Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to AI;
Why in the News?
The lawsuit against OpenAI in India is poised to establish key precedents for defining the legal accountability of AI developers regarding the content generated by their platforms within the country.
What are the core allegations made by ANI against OpenAI?
- Unauthorized Use of Copyrighted Content: ANI alleges that OpenAI used its copyrighted news content to train its language models without obtaining the necessary permissions, constituting copyright infringement.
- Verbatim Reproduction: ANI claims that ChatGPT generates responses that are either verbatim or substantially similar to its original articles, which violates copyright protections. They argue that this reproduction occurs without authorization.
- False Attribution and Fabricated Information: ANI highlights instances where ChatGPT has attributed false statements or fabricated interviews to the agency, which they argue damages their reputation and risks spreading misinformation.
- Ineffectiveness of Opt-Out Policy: ANI contends that OpenAI’s opt-out policy is ineffective because their content is still accessible through third-party websites, allowing OpenAI’s crawlers to scrape it despite ANI’s attempts to block access.
- Request for Legal Restraints: ANI is seeking an interim injunction to prevent OpenAI from storing, using, or reproducing its work, as well as prohibiting access to its content through any means.
How does this case reflect broader issues in AI and copyright law?
- Liability of AI Platforms: The case presents an unresolved legal question regarding whether AI platforms can be held liable for copyright infringement when they use publicly available content for training purposes. This issue is not only pertinent in India but also resonates globally, as similar lawsuits have emerged in other jurisdictions.
- Fair Use and Exceptions: The interpretation of fair use and the applicability of exceptions such as text and data mining (TDM) in the context of AI training remain ambiguous under Indian law. The court’s decision will be crucial in determining whether existing copyright frameworks can accommodate the unique characteristics of AI technologies.
- Territoriality in Data Storage: OpenAI’s defence centres on the argument that it operates outside India, complicating the application of Indian copyright law. This raises broader concerns about data sovereignty and how traditional legal concepts apply to cloud-based services and distributed AI models.
What implications does this case have for the future of AI development and media partnerships?
- Setting Legal Precedents: The case may establish important legal precedents regarding the responsibilities of AI companies toward content creators, influencing how future disputes are resolved in India and potentially beyond.
- Impact on Licensing Agreements: As seen with other publishers entering licensing agreements with AI firms, this case could encourage more formalised partnerships where media organisations negotiate terms for their content’s use in AI training, ensuring they receive compensation for their intellectual property.
- Regulatory Framework Development: The lawsuit may prompt Indian lawmakers to consider new regulations addressing the use of copyrighted material by AI platforms, potentially leading to clearer guidelines that balance innovation with the rights of content creators.
- Challenges for Smaller Publishers: While larger media organisations may have the resources to negotiate favourable terms with AI companies, smaller publishers could face difficulties without similar leverage. This disparity could affect diversity in media representation and innovation within the industry.
Way forward:
- Establish a Balanced Regulatory Framework: Policymakers should develop clear guidelines addressing the use of copyrighted material by AI platforms, incorporating provisions for text and data mining (TDM) and fair use exceptions.
- Promote Collaborative Licensing Models: Media organisations and AI firms should work towards formalised licensing agreements that outline terms for the use of copyrighted content in AI training.
Mains PYQ:
Q “The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) hasinitiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2020)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Religious issues;
Why in the News?
Justice Shekhar Kumar Yadav of the Allahabad High Court made comments against the Muslim community at an event organized by the Vishwa Hindu Parishad’s legal cell, which has caused a lot of public criticism.
What are the key ethical principles outlined in the code of conduct for judges?
- Majority Rule: Justice Yadav stated that India would function according to the wishes of the majority, referring to Hindus as the “bahusankhyak” (majority) community. He implied that the values taught to children in one community differ significantly from those in another, particularly regarding animal slaughter practices.
- Critique of Muslim Practices: He criticized certain practices within the Muslim community, such as polygamy and triple talaq, while asserting that Hindus revere women as goddesses. This comparison has been interpreted as a direct attack on Islamic traditions.
- Response from Legal Community: The Campaign for Judicial Accountability and Reforms has called for an inquiry into Justice Yadav’s conduct, arguing that his statements violate judicial ethics and undermine public confidence in the judiciary. Prominent legal figures have also suggested impeachment proceedings against him.
How do codes of conduct vary across different jurisdictions and judicial systems?
- United States: The American Bar Association has established Model Rules of Professional Conduct which emphasize independence, integrity, and impartiality.
