Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Press Council of India
Why in the News?
- National Press Day is celebrated annually on November 16 to honour the critical role of a free and responsible press in society.
- It marks the start of the Press Council of India in 1966, established as a moral watchdog to uphold press standards and protect it from undue influence or threats.
About the Press Council of India (PCI):
|
Details |
| Historical Background |
• Constituted on July 4, 1966, as an autonomous, statutory, and quasi-judicial body.
• Established to act as a moral watchdog over the press to ensure it operates with ethics and independence.
• First Press Commission of India (1954) recommended forming a council to uphold professional standards in journalism.
• Initially governed by the Press Council Act of 1965, later replaced by the Press Council Act of 1978. |
| Composition of PCI |
• Comprises 28 members and a Chairperson.
• Chairperson appointed by a committee that includes the Chief Justice of India, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, and a representative of the President.
• Member Representation:
– 13 working journalists representing different news organizations.
– 6 members from editors and newspaper owners.
– 5 members from Parliament (3 from Lok Sabha, 2 from Rajya Sabha).
– 1 nominee each from the University Grants Commission (UGC), the Bar Council of India (BCI), and Sahitya Akademi.
• Term: Each member serves a 3-year term and can be re-elected. |
| Powers and Functions of PCI |
• Quasi-Judicial Authority: PCI has statutory powers to hold inquiries into complaints against the press or journalists for professional misconduct.
• Inquiry Powers: PCI can summon witnesses and call for documents if necessary.
• Disciplinary Action: PCI has the authority to censure or admonish newspapers, editors, or journalists for violating professional ethics.
• Recommendations: Although PCI cannot enforce laws or impose penalties, it can recommend actions to the relevant authorities in case of serious violations.Functions:
• Upholding Press Freedom: Ensures that the press in India is free from undue influence and performs its duties with responsibility.
• Protecting Journalists: Investigates complaints of harassment or threats against journalists and defends their rights.
• Policy Advisory Role: Advises the government on policy issues that affect press freedom and media laws.
• Studies and Reports: Conducts studies on media issues, such as election reporting, defense coverage, and journalist safety, to provide guidelines on responsible reporting. |
PYQ:
[2018] Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty. Which of the following in the Constitution of India correctly and appropriately imply the above statement?
(a) Article 14 and the provisions under the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution.
(b) Article 17 and the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV.
(c) Article 21 and the freedoms guaranteed in Part III.
(d) Article 24 and the provisions under the 44th Amendment to the Constitution. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act;
Mains level: Internal Security; Security Issues in Northeast India; AFSPA;
Why in the News?
Eighteen months after ethnic violence began in Manipur, the Central government has reinstated the Disturbed Areas status under the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) in six police station jurisdictions, including the affected area of Jiribam.
Present map
What is the historical background?
- The original ordinance (AFSPA) was a response to the challenges faced by the British during World War II, particularly by Indian Nationalists.
- After independence, Indian leaders retained and adapted this framework, facing their internal security challenges.
- PM Jawaharlal Nehru decided to continue with the law due to escalating insurgencies in regions like Assam and Manipur.
- The Armed Forces (Assam and Manipur) Special Powers Ordinance was promulgated on May 22, 1958, and subsequently replaced by the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act on September 11, 1958.
- Initially, AFSPA was applied to the Naga Hills and surrounding insurgent areas to empower armed forces to restore order in “disturbed areas”.
- Over the years, AFSPA has been extended to various other states facing similar issues, including Manipur, Assam, and parts of Jammu and Kashmir.
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What is the significance of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, of 1958?
- Extraordinary Powers: AFSPA grants armed forces significant powers, including the authority to arrest without a warrant, search premises, and use lethal force if deemed necessary. These powers are intended to facilitate military operations in volatile regions.
- Legal Immunity: The Act provides immunity from prosecution for armed forces personnel acting under its provisions unless sanctioned by the central government. This aspect has led to widespread criticism and allegations of human rights abuses.
- Controversy and Criticism: AFSPA has been a subject of intense debate due to its implications for civil liberties. Critics argue that it leads to extrajudicial killings and other human rights violations. High-profile incidents have fueled calls for its repeal or reform, with activists like Irom Sharmila famously protesting against it for years.
Which are the States where AFSPA is presently in effect?
The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) is currently in effect in several states across India, primarily in regions experiencing ongoing insurgency or civil unrest. These are Jammu and Kashmir, Nagaland (eight districts), Arunachal Pradesh (three districts), and parts of Assam, Manipur (excluding the Imphal municipal area). |
What is the present controversy around the provisions of AFSPA?
- Human Rights Violations: AFSPA has been associated with numerous human rights abuses, including extrajudicial killings, torture, and enforced disappearances.
- Reports indicate that over 1,500 extrajudicial killings occurred in Manipur alone between 2000 and 2012, often involving security forces acting with impunity due to the protections afforded by the Act.
- Impunity for Security Forces: This Act provides armed forces personnel with legal immunity for actions taken under its provisions, requiring prior approval from the central government for prosecution.
- This has led to a culture of impunity (exemption from punishment) where security personnel are rarely held accountable for their actions, exacerbating public distrust and resentment towards the military.
- Excessive Use of Force: AFSPA grants security forces broad powers to use lethal force against individuals deemed to be acting against the law.
- Critics argue that this provision leads to excessive and disproportionate responses, often resulting in civilian casualties and further violence in already tense regions.
- Lack of Accountability and Oversight: The absence of effective mechanisms for accountability regarding human rights violations under AFSPA has been a significant concern.
- Despite recommendations from various committees for reforms or repeal of the Act, the government has largely ignored these calls, perpetuating a cycle of abuse without adequate oversight.
- Political and Social Backlash: The ongoing application of AFSPA has sparked significant protests and activism, particularly in northeastern states like Manipur and Nagaland.
- Activists, including prominent figures like Irom Sharmila, have campaigned for its repeal, arguing that it fosters alienation among local populations and undermines democratic values in India.
Way forward:
- Balancing Security with Rights: Reform AFSPA to incorporate provisions ensuring accountability and oversight, such as independent inquiries into alleged violations and regular reviews of its application, while retaining necessary powers to address security challenges.
