Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Diabetes Federation, Type 2 Diabetes
Why in the News?
- The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) is developing new Type 2 diabetes treatment guidelines in collaboration with a global expert panel.
- These guidelines aim to integrate scientific evidence and clinical practice, adapted to the healthcare environment of specific countries.
What is Type 2 Diabetes?
- Type 2 Diabetes is a chronic condition where the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn’t produce enough, leading to high blood sugar levels.
- It is commonly linked to obesity, physical inactivity and poor diet.
- Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and blurred vision.
- Treatment involves lifestyle changes like a healthy diet, regular exercise, and weight management.
- Medications such as Metformin help regulate blood sugar levels, and in some cases, insulin therapy may be required.
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About International Diabetes Federation (IDF):
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Details |
| About |
- Established in 1950; Brussels, Belgium;
- Members: Over 230 national diabetes associations in 170 countries and territories.
- Collaborations: Partners with global organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, and others for global health initiatives.
- Led by an elected President with the support of a Board of Directors from member countries.
- Regional offices: Operates regional offices in Africa, Europe, North America, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East.
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| Aims and Objectives |
- To improve the care and lives of people with diabetes and promote its prevention worldwide.
- Advocacy, research, education, and raising awareness to reduce the global burden of diabetes.
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| Key Programs |
- World Diabetes Day (November 14)
- Global Diabetes Atlas
- Educational initiatives for healthcare professionals
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| Diabetes Types Covered |
- Type 1 Diabetes: Primarily affects children and young adults, where the body’s immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
- Type 2 Diabetes: The most common form, often linked to lifestyle factors and obesity. It involves insulin resistance and eventually pancreas dysfunction.
- Gestational Diabetes: A type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.
- Other Forms: Covers genetic forms, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), and MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young).
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: X-ray applications;
Mains level: Biotechnology; Issues related to Health care Machines;
Why in the News?
On the evening of November 8, 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was conducting experiments in his laboratory at the University of Würzburg in Germany when he made an unusual discovery.
Did you know the Röntgen’s discovery story of X-rays?
- While experimenting with cathode rays in a glass vacuum tube, Röntgen noticed a fluorescent screen glowing at a distance, despite being too far to be affected by the rays he was studying.
- Intrigued by this unexpected glow, he wondered if this mysterious ray could penetrate organic materials, so he experimented by photographing his wife’s hand, capturing her bones and ring. This was the world’s first recorded X-ray image of the human body.
- Röntgen documented his findings in an article titled “On a new kind of rays,” in 1895 which was published by introducing “X-rays” to the scientific community.
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How did Röntgen’s discovery transform Medical practices and Diagnostics?
- Revolution in Diagnostic Medicine: Physicians rapidly adopted X-rays, which allowed them to view the human body without surgery. This was transformative for diagnostics, especially in orthopedics and internal medicine.
- Surgical Advancements: By February 1896, British physician Major John Hall-Edwards had successfully used X-rays to guide the surgery. Within months, armies began using X-ray technology to locate bullet wounds and diagnose fractures, marking the beginning of its use in trauma care.
What are the long-term implications of Röntgen’s discovery on Public health and Safety?
- Development of Radiology: this discovery led to the birth of radiology, with subsequent advancements leading to CT, MRI, ultrasound, and other imaging technologies that are essential in modern medicine.
- Radiation Safety and Awareness: Initially, x-rays were used liberally, even for non-medical purposes (such as in shoe stores to fit footwear), with little awareness of potential harm. It wasn’t until early reports of radiation burns and later research in the early 20th century that the health risks of radiation exposure were acknowledged, prompting the development of safety protocols.
- Ongoing Safety Protocols: Today, radiation safety is central to radiology practices. Equipment advancements and regulatory standards have minimized exposure risks, making x-rays safe for patients and medical personnel while ensuring their continued benefits.
- Public Health and Preventive Care: The ability to detect diseases, fractures, and other internal injuries without invasive procedures has been crucial for preventive care, enabling early detection and treatment. This has significantly impacted patient survival rates and quality of care, solidifying diagnostic imaging as a pillar of modern public health.
Issues related to X-ray machines in Rural areas:
- Limited X-ray Equipment: Rural Community Health Centres (CHCs) in India often need more X-ray machines, with only 68% of available units functioning, primarily due to high operational costs and shortages of technicians.
- Maintenance and Operational Delays: Even when X-ray machines are present, many remain non-functional due to installation delays and insufficient maintenance, as imaging services are not prioritized in CHC guidelines.
- Access and Specialist Shortages: Rural patients face long travel distances to access imaging services, further limited by a concentration of radiologists in urban areas, reducing timely access to diagnostic interpretation.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Infrastructure and Access: Increase the availability and functionality of X-ray machines in rural areas by improving equipment maintenance, investing in portable and mobile X-ray units to bring diagnostic services directly to underserved populations.
- For example, Teleradiology enables remote interpretation of images, improving access to diagnostic services.
- Telemedicine and Remote Diagnostics: Expand telemedicine platforms like ‘XraySetu’, enabling healthcare workers in rural areas to share X-ray images for remote analysis by radiologists, improving diagnostic capabilities without requiring patients to travel long distances.
Mains PYQ:
Q Appropriate local community level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve ‘Health for All’ in India. Explain. (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Judiciary; Landmark Judgements; Issues related to Minority status;
Why in the News?
In a 4:3 majority decision, the Supreme Court overturned its 1967 Azeez Basha ruling, which had denied Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) minority status, directing that AMU’s status be reassessed according to the principles outlined in the current judgment.
Constitutional Provisions and Historical Background of the case:
- The Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) was founded in 1875 and incorporated by imperial law in 1920.
- Article 30 of the Constitution empowers religious and linguistic minorities to establish and administer educational institutions – AMU had enjoyed minority status.
- A 1951 amendment to that imperial law, the AMU Act, did away with compulsory religious instructions for Muslim students.
- In India, compulsory religious instruction is prohibited in state-funded educational institutions under Article 28.
- In S. Azeez Basha vs. Union of India (1967), the SC ruled that AMU could not be considered a minority institution, as it was established by a central act, categorizing it as a central university.
- This ruling denied AMU the rights of minority institutions under Article 30 of the Indian Constitution.
- In 1981, an amendment to the AMU Act attempted to restore AMU’s minority character, aiming to secure rights for it as a minority-administered institution.
- The Allahabad High Court (2006) struck down the 1981 amendment, reinforcing the Supreme Court’s earlier ruling and reasserting that AMU did not qualify as a minority institution.