- United Kingdom: The Judicial Conduct Investigations Office oversees judicial behavior, with a focus on maintaining public confidence in the judiciary.
- India: The Restatement of Values of Judicial Life serves as a guiding document for judges, emphasizing the need for impartiality and respect for constitutional values.
What are the consequences for judges who violate the code of conduct?
- In-House Procedures: Many jurisdictions have internal mechanisms allowing for complaints against judges to be investigated without public embarrassment.
- Impeachment: In severe cases, judges can be impeached for misconduct, requiring a significant legislative majority to proceed.
- Public Reprimand or Suspension: Depending on the severity of the violation, judges may receive reprimands or temporary suspensions from their duties.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Accountability Mechanisms: Establish clearer and more transparent procedures for addressing judicial misconduct, including an independent body to investigate complaints and ensure timely action, thus preserving public trust in the judiciary.
- Promote Judicial Sensitivity and Training: Implement regular training programs on diversity, impartiality, and the ethical responsibilities of judges to reinforce the importance of maintaining neutrality and respect for all communities, both in and out of the courtroom.
The Opposition in Rajya Sabha is preparing to move a motion for impeachment of Allahabad High Court Judge for the same controversial remarks inciting communal hatred.
Impeachment Process for Judges in India:
| About |
- The process involves Parliament passing an address to the President to remove the judge.
- To pass the motion, two–thirds of the MPs present and voting in both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha;
- Must approve it, with a majority of more than 50% of the total membership of each House.
|
| Key Constitutional Provisions |
- Article 124(4): The judge can only be removed by a Presidential order, passed after a majority vote in both Houses of Parliament.
- The vote must come from two-thirds of the members present and voting.
- Articles 218 of the Constitution extends the same rules to High Court judges.
- The impeachment process ensures judicial independence by maintaining a high bar for removal, limiting political influence.
|
| Grounds for Impeachment |
- A judge of the Supreme Court or High Court can be impeached on two grounds: “proved misbehaviour” or “incapacity” as per the Constitution of India.
- Further clarified in the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968, including:
- Misuse of office
- Grave offences that undermine the judge’s integrity
- Contravention of the provisions of the Constitution.
|
| What does the process entail? |
Procedure under the Judges Inquiry Act, 1968:
Initial Step: The impeachment motion must be signed by at least 100 MPs in the Lok Sabha and 50 MPs in the Rajya Sabha.
Committee Formation: Once the motion is introduced, the Speaker or Chairperson of the respective House forms a three-member inquiry committee:
- Headed by the Chief Justice of India or a Supreme Court judge.
- The second member is usually a Chief Justice of any High Court.
- The third member is a distinguished jurist, appointed by the Speaker or Chairman.
Inquiry Process: The committee investigates the charges, cross-examines witnesses, and regulates its procedure.
The committee may also request a medical test if the charge relates to mental incapacity.
Outcome: If the committee finds the judge not guilty, the motion is dismissed. If found guilty, it will be reported back to the House for further action. |
Instances of Impeachment in India:
- 1993: Justice V Ramaswami (Supreme Court) faced impeachment proceedings on financial impropriety. The motion was unsuccessful despite a guilty finding.
- 2011: Justice Soumitra Sen (Calcutta High Court) was impeached for corruption but resigned before Lok Sabha could take up the matter.
- 2015: Justice S K Gangele (Madhya Pradesh High Court) faced impeachment on charges of sexual harassment, but the committee cleared him in 2017.
- 2015: Justice J B Pardiwala (Gujarat High Court) faced impeachment for controversial remarks about reservation but the motion was dropped after the judge expunged the remarks.
- 2017: Justice C V Nagarjuna (Andhra Pradesh & Telangana High Court) faced impeachment for financial misconduct and victimizing a Dalit judge, but the motion was not pursued.
|
Mains PYQ:
Q Distinguish between laws and rules. Discuss the role of ethics in formulating them. (UPSC IAS/2020)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: ISRO Mission;
Why in the News?
India has set ambitious objectives for its space programme over the next two decades, focusing on the development of powerful, reusable rockets like the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)’s upcoming Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV).
What are the recent achievements of India’s space program?
- Chandrayaan-3 Mission: India successfully achieved a soft landing near the lunar south pole with its Chandrayaan-3 mission, marking a historic milestone as the fourth country to do so. This mission demonstrated India’s growing technological capabilities in space exploration.
- Aditya L1 Mission: Launched as India’s first space-based solar observatory, Aditya L1 aims to study the outer atmosphere of the Sun, contributing valuable data to solar science.