- Strengthening Local Governance: Enhance the capacity of state police and local administrations through training and resources, enabling them to manage law and order effectively, thereby reducing reliance on AFSPA over time.
Mains PYQ:
Q Human rights activists constantly highlight the fact that the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA) is a draconian act leading to cases of human rights abuses by security forces. What sections of AFSPA are opposed by the activists? Critically evaluate the requirement regarding the view held by the Apex Court. (UPSC IAS/2015)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Public Education and Governance Issues; sIssues related to Public Policy and Institutions;
Why in the News?
India, the world’s largest democracy, still doesn’t have a top-tier public educational policy institution like those in the United States and Europe.
What are the gaps between public policy education and job market demands?
- Mismatch of Skills and Employability: According to the India Skills Report 2024, only 51.8% of fresh graduates meet industry employability standards, with the employability rate for individuals aged 22-25 at 58.6%.
- This indicates that many graduates, including those from public policy programs, lack the skills required by employers.
- Limited Policy-Specific Job Opportunities: Despite approximately 130 institutions offering public policy courses in India, there are few dedicated policy-specific jobs available.
- Graduates often compete for roles in think tanks and NGOs, where job openings are limited, leading to intense competition and underemployment in their field.
- High Unemployment Among Educated Youth: The India Employment Report 2024 shows that educated youth (with secondary or higher education) account for 65.7% of the total unemployed youth, a significant increase from 35.2% in 2000.
- The unemployment rate for graduates is reported at 29.1%, highlighting a disconnect between educational attainment and job availability.
- Theoretical Focus Over Practical Experience: Many public policy programs primarily emphasize theoretical knowledge rather than practical skills.
- A report from the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy notes that these programs often lack hands-on training opportunities, limiting students’ ability to apply academic concepts to real-world situations.
- Barriers to Government Employment: Access to government jobs remains limited compared to countries like the U.S., where structured recruitment routes exist for public policy graduates.
- In India, there are no dedicated pathways for these graduates to enter government service, restricting their career options and diminishing the effectiveness of public policy education.
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How can India bridge the gap between public policy education and job market demands?
- Curriculum Alignment: Public policy institutions must develop curricula that align closely with the needs of the job market, emphasizing practical skills alongside theoretical knowledge. This includes training in data analysis, policy evaluation, and understanding local governance dynamics.
- Internship and Field Experience: Integrating mandatory internships and fieldwork into public policy programs can provide students with real-world experience and enhance their employability.
- Focus on Local Contexts: Training should include a focus on India’s unique political dynamics, informal power structures, and socio-economic challenges to prepare graduates for effective policy-making in the Indian context.
- Continuous Learning and Adaptability: Encouraging a culture of lifelong learning among students will equip them to adapt to evolving job market demands. This could involve offering short courses or certifications in emerging areas of public policy.
What structural changes are necessary to improve Public Policy Education?
- Decentralization of Power: Reforming the decision-making structure within public policy institutions to allow greater input from diverse stakeholders, including civil society and academia, can enhance the relevance and impact of policy education.
- Interdisciplinary Approach: Incorporating interdisciplinary studies that combine economics, sociology, political science, and environmental studies can provide a holistic understanding of public policy issues.
- Strengthening Research Capabilities: Investing in research facilities and encouraging academic contributions to policy debates can help bridge the gap between theory and practice, making institutions more influential in shaping policies.
- Creating Non-Partisan Spaces: Establishing independent platforms for dialogue among various political factions can foster a more inclusive environment for policy discussions, reducing sycophancy and promoting evidence-based policymaking.
- Partnerships with Global Institutions: Collaborating with established international public policy schools can enhance curriculum development and provide exposure to global best practices in governance and policy analysis.
How can India establish itself as a global leader?
- Promoting Innovation in Policy Making: Encouraging innovative approaches to problem-solving within public policy education can position India as a leader in addressing complex global challenges such as climate change, health crises, and economic inequality.
- The Indian government has to set a target to increase public investment in education to 6% of GDP, aligning with the recommendations of the Kothari Commission.
- Investment in Human Capital: Prioritizing education and skill development across sectors will create a knowledgeable workforce capable of contributing to both national development and global governance.
- For example, schools like the Harvard Kennedy School in the U.S. and the London School of Economics train leaders who influence both National and Global politics.
- Fostering Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): India can bridge the gap in public policy education by aligning curricula with job market needs, promoting internships, and fostering global partnerships. This aligns with SDG Goal 4 (Quality Education) and Goal 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), ensuring skilled and employable graduates.
Mains PYQ:
Q National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient the education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bose-Einstein Statistics
Why in the News?
The Union Ministry of Science and Technology has inaugurated the centenary celebrations of Bose-Einstein Statistics at the S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences.
Bose-Einstein Statistics
- Bose-Einstein statistics describe how certain particles called bosons (like photons and helium-4 atoms) behave, especially at low temperatures.
- This concept was developed by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein.
- It explains the behavior of bosons, which are particles that can exist in the same state as others.
- Unlike other particles, bosons can “share” a quantum state, meaning multiple bosons can exist in the same place with the same energy.
- It is used to understand particles that don’t follow the Pauli Exclusion Principle (which states that two fermions, like electrons, cannot occupy the same state).
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Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)
- A BEC is a special state of matter formed when bosons are cooled down to almost absolute zero (-273°C). In this state, the particles behave as one single quantum entity.
- Bosons, when cooled to near absolute zero, lose their individual properties and combine to form a single quantum state.
- It was achieved in 1995 by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman using rubidium atoms.
- This discovery earned them the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- BECs exhibit unique quantum behaviors like zero viscosity (flow without friction) and act as a “super atom” that is extremely sensitive to any outside influence.
Significance of Bose-Einstein Statistics
- Bose-Einstein statistics are essential for understanding quantum mechanics, particularly the behavior of particles in quantum states.
- These statistics led to the discovery of Bose-Einstein Condensates, which have unique properties not seen in normal states of matter.
- BECs are useful in atomic clocks, superconductors, and quantum computing due to their sensitivity and unique quantum properties.
- Bose’s work was crucial in explaining light’s particle nature (photons), which helped develop the concept of wave-particle duality in quantum theory.
