Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Cybercrime;
Why in the News?
The US court ruling found the maker of Pegasus spyware guilty of hacking WhatsApp, while in India, the investigation ended quietly without any results.
What are the implications of the US court ruling against NSO Group?
- Legal Accountability Established: The US District Court’s ruling that NSO Group is liable for hacking WhatsApp users marks a significant legal precedent. It affirms that private companies engaged in illegal surveillance can be held accountable in a court of law, which may encourage other jurisdictions to take similar actions against such entities.
- Protection of Privacy Rights: The ruling underscores the importance of user privacy and proprietary technology protection. It emphasizes that courts can act decisively to safeguard individual rights against corporate malfeasance, setting a standard for privacy protection that could influence global norms.
- Pressure on NSO Group: The verdict amplifies economic and operational pressures on NSO Group, potentially leading to stricter regulations and oversight of surveillance technology firms worldwide. This could deter similar future actions by other companies in the industry.
Why has India’s inquiry into the Pegasus allegations been ineffective?
- Government Evasion: The Indian government’s refusal to confirm or deny the use of Pegasus spyware has significantly hampered any meaningful investigation. This silence has been framed as a matter of national security but is perceived as a deliberate evasion of accountability.
- Lack of Cooperation: The Supreme Court’s appointed committee faced challenges due to the government’s lack of cooperation.
- Key stakeholders like WhatsApp and Apple were not compelled to provide evidence or testimony, limiting the committee’s ability to draw conclusive findings.
- Judicial Delays and Inaction: India’s judicial system is plagued by delays and inefficiencies, which have further stalled inquiries into Pegasus. Parliamentary debates have devolved into unproductive exchanges, failing to generate actionable outcomes.
What are the legislations related to spyware attacks in India?
- Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act):
- Section 43: Criminalizes unauthorized access to computer systems and networks, making hacking a punishable offense.
- Section 66: Addresses cybercrime and provides penalties for violations of computer-related laws.
- Section 69: Allows government agencies to intercept data on grounds of national security but does not authorize the installation of spyware like Pegasus on devices without proper oversight.
- Information Technology (Procedure and Safeguards for Interception, Monitoring and Decryption of Information) Rules, 2009: These rules require that no interception can occur without the direction and approval of a competent authority, aiming to provide some level of oversight.
- Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA): Recently passed in 2023, this act has faced criticism for allegedly providing legal cover for state surveillance while lacking robust protections for individual privacy rights. Critics argue that its vague language allows for arbitrary government.
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What should be the next steps for Indian authorities following the US verdict? (Way forward)
- Reinitiate Investigations: Indian authorities should consider reopening investigations into Pegasus with renewed vigour, leveraging insights from the US court ruling. This includes calling for transparency from technology companies involved in the case.
- Engage with Stakeholders: Authorities should actively engage with WhatsApp, Apple, and other relevant parties to gather comprehensive evidence regarding the spyware’s use in India. This collaboration is crucial for establishing accountability.
- Legislative Reforms: There is an urgent need for systemic reforms in surveillance laws and practices in India. Authorities should work towards creating robust frameworks that protect citizens’ privacy rights and establish clear guidelines for state surveillance activities.
- Public Disclosure: To rebuild public trust, it is essential for the government to disclose findings from previous inquiries and commit to transparency moving forward. This includes making reports from technical committees publicly available
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss different types of cyber crimes and measures required to be taken to fight the menace. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Communist Party of India (CPI) and its contributions
Why in the News?
December 26, 2024, marks the 100th foundation day of the Communist Party of India (CPI). The CPI has played a pivotal role in India’s freedom struggle, social reforms, and political evolution.
About the Communist Party of India (CPI)
- Reasons for Formation:
- Founded on December 26, 1925, at the Kanpur Conference, inspired by the 1917 Russian Revolution.
- Earlier efforts included the Tashkent group (1920) led by M.N. Roy and Abani Mukherji, supported by the Comintern (Communist International).
- Faced early repression through cases like:
- Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case (1924).
- Meerut Conspiracy Case (1929–1933).
- Dissatisfaction with Gandhian methods and moderate nationalism.
- Inspiration from the Soviet Revolution (1917) and global socialist movements.
- Split (1964):
- Ideological rift during the Cold War over alignment with the Soviet Union or China.
- Led to the creation of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) or CPI(M).
Prominent Leaders and Key Contributions
- Prominent Leaders:
- M.N. Roy (1920s): Founder of the Tashkent group; advocated socialism and anti-colonialism.
- Abani Mukherji (1920s): Drafted the Indian Communist Manifesto.
- S.A. Dange (1924): Founding CPI member; labour leader implicated in the Kanpur Conspiracy Case.
- Muzaffar Ahmed (1920s): Mobilized workers and peasants; key figure in AITUC (1920).
- Shaukat Usmani (1920s–1930s) and M. Singaravelu (1925): Early CPI activists.
- Key Contributions:
- Demand for Poorna Swaraj (1927):
- Advocated for complete independence, influencing the Indian National Congress (INC).