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What criteria will be used to assess AMU’s minority status?
- The SC emphasized that an educational institution must be established by a minority community to qualify for minority status under Article 30(1) of the Indian Constitution.
- This involves examining who initiated the idea of the institution and whether it was primarily intended to benefit that community.
- Holistic Two-Fold Test: The Court introduced a two-fold test:
- First Limb: Identify the “brain behind” the establishment, which includes reviewing correspondence and documentation that reflect the intentions of the founders.
- Second Limb: Assess whether the administrative structure of the institution affirms its minority character and serves to protect and promote the interests of the minority community.
- Broad Interpretation of “Established”: The ruling clarified that “established” should be interpreted broadly, meaning that an institution can still be considered a minority institution even if it is governed by a statutory body or has undergone changes in its legal status over time.
How does this ruling affect the legal precedent set by the 1967 Azeez Basha case?
- The overruling of Azeez Basha: The SC’s decision effectively overruled its previous 1967 ruling, which had declared AMU as not being a minority institution because it was established through a government statute rather than directly by a minority community.
- New Framework for Minority Status: This ruling marks a shift towards a more inclusive interpretation of what constitutes a minority institution, allowing for a reassessment of AMU’s status based on historical context and community intent rather than solely on formal legal definitions.
- Legal Autonomy Reaffirmed: The judgment underscores that legislative recognition does not negate an institution’s minority character, challenging previous interpretations that linked statutory establishment with loss of minority status.
What are the implications of this ruling for Educational rights and Reservations?
- Potential for Reservations: If AMU is recognized as a minority institution, it could reserve seats specifically for Muslim students in various programs without needing to adhere to general reservation policies applicable to Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBC) under Article 15(5) of the Constitution.
- Autonomy in Administration: The ruling provides AMU greater autonomy in managing its affairs, including admissions and staff appointments, thereby allowing it to align its policies with the interests of the Muslim community it serves.
- Broader Educational Rights: This decision reinforces the constitutional rights granted to minorities under Article 30(1), ensuring that they can establish and administer educational institutions without undue interference from state laws, thereby promoting educational diversity in India.
Way forward:
- Define Minority Status Framework: Parliament could establish a clear legislative framework based on the Supreme Court’s criteria, ensuring consistent and streamlined recognition of minority institutions across India.
- Balance Autonomy and Accountability: Policies should support minority institutions’ autonomy while maintaining accountability to uphold educational standards, ensuring both community-focused goals and inclusive, high-quality education.
Mains PYQ:
Q Major cities of India are becoming vulnerable to flood conditions. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2016)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bidar Fort
Why in the News?
- The Karnataka Waqf Board has identified 17 monuments within the historic Bidar Fort as its own property.
- These include the 16-Khamba Mosque (Sixteen Pillar Mosque) and 14 tombs of Bahmani rulers and their family members, including Ahmed Shah-IV, Allauddin, Hassan Khan, and others.
About Bidar Fort:
- It is situated in Bidar City on the northern plateau of Karnataka, India.
- The fort’s history dates back over 500 years, beginning with the Western Chalukya dynasty.
- Sultan Ahmed Shah Wali of the Bahmani dynasty made Bidar his capital in 1430 and renovated it into a strong citadel.
- Architectural Features:
- Constructed from trap rock with stone and mortar used for walls.
- Notable for its Islamic and Persian architectural elements, including:
- Seven main entrances
- 37 octagonal bastions equipped with metal-shielded cannons
- Mosques, mahals, and over 30 Islamic monuments
- The entrance gate features a lofty dome painted in bright colors.
About the Bahmani Kingdom
- The Bahmani Kingdom was established in 1347 when Ala-ud-din Hassan Bahman Shan revolted against Muhammad Bin Tughlaq of the Delhi Sultanate.
- This marked the creation of the first independent Islamic kingdom in South India.
- The kingdom covered areas in present-day Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh.
- Initially, the capital was set in Ahsanabad (Gulbarga) but was later moved to Bidar.
- The Bahmani Kingdom had 14 sultans in total, with prominent rulers like Alauddin Bahman Shah, Muhammad Shah I, and Firoz Shah.
- One of the kingdom’s notable statesmen, Mahmud Gawan, served as the Prime Minister for 23 years, from 1458 to 1481.
- Under his guidance, the kingdom expanded its territories, including reclaiming Goa from the Vijayanagar Empire.
- The Bahmani Kingdom began to decline around 1518 when Krishnadeva Raya of the Vijayanagar Empire defeated its last ruler, leading to the dissolution of the Bahmani rule in the region.
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PYQ:
[2021] With reference to Indian history, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. The Nizamat of Arcot emerged out of Hyderabad State.
2. The Mysore Kingdom emerged out of Vijayanangara Empire.
3. Rohilkhand Kingdom was formed out of the territories occupied by Ahmad Shah Durrani.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Loaita Island
Why in the News?
Philippine forces conducted combat exercises in the South China Sea to practice retaking the Loaita Island in the disputed waters.
About Loaita Island
- Loaita Island, also known as Kota Island, has an area of 6.45 hectares and is the 10th largest of the naturally-occurring Spratly Islands.
- The island is administered by the Philippines as part of Kalayaan, Palawan, and is also claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
- Loaita Island fringes the Loaita Bank, which includes shoals and reefs, and its western side features calcarenite outcrops visible at low tide.
- The island is covered with mangrove bushes, coconut palms, and other small trees.
- On May 22, 1963, a sovereignty stele was rebuilt on Loaita Island by South Vietnam, marking its claim.
- The Philippines has stationed soldiers on the island since 1968, and the island contains minimal structures serving as shelters for the soldiers.
China also reasserted its claim over Flashpoint Reef (the Scarborough Shoal) in the South China Sea following Philippines’ establishment of defined sea boundaries.
About the Flashpoint Reef
- Flashpoint Reef generally refers to Scarborough Shoal (part of the
Spratly Islands), a contested reef in the South China Sea.
- Known as Huangyan Dao in China, this reef has become a focal point of territorial disputes between China and the Philippines.
- Flashpoint Reef lies close to the Philippines’ Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ); which asserts control over the entire South China Sea under its nine-dash line claim.
- China took control of the shoal in 2012 after a standoff with the Philippines, despite an international tribunal ruling in 2016 that invalidated China’s claims.
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Do you know?
- Fiery Cross Reef is a rock located in the Spratly Islands. China first took possession of the feature in 1988.