- Bose-Einstein statistics paved the way for studying low-temperature physics, allowing scientists to observe quantum effects in larger systems.
- These statistics and the discovery of BECs continue to inspire new fields of research, including quantum fluids and quantum phase transitions.
PYQ:
[2018] Discuss the work of ‘Bose-Einstein Statistics’ done by Prof. Satyendra Nath Bose and show how it revolutionised the field of Physics. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs)
Why in the News?
The RBI designated SBI, HDFC Bank, and ICICI Bank as Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs) for 2024.
Current D-SIBs in India:
- As of 2024, the State Bank of India (SBI), HDFC Bank, and ICICI Bank are classified as D-SIBs.
- SBI was classified as a D-SIB in 2015, ICICI Bank in 2016, and HDFC Bank in 2017.
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What are Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs)?
- D-SIBs are banks that are critical to the stability of a country’s financial system.
- They are often termed “Too Big To Fail” (TBTF) because their failure could lead to significant disruptions in the economy.
- The RBI identifies D-SIBs annually.
- The framework for recognizing these banks was issued in July 2014.
- The RBI has been publishing an annual list of D-SIBs since 2015.
D-SIBs are placed in different buckets based on systemic importance scores. Higher bucket rankings require greater capital requirements to absorb losses.
- SBI is in Bucket 4.
- HDFC Bank is in Bucket 3.
- ICICI Bank is in Bucket 1.
D-SIBs must maintain additional Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) capital based on their bucket.
- SBI: 0.80% of Risk Weighted Assets (RWAs).
- HDFC Bank: 0.40%
- ICICI Bank: 0.20%
Global Systemically Important Banks (G-SIBs):
- On the global stage, G-SIBs are designated by the Financial Stability Board (FSB).
- G-SIBs include large international banks such as JP Morgan Chase and HSBC.
- Foreign banks in India that qualify as G-SIBs are required to hold additional CET1 capital in India, proportional to their global risk-weighted assets.
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Benefits of D-SIB Classification
- It ensures financial stability by requiring additional capital buffers for resilience during economic stress.
- It increases public confidence through enhanced monitoring and regulation.
- It receives improved supervisory attention, leading to better governance and controls.
- It prepares D-SIBs for financial shocks with additional CET1 and stress-testing requirements.
- It often benefits from higher credit ratings, lowering borrowing costs and improving access to capital.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ADB
Why in the News?
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) will boost climate-related lending by up to $7.2 billion following an agreement by the United States and Japan to provide risk guarantees for some existing loans.
- This marks the first-ever use of sovereign guarantees for climate finance.
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
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| About |
ADB was founded in 1966 following the Conference on Asian Economic Cooperation organized by the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East.
- Headquarters: Located in Manila, Philippines.
- Status: Official UN Observer.
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| Aims and Objectives |
- Reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific region.
- Provide Program Assistance that provides loans (hard/soft), technical assistance, and grants.
- Enhances effectiveness through policy dialogues, advisory services, and co-financing to mobilize additional financial resources.
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| Goals and Targets |
- ADB raises funds primarily through bond issues on global capital markets.
- The ADB has set a climate finance target of $100 billion from 2019 to 2030. The U.S. will guarantee $1 billion of existing ADB loans, while Japan will underwrite $600 million.
Advantages of the Guarantee Structure:
- Expands ADB’s lending capacity.
- Lending space will be used over 5 years, while the guarantees will last for 25 years.
- Example: A sustainable aviation fuel initiative in Pakistan using cooking oil, with ADB covering about half of the $90 million cost.
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| Membership |
- Total Members: 67 countries, with 48 from Asia and the Pacific.
- Membership Eligibility: Includes members of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) and non-regional developed countries.
- Major Shareholders: Japan and the United States (Each hold 15.607% of shares), China ( 6.444%), India (6.331%), Australia (5.786%).
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Barak River
Why in the News?
Police found dead bodies floating in the Barak River (inflicted due to Manipur Violence).
About the Barak River:
|
Details |
| Geographical Location |
• Originates from Japvo mountain in Manipur hills at 3,015 m altitude.
• Flows south, forming the border between Assam and Manipur up to Jirimat.
• Flows for 524 km in India, and then enters Bangladesh as Surma and Kushiyara, later becoming Meghna River.• The river is navigable in parts, with National Waterway 6 (121 km). |
| Physical Features |
• Length: 564 km in total, with 524 km in India.
• Drainage area in India: 41,157 sq. km (1.38% of India’s total area).
• Tributaries: Jiri, Dhaleswari, Singla, Longai, Sonai, and Katakhal. |
| Flora and Fauna/Important Sites |
• Fauna: Home to over 2,000 species of fish and rare creatures like the Siamese crocodile, susu dolphin, smooth-coated otter, and black mugger crocodile.
• Flora: Includes Varzea forest, Los llamjao, tidal forests (mangroves), Pats (flat-topped table mountains), and large tropical swamps.
• Wetlands support farming and biodiversity.
• Hydropower projects: Tipaimukh Dam, Tista Champamati, Dhansiri Barrages.
• Affected by flooding and soil erosion, especially during monsoon. |
PYQ:
[2014] Consider the following rivers:
1. Barak
2. Lohit
3. Subansiri
Which of the above flows/flow through Arunachal Pradesh?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Environmental Policies;
Why in the News?
The Environment Ministry has agreed to a long-standing request from industries to remove the need for environmental clearance and permission to set up operations. This will make it easier for businesses to comply with regulations.
India’s Environmental Policies and Goals
- Streamlining Compliance: The government has removed the requirement for ‘white category’ industries to obtain both Environmental Clearance (EC) and Consent to Establish (CTE) {Dual eco clearance}. This decision is expected to reduce the compliance burden on businesses, allowing them to operate more efficiently without duplicative approvals.
- Classification of Industries: Industries are categorized into four color-coded groups based on their pollution potential: Red (most polluting), Orange, Green, and White (least polluting).
- The recent exemption applies specifically to those in the White category, which includes sectors like solar energy production and fly ash brick manufacturing.
- Alignment with National Goals: This move aligns with India’s broader environmental objectives as outlined in the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and commitments made under international agreements like the Paris Agreement.