- Workers and Peasants Movements (1920s–1950s):
- Mobilized workers through AITUC (1920) and peasants through All India Kisan Sabha (1936).
- Led uprisings like the Telangana Rebellion (1946–1951).
- Opposition to British Rule (1920s–1947):
- Organized strikes and protests during the Quit India Movement (1942).
-
- In the First Lok Sabha (1952–57), CPI was the single largest opposition party.
- In 1957, CPI won the state elections in Kerala, becoming the first democratically elected communist government in independent India.
| Note: The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), India’s oldest trade union federation, was founded in 1920 by Lala Lajpat Rai and others in Bombay to represent India at the ILO (International Labour Organisation). |
PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following events:
- The first democratically elected communist party government was formed in a State in India.
- India’s then largest bank, ‘Imperial Bank of India’, was renamed ‘State Bank of India’.
- Air India was nationalised and became the national carrier.
- Goa became a part of independent India.
Which of the following is the correct chronological sequence of the above events?
(a) 4 – 1 – 2 – 3
(b) 3 – 2 – 1 – 4
(c) 4 – 2 – 1 – 3
(d) 3 – 1 – 2 – 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNDOF
Why in the News?
UN Secretary-General paid tribute to Brigadier General Amitabh Jha of India, who died serving with the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) in the Golan Heights.
About United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)
- The UNDOF is a peacekeeping mission established by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) to oversee the implementation of a ceasefire agreement between Israel and Syria following the 1973 Yom Kippur War.
- The Yom Kippur War (October 6-24, 1973) was fought between Egypt and Israel (in the Sinai) and Israel and Syria (in the Golan Heights).
- It operates in the Golan Heights, a region of strategic importance and long-standing contention.
- The UNSC formally established UNDOF under Resolution 350 to:
- Maintain the ceasefire.
- Supervise the disengagement of forces.
- Monitor the separation zones established by the agreement.
- UNDOF became operational on June 6, 1974, with an initial deployment of approximately 1,200 personnel.
- Its mandate is renewed every 6 months by the UNSC, emphasizing its ongoing role in maintaining stability.
Structural Mandate and Functions
UNDOF’s core responsibilities include:
- Ceasefire Maintenance:
- Monitor and ensure adherence to the ceasefire agreement between Israel and Syria.
- Supervision of Disengagement:
- Oversee the withdrawal of forces to their respective areas as per the 1974 Agreement on Disengagement.
- Monitoring Areas of Separation and Limitation:
- Area of Separation (AOS):
- A demilitarized zone controlled by UNDOF, where no military activity is permitted.
- Approx. 80 km long, ranging from 200 m to 8 km wide.
- Marked by barrel lines for identification on the ground.
- Areas of Limitation:
- Zones on both Israeli and Syrian sides where the number of troops and types of weapons are restricted.
Functions:
- Observation and Reporting:
- Monitor troop movements and ensure no violations of the agreement occur.
- Regularly report to the UN Secretary-General and the UNSC on ground conditions.
- Civilian Assistance: Facilitate the return of Syrian civilians to their homes in the AOS under the agreement.
- Verification of Compliance: Conduct inspections to ensure adherence to restrictions in Areas of Limitation.
- Confidence-Building Measures: Act as a neutral party to reduce tensions between Israel and Syria.
- Liaison Services: Maintain open communication channels between Israeli and Syrian forces to prevent misunderstandings or escalation.
PYQ:
[2015] The area known as ‘Golan Heights’ sometimes appears in the news in the context of the events is related to:
(a) Central Asia
(b) Middle East
(c) South-East Asia
(d) Central Africa |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Matsya Seva Kendras
Why in the News?
India’s fisheries sector, contributing to the livelihoods of over 3 crore fishers and producing a record 175 lakh tons of fish in 2022-23, is being strengthened through initiatives like Matsya Seva Kendras.
About Matsya Seva Kendra (MSK)
- MSKs are one-stop centers established under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) to support fishers and fish farmers.
- They provide a wide range of technical, advisory, and capacity-building services aimed at modernizing the fisheries sector and ensuring sustainable practices.
- Role of MSKs:
- Offer water, soil, and microbial analysis to address disease management and improve aquaculture productivity.
- Conduct capacity-building programs for fishers, focusing on sustainable practices and advanced aquaculture techniques.
- Empower women and weaker sections with 60% financial assistance for setting up MSKs.
- Mobilize start-ups, cooperatives, and fish farmer producer organizations to share best practices.
- Promote regenerative and conservation practices to tackle challenges posed by climate change.
About Pradhan Mantri Matsya Samapada Yojana (PMMSY):
- The scheme aims to bring about a Blue Revolution through sustainable and responsible development of India’s fisheries sector.
- It was launched as part of the ‘Atma Nirbhar Bharat’ package with an investment of ₹20,050 crore, the highest-ever allocation for the fisheries sector.
- It is implemented across all States and Union Territories from FY 2020-21 to FY 2024-25.
- It provides insurance coverage, financial assistance, and Kisan Credit Card (KCC) facilities to fishers.
- It is implemented as an umbrella scheme with two components:
- Central Sector Scheme: Entirely funded by the Central Government.