- Mischief Reef is a Low-Tide Elevation (LTE) within the Philippines’ EEZ. It is part of the submerged continental shelf of the adjacent coastal state, which is the Philippines.
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PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following pairs:
Regions sometimes Country mentioned in news
- Catalonia — Spain
- Crimea — Hungary
- Mindanao — Philippines
- Oromia — Nigeria
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 3 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 2 and 4 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MAHASAGAR Initiative
Why in the News?
- The Indian Navy conducted the 3rd edition of MAHASAGAR Initiative, a high-level virtual interaction led by the Chief of Naval Staff.
- Theme: “Training Cooperation to Mitigate Common Maritime Security Challenges in IOR,” emphasizing the importance of training cooperation to address shared maritime challenges.
About MAHASAGAR Initiative:
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Details |
| About |
- MAHASAGAR stands for “Maritime Heads for Active (MAHA) Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR)”
- SAGAR Doctrine was culminated out of PM’s vision in 2015.
- Launched by Indian Navy in 2023 as part of India’s commitment to maritime security and regional cooperation.
- Held bi-annually.
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| Aims |
- Training Cooperation: Collaborative training efforts among IOR nations.
- Capacity Building: Developing skilled manpower to address maritime security challenges.
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| Members |
- Countries bordering the Indian Ocean, include Bangladesh, Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania.
- Chief of Naval Staff of India leads the interactions.
- Heads of Navies, Maritime Agencies, and Senior Leadership from each participating country.
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PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following in respect of Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS):
1. Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy.
2. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime cooperation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Commercial Courts (Amendment) Bill, 2024
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Law and Justice is inviting comments on the draft Commercial Courts (Amendment) Bill, 2024.
The GoI has enacted and amended the Commercial Courts Act, 2015 to ensure that commercial cases are resolved quickly, effectively, and affordably.
- Amendment History:
- The original Commercial Courts Act was enacted in 2015.
- Further amendments were made in 2018 to enhance the dispute resolution system.
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Key features and provisions of the Commercial Courts (Amendment) Bill, 2024:
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Details |
| Purpose |
To enhance the speed and efficiency of resolving commercial disputes through specialized courts and procedures. |
| Dedicated Commercial Courts |
Creation of Commercial Courts at the District level and High Court level to exclusively handle commercial disputes. |
| Arbitration Matters |
Provisions to establish specific courts for handling arbitration-related disputes. |
| Electronic Communication |
Includes provisions for the use of audio-video electronic means (video conferencing) for court proceedings, recording of evidence, and communications. |
| Pre-Institution Mediation |
Mandatory mediation before filing a commercial suit, unless urgent relief is required, aimed at reducing litigation burden. |
| Time-bound Decisions |
Judgment must be pronounced within 60 days of the conclusion of arguments. The judgment must be delivered to the parties via email or other electronic means. |
| Injunction Applications |
Courts must dispose of injunction applications within 90 days of filing, with reasons provided for any delay. |
| Infrastructure |
Provisions for setting up infrastructure like video conferencing facilities and other necessary resources for the functioning of Commercial Courts. |
| Appeals Process |
New provisions for expediting appeals, requiring prior notice to the opposing party before filing. |
| Witness Management |
Provisions to streamline the witness list format, requiring comprehensive details, including addresses and documents, and facilitating electronic submission. |
| Execution Proceedings |
Execution proceedings must be disposed of within six months from the date of filing the application. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Sustainable Agriculture; Significance of CSR;
Why in the News?
Ten years ago, India became the first country to legally mandate Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The section 135 of the Companies Act 2013 establishes the rules governing CSR.
- According to the National CSR Portal, ₹1.84 lakh crore in CSR funds was disbursed between 2014 and 2023.
About CSR:
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a business practice where companies contribute to social, economic, and environmental betterment, addressing societal needs alongside their profit-making objectives.
- In India, the minimum percentage of a company’s net profit that must be spent on corporate social responsibility (CSR) is 2%.
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Sectoral division of CSR:
- Education: Receives the highest CSR share (33%-40%) for building schools, scholarships, infrastructure, and vocational training.
- Health Care: Allocates 20%-30% of CSR funds to hospitals, health camps, sanitation, and disease prevention.
- Environmental Sustainability: Accounts for 5%-10% of CSR funds, with projects in biodiversity conservation, waste management, and renewable energy.
CSR’s Role in Agriculture
- Claims 10%-15% of CSR funds, targeting infrastructure, agricultural practices, and livelihood support.
- Since the enactment of the Companies Act in 2013, which mandates CSR spending, a total of Rs 1.84 lakh crore has been disbursed in CSR funds from 2014 to 2023.
- These funds have increasingly targeted sustainability initiatives within agriculture, with 23% of surveyed companies prioritizing “environment and sustainability” in their CSR activities.
- Over 90.8% of farmers involved in CSR programs reported improvements in income or risk reduction due to these initiatives.
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How much of an impact does Agriculture have on India’s GDP?
- Agriculture contributes approximately 15% to 18.2% of India’s GDP, reflecting a decline from 35% in 1990-91 due to rapid growth in the industrial and service sectors. The average annual growth rate of the agricultural sector has been around 4% over the last five years. (acc to pib data)
- Agriculture remains crucial for employment, providing livelihoods for about 42% of the population, which is significantly higher than the global average of 25%.
What are the key requirements to improve agricultural sustainability?
- Investment in Infrastructure: There is a pressing need for capital investment in infrastructure development, including irrigation systems, cold storage, and transportation networks to reduce post-harvest losses and improve market access.
- Technological Advancements: Adoption of modern agricultural practices and technologies is essential. This includes better seed varieties, efficient irrigation methods, and sustainable farming techniques to enhance productivity.
- Environmental Sustainability Initiatives: Projects focusing on water conservation, energy-efficient irrigation, and agroforestry are critical for maintaining ecological balance while improving agricultural output.
What hinders CSR’s potential for agriculture?
- Lack of Clear Reporting Mechanisms: One of the main obstacles is the absence of robust frameworks to track and categorize CSR funding specifically directed towards agricultural initiatives. Current reporting practices do not emphasize agriculture-related CSR activities adequately.
- Diverse Allocation Categories: CSR activities can fall under multiple categories (e.g., gender equality, and environmental sustainability), making it difficult to isolate funds specifically aimed at agricultural sustainability. This lack of specificity hampers effective monitoring and impact assessment.