- Gaganyaan Preparations: ISRO is actively working on the Gaganyaan mission, which aims to send Indian astronauts into orbit by 2025. This includes extensive testing of human-rated launch vehicles and crew escape systems.
- Budget Increases: The Indian government allocated approximately $1.5 billion to the Department of Space for 2024-2025, reflecting a commitment to enhance space capabilities and infrastructure.
How is India planning to expand its human spaceflight and exploration capabilities?
- Gaganyaan Mission: This mission is pivotal for establishing India’s human spaceflight capabilities, with plans for multiple uncrewed test flights leading up to a manned mission. The first crewed flight is targeted for late 2024.
- Lunar Exploration Goals: India plans to achieve a crewed lunar landing by 2040 and establish a lunar space station to facilitate ongoing research and exploration efforts on the Moon.
- Bharatiya Antariksha Station: The establishment of India’s first space station in low Earth orbit is planned by 2035, serving as a platform for scientific research and technology testing.
- Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV): The development of the NGLV will enhance India’s heavy-lift capabilities, crucial for supporting human missions and larger payloads in future explorations.
What role does international collaboration play in India’s space ambitions?
- Commercial Partnerships: India has engaged in collaborations with international companies like SpaceX for satellite launches, showcasing an openness to leveraging foreign technology and expertise in its space endeavours.
- Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Recent reforms have opened up India’s space sector to increased foreign investment, fostering partnerships that can enhance technological capabilities and innovation within the domestic industry.
- Collaborative Research and Development: By exploring foreign collaboration opportunities, Indian corporations can access advanced rocket technologies and expertise that may not currently exist within the country, accelerating development timelines for projects like reusable rockets.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Private Sector Engagement: India should actively encourage partnerships with domestic and international private companies to accelerate the development of advanced space technologies, such as reusable rockets and heavy-lift vehicles, ensuring a competitive edge in global space exploration.
- Expand International Collaborations: India should deepen its space collaborations with countries and space agencies globally, particularly in research, technology sharing, and joint missions, to leverage global expertise and enhance its own space capabilities.
Mains PYQ:
Q India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbiter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space mission. What are the main obstacles to launching a manned space mission, both in terms of technology and logistics? Examine critically. (UPSC IAS/2017)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Draft UGC Regulations, 2024
Why in the News?
- The University Grants Commission (UGC) released the Draft UGC (Minimum Standards of Instructions in the Award of UG and PG Degrees) 2024 to bring sweeping reforms in India’s higher education sector.
- The new regulations will apply to all Central, State, Private, and Deemed Universities across India.
Back2Basics: University Grants Commission (UGC)
- UGC was inaugurated in 1953 by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, then Minister of Education.
- it was established as a statutory body in November 1956 under the UGC Act 1956.
- The Sargeant Report (1944) recommended a University Grants Committee, established in 1945, initially handling all universities by 1947.
- Post-independence, the University Education Commission (1948) under Dr. S Radhakrishnan proposed reorganizing the committee along the lines of the UK’s University Grants Commission.
- A proposal to replace UGC with the Higher Education Commission of India (HECI) is under consideration.
- UGC handles:
-
- Providing funds to higher education institutions.
- Coordination, determination, and maintenance of academic standards.
|
About the Draft UGC Regulations, 2024:
| Aims and Objectives |
- To reform India’s higher education system.
- To introduce flexibility, multidisciplinary learning, and inclusivity in higher education while removing disciplinary rigidities.
|
| Key Provisions and Features |
- Biannual Admissions: Institutions can admit students twice a year (July/August and January/February).
- Multiple Entry and Exit: Students can enter or exit their programs multiple times, with continuous assessments, recognition of prior learning, and the possibility to pursue two programs at the same time.
- Flexibility for Students: Students can choose any discipline for UG and PG programs, irrespective of their background, subject to clearing entrance exams (e.g., CUET or university-specific exams).
- Minimum Attendance Requirement: Institutions will set the minimum attendance based on program-specific requirements and statutory approvals, in line with the NEP 2020.
- UG Degree Credits: At least 50% of credits must be earned in the major discipline for an undergraduate degree. The remaining 50% credits can be from skill courses, apprenticeships, or multidisciplinary subjects.
- Duration of Degrees: UG degrees can be completed in 3 to 4 years, depending on the course structure. PG degrees will typically take 1 to 2 years, though they can be longer or shorter based on the program.
|
| Accelerated and Extended Degree Programs: |
- ADP (Accelerated Degree Programs): Allows students to complete their degree in a shorter duration while covering the full curriculum.