- Centrally Sponsored Scheme: Cost shared between the Centre and States/UTs.
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How Do Sagar Mitras Support Fishers?
- Sagar Mitras act as a vital link between the government and sea-borne fishers, facilitating access to information and resources in coastal regions.
-
- Collect data on marine catch, price trends, and market requirements.
- Provide updates on local regulations, weather conditions, and potential fishing zones.
- Educate fishers on hygienic fish handling, sustainable fishing techniques, and compliance with regulatory measures.
- Act as a key contact during emergencies, offering information on natural calamities and safety protocols.
PYQ:
[2018] Defining the Blue Revolution, explain the problems and strategies of fisheries in India. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: African Wild Cat (Leptailurus serval)
Why in the News?
The Border Security Force (BSF) has rescued a Serval, the African wild cat (Leptailurus serval) from an alleged wildlife smuggling attempt along the India-Bangladesh border.
About African Wild Cat (Leptailurus serval):
|
Details |
| About |
- Scientific Name: Leptailurus serval
- Common Name: African Wild Cat, Serval
- Family: Felidae
- Physical Description: Medium-sized wild cat with a slim, long-legged body, tawny coat with black spots and stripes, and large rounded ears. Can leap 3 meters (10 feet) vertically.
|
| Habitat and Features |
- Found across Sub-Saharan Africa.
- Preferred Habitats: Savannahs, grasslands, and wetlands; avoids arid regions and dense forests.
- Diet: Carnivorous, feeding on small mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects. Uses acute hearing to hunt.
- Behavior: Solitary, nocturnal or crepuscular, and communicates through vocalizations and scent-marking.
- Reproduction: Breeds year-round, with 2–3 kittens per litter; gestation period is 74 days.
|
| Conservation Status |
- IUCN Red List: Listed as Least Concern.
- CITES: Included in Appendix II to regulate trade.
Threats: Habitat loss, illegal hunting for fur, and conflicts with humans (e.g., poultry attacks). |
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which of the following statements is/are correct?
- IUCN is an organ of the United Nations and CITES is an international agreement between governments.
- IUCN runs thousands of field projects around the world to better manage natural environments.
- CITES is legally binding on the States that have joined it, but this Convention does not take the place of national laws.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Disaster Management;
Why in the News?
The Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill, 2024, raises serious concerns. Instead of addressing the shortcomings of the Disaster Management Act (DMA), 2005, the Bill reduces opportunities for participation, accountability, and efficient governance.
What are the lapses in the recent bill?
- Top-Down Terminology: The Bill employs terms like “monitor” and “guidelines,” which suggest a top-down approach, rather than fostering community engagement through terms like “supervision” and “direction.”
- This undermines trust between authorities and local communities, which are crucial in disaster response.
- Neglect of Local Roles: While the Bill defines critical concepts such as ‘hazard’, ‘resilience’, and ‘vulnerability’, it fails to recognise the essential roles of local communities, panchayats, and NGOs in disaster management.
- Lack of Intersectional Consideration: The Bill does not address intersectional discrimination affecting vulnerable groups like women, disabled individuals, lower castes, and LGBTQIA communities. Ignoring these factors limits the Bill’s inclusivity and effectiveness.
- Absence of Accountability Mechanisms: The omission of performance evaluations for district authorities raises concerns about accountability. Without mechanisms to assess preparedness and response effectiveness, there is a risk of shifting blame onto individual philanthropic efforts during disasters.
- Exclusion of Law and Order Issues: By stating that ‘man-made causes’ do not include law and order matters, the Bill complicates the role of police in disaster management while still involving them in executive committees.
- Removal of Relief Standards: Key provisions regarding minimum standards of relief for disaster victims have been omitted from the Bill. This includes special provisions for vulnerable populations such as widows and orphans, which diminishes the support system for those affected by disasters.
- Centralisation of Power: The Bill centralises decision-making by transferring responsibilities from local executive committees to national authorities, potentially leading to inefficiencies and delays in disaster response.
- Neglect of Animal Welfare: The Bill does not address the impact of disasters on animals or include provisions for their welfare, which is a significant oversight given the scale of animal casualties during disasters.
- Urban Disaster Management Authority (UDMA): The rationale behind establishing a separate UDMA is unclear, raising questions about its effectiveness given existing municipal structures that may not adequately address urban flooding issues caused by poor planning.
What are the lessons learnt from a spectrum of areas?
- Community Engagement: Successful disaster responses have historically relied on local knowledge and community action.
- For example, in Cyclone Aila (2009, Sundarbans): Local villagers and fisherfolk initiated rescue operations well before official disaster response teams could arrive, saving countless lives.
- Intersectionality Matters: Acknowledging diverse vulnerabilities ensures that disaster management strategies are comprehensive and equitable.
- For example, Kerala Floods (2018): Specific interventions for women and children in relief camps improved health and hygiene outcomes, showcasing the value of targeted measures.
- Accountability is Crucial: Clear accountability mechanisms are necessary to ensure that authorities fulfil their responsibilities effectively.