- Need for Distinct Sector Identification: To maximize CSR contributions to agriculture, it is crucial to identify agriculture as a distinct sector within CSR activities. This would streamline funding processes and enhance transparency and accountability in how funds are utilized for agricultural development.
Way forward:
- Establish Agriculture as a Separate CSR Category: Need to create a distinct sector for agriculture in CSR reporting to streamline funding, improve transparency, and enable targeted monitoring of agriculture-focused initiatives.
- Implement Comprehensive Reporting Frameworks: The government should develop robust mechanisms for tracking CSR funds specifically allocated to agricultural projects, ensuring clear categorization and facilitating better impact assessments.
Mains PYQ:
Q With a consideration towards the strategy of inclusive growth, the new Companies Bill, 2013 has indirectly made CSR a mandatory obligation. Discuss the challenges expected in its implementation in right earnest. Also discuss other provisions in the Bill and their implications. (UPSC IAS/2013)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Climate Change Impacts; Action related to Pandemic;
Why in the News?
The Union Minister of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying launched the ‘Animal Health Security Strengthening in India for Pandemic Preparedness and Response’ initiative in New Delhi.
What is the primary aim of the Animal Health Security Project?
The Animal Health Security Project aims to strengthen India’s capacity to prevent, detect, and respond to animal health threats, reducing zoonotic disease risks through enhanced surveillance, laboratory systems, and regional collaboration. |
What are the objectives of the Animal Health Security Project?
- Prevention, Detection, and Response: Enhance India’s ability to prevent, detect, and respond to animal health threats, minimizing risks of pathogens transmitting from animals to humans.
- Strengthen Surveillance Systems: Improve and integrate animal disease surveillance and early warning systems to promptly identify potential threats.
- Laboratory and Vaccine Infrastructure: Upgrade and expand laboratory networks and vaccine manufacturing facilities to ensure preparedness.
- Data Systems and Analytics: Strengthen interoperable data systems and analytics capabilities to support informed decision-making and risk communication.
- Cross-Border Collaboration: Promote regional cooperation for transboundary animal disease control through cross-border collaborations.
How is the project funded and what is its timeline?
- The project is funded by the Pandemic Fund established by the G20 countries, which aims to help low- and middle-income countries improve their pandemic preparedness.
- The fund’s first round raised $2 billion, and India’s project received a $25 million grant.
- The project will be implemented by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the World Bank, and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
- Timeline: Expected to conclude by August 2026.
Why is this project necessary for India?
- Zoonotic Disease Threat: About two-thirds of infectious diseases in humans are zoonotic (transmitted from animals), with recent examples including COVID-19. India’s large population of 536 million livestock makes it vulnerable to zoonotic outbreaks.
- Public Health Impact: With five of the six major global public health emergencies in recent decades being zoonotic, the project is crucial for India’s pandemic prevention and public health security.
- Vulnerable Population Protection: By addressing animal health threats, the project aims to protect the health, nutritional security, and livelihoods of vulnerable populations reliant on livestock.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Coordination Across Sectors: Enhance collaboration between animal health, public health, and environmental sectors to create an integrated response to zoonotic threats, ensuring swift data sharing and response mechanisms.
- Sustain Capacity Building and Infrastructure Investments: Ensure continued investment in laboratory networks, vaccine production, and training to maintain preparedness, and bolster resilience against emerging animal-to-human diseases beyond the project’s timeline.
Mains PYQ:
Q COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented devastation worldwide. However, technological advancements are being availed readily to win over the crisis. Give an account of how technology was sought to aid management of the pandemic. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Regional Groupings; Trade Relations; Significance and issues related to RCEP;
Why in the News?
According to NITI Aayog CEO, India should join the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP).
What are the implications of India joining RCEP and CPTPP?
- Enhanced Trade Opportunities: Joining RCEP and CPTPP could significantly boost India’s trade by providing access to larger markets, particularly in Asia-Pacific regions.
- These agreements encompass a wide range of goods and services, potentially increasing India’s exports, especially from its Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), which account for 40% of exports.
- Integration into Global Supply Chains: Participation in these trade blocs would facilitate India’s integration into global supply chains, allowing it to benefit from the ‘China plus one’ strategy that many countries are adopting to diversify their supply sources away from China.
- This could enhance India’s manufacturing sector and attract foreign investment.
- Regulatory Alignment: Being part of these agreements would necessitate aligning India’s regulatory frameworks with international standards, which could improve the business environment and attract more foreign direct investment (FDI).
How does India’s current tariff structure affect its competitiveness in global trade?
India’s current tariff structure is characterized by relatively high average tariffs compared to other major economies. For instance:
- Average Tariffs: India has an average applied tariff of approximately 13.8%, which is higher than that of China (9.8%) and the U.S. (3.4%) but lower than some other countries when considering trade-weighted averages.
- High Bound Tariffs: Many of India’s bound tariff rates on agricultural products are among the highest globally, ranging from 100% to 300%, creating significant barriers for foreign exporters.
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What are the risks associated with joining RCEP, particularly concerning competition with China?
- Increased Competition with China: One of the primary risks of joining RCEP is the potential for increased competition with Chinese firms, which may have cost advantages due to economies of scale and established supply chains.
- Pressure on Domestic Industries: Opening up to international competition might pressure local industries, particularly in sectors where they are less competitive compared to their counterparts in member countries.
- This could lead to job losses and require significant adjustments within certain sectors.
- Easy geopolitical Impact on the economy: Increased reliance on trade agreements may expose India to external economic fluctuations, particularly if global demand shifts or if geopolitical tensions impact trade dynamics within these blocs.
Way forward:
- Selective Tariff Reductions and Safeguards for Sensitive Sectors: India should negotiate phased tariff reductions and secure safeguards for vulnerable sectors like agriculture and small manufacturing.
- This approach would protect local industries while allowing gradual integration into RCEP and CPTPP markets.
- Strengthening Domestic Industries and MSMEs: India can boost competitiveness by enhancing MSME support through targeted subsidies, infrastructure improvements, and technology upgrades. Strengthening these sectors will help India leverage new market access and build resilience against foreign competition.
Mains PYQ:
Q Evaluate the economic and strategic dimensions of India’s Look East Policy in the context of the post-Cold War international scenario. (UPSC IAS/2016)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Airships
Why in the News?
Some companies have been working to solve the buoyancy challenge of Airships, a longstanding issue that has hindered their use for cargo transportation.
What are Airships?
- Airships are lighter-than-air aircraft capable of controlled powered flight.