- These include targets for reducing emissions intensity and increasing non-fossil fuel energy sources.
- Focus on Sustainable Development: The policy shift reflects a growing emphasis on balancing economic growth with ecological sustainability. It aims to foster an environment conducive to green technologies while still addressing pollution control through existing frameworks.
| Note: Dual Eco-Clearance refers to the requirement for certain industries in India to obtain both Environmental Clearance (EC) and Consent to Establish (CTE) before commencing operations, ensuring compliance with environmental regulations. |
Impacts of Eliminating Dual Eco-Clearance for Industrial Projects
- Reduced Administrative Burden: By eliminating the need for dual clearances, businesses can save time and resources that would otherwise be spent navigating complex regulatory requirements.
- Encouragement of Green Industries: The exemption is likely to encourage investment in green technologies and industries that contribute positively to environmental sustainability. This aligns with India’s goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2070.
- Potential Increase in Industrial Activity: With fewer regulatory hurdles, there may be an uptick in industrial activities within the exempted categories, potentially leading to job creation and economic growth in these sectors.
What are other potential risks associated with the new eco-clearance framework?
- Environmental Oversight Concerns: Critics argue that easing compliance requirements could lead to lax environmental oversight, increasing the risk of pollution incidents if industries are not adequately monitored.
- Inconsistent Implementation: The reliance on state departments for permitting could result in inconsistent application of regulations across different regions, potentially leading to environmental degradation in areas where enforcement is weaker.
- Long-Term Sustainability Risks: While immediate economic benefits may arise from reduced compliance burdens, there is a concern that neglecting environmental checks could compromise long-term sustainability goals, particularly if industries expand without adequate ecological safeguards.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Monitoring Mechanisms for White Category Industries: Establish periodic audits and use digital monitoring tools to ensure compliance, maintaining oversight without imposing excessive regulatory burdens.
- Standardize Implementation Across States: Develop clear, consistent guidelines for states to prevent uneven enforcement and ensure that reduced compliance requirements do not compromise environmental standards.
Mains PYQ:
Q Industrial pollution of river water is a significant environmental issue in India. Discuss the various mitigation measures to deal with this problem and also the government’s initiatives in this regard. (UPSC IAS/2024)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Renewable Energy Transition;
Why in the News?
With Donald Trump’s win in the U.S. and ongoing conflicts in West Asia, India faces a significant challenge at COP29: it must reduce carbon emissions fairly, sustain economic growth, and attract climate funding for essential investments.
Primary Challenges Facing India’s Renewable Energy Transition
- Policy Instability: Frequent changes in policies create uncertainty for investors, hindering long-term planning and investment in renewable energy projects.
- Financial Constraints: India requires substantial investment—estimated at about $10 trillion by 2070—for its energy transition, yet access to affordable financing remains a significant barrier.
- Infrastructure Limitations: The existing energy infrastructure is often inadequate to support the rapid deployment of renewable technologies, particularly in rural areas where access to clean energy is limited.
- Dependence on Fossil Fuels: Coal remains a dominant source of energy, accounting for approximately 73% of total power generation. This reliance complicates the shift towards renewables.
- Geographical Disparities: There are uneven resources and infrastructure across regions, affecting the adoption and efficiency of renewable technologies.
- Environmental and Social Concerns: Rapid expansion of renewable energy can lead to land use conflicts, impacting agriculture and local ecosystems. Additionally, there are concerns about job losses in traditional energy sectors during the transition.
How India Can Secure Financing for Its Green Transition?
- International Collaboration: Engaging with global partners through initiatives like the International Solar Alliance can attract foreign investments and technology transfers.
- Innovative Financing Models: Implementing operational expenditure (opex) models rather than capital expenditure (capex) can lower upfront costs for consumers. For example, community solar projects can allow shared ownership and reduce individual financial burdens.
- Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Encouraging collaborations between government entities and private investors can mobilize resources for large-scale renewable projects while sharing risks.
- Targeted Subsidies: Redirecting subsidies from fossil fuels to clean energy technologies can create a more favorable financial environment for renewable investments. This includes enhancing support for green technologies through tax incentives and grants.
Strategies That Can Be Implemented (Way Forward)
- Decentralized Energy Systems: Promoting distributed renewable energy sources (like rooftop solar) can empower local communities and reduce dependence on centralized power systems. Innovative business models such as community solar can enhance accessibility.
- Digital Integration: Leveraging digital technologies to manage energy distribution more efficiently can optimize resource use and enhance system resilience. Investments in smart meters and AI-driven energy management systems are essential.
- Circular Economy Initiatives: Developing a circular economy framework for managing waste from renewable technologies can improve resource efficiency and reduce environmental impacts. This includes recycling materials from solar panels and batteries.
- Focus on Supply Chains: Positioning India within global clean energy supply chains rather than adopting protectionist policies can enhance competitiveness and attract investments. Collaborating with other countries on technology development is crucial.
- Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating consumers about the benefits of renewable technologies and encouraging adoption through financial incentives can drive demand for green solutions
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Importance of African countries;
Why in the News?
Prime Minister Narendra Modi will visit Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa and its second-largest economy.
Historical Background of Bilateral Relations between India and Nigeria
- Long-standing Ties: India and Nigeria have maintained a bilateral relationship for over six decades, marked by shared values of democracy, pluralism, and economic cooperation. This partnership has evolved significantly since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1960.
- First Direct Contact: Historical ties trace back to around 1500 AD with the arrival of Baba Ghor, a gem merchant from Kano, who settled in Gujarat, symbolizing early trade connections between the two regions.
- Strategic Partnership: The formalization of their strategic partnership began in 2007, focusing on economic, energy, and defense collaboration. Since then, both countries have engaged in multiple dialogues to strengthen their ties.
- Cultural Exchange: Indian influence in Nigeria is notable through education and healthcare, with many Nigerians studying in India and receiving medical treatment there. Indian cultural products like Bollywood films are also popular among Nigerians
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The Role of Soft Power in India-Nigeria Relations
- Cultural Diplomacy: India’s soft power is evident through cultural exchanges, educational scholarships, and training programs that foster goodwill and strengthen people-to-people connections.