- For example, in Uttarakhand Flash Floods (2013): Lack of timely action by district authorities and poor preparedness exacerbated the disaster’s impact, underscoring the need for performance evaluations.
Can Regional collaboration work out?
Regional collaboration could significantly enhance disaster management efforts, particularly in South Asia where cross-border challenges are prevalent:
- Shared Resources and Knowledge: Collaborative frameworks among countries like SAARC, BIMSTEC, and BRICS could facilitate resource sharing and knowledge exchange during disasters.
- Joint Preparedness Plans: Developing regional action plans based on shared vulnerabilities can strengthen collective responses to disasters.
- Addressing Zoonotic Diseases: Given the increasing threat of zoonotic diseases, a coordinated regional approach could improve public health responses during disasters.
What is the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction?
- The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) is a comprehensive international agreement aimed at reducing disaster risks and enhancing resilience globally.
- It was adopted by UN member states during the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction held in Sendai, Japan, from March 14 to 18, 2015.
- India is a signatory to the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030).
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Community Participation and Inclusivity: Amend the Bill to explicitly involve local communities, panchayats, and NGOs in disaster management.
- Promote Accountability and Regional Cooperation: Introduce performance evaluations for district authorities to ensure preparedness and effective disaster responses.
Mains PYQ:
Q Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing ‘Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030)’. How is this framework different from ‘Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005’? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India- USA- China relation;
Why in the News?
Recently, China and the United States agreed to renew the Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement for an additional five years.
What new measures were added to the Agreement in 2024?
- Limited to basic research: The amended agreement explicitly limits cooperation to basic research and excludes any collaboration in critical and emerging technologies.
- This change aims to mitigate fears that sensitive technologies could be exploited by China for military or competitive advantages.
- Enhanced Provisions for Researcher Safety: The agreement introduces measures to enhance the safety and security of researchers, ensuring that both parties adhere to standards that protect their respective research environments.
- Data Reciprocity and Transparency: New provisions have been established to ensure reciprocity and transparency in data sharing between the two countries, addressing previous concerns about intellectual property rights and data misuse.
- Dispute Resolution Mechanism: A mechanism has been included to resolve disputes should either party fail to adhere to the agreed terms, providing a structured approach to handle potential conflicts arising from collaborative projects.
- Termination Clause: The agreement includes a clause that allows for the cancellation of proposed projects in cases of “bad faith action,” further safeguarding against potential abuses of the cooperative framework.
What does this indicate about the evolving relationship between the U.S. and China?
The renewal and amendment of the STA reflect a complex relationship between the U.S. and China, characterized by both cooperation and competition:
- Affirmation of Cooperation: The extension signals a commitment from both nations to maintain dialogue and collaboration in scientific fields, despite rising tensions in other areas such as trade and technology.
- Strategic Guardrails: By implementing new restrictions and guardrails, the U.S. aims to protect its technological edge while still engaging with China in mutually beneficial research areas. This indicates a cautious approach to bilateral relations, balancing cooperation with national security concerns.
- Political Dynamics: The incoming administration under Donald Trump is expected to endorse this continuation but may impose additional conditions, reflecting ongoing political scrutiny regarding China’s technological advancements.
How has the U.S. benefited from its collaboration with China under this Agreement?
- Access to Chinese Research Ecosystem: The agreement has facilitated access for U.S. researchers to China’s burgeoning research environment, allowing for collaborative projects that leverage both countries’ strengths in various scientific fields.
- Increased R&D Investment: The collaboration has contributed to significant increases in research and development investment from both sides, with China’s R&D spending rising dramatically since the agreement’s inception in 1979.
- Joint Research Opportunities: The STA has enabled joint research initiatives that have led to advancements in areas such as agriculture, health, environmental science, and more, benefiting both nations through shared knowledge and innovation.
- Educational Exchanges: The agreement has promoted mobility for students and scientists between the two countries, fostering educational exchanges that enhance understanding and cooperation at multiple levels.
How will it impact India?
- Increased Competition in R&D: The strengthened U.S.-China collaboration, even with restrictions, reinforces China’s position as a global leader in science and technology which intensifies competition for India to keep pace in R&D and innovation.
- Geopolitical Leverage: India’s strategic partnerships with both the U.S. and other global powers may be recalibrated, as the U.S. balances its rivalry and cooperation with China, potentially affecting India’s diplomatic and technological engagements.
- Opportunity for Strategic Collaboration: India’s robust bilateral S&T agreements and growing research ecosystem could make it an alternative partner for the U.S. and other nations looking to diversify collaborations away from China, boosting India’s global scientific standing.
Way forward:
- Enhance R&D Capabilities: India should increase investments in research and development, particularly in emerging and critical technologies, to remain competitive globally and bridge the innovation gap with leading nations.
- Strengthen Strategic Partnerships: India should leverage its scientific and technological collaborations with the U.S. and other like-minded countries to position itself as a reliable partner and alternative to China in the global research ecosystem.
Mains PYQ:
Q The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Explain. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NHRC, its Composition, Functions and Powers
Why in the News?