- They were the first aircraft to achieve this and were considered the future of travel in the early 20th century.
- However, as aeroplane technology advanced, the popularity of airships declined due to their technological limitations.
- Today, airships are used mainly for:
- Advertising platforms
- Aerial observation for research and military purposes
- Tourism and scenic flights
| Note: Buoyancy is the force that makes things float. It acts in the opposite direction to gravity. When an object is placed in a fluid (like air or water), the fluid pushes up against the object, helping it to stay afloat. |
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How do Airships work?
- Airships achieve lift by using lighter-than-air gases within their structure, much like helium balloons.
- Early airships used hydrogen due to its lightweight and low cost.
- However, hydrogen is highly flammable, leading to tragic incidents such as the Hindenburg disaster of 1937, which damaged public trust in airships.
- Most airships today use helium, a non-flammable gas that is safer than hydrogen.
- However, helium is scarce and expensive, costing about $35 per cubic meter (enough to lift just 1 kg).
- Challenge with varying Buoyancy:
- Airships require the ability to vary their buoyancy to adjust for weight changes when picking up or dropping off loads.
- Solutions such as releasing and refilling helium are impractical due to helium’s high cost and scarcity.
How Airships are a Promising Solution?
Airships hold potential as low-emission cargo vehicles due to their unique design:
- Airships have a high lift-to-drag ratio, meaning they consume far less fuel than aeroplanes for moving the same load.
- Companies are exploring the use of ballast to regulate airship buoyancy, a method common in hot air balloons and submarines.
- A French company has created a 200-meter “flying crane” airship called LCA60T, which can pick up water as ballast mid-flight, avoiding the need for specialized ground infrastructure.
- With concerns about climate change and the aviation industry’s carbon footprint, airships offer a less polluting alternative. They do not burn fossil fuels to lift, making them an eco-friendly choice.
PYQ:
[2017] Examine the development of Airports in India through joint ventures under Public–Private Partnership (PPP) model. What are the challenges faced by the authorities in this regard? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CARICOM
Why in the News?
The second meeting of the India-CARICOM Joint Commission took place virtually on November 6. The first meeting was held in Georgetown, Guyana on June 2, 2015.
About Caribbean Community (CARICOM):
|
Details |
| Establishment |
Established in 1973 under the Treaty of Chaguaramas. |
| Main Objectives |
• Promote economic integration and cooperation among member states.
• Ensure equitable sharing of integration benefits.
• Coordinate foreign policy among member states. |
| Membership |
15 Full Members: Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago.
Associate Members: Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands.
Observers: Aruba, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Venezuela. |
| Leadership |
Chairmanship rotates every 6 months among the Heads of member states. |
| Administrative Structure |
CARICOM Secretariat in Georgetown, Guyana, serves as the main administrative body, led by the Secretary-General. |
| Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) |
Established in 2007, the CCJ acts as the final appellate court for CARICOM members and addresses regional trade disputes. |
| Key Initiatives |
• Single Market and Economy (CSME)
• Coordination in foreign policy
• Development cooperation
• Cultural exchange and integration |
| Significance |
CARICOM serves as a vital platform for regional collaboration, enhancing economic growth, political stability, and cultural unity among Caribbean nations. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Horn of Africa and adjacent region
Why in the News?
According to a joint report by the UN and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), at least 65 million people are food insecure in the Horn of Africa.
Food Insecurity in Horn of Africa Region:
Of the 65 million affected, 36 million reside in IGAD member states: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Uganda.
Main Causes:
- Extreme weather and climate change are primary drivers of food insecurity, leading to severe conditions.
- Conflict has also destroyed infrastructure and sources of food and income, worsening the situation.
|
About the Horn of Africa:
|
Details |
| Location |
A peninsula in northeastern Africa, extending into the Arabian Sea. |
| Geographical Composition |
Comprises the countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia. |
| Population |
Approximately 115 million people. |
| Area |
Covers about 2 million square kilometers. |
| Geographical Features |
Includes mountains, plateaus, deserts, and coastlines. Significant areas include the Ethiopian Plateau, Ogaden Desert, and Eritrean and Somalian coasts. |
| Historical Name |
Known as Bilad al Barbar or Berber Land in ancient times. |
| Significance |
- Known for diverse landscapes and unique biodiversity.
- Strategic importance due to proximity to oil-producing regions in the Middle East.
|
| Key Bodies of Water |
- Lies to the south of the Gulf of Aden and along the southern boundary of the Red Sea.
- Grand Renaissance Dam: Under construction by Ethiopia on the Nile River, impacting regional water dynamics.
|
| Shipping Routes |
Major shipping routes pass through the Red Sea, with Djibouti serving as a critical maritime hub for international trade. |
| Climate |
Characterized by a mix of arid, semi-arid, and temperate climates, influencing agriculture and livelihoods in the region. |
Geopolitical and strategic importance for India:
- The Horn of Africa is located near the Middle East, a region vital for global oil production.
- Around 40% of Middle Eastern oil flows through the Red Sea shipping lanes adjacent to the Horn, making it a critical point for energy security.
- Djibouti and the surrounding areas control access to the Bab el Mandeb Strait, which links the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden and is one of the world’s busiest maritime chokepoints.
- Several countries, including the US, France, and China, have established military bases in Djibouti to secure their interests in this strategic region.
- China’s presence in Djibouti and other Horn of Africa nations aligns with its “string of pearls” strategy, which aims to secure military and economic footholds around India.
- The Horn region serves as a gateway to Africa for Indian investments in infrastructure, energy, and mining sectors.
- The region, particularly Somalia, poses threats from Pirates and terrorist groups like Al-Shabaab.
PYQ:
[2016] Consider the following statements:
- The India-Africa Summit
- held in 2015 was the third such Summit
- was actually initiated by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1951
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PM-Vidyalaxmi Scheme
Why in the News?
The Union Cabinet has approved a new Central Sector Scheme named PM Vidyalaxmi to provide financial assistance to meritorious students pursuing higher education.
About the PM Vidyalaxmi Scheme:
|
Details |
| Objective |
To provide financial assistance to meritorious students pursuing higher education in quality institutions. |
| Eligible Students |
Students gaining admission to the top 860 Quality Higher Education Institutions (QHEIs), including government and private institutions. |
| Annual Family Income Criteria |
Up to ₹8 lakh for students who do not qualify for other government scholarships or interest subsidies. |
| Eligibility Based on NIRF Rankings |
• Top 100 institutions in overall, category-specific, and domain-specific NIRF lists.