- Healthcare Collaboration: India’s reputation as a destination for medical treatment enhances its soft power, with many Nigerians seeking healthcare services in Indian hospitals.
- Capacity Building: Initiatives like the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program provide training to Nigerian professionals, contributing to human capital development and fostering long-term relationships.
- Shared Values: Both countries share common challenges such as governance issues and socio-economic development needs, which can be addressed collaboratively through dialogue and mutual support.
Importance of Nigeria for India:
- Major Trading Partner: Nigeria is India’s second-largest trading partner in Africa, with bilateral trade valued at approximately $7.89 billion in 2023-24. This trade encompasses vital sectors such as crude oil, natural gas, pharmaceuticals, and renewable energy.
- Investment Opportunities: Over 200 Indian companies have invested around $27 billion in Nigeria across various sectors, including infrastructure, manufacturing, and consumer goods.
- People-to-People Ties: There is a significant Indian diaspora in Nigeria, comprising around 50,000 individuals who contribute to the local economy and foster cultural exchange. This community enhances bilateral relations through trade, education, and healthcare links.
- Educational Collaboration: India has been a preferred destination for Nigerian students seeking higher education. Initiatives like the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program provide scholarships and training opportunities for Nigerians.
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How India and Nigeria Can Enhance Their Economic Collaboration?
- Strengthening Trade Agreements: Finalizing a comprehensive economic partnership agreement can facilitate smoother trade flows and address market access issues for both nations.
- Local Currency Settlement: Implementing a Local Currency Settlement System can mitigate exchange rate risks and streamline transactions between the two countries.
- Sectoral Cooperation: Focusing on key sectors such as hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals, renewable energy, agriculture, and infrastructure can diversify economic exchanges and enhance mutual benefits.
- Investment in Infrastructure: India can invest in Nigeria’s infrastructure development projects, leveraging its experience in various sectors to address Nigeria’s physical and social infrastructure deficits.
- Utilizing the Indian Diaspora: Engaging the Indian diaspora in Nigeria as a bridge for business opportunities can enhance bilateral trade and investment flows.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Economic and Trade Partnership: Finalize a comprehensive economic partnership agreement and implement a Local Currency Settlement System to boost trade, reduce exchange risks, and expand collaboration in high-potential sectors like hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals, and renewable energy.
- Leverage Soft Power and People-to-People Connections: Enhance cultural diplomacy and skill development initiatives, expanding ITEC programs and engaging the Indian diaspora to deepen ties and foster mutual goodwill, creating a resilient foundation for bilateral relations.
Mains PYQ:
Q “If the last few decades were of Asia’s growth story, the next few are expected to be of Africa’s.” In the light of this statement, examine India’s influence in Africa in recent years. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Janjatiya Gaurav Divas; Birsa Munda
Why in the News?
- Since 2021, November 15th is celebrated as Janjatiya Gaurav Divas to honor the contributions of tribal communities in India’s freedom struggle.
- This day commemorates the birth anniversary of the legendary Sri Birsa Munda.
Who was Birsa Munda?
- Born on November 15, 1875, in the Chotanagpur region (now Jharkhand), during a period of significant changes for the Munda community.
- He spent his early years traveling with his parents; received primary education under Jaipal Nag.
- He was influenced by the Sardari agitation, a peaceful movement against British rule, Birsa emerged as a leader advocating tribal rights.
Causes of the Rebellion:
- British policies like the Permanent Settlement Act (1793) disrupted traditional land systems, leading to displacement and exploitation of tribal communities.
- The Mundas’ khuntkatti land rights system was eroded by jagirdars and thikadars, resulting in land alienation.
- Increased migration of non-tribals under British rule led to exploitation through high-interest money lending and forced labor.
- Missionary-led education raised awareness among tribals, creating social divides but also sparking movements for tribal rights.
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Historical Background:
- Birsa started the Birsait faith to counter Christian missionary conversions among tribals. It became a challenge to British conversion efforts.
- Members of the Munda and Oraon communities joined the Birsait sect.
- The Mundas honored him as Dharati Aaba (Father of the Earth).
- The Ulgulan Movement: Also known as the Munda Rebellion, led by Birsa Munda in 1899-1900.
- Concentrated in the Munda belt of Khunti, Tamar, Sarwada, and Bandgaon.
- The goal was to establish Munda Raj (self-rule) and independence, known as Ulgulan or the “Great Tumult.”
- The rebellion was ultimately suppressed by British forces, leading to Birsa Munda’s capture and death.
- Birsa Munda’s mobilization left a lasting impact, prompting government reforms like the repeal of the Begar system and enactment of the Tenancy Act (1903).
- The movement was violently suppressed, and Birsa Munda died in jail on June 9, 1900.
Significance:
- Janjatiya Gaurav Divas is significant in preserving the legacy of tribal resistance leaders and advocating for tribal rights.
- It promotes a more inclusive society that values the contributions of all communities in India’s historical and cultural fabric.
PYQ:
[2020] With reference to the history of India, “Ulgulan” or the Great Tumult is the description of which of the following events?
(a) The Revolt of 1857
(b) The Mappila Rebellion of 1921
(c) The Indigo Revolt of 1859-60
(d) Birsa Munda’s Revolt of 1899-1900 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Student Direct Stream visa
Why in the News?
Canada has discontinued the Student Direct Stream (SDS), ending faster processing for students from specific countries, including India.
What is the Student Direct Stream (SDS) Visa?
- The SDS is a fast-track visa processing program introduced by Canada in 2018 to expedite study permits for students from certain countries, including India.
- Under SDS, applicants typically experienced processing times of around 20 days.
- This stream was designed to simplify and speed up the application process for eligible students by requiring proof of financial stability (such as a Guaranteed Investment Certificate) and specific educational documentation.
- The SDS applied to students from 14 countries, including: India, China, Pakistan, Vietnam, Trinidad and Tobago, among others.
- Since its launch, SDS has been popular among Indian students, with a high approval rate for study permits in recent years.
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Why was SDS discontinued?
- Fair Access: Moving to a single, standardized process aims to provide equal opportunity for all applicants.