Justice (Retd.) V Ramasubramanian has been appointed as the new chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC). Priyank Kanoongo (former NCPCR chief) and Dr. Justice Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi (Retd.) have been appointed as NHRC Members.
About National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)
| Overview |
A Statutory Body formed under the Protection of Human Rights Act (PHRA), 1993. |
| Composition and Membership |
Chairperson: Must be a former Supreme Court Justice or Chief Justice; appointed by the President.
Members:
- Four full-time members:
- 1 ex-SC Judge (Chairperson),
- 1 ex-SC Judge,
- 1 ex-Chief Justice of a High Court,
- 1 with knowledge/experience in human rights.
- At least one woman among the members.
- Seven ex-officio members: Chairpersons of National Commissions (e.g., SC/ST, Women, Minorities, etc.) + Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities.
Appointment Process:
- The President appoints based on a recommendation committee (PM, Speaker of Lok Sabha, Home Minister, Leaders of Opposition, etc.).
- Judicial appointments: Consultation with the Chief Justice of India.
- Removal: By an order of the President, after consultation with the Supreme Court.
Terms of Office:
- 3-year term or until the age of 70.
- Eligible for reappointment, but not for other government jobs.
- Salaries: Determined by the Central Government.
- Reporting: Submits reports to the Centre and concerned states; these are tabled before legislatures with an action-taken report.
Limitations:
- No inquiry after one year from the alleged violation.
- Functions are recommendatory; no direct power to punish or award relief.
- Limited role in armed forces cases.
|
| Powers and Functions |
Functions:
- Inquire into alleged human rights violations.
- Recommend interim relief to victims or families.
- Intervene in court proceedings on human rights matters.
- Review constitutional/legal safeguards for human rights.
- Study international human rights instruments.
- Promote human rights literacy.
- Support NGOs in human rights work.
Powers:
- Can regulate its own procedure.
- Has all powers of a civil court, with judicial character.
|
PYQ:
[2020] Other than the Fundamental Rights, which of the following parts of the Constitution of India reflect/reflects the principles and provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)?
- Preamble
- Directive Principles of State Policy
- Fundamental Duties
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
[2021] Though the Human Rights Commissions have contributed immensely to the protection of human rights in India, yet they have failed to assert themselves against the mighty and powerful. Analysing their structural and practical limitations, suggest remedial measures. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SVAMITVA Scheme
Why in the News?
Over 58 lakh property cards will be issued to owners in approximately 50,000 villages across 12 States/UTs through a virtual event addressed by PM Modi under the SVAMITVA Scheme.
About SVAMITVA Scheme:
|
Details |
| About |
- Full Form: Survey of Villages and Mapping with Improvised Technology in Village Areas.
- Launched on 24th April 2020 (National Panchayati Raj Day) by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj.
- Objective: Provide an integrated property validation solution for rural India, issuing Record of Rights to households in inhabited rural areas (village abadi areas).
- Central Sector Scheme: Fully funded by the Central Government, implemented in collaboration with States/UTs and the Survey of India.
Primary Goals:
1. Demarcation of inhabited areas using drone technology.
2. Creation of property cards (Record of Rights).
3. Formalizing ownership to reduce disputes and enable financial asset use. |
| Structural Mandate |
Implementing Agencies:
- Ministry of Panchayati Raj at the national level.
- State Revenue Department/Land Records Department at the state level.
- Survey of India (as the technology partner).
Coverage:
- The scheme is being implemented in phases from 2020-2024.
- Initially covered 6.62 lakh villages in Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Karnataka, including a few border villages of Punjab and Rajasthan.
- West Bengal, Bihar, Nagaland, and Meghalaya have not joined the scheme yet.
- Nomenclature: Title Deed in Haryana, Rural Property Ownership Records (RPOR) in Karnataka, Adhikar Abhilekh in Madhya Pradesh, Sannad in Maharashtra, Svamitva Abhilekh in Uttarakhand, and Gharauni in Uttar Pradesh.
|
| Key Features and Significance |
- Use of Drone Survey Technology: Drones capture high-resolution images for accurate mapping of village abadi lands.
- Issuance of Property Cards: Known by various names (e.g., ‘Gharauni’ in UP). Serves as legal proof of ownership.
- Phased Implementation (2020–2024): Began in select states (UP, Haryana, Maharashtra, MP, Uttarakhand, Karnataka, plus border villages in Punjab/Rajasthan), expanding nationwide.
- Continuous Operating Reference System (CORS): Network stations for precise drone-based surveys in pilot-phase states.
- Stakeholder Collaboration: Ministry of Panchayati Raj, State Revenue/Land Records Depts, Survey of India, etc.
|
| Progress Made So Far |
- Drone Surveys & Mapping: 92% of targeted drone mapping completed across 3.17 lakh villages; full targets likely by 2026.
- Issuance of Property Cards: Over 2.19 crore property cards finalized; latest distribution covered 58 lakh cards in 50,000 villages across 12 States/UTs.
- Phased Rollout: Successful pilots led to larger-scale implementation.