• State government-run institutions ranked 101-200.
• All Central government-governed institutions. |
| Loan Amounts |
• Loans up to ₹7.5 lakh with a 75% credit guarantee.
• For loans up to ₹10 lakh, 3% interest subvention during the moratorium period. |
| Target Beneficiaries |
Approximately 1 lakh students each year, with preference for students in technical or professional courses from government institutions. |
| Financial Outlay |
₹3,600 crore for the period from 2024-25 to 2030-31. |
| Expected Impact |
Benefit for 7 lakh new students through interest subvention during the scheme’s duration. |
| Application Process |
Applications can be submitted via the PM-Vidyalaxmi portal for loans and interest benefits. |
| Payment Processing |
Interest support payments through e-vouchers and Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) wallets. |
| Significance |
Aims to enhance access to higher education for meritorious students, reducing financial barriers. |
PYQ:
[2016] Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana is aimed at:
(a) bringing the small entrepreneurs into formal financial system
(b) providing loans to poor farmers for cultivating particular crops
(c) providing pensions to old and destitute persons
(d) funding the voluntary organizations involved in the promotion of skill development and employment generation |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Indian education system;
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 (Madarsa Act), except for the provisions related to higher education.
What were the grounds for the SCt’s decision to uphold the UP Madarsa Act?
- Applicability of Basic Structure Doctrine: The Supreme Court clarified that the basic structure doctrine, which is typically applied to constitutional amendments, does not apply to ordinary legislation like the Madarsa Act.
- The court emphasized that a law can only be struck down for violating fundamental rights or legislative competence, not for infringing on the basic structure of the Constitution.
- State Regulation of Education: The court affirmed that states have the authority to regulate educational institutions, including madrasas, as long as such regulations are reasonable and do not infringe on minority rights.
- Right to Education: The Supreme Court referenced its previous rulings regarding minority institutions’ rights to provide religious education while managing their administration.
- It concluded that the Madrasa Act does not violate the right to free and compulsory education under Article 21A, as it allows madrasas to offer religious instruction alongside secular education.
About Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 (Madarsa Act):
- The Uttar Pradesh Board of Madrasas Education Act, 2004 (Madarsa Act) provides a legal framework for the operation and regulation of madrasas in the state.
- It aims to standardize education in these institutions by integrating both religious and secular curricula, primarily following the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) guidelines.
- The Act established the Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education, which is responsible for preparing course materials, conducting examinations, and overseeing educational standards from the ‘Maulvi’ level (equivalent to Class 10) to ‘Fazil’ (equivalent to a Master’s degree).
|
How does this ruling affect the regulation of madrasa education and its alignment with secular principles?
- Regulation of Madarsa Education: The ruling empowers the state to regulate madarsa education, ensuring that it meets certain standards without compromising its religious identity.
- It ensures that madrasas can continue to provide Islamic education alongside secular subjects, but within a structured and monitored environment that does not undermine the state’s authority over educational standards.
- Alignment with Secularism: The SC’s judgment does not force madrasas to secularize completely. Instead, it recognizes the coexistence of religious and secular education within the institution’s framework, reflecting India’s constitutional commitment to religious freedom and secularism.
- By upholding the law, the SC suggested that the government can promote secular education while respecting the rights of minority institutions to impart religious education.
Implications of Striking Down Higher Education Provisions:
- Conflict with the University Grants Commission (UGC) Act: The SC struck down provisions that allowed the Madarsa Board to grant higher education degrees (such as Kamil and Fazil), ruling that such powers conflicted with the UGC Act, which reserves the authority to grant degrees to universities recognized under central or state law.
- This decision limits Madarsas’ ability to independently issue degrees for advanced religious education.
- Impact on Madarsa Students: Students seeking degrees like Kamil (bachelor’s equivalent) or Fazil (master’s equivalent) from Madarsas will no longer receive these credentials through the Madarsa Board.
- This may affect the formal recognition of madrasa graduates, limiting their ability to pursue higher education or professional opportunities that require university-recognized degrees.
- Alignment with National Educational Standards: The SC’s decision brings madrasas in line with the UGC Act, ensuring that degree-awarding powers are centralized within recognized institutions. This promotes uniformity and compatibility with the broader national education system.
Way forward:
- Collaborate with Recognized Universities: Madarsas can partner with recognized universities to offer degrees for advanced religious studies, ensuring compliance with the UGC Act while retaining the essence of religious education.
- Integrate Secular and Religious Education Standards: To enhance educational outcomes, the government could provide support for curriculum development in madrasas, balancing religious teachings with secular subjects in alignment with national educational standards.
Mains PYQ:
Q The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains inadequate in promoting an incentive-based system for children’s education without generating awareness about the importance of schooling. Analyse. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Global Geopolitics; Regional Stability; Impact of USA election on Foreign Policy;
Why in the News?
New Delhi’s enthusiastic reception of Trump 2.0 will be moderated by apprehensions about his social media posts and harsh stance on trade and tariffs.
Trump 2.0 Impact on India-U.S. Trade Relations:
- Trade Negotiations and Free Trade Agreement (FTA): Trump is likely to pick up negotiations for an India-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (FTA), a process that began during his first term but was shelved after his loss in 2020. This could provide opportunities for greater market access and trade partnerships.
- Focus on Tariffs: Trump’s administration has been vocal about reducing trade tariffs. This could lead to pressure on India to lower its tariffs, as it did during Trump 1.0 when counter-tariffs were imposed, and India lost its Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) status.
- U.S. Military and Technology Access: India is likely to benefit from increased access to U.S. military hardware and technology. Trump’s administration has historically supported closer defense ties with India, which could be further solidified in his second term, benefiting India’s defense capabilities.
- Energy Deals and Trade: Trump could encourage India to increase purchases of U.S. oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG), as seen with previous deals like the Driftwood LNG plant. This could bolster trade, while also positioning the U.S. as a key energy partner for India.
Note: The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) is a U.S. trade program that grants duty-free access to certain goods from developing countries to promote economic growth.
Implications for India’s Foreign Policy (Russia and Iran):
- Relations with Russia: Trump’s pro-Russia stance suggests that India will face less pressure to distance itself from Moscow.
- While previous U.S. administrations have criticized India’s defense ties with Russia, Trump may adopt a more pragmatic approach, focusing on other strategic aspects like defense cooperation without pressing India on Russian relations.