- Strengthened Protection: Canada intends to address student vulnerability by improving safeguards in its regular process.
The changes are part of Canada’s broader immigration reforms, which also update financial requirements and study permit caps.
How does the discontinuation affect Indian Students?
Indian students will face:
- Longer Processing Times: Visa approvals may now take longer under the standard process.
- Additional Financial Proof: More financial documentation will be required.
- Post-Graduation Work Permit (PGWP) Changes: New rules from November 1, 2024 may impact work options after graduation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise ‘Poorvi Prahar’
Why in the News?
The Indian Army is conducting a high-intensity tri-services exercise named Poorvi Prahar from November 10 to 18 in Arunachal Pradesh’s forward areas.
About Exercise ‘Poorvi Prahar’
- It is a joint effort of the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force to improve combat effectiveness for Integrated Joint Operations in challenging mountainous terrain.
- It features a broad range of advanced military platforms:
- Aircraft and Helicopters: Includes fighter aircraft, reconnaissance platforms, Chinook helicopters, and the Advanced Light Helicopter (Rudra).
- Artillery: Deployment of M777 Ultra-Light Howitzers.
- Capabilities: These assets provide high mobility, firepower, and precision suited to the region’s tough terrain.
- Significance:
- It emphasizes the Indian Armed Forces’ readiness to conduct multi-domain operations across land, air, and sea, reinforcing India’s strategic deterrence capabilities in the region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues and significance of delimitation;
Why in the News?
The delay in the 2021 Census and the upcoming Delimitation (2026), could widen representation gaps at all three layers of governance.
- Most states in India (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu) are formed based on language, and many have roots in ethnic or linguistic regions which is also becoming one of the major causes of layered discrimination.
What is Layered Discrimination?
Layered discrimination refers to the compounded and interconnected forms of discrimination that individuals or groups face due to multiple, overlapping identities, such as gender, race, class, or ethnicity. |
What are the present causes behind the layered discrimination in India?
- Central Governance: Since 1947, the population share of languages like Bengali, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, and Telugu has dropped, while the proportion of Hindi speakers has risen significantly from 36% to nearly 43%.
- This means that the regions with Linguistic and cultural dominance will gain more influence in the Parliament, while those that have controlled their population will have less say and will mainly contribute revenue.
- This will also deepen the structural disparities between the different states affecting our federal structure.
- State Governance: With longstanding differences wrt ‘Total Fertility Rates’ among different states (like Bihar vs. Kerala), lead to issues regarding resource allocation and policy formation remain unsettled.
- For example, the decision of the 16th Finance Commission to include the 2011 Census instead of the 1971 Census to devolve funds to States will be even more discriminatory to developed States.
- It reflects the continuation of the existing bias against the non-Hindi States.
What are the implications of layered discrimination on policy and legal frameworks?
- Policy Impact: When policies, such as Delimitation, unintentionally favor certain regions or communities over others, it can reinforce inequalities.
- In this case, non-Hindi-speaking states that have successfully controlled their populations and contribute a significant share of national revenue may face decreased representation in the Lok Sabha, reducing their influence on Union policy.
- Legal Framework Impact: Layered discrimination underscores the need for legal frameworks that recognize regional disparities and protect equitable representation.
- Legal principles such as “No taxation without representation” suggest the necessity for reforms that balance contribution with influence, ensuring that states contributing more to the GDP and population control policies do not lose their political voice.
Significant Potential of Delimitation in this Scenario:
- Redistribution of Political Power: Delimitation could reshape the political landscape by adjusting Lok Sabha seat allocations based on population, potentially giving more representation to populous regions.
- Incentivizing Population Control: By rewarding states with controlled population growth, delimitation could encourage better family planning policies and demographic balance.
- Enhancing Representation: A fair delimitation process could lead to more accurate representation of the population, aligning political influence with current demographic realities.
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Way forward:
- Need to work on Intersectionality: The Intersectionality Framework in policy implementation reveals that individuals and groups experience discrimination based on multiple, overlapping identities such as gender, race, class, language, and region rather than a single factor.
- It shows how various systems of power (like patriarchy, racism, and economic inequality) intersect and create unique challenges.
- This approach helps us to understand how certain groups face compounded disadvantages due to intersecting social structures.
- Balancing Delimitation and Decentralization: Implement delimitation reforms with careful consideration of regional contributions, ensuring equitable representation for both populous and less-populous states.
PYQ:
Mains:
Q Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with particular reference to “one nation-one election” principle. (2024)
Q What changes has the Union Government recently introduced in the domain of Centre-State relations? Suggest measures to be adopted to build trust between the Centre and the States and for strengthening federalism. (2024) |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to criminal accusations;
Why in the News?
On November 13, 2024, the Supreme Court criticized states for using bulldozers to demolish homes of accused individuals, condemning it as a display of “might is right” that leaves families destitute.
What guidelines has the Supreme Court laid down to regulate future demolition actions?
- 15-Day Notice Requirement: The authorities must issue a prior notice of at least 15 days to the occupants of a property before demolition.
- The notice must include details of the unauthorized construction, violations, and grounds for demolition, providing the affected party an opportunity to challenge the action.
- Fair Opportunity to Contest: Occupants must be given a fair chance to contest the demolition before the designated authority. The authority must provide reasoned conclusions in its final order, ensuring transparency and accountability in the decision-making process.
- Videography of Demolitions: All demolitions must be videographed to ensure that the process is carried out lawfully and without excessive force. This acts as a safeguard against abuse of power.
- Penalty for Non-Compliance: Public officials who fail to comply with these guidelines will face contempt action and prosecution, with personal liability for restitution of demolished property.
- Exceptions: The guidelines do not apply in cases of encroachment on public property or where demolition is ordered by a court, ensuring that the ruling does not interfere with lawful orders.
What are the implications of the Supreme Court’s ruling on demolitions linked to criminal accusations?
- Protection of Fundamental Rights: The ruling safeguards individuals’ fundamental rights, particularly the right to life and property under Article 21 of the Constitution.
- The Court emphasized that an accused is presumed innocent until proven guilty and that demolishing a property without due process violates the constitutional guarantee of fair treatment.