- Collaborative Efforts: Coordination among Panchayati Raj Ministry, Survey of India, and state-level agencies; financial support from the Centre.
- Recognition of Success: Regarded as a landmark initiative for minimizing litigation, enhancing rural governance, and clarifying property rights.
|
PYQ:
[2019] With reference to land reforms in independent India, which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) The ceiling laws were aimed at family holdings and not individual holdings.
(b) The major aim of land reforms was providing agricultural land to all the landless.
(c) It resulted in cultivation of cash crops as a predominant form of cultivation.
(d) Land reforms permitted no exemptions to the ceiling limits. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ken-Betwa Link Project
Why in the News?
PM Modi laid the foundation stone of the Ken-Betwa River Linking National Project, the first project under the National Perspective Plan (NPP) for interlinking rivers, conceptualized in 1980. The project would submerge over 10 per cent of the core area of the Panna Tiger Reserve.
About the Ken-Betwa Link Project (KBLP):
| About |
- Objective: Transfer water from the Ken River to the Betwa River, both tributaries of the Yamuna.
- Ken-Betwa Canal: Envisages a 221 km canal (including a 2-km tunnel) for water diversion.
- Submergence area: Jhansi, Banda, Lalitpur and Mahoba districts of UP and Tikamgarh, Panna and Chhatarpur districts of MP.
- It’s the first interlinking project under the National Perspective Plan (1980).
- Targeted completion within 8 years, as per the Ministry of Jal Shakti.
|
| Key Components |
- It will irrigate 10.62 lakh ha (8.11 lakh ha in MP and 2.51 lakh ha in UP) and provide drinking water to ~62 lakh people.
- Power Generation: Aims for 103 MW of hydropower and 27 MW of solar power.
Phases:
- Phase-I: Construction of Daudhan Dam, related tunnels, canal, and powerhouses.
- Phase-II: Building of Lower Orr Dam, Bina Complex Project, and Kotha Barrage.
Daudhan Dam:
-
- Foundation stone laid in December 2024 by PM Narendra Modi.
- 2,031 m in length and 77 m in height, submerging ~9,000 ha across 10 villages.
- Construction contract awarded to NCC Ltd.
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| Geographical Features of Ken and Betwa River |
Ken River: Rises near Ahirgawan in Madhya Pradesh, flows through Bundelkhand, joins the Yamuna near Chilla village in UP.
Betwa River: Originates in the Vindhya Range (near Hoshangabad, MP), also flows through Bundelkhand, and meets the Yamuna at Hamirpur (UP).
- Both rivers traverse hilly and plateau regions of Bundelkhand, often facing drought-like conditions.
- Both are highly seasonal; flows depend largely on monsoon rainfall.
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| Significance |
- Water Scarcity Mitigation: Aims to alleviate drought-like conditions in Bundelkhand by ensuring year-round irrigation.
- Enhanced Agriculture: 10.62 lakh ha of farmland to benefit, improving crop yields and farm income.
- Drinking Water Supply: Targets ~62 lakh people in MP and UP, improving public health.
- Energy Generation: A total of 130 MW (103 MW hydropower + 27 MW solar), boosting renewable energy capacity in rural areas.
- Bundelkhand Development: Expected to spur socio-economic growth, reduce rural distress and migration, and aid industrial expansion.
- Template for Future Projects: As the first interlinking project under the National Perspective Plan, its success could pave the way for additional river-linking schemes nationwide.
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PYQ:
[2020] The interlinking of rivers can provide viable solutions to the multi-dimensional inter-related problems of droughts, floods, and interrupted navigation. Critically examine. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: AIMC system and its features
Why in the News?
- The Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MoRTH) is moving toward large-scale use of Automated & Intelligent Machine-aided Construction (AIMC) for National Highway projects.
- AIMC will provide real-time data at each stage of road construction, which will be sent directly to stakeholders, including MoRTH.
About Automated & Intelligent Machine-aided Construction (AIMC) System
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Details |
| What is it? |
- A technology-driven approach for road and infrastructure projects, employing advanced machinery (GPS, sensors, real-time data tools) to automate and monitor construction tasks.
- Integrates machine automation, real-time data reporting, and precision engineering to enhance quality and speed of highway construction.
- In India, explored by the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MoRTH) to reduce project delays and ensure consistent construction quality.
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| Features of the System |
- GPS-Aided Equipment: Motor graders, intelligent compactors, and stringless pavers use GPS/digital designs for precise alignment and compaction.
- Automated Surveys: Drones or sensor-fitted machinery capture topographical data, enabling continuous verification of design parameters.
- Real-Time Documentation: Every stage (embankment, subgrade, sub-base, paving) is monitored and instantly shared with stakeholders.
- Integrated Software Platforms: Centralized software creates a digital twin of the site for analytics and alerts.
- Adaptive Workflows: Machines can operate 24/7, guided by digital models and real-time data.
- Precision & Safety Controls: AI-driven predictive maintenance and automated tasks reduce worker risk.
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| Significance of the System |
- Faster Project Completion: Real-time monitoring cuts down manual checks and paperwork, expediting construction.