- Iran Policy: Trump’s previous sanctions against Iran caused India to reduce its oil imports from Iran. Under Trump 2.0, India is likely to face fewer sanctions-related pressures, as Trump has historically shown a less critical stance on countries like Iran compared to other U.S. leaders.
- India could therefore maintain or revive its ties with Iran without facing significant U.S. backlash.
|
Challenges from Trump’s Domestic Policies (Immigration and Technology Transfer):
- Immigration and H-1B Visa Policy: Trump’s tough stance on immigration and H-1B visas could pose challenges for India, especially in terms of its highly skilled workforce.
- India’s tech sector relies heavily on H-1B visas, and stricter immigration policies under Trump 2.0 could limit opportunities for Indian professionals to work in the U.S., affecting India’s IT and services sector.
- Technology Transfer: Trump has shown a preference for protectionist policies, which may slow down the transfer of advanced technologies to India.
- This could impact India’s aspirations to become a global hub for high-tech industries, particularly in sectors like artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and defence technology.
- Increased Focus on U.S. Jobs: Trump’s focus on bringing jobs back to the U.S. may result in policies that prioritize domestic industries over foreign collaborations, limiting the scope for Indian companies in certain sectors and creating trade tensions.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Bilateral Trade Negotiations: India should actively engage in FTA negotiations with the U.S., seeking mutually beneficial terms that address tariff concerns, market access, and defense collaboration, while also ensuring safeguards for sensitive sectors like technology and agriculture.
- Diversify Technology and Energy Partnerships: India can focus on diversifying its sources of technology transfer and energy imports, strengthening ties with other global players in these sectors to mitigate potential risks from Trump’s protectionist policies and ensuring sustainable growth in high-tech industries and energy security.
Mains PYQ:
Q What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Federal Issues; Issues related to the Nagaland Government;
Why in the News?
After months of inactivity, the Nagaland government announced last week that it is now prepared to submit its feedback on the Centre’s draft Memorandum of Settlement, which proposes greater Autonomy for the state’s six eastern districts.
What are the historical and socio-economic factors driving the demand for greater autonomy in Eastern Nagaland?
- Historical Background: The six eastern districts—Kiphire, Longleng, Mon, Noklak, Shamator, and Tuensang—were part of an area historically set apart for special governance.
- After Nagaland’s creation from Assam in 1963, these districts were administered differently due to their relative lack of infrastructure and resources.
- 16-Point Agreement & Article 371(A): Nagaland was formed with special provisions, including Article 371(A), to protect Naga customs and address unique challenges in the “Tuensang region” (now the six eastern districts).
- Initially, a regional council governed these districts, reflecting an early recognition of their distinct needs.
- Development Deficit: Despite Article 371(A), these districts continue to face significant development challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, healthcare, and educational facilities.
- This lack of development fuels the demand for separate governance, as the existing state-level administration is perceived to overlook their needs.
Note: Article 371(A) grants special provisions to Nagaland, protecting its cultural practices, land, resources, and customary laws from parliamentary laws.
How does the proposed ‘Frontier Nagaland Territory’ differ from existing governance structures, and what specific powers would it entail?
The “Frontier Nagaland Territory” is a unique model of autonomy within the state of Nagaland. Key points of the proposed arrangement include:
- Separate Legislature, Executive, and Financial Powers: This proposed setup would give the region greater control over local legislative decisions, executive functions, and financial resources.
- Regional Council: The regional council for Eastern Nagaland would manage local issues and is in line with the provisions of Article 371(A) but would expand these powers further.
- Headquarters in East Nagaland: Unlike current governance structures that are centered in the state capital Kohima, this arrangement suggests an independent headquarters within East Nagaland, giving local leaders more direct control over the region’s administration.
|
What role do local organizations like the ENPO (Eastern Nagaland People’s Organization) play in advocating for this autonomy?
- Driving the Demand: ENPO has been the primary advocate for autonomy since its 2010 memorandum to the Prime Minister’s Office. The group argues for a separate state or enhanced autonomy based on longstanding neglect and developmental disparities.
- Political Leverage: ENPO’s influence is evident in their strategic actions, such as boycotting the Assembly and Lok Sabha elections to pressure both the state and central governments. This boycotting tactic has effectively highlighted the intensity of the demand and brought national attention to the issue.
- Insistence on Direct Negotiations: ENPO maintains a strong stance on discussing autonomy only with the central government, not with the state, which underscores its dissatisfaction with the state administration’s handling of Eastern Nagaland’s interests.
How might their demands influence state and central government responses?
- Central Government’s Response: The Centre has shown some willingness to explore a “mutually agreed solution,” as seen in the draft Memorandum of Settlement and repeated assurances to the ENPO.
- This indicates that the central government may consider some form of autonomy, though it balances this with state interests.
- State Government’s Position: The state government, which initially delayed providing input on the proposal, has now agreed to submit its comments, likely to avoid further regional dissent.
- However, it is navigating a complex situation where conceding autonomy could impact its overall governance framework.
- Further Deliberation and Possible Compromises: Both the Centre and the state are expected to engage in detailed negotiations with the ENPO and other stakeholders.
- The discussions will likely center on balancing the autonomy demands with the broader interests of Nagaland, seeking to avoid full separation while addressing developmental grievances.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Local Governance and Infrastructure: Need to establish a robust framework for local governance with dedicated funds and authority to address the developmental deficits in Eastern Nagaland, ensuring that the “Frontier Nagaland Territory” arrangement grants meaningful legislative, executive, and financial autonomy to meet the unique needs of the region.
- Inclusive Dialogue and Regular Consultations: Facilitate ongoing, inclusive dialogues among the Centre, state government, ENPO, and local representatives to address concerns transparently and collaboratively.
Mains PYQ:
Q Growing feeling of regionalism is an important factor in the generation of demand for a separate state. Discuss. 10 marks-200 words (UPSC CSE 2013)
Q The political and administrative reorganization of states and territories has heen a continuous ongoing process since the mid-nineteenth century. Discuss with examples. (UPSC CSE 2022)
Q “While the national political parties in India favour centralisation, the regional parties are in favour of State autonomy.” Comment. (UPSC CSE 2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Proba-3 Mission
Why in the News?
- India is set to launch the European Space Agency’s (ESA) PROBA-3 Mission in December from the Sriharikota spaceport.
- The mission will use ISRO’s PSLV rocket to place two satellites in orbit, designed to study the Sun’s corona, or outer atmosphere.
