser restrictions compared to Schedule I)
PYQ:
[2010] King Cobra is the only snake that makes its own nest. Why does it make its nest?
(a) It is a snake-eater and the nest helps attract other snakes
(b) It is a viviparous snake and needs a nest to give birth to its offspring
(c) It is an oviparous snake and lays its eggs in the nest and guards the nest until they are hatched
(d) It is a large, cold-blooded animal and needs a nest to hibernate in the cold season