- EDP (Extended Degree Programs): Extends the duration for students who need more time to complete the program.
- Up to 10% of the sanctioned intake can be earmarked for ADP. Students can choose ADP or EDP by the end of the first or second semester.
- ADP/EDP degrees will include a note specifying the adjusted duration, while ensuring the full academic content is covered.
- Postgraduate Eligibility: Students completing a four-year undergraduate degree (Hons./Research, BTech, BE) will be eligible for a two-year postgraduate program.
|
PYQ:
[2012] Which of the following provisions of the Constitution does India have a bearing on Education?
- Directive Principles of State Policy
- Rural and Urban Local Bodies
- Fifth Schedule
- Sixth Schedule
- Seventh Schedule
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3, 4 and 5 only
(c) 1, 2 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Yuva Sahakar Scheme
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Cooperation, in written reply to a question in the Lok Sabha has informed about the progress of the Yuva Sahakar Scheme.
Current Financial Details:
- As of 30th November 2024, the following financial assistance details have been recorded:
- Sanctioned Amount: ₹4734.97 lakh to cooperatives with 18,915 beneficiary members.
- Disbursed Amount: ₹294.44 lakh.
- Sanctioned for 2024: ₹230.61 lakh, with ₹89.88 lakh disbursed.
|
About the Yuva Sahakar Scheme:
|
Details |
| Overview and Objectives |
- Launched in 2018 under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
- Implemented by NCDC (National Cooperative Development Corporation), which operates under the Ministry of Cooperation
- Goal: To promote the formation of new cooperative societies and encourage innovative ideas from young entrepreneurs.
- Targets cooperatives that have been operational for at least 3 months.
| NOTE: NCDC was established in 1963 as a statutory Corporation under Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare. |
|
| Features and Provisions |
- Loan Tenure: Up to 5 years.
- Interest Subvention: 2% subvention on the applicable interest rate for term loans related to project activities.
- Subsidy Integration: Loans can be combined with subsidies available under other Government of India schemes.
- Eligibility: All cooperatives in operation for at least 1 year are eligible for funding based on proposed projects.
|
| Significance |
- Encourages cooperatives to explore new and innovative areas.
- Dedicated fund by NCDC for youth cooperatives.
- Linked to the ₹1000 crore Cooperative Start-up and Innovation Fund (CSIF).
- Increased funding for cooperatives from North Eastern regions, Aspirational Districts, and those with women, SC/ST, or PwD members.
|
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Various initiatives mentioned
Why in the News?
- The Government of India, recognizing agriculture as a State subject, actively supports State governments through various policy measures and budgetary allocations aimed at improving the welfare of farmers.
- Below are some key initiatives approved by the Union Cabinet:
| Clean Plant Programme (CPP) |
- Approval Date: 09.08.2024 ; Outlay: ₹1,765.67 crore
- Objective: Enhance quality and productivity of horticulture crops.
- Key Features: Focus on providing disease-free planting material, promoting climate-resilient varieties, reducing crop losses, and improving horticultural produce quality.
- Financial Support: 50% from Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) budget and 50% as a loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
- Implementation: Establishment of 9 Clean Plant Centers (CPCs) for disease diagnostics, treatments, and quarantine; development of large-scale nurseries for clean planting material propagation; creation of a regulatory and certification framework to ensure traceability in planting material production.
|
| Digital Agriculture Mission |
- Objective: Create a robust digital ecosystem for farmers by providing timely and reliable crop-related information.
- Key Features: Establish Agristack, Krishi Decision Support System (DSS), Comprehensive Soil Fertility & Profile Map, Digital General Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES), and expansion of IT platforms like Krishi Nivesh Portal and Krishi-DSS Portal.
- Digital Infrastructure: Promotes farmer-centric solutions, digitization, and technology-enabled agricultural services.
(Discussed in detail in one of the today’s articles.) |
| Agriculture Infrastructure Fund Scheme |
- Approval Date: 28.08.2024
- Objective: Enhance agricultural infrastructure across India.
- Key Features: Loans up to ₹2 crores with 3% interest subvention for 7 years. Covers a wide range of entities like PACS, FPOs, self-help groups, agri-entrepreneurs. 24% reserved for SC/ST entrepreneurs.
- Credit Guarantee: Available under Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) for loans up to ₹2 crores.
Integration: Linked with PM Kusum ‘A’ and other community farming assets projects to enhance agricultural production.
|
| National Mission on Edible Oils – Oilseeds (NMEO-Oilseeds) |
- Approval Date: 03.10.2024; Outlay: ₹10,103 crore
- Objective: Boost domestic oilseed production and achieve self-reliance in edible oils.