- Accountability of Public Officials: The ruling holds public officials accountable for actions that undermine justice and fairness. Violations of the prescribed guidelines will result in contempt charges and personal liability for restitution, reinforcing the responsibility of the state to adhere to the rule of law.
- Prevention of Arbitrary Executive Action: By limiting the state’s power to demolish properties, the Court has curtailed arbitrary executive actions that could be seen as collective punishment. The executive must now act within the bounds of natural justice and due process.
How the Ruling Addresses Concerns About Selective Targeting and Discrimination in Demolitions?
- Addressing Communal Bias: The Court acknowledged concerns that demolitions were being carried out with a communal bias. By invoking Article 142 to issue binding directives, the Court seeks to curb discriminatory practices, ensuring that no group or individual is targeted based on religious, social, or other factors.
- Prevention of Selective Targeting: The Court emphasized that demolitions should not be selective or targeted. It pointed out that if one structure is chosen for demolition while similar structures remain untouched, it could indicate mala fide intent.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Oversight Mechanisms: Establish independent bodies to monitor demolition actions and ensure compliance with the Supreme Court’s guidelines, preventing misuse of power and ensuring transparency in the process.
- Ensure Comprehensive Legal Reforms: Advocate for legislative changes that reinforce the principles of due process, protecting individuals from arbitrary state actions and ensuring fair treatment for all, particularly marginalized communities.
Mains PYQ:
Q Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on Right to Privacy. (UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Significance of PMUY;
Why in the News?
The International Energy Agency reports that 681 million people in India rely on solid fuels for cooking, causing health and environmental concerns. The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) provides subsidized LPG connections to promote clean fuel adoption in Jammu and Kashmir.
What is Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)?
- The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) is a government scheme aimed at providing subsidized LPG connections to poor households, promoting clean cooking fuel, improving health, and reducing dependence on solid fuels.
What specific benefits has the PMUY provided to households in Jammu and Kashmir?
- Increased LPG Adoption: The PMUY scheme has significantly increased the availability of LPG in rural areas of Jammu and Kashmir.
- Around 85.07% of households in rural areas now have official LPG connections, with 68% of them having obtained these connections through PMUY.
- Health Benefits: PMUY adoption has led to a marked reduction in respiratory problems, such as coughing, chest infections, and headaches, particularly among BPL and AAY households.
- Health improvements were more prominent in households with additional appliances like rice cookers and those with educated members.
- Reduction in Solid Fuel Usage: Although not completely eliminating the use of traditional fuels, the scheme has led to moderate reductions in the reliance on solid fuels like firewood. The average consumption of firewood per household was 226 kilograms over six months.
- Cultural and Health Improvements: For households that adopted LPG under PMUY, there was a noticeable reduction in indoor smoke exposure, leading to better health outcomes, especially for women who were primarily responsible for cooking.
How has the implementation of PMUY addressed local challenges related to fuel availability and usage?
- Enhanced Fuel Access: PMUY has addressed the issue of limited access to clean cooking fuel in rural areas by providing subsidized LPG connections. This has significantly reduced the reliance on harmful solid fuels, such as firewood, in many areas, particularly those with difficult topography like Rajouri.
- Dual-Fuel Usage and Financial Barriers: Despite increased LPG adoption, 85% of households still practice fuel stacking, using both LPG and traditional fuels. This is largely due to the high cost of refilling LPG cylinders. The scheme has not entirely solved financial barriers, which continue to force households to rely on cheaper, polluting fuels.
- Awareness and Education Gaps: One of the key challenges to exclusive LPG use is the lack of awareness about its health benefits. Nearly half of the surveyed households were unaware of the risks associated with solid fuel use. This barrier has been compounded by limited access to communication devices, such as televisions and mobile phones, particularly for women who are the primary cooks.
- Cultural Attachment to Traditional Cooking Methods: Despite the availability of LPG, traditional cooking methods (e.g., chulhas) continue to persist in the region due to cultural attachment. This presents a challenge in transitioning entirely to clean cooking fuels.
- However, the study found that households with educated members and modern appliances like rice cookers were more likely to use LPG exclusively.
Way forward:
- Targeted Awareness Campaigns: Launch region-specific awareness programs, particularly for women, highlighting the health benefits of LPG and addressing misconceptions, while utilizing mobile and community outreach for wider reach.
- Financial Support for LPG Refills: Introduce subsidies or microfinance schemes to ease the financial burden of LPG refills, encouraging exclusive use of clean fuels and reducing reliance on harmful solid fuels.
Mains PYQ:
Q Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)”.Comment on the progress made in India in this regard. (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 6.4, ITMOs
Why in the News?
- At the COP29 climate summit in Baku, Azerbaijan, the adoption of Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement has paved the way for global carbon trading under UN supervision.
- This new development allows UN member countries to trade carbon credits globally.
What is Article 6.4?
- Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement establishes a global carbon market to facilitate carbon credit trading between countries.
- It is part of Article 6, which outlines mechanisms for international cooperation in achieving net-zero emissions.
- Objective: Enable countries to offset their emissions by investing in emission reduction projects in other countries.
- It establishes a global carbon market overseen by a UNFCCC Supervisory Body.
- This body would develop rules, monitors credit issuance, and ensures compliance with international standards.
- It allows countries to generate and trade Emission Reduction Credits (ERCs), which represent reductions in CO₂ or equivalent greenhouse gases.
- Credits are earned from approved climate projects and can be traded globally.
- Through subsections like Article 6.2, countries can use ITMOs (Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes) to meet their NDCs, which are tradeable units representing emissions reductions.
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Significance of Article 6.4
- Cost-Effective Climate Action: By enabling global carbon markets, Article 6.4 could save an estimated $250 billion annually in implementing climate plans, providing a cost-efficient path to emission reductions.
- Support for NDCs: The mechanism helps countries meet their NDC targets under the Paris Agreement, allowing more flexibility and incentivizing investments in green projects worldwide.
- Economic Growth and Climate Mitigation: Carbon markets foster investments in clean energy, create jobs in climate-focused sectors, and link economic growth with climate action.
- Encourages Sustainable Development: Article 6.4 incentivizes sustainable projects in developing countries, promoting green technology transfer and supporting local economies.