About Proba-3 Mission:
|
Details |
| Mission Name |
PROBA-3 (Project for On-Board Autonomy-3) |
| Objective |
Study the Sun’s corona by creating an artificial eclipse with precision formation flying of two satellites |
| Launch Date and Location |
December 4, 2024, from Sriharikota spaceport, India, via ISRO’s PSLV-XL rocket |
| Orbit |
Highly elliptical orbit, ranging from 600 km to 60,000 km, with a 19.7-hour orbital period |
| Satellites |
Two satellites:
- Coronagraph spacecraft (340 kg) and
- Occulter spacecraft (200 kg)
|
| Alignment Precision |
Millimeter-level alignment to block the Sun’s light and allow continuous corona observation |
| Key Scientific Goals |
Observe solar phenomena, such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections, to improve space weather forecasting |
| Unique Features |
First ESA mission dedicated to precision formation flying, using smaller, agile satellites for cost-effective observation |
| International Collaboration |
Jointly developed by ESA and ISRO, with contributions from France, Belgium, and the Netherlands |
| Communication Support |
Managed via antenna in Santa Maria (Azores) and ground station in Redu (Belgium) |
| Significance |
Advances solar research and international collaboration; enhances space weather insights, supporting infrastructure on Earth |
PYQ:
[2016] What is ‘Greased Lightning-10 (GL-10)’, recently in the news?
(a) Electric plane tested by NASA
(b) Solar-powered two-seater aircraft designed by Japan
(c) Space observatory launched by China
(d) Reusable rocket designed by ISRO |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Autoimmune Conditions, Vitamin D
Why in the News?
Recent research conducted by scientists at McGill University has shed light on the critical role of vitamin D in maintaining thymus health and its implications for immune function.
About Autoimmune Conditions:
- Autoimmune conditions refer to disorders where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own healthy tissues, viewing them as foreign.
- Vitamin D plays a role in regulating immune responses and promoting immune tolerance—the body’s ability to avoid attacking its own cells.
- It influences T-cells (a type of immune cell) to recognize and tolerate the body’s own tissues rather than attacking them.
- The thymus gland trains T-cells to avoid attacking healthy cells. A deficiency in Vitamin D may cause the thymus to age prematurely, reducing its ability to regulate T-cells properly.
- Vitamin D affects certain genetic pathways related to immune function.
- Variations in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene may also predispose some individuals to autoimmune diseases, and these individuals might be more sensitive to Vitamin D levels.
|
What is Vitamin D?
- Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin crucial for the body’s ability to absorb calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, which are essential for bone health.
- It supports muscle movement, nerve function, and immune system responses. Due to its synthesis in the skin upon exposure to sunlight, it is often called the ‘sunshine vitamin’.
- The body naturally produces Vitamin D when skin is exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) rays from sunlight.
- Sources of Vitamin D:
- Fish: Salmon, mackerel, tuna, and sardines are rich in Vitamin D.
- Cod liver oil: A concentrated source, providing 400–1,000 IU per teaspoon.
- Mushrooms: Varieties like portobello contain Vitamin D if exposed to UV light.
- Fortified Foods: Milk, yogurt, orange juice, and cereals often have added Vitamin D.
- Egg yolks: Contain a small amount of Vitamin D.
- Common forms include Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), especially useful in autumn and winter when sunlight exposure is limited.
Significance of Vitamin D
- Bone Health: Essential for calcium absorption, which strengthens bones and prevents osteoporosis.
- Muscle and Nerve Function: Supports muscle contractions and nerve signaling between the brain and body.
- Immune System: Enhances immune defenses, helping to fight off infections by viruses and bacteria.
- Brain Health: May play a role in maintaining cognitive health, especially with aging.
- Inflammation and Pain: Helps regulate the body’s response to inflammation and pain.
- Blood Pressure: Linked to regulating blood pressure; deficiency is associated with hypertension.
Impacts of Vitamin D Deficiency
- Increases the risk of rickets in children (softening of bones) and osteoporosis in adults.
- Low levels of Vitamin D are linked to autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis.
- Recent studies indicate that Vitamin D deficiency can accelerate thymus aging, leading to immune dysfunction and a higher risk of autoimmune diseases.
- Deficiency has been associated with cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, and chronic pain.
- Can include fatigue, muscle weakness, bone pain, and depression.
- In severe cases, deficiency may cause impaired bone growth and fracture susceptibility.
PYQ:
[2011] Regular intake of fresh fruits and vegetables is recommended in the diet since they are a good source of antioxidants. How do antioxidants help a person maintain health and promote longevity?
(a) They activate the enzymes necessary for vitamin synthesis in the body and help prevent vitamin deficiency.
(b) They prevent excessive oxidation of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the body and help avoid unnecessary wastage of energy.
(c) They neutralize the free radicals produced in the body during metabolism.
(d) They activate certain genes in the cells of the body and help delay the ageing process. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tuna Fish, PMMSY
Why in the News?
The Department of Fisheries has notified the creation of a Tuna Cluster in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands as part of the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY).
- The A&N Islands offer significant opportunities for fisheries development with approximately 6.0 lakh square km of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
- This region has rich sea resources, particularly Tuna and Tuna-like species, with an estimated potential of 60,000 metric tons.
- The islands’ location near Southeast Asia enables efficient sea and air trade, and the pristine waters support sustainable fishing.
|
About Tuna Species and its Significance
- Tuna are large, fast-swimming fish belonging to the Thunnini tribe within the Scombridae family.
- Known for their streamlined bodies and remarkable agility, tuna are found in tropical and temperate oceans worldwide.
- There are over 15 species of tuna, with some of the most well-known being Bluefin, Yellowfin, Albacore, Bigeye, and Skipjack.
- Tuna can grow quickly and live for several decades, with species like Bluefin reaching over 450 kg in weight.
- It is one of the most popular and valuable fish in the global seafood market, highly sought after for its flavor, texture, and nutritional value.
- Species like Bluefin tuna are particularly valuable, often fetching high prices in markets, especially in Japan for dishes like sushi and sashimi.
- It is rich in protein, low in saturated fat, and packed with omega-3 fatty acids, which support heart health, brain function, and inflammation reduction.
- It also provides essential vitamins and minerals like Vitamin D, B12, iron, and selenium.
 |
PYQ:
[2013] The most important fishing grounds of the world are found in the regions where
(a) Warm and cold atmospheric currents meet
(b) Rivers drain out large amounts of freshwater into the sea
(c) Warm and cold oceanic currents meet
(d) Continental shelf is undulating |
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