- Improved Quality & Precision: Sensor-based feedback loops align construction closely with design specifications.
- Real-Time Data Sharing: Construction progress and quality metrics are instantly communicated, enabling immediate corrective actions.
- Reduced Human Error: Automated machinery limits inconsistencies from manual oversight.
- Better Accountability: Detailed digital records promote transparency and performance tracking.
- Cost-Efficiency: Minimizes delays and rework, lowering overall project expenses.
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Why in the News?
A report by the PM’s Economic Advisory Panel (EAC-PM) indicates that the number of domestic migrants has decreased by approximately 12%, reaching 40.20 crore since 2011 census.
Internal/Domestic migration refers to the movement of people within a country from one region to another.
- Reasons for Push factors: Lack of job opportunities, natural disaster, lack of quality education and healthcare facilities, etc.
- Reasons for Pull factors: Economic opportunities, higher standard of living, peace and stability, etc.
What is Prime Minister’s Economic Advisory Panel (EAC-PM)?
- The Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM) is an independent advisory body established to provide economic insights and recommendations to the Government of India, specifically to the Prime Minister.
- The term “independent advisory body” refers to a group that provides expert advice and recommendations without being subject to direct control or influence from the government or any political entity. The Prime Minister of India has the authority to appoint the members of the EAC-PM.
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What are the key findings of the Prime Minister’s Economic Advisory Panel (EAC-PM) report?
- Decline in Domestic Migrants: The number of domestic migrants in India is estimated to have decreased by approximately 12% from 45.57 crore in 2011 to 40.20 crore in 2023, indicating a shift in migration trends and possibly improved local opportunities.
- Migration Rate and Dynamics: The migration rate has dropped from 37.64% of the total population in 2011 to an estimated 28.88% in 2023, reflecting a significant change in the dynamics of internal migration.
- Short-distance migration is predominant, with distance negatively affecting labor mobility.
- Migration originates primarily from areas around major urban centers like Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, and Kolkata.
- Major Migration areas: UP-Delhi, Gujarat-Maharashtra, Telangana-AP, Bihar-Delhi (state level).
- Data Sources: The report utilized high-frequency data from various sources, including the Indian Railway Unreserved Ticketing System, mobile phone roaming data, and district-level banking data, to analyze migration patterns.
- Changing Migration Patterns: The report highlights that states like West Bengal and Rajasthan have emerged as significant destinations for migrants, while states like Andhra Pradesh and Bihar have seen a decline in their rankings as migrant sources.
What are the reasons for the decline in migrant numbers?
- Improved Local Opportunities: The decline in domestic migration is hypothesized to be due to enhanced economic opportunities and services such as education, healthcare, infrastructure, and connectivity available in or near major sources of migration. This suggests that individuals may be finding sufficient opportunities locally rather than migrating.
- Short-Distance Migration Dominance: The report indicates that short-distance migrations account for a significant share of overall migration, suggesting that individuals prefer to migrate within closer proximities rather than long distances.
What are the present steps taken for the welfare of Domestic Migrants in India?
- Social Security Programs: The Indian government has established various welfare schemes aimed at providing social security to migrant workers. Notable among these are:
- Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan Yojana (PMSYM): This scheme offers a minimum assured pension of ₹3,000 per month to unorganized sector workers, including migrants, upon reaching the age of 60.
- Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY): This initiative provides health coverage of up to ₹5 lakh for secondary and tertiary healthcare, benefiting millions, including migrant workers.
- Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY): Extended for five years from January 2024, this scheme ensures food security through free food grains and cash transfers to families below the poverty line, including migrants.
- Housing Initiatives:
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- Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY): This scheme aims to provide affordable housing to low-income groups, including migrants, through various subsidies and housing projects.
- Affordable Rental Housing Complexes (ARHC): Launched under the Aatma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan, this initiative seeks to provide rental housing for migrant workers and urban poor.
- One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC): This scheme allows migrant workers to access subsidized food across the country using their existing ration cards, ensuring food security regardless of their location.
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What are the existing challenges related to migrant workers in India?
- Economic Insecurity: Migrant workers are often employed in low-wage, unstable jobs, and their dependence on remittances makes them vulnerable to financial hardship during economic downturns.
- Poor Living and Working Conditions: Migrants often live in overcrowded, inadequate housing with limited access to basic services, and face unsafe, exploitative working conditions, especially in foreign countries.
- Legal and Social Challenges: Many migrants lack proper legal recognition and identification, hindering access to social security and leaving them vulnerable to exploitation and social discrimination.
- Urban Overload: Rapid migration strains urban infrastructure, leading to overcrowding, inadequate housing, and pressure on public services in cities, affecting migrants’ living conditions.
Way forward:
- Enhance Local Economic Development: To further reduce the need for long-distance migration, focus on creating more job opportunities, improving infrastructure, and expanding social services in migration-origin regions.
- Strengthen Migrant Welfare Programs: Ensure better implementation and outreach of existing welfare schemes, such as healthcare, housing, and food security, to protect migrant workers’ rights and well-being across all regions.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the changes in the trends of labour migration within and outside India in the last four decades.. (UPSC IAS/2015)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues in Indian Bureaucracy; ARC Reports;
Why in the News?