Types of Carbon Credit Projects under Article 6.4
- Emission Reduction Projects
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- Energy Efficiency Improvements: Reducing energy consumption (e.g., efficient lighting, better insulation).
- Renewable Energy: Replacing fossil fuels with solar, wind, or hydroelectric power.
- Emission Removal Projects
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- Reforestation and Afforestation: Increasing forest cover to absorb CO₂.
- Soil Carbon Sequestration: Storing carbon in soil through agricultural practices.
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- Geological Storage: Storing CO₂ in deep underground formations.
- Biochar Production: Locking carbon in biochar, enhancing soil fertility.
- Technological Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
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- Direct Air Capture: Capturing CO₂ from the air and storing it underground or using it industrially.
- Ocean-Based Solutions: Enhancing ocean CO₂ absorption, such as through algae cultivation.
Issues with Article 6.4
- Carbon Offsetting Criticisms: Critics argue that offsetting doesn’t reduce global emissions but shifts responsibility, allowing countries to continue emitting while claiming neutrality.
- Carbon Accounting Challenges: Unreliable carbon accounting can lead to “phantom credits,” where emissions reductions are overstated or inaccurately recorded, failing to match actual reductions.
- Greenwashing Risks: Some countries and companies may use carbon credits as a form of greenwashing, claiming carbon neutrality while continuing to pollute.
- Equity and Climate Justice Concerns: Developing nations, which contribute less to global emissions, are the most vulnerable to climate impacts.
- Potential for Reversal Risks: Projects that store carbon in natural reservoirs risk releasing it back into the atmosphere. Some standards allow projects to end monitoring if reversal risk is considered “negligible,” which remains undefined and problematic.
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PYQ:
[2011] Regarding “carbon credits”, which one of the following statements is not correct?
(a) The carbon credit system was ratified in conjunction with the Kyoto Protocol.
(b) Carbon credits are awarded to countries or groups that have reduced greenhouse gases below their emission quota.
(c) The goal of the carbon credit system is to limit the increase of carbon dioxide emission.
(d) Carbon credits are traded at a price fixed from time to time by the United Nations Environment Programme. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indian Ocean Dialogue (IOD)
Why in the News?
India and the US are set to hold the first US-India Indian Ocean Dialogue on November 14 strengthening cooperation over the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
About the Indian Ocean Dialogue:
- The Indian Ocean Dialogue (IOD) was established during the 13th Council of Ministers’ meeting in November 2013 in Perth, Australia, and is a flagship initiative of the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA).
- It functions as a Track 1.5 discussion, combining officials and non-officials for a more inclusive dialogue, with the latest (9th edition) held in May 2023 at Zanzibar, Tanzania.
- Key areas discussed in 2024 Edition:
-
- Strengthening Maritime Security: Enhances coordination on maritime freedom and security, crucial for trade routes and energy supply.
- Economic and Environmental Cooperation: Supports trade, blue economy, and addresses climate change impacts on the region.
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Significance in India-U.S. Relations
- Indo-Pacific Partnership: Reinforces Quad cooperation and aligns both nations’ strategic interests.
- Power Balance in the Region: Counters influence from other powers, fostering an open Indo-Pacific.
- Defense and Technology Collaboration: Expands ties in emerging tech and defense, enhancing India’s security role.
- Disaster Preparedness: Builds climate resilience and sustainable resource management efforts.
PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following in respect of Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS):
1. Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy.
2. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime co-operation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: African Elephants
Why in the News?
Savanna elephants have experienced a significant population decline of around 70% across surveyed sites, primarily due to poaching and habitat loss.
Decline in African Elephants Population
- Researchers conducted a comprehensive assessment of these species using data from 475 sites in 37 countries between 1964 and 2016.
- Savanna Elephants: Populations declined by about 70% on average at surveyed sites.
- Forest Elephants: Populations fell by about 90% on average at surveyed sites.
- The total population of African elephants decreased by 77% on average at surveyed sites.
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Features of African Elephants:
- African elephants are the largest land animals on Earth, known for their size, intelligence, and complex social structures.
- They are divided into savanna (bush) elephants (larger, with bigger tusks and open grassland habitat) and forest elephants (smaller, with straighter tusks and dense forest habitats).
- Highly intelligent, African elephants display memory, empathy, and intricate social bonds within herds.
- Conservation status:
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- CITES: Appendix I
- IUCN: Savanna Elephants (Endangered); Forest Elephants (Critically Endangered)
Geographical Spread
- Savanna Elephants: Primarily in eastern and southern Africa, notably in Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Tanzania.
- Forest Elephants: Mainly in central and western Africa, including Gabon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and parts of Cameroon.
PYQ:
[2020] With reference to Indian elephants, consider the following statements:
1. The leader of an elephant group is a female.
2. The maximum gestation period can be 22 months.
3. An elephant can normally go on calving till the age of 40 years only.
4. Among the States in India, the highest elephant population is in Kerala.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 3 and 4 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Artificial Reef
Why in the News?
20,000 pompano fingerlings were released into the sea off Vizhinjam as part of an artificial reef project aimed at replenishing marine fishery resources and promoting sustainable fishing.
About the Artificial Reef Project in Kerala:
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Details |
| Location |
• Covers 42 fishing villages in Thiruvananthapuram district, from Pozhiyoor to Varkala. |
| Aims and Objectives |
• Enhance fish resources along Kerala’s coast.
• Support sustainable fishing and improve fishing community livelihoods. |
| Structural Mandate and Implementation |
Funding:
• ₹13.02 crore project cost under Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY).
• ₹302 crore allocated for sustainable fisheries in Kerala.
Implementation:
• Implemented by KSCADC (Kerala State Coastal Area Development Corporation).
• Technical support from CMFRI (Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute).
Future Expansion Plans:
• Phase II: Proposed to cover 96 villages in Kollam, Alappuzha, Ernakulam, and Thrissur districts (₹29.76 crore).
• Phase III: Proposed to cover 96 villages in northern districts (₹25.82 crore). |
| Significance |
• Boosts marine biodiversity.
• Increases fish stocks and supports breeding environments.
• Promotes sustainable fishing practices.
• Enhances livelihoods of local communities. |
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