- Implementation Period: 2024-25 to 2030-31
- Key Features: Target to increase oilseed production from 39 million tonnes (2022-23) to 69.7 million tonnes by 2030-31. Focus on key oilseeds like rapeseed, mustard, groundnut, soybean, sunflower, and Sesamum.
- Expansion: Oilseed cultivation in rice fallow areas, and intercropping. Setting up 65 new seed hubs and 50 seed storage units. Development of over 600 Value Chain Clusters in 347 districts.
|
| National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF) |
- Approval Date: 25.11.2024; Outlay: ₹2,481 crore (GOI Share: ₹1,584 crore; State Share: ₹897 crore)
- Objective: Promote natural farming practices across India.
- Key Features: Focus on Bhartiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhati (BPKP), scaling up natural farming across 7.5 lakh hectares through 15,000 clusters.
- Financial Assistance: ₹15,000 per hectare for 3 years to farmers for infrastructure creation.
- Infrastructure: Establishment of 15,000 BRCs to facilitate access to bio-inputs like cow dung, neem, and bioculture. Master Trainer Program for large-scale training on natural farming techniques.
|
| Additional Key Programmes Initiated in 2024-25 |
- National Pest Surveillance System (NPSS): To monitor and control pest infestations.
- AgriSURE: A fund for start-ups and rural enterprises in agriculture.
- Krishi Nivesh Portal (Phase-I): A platform for facilitating investments in the agriculture sector.
- Krishi-DSS Portal: A geospatial platform to provide decision support for Indian agriculture.
- Voluntary Carbon Market (VCM): Promoting sustainable agricultural practices through carbon credit initiatives.
|
PYQ:
[2020] In India, which of the following can be considered as public investment in agriculture?
- Fixing Minimum Support Price for agricultural produce of all crops
- Computerization of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies
- Social Capital development
- Free electricity supply to farmers
- Waiver of agricultural loans by the banking system
- Setting up of cold storage facilities by the governments
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 5 only
(b) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only
(c) 2, 3 and 6 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Digital Agriculture Mission
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare has provided details of the progress and implementation of Digital Agriculture Mission (DAM).
Progress as of December 2024:
- As of 5th December 2024, the following progress has been reported:
- 29,99,306 Farmer IDs have been created.
- Digital Crop Survey (DCS) has been conducted in 436 districts during the Kharif 2024 season.
|
About the Digital Agriculture Mission (DAM):
|
Details |
| Overview and Launch |
- Digital Agriculture Mission (DAM) was approved on 2nd September 2024 with an outlay of ₹2817 Crore.
- Initially planned for the financial year 2021-22, but delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Aligned with the Union Budget 2024-25 and 2023-24 announcements for implementing Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) in agriculture.
|
| Aims and Objectives |
- Digital Identities for 11 crore farmers are targeted over the next 3 years: 6 crore in FY 2024-25, 3 crore in FY 2025-26, and 2 crore in FY 2026-27.
- Digital Crop Survey to be launched nationwide: 400 districts in FY 2024-25 and all districts in FY 2025-26.
|
| Provisions and Features |
AgriStack: Includes 3 foundational registries:
1. Farmers’ Registry: A database recording information about farmers.
2. Geo-referenced Village Maps: Digital maps providing geographical data related to agricultural areas.
3. Crop Sown Registry: A digital registry tracking crops sown by farmers.
- Krishi Decision Support System (DSS): Designed to assist farmers in making data-driven decisions related to farming practices. It integrates remote sensing data on crops, soil, weather, and water resources into a comprehensive geospatial system.
- Comprehensive Soil Fertility & Profile Map: A map designed to help farmers understand soil health, enabling informed decisions about fertilizer usage and crop selection.
- Digital General Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES): Provides yield estimates based on scientifically designed crop-cutting experiments.
- Soil Profile Mapping: Detailed soil profile maps on a 1:10,000 scale for approximately 142 million hectares of agricultural land.
|
| Structural Mandate |
- Supported by the Central Government, State Governments, and Academic & Research Institutions for successful implementation.
- AgriStack is designed as a federated structure, where State Governments retain ownership of the data.
- The system follows privacy standards set by the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, ensuring data security and privacy.
|
PYQ:
[2017] What is/are the advantage/advantages of implementing the ‘National Agriculture Market’ scheme?
- It is a pan-India electronic trading portal for agricultural commodities.
- It provides the farmers access to nationwide market, with prices commensurate with the quality of their produce.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now