The recent government initiatives, such as “Mission Karmayogi,” aimed at enhancing the capacity of civil servants, underscores the ongoing dialogue about reforming India’s “steel frame” of governance.
What is the current state of India’s bureaucratic structure?
India’s bureaucratic structure, particularly the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), often referred to as the “steel frame” of Indian governance, has historically been crucial in administration but is now struggling with several issues:
- Politicization: Frequent transfers and promotions based on political loyalty rather than merit have undermined the professionalism and morale of IAS officers.
- This politicization hampers the development of domain expertise, as officers are rotated across various departments without sufficient time to specialise in any particular area.
- Corruption and Inefficiency: India ranks moderately on the World Bank’s government effectiveness index, indicating persistent corruption and inefficiencies in policy implementation.
- Centralized Governance: The current governance model under the Prime Minister has led to increased centralization of power in the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO).
What are the previous efforts taken to reform the bureaucracy in India?
Commission recommendation:
- First Administrative Reforms Commission (1st ARC, 1966): Highlighted the need for specialization within the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) to improve efficiency by transitioning it into a functional service focused on specific governance areas.
- Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2nd ARC, 2005): Proposed a transparent lateral entry process for domain experts, mandatory training for civil servants throughout their careers, and the establishment of a National Institute of Public Administration to enhance public administration education and expand the candidate pool for civil services.
Central Government initiative:
- Mission Karmayogi (2020): A capacity-building program designed to create a citizen-centric, future-ready civil service by promoting continuous learning and skill enhancement through a dedicated digital platform.
- Lateral Entry Reforms: Introduced to integrate specialized talent from diverse sectors into senior civil service roles.
Important judgments given by the Supreme Court:
- T.S.R. Subramanian v. Union of India (2013): The Supreme Court barred civil servants from following oral political directives, and mandated the creation of a Civil Services Board (CSB) to oversee transfers and postings for ensuring stability and reducing arbitrariness.
- Delhi Government Services Case (2023): The Supreme Court upheld Delhi’s legislative authority over services, reinforcing federalism and ensuring accountability of officers operating under the Delhi government’s jurisdiction.
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How do proposed reforms impact the independence and specialization of civil servants?
The proposed reforms aim to modernize India’s bureaucracy by enhancing independence, accountability, and specialization among civil servants.
- Lateral Entry Initiatives: The government has introduced lateral entry into senior bureaucratic positions to bring in domain experts from outside the traditional IAS framework.
- Performance-Based Promotions: Recommendations from various administrative reform commissions (Second ARC, set up in 2005) suggest linking promotions to measurable performance rather than seniority.
- This shift could enhance accountability but may also meet resistance from entrenched interests within the IAS.
- Protection Against Arbitrary Transfers: Proposals such as the Civil Services Standards, Performance, and Accountability Bill aim to protect bureaucrats from politically motivated transfers.
- Implementing such measures could bolster the autonomy of civil servants.
What risks are associated with centralizing decision-making in the bureaucracy?
- Reduced Autonomy: Centralization can diminish the independence of senior bureaucrats, making them more susceptible to political pressures.
- This undermines their ability to act as effective policy executors and can lead to a culture of compliance rather than innovation.
- Bottlenecks in Implementation: A centralized approach may create bottlenecks in policy implementation, as decision-making becomes concentrated at the top.
- This can slow down responses to emerging challenges and reduce the overall efficiency of governance.
- Neglect of Bureaucratic Expertise: By sidelining bureaucratic insights in favor of top-down directives, there is a risk that valuable expertise within the civil service goes unutilized. This could hinder effective policymaking and lead to poor outcomes in governance.
How can ancient Indic principles enhance modern governance?
- Ethical Leadership and Accountability (Raj Dharma): Ancient Indic principles emphasize leaders as servants of the people, prioritizing fairness, justice, and public welfare. This aligns with modern demands for transparent and accountable governance.
- Inclusive Development (Antyodaya): The concept of Antyodaya advocates for uplifting the marginalized and ensuring that governance benefits all sections of society, especially the most disadvantaged, which is essential for achieving equitable development.
- Sustainability and Environmental Harmony (LiFE & Karmayogi): Indic principles stress balance with nature and responsible living, guiding modern governance towards sustainable development practices. Additionally, the Karmayogi concept promotes continuous skill-building for public servants to enhance governance effectiveness.
In what ways can citizen engagement be improved through Indic ideas?
- Participative Governance (Sab Ka Prayas): The concept of Sab Ka Prayas emphasizes collective effort, where citizens are actively involved in decision-making and implementation processes.
- Empathy and Responsibility (P2G2 – Pro-People Good Governance): By incorporating P2G2, which stresses sensitivity, commitment, and a sense of responsibility towards the people.
- Citizens can be more engaged through empathetic governance that prioritizes their well-being and fosters trust in public institutions.
- Empowerment through Education and Awareness (Antyodaya and Raj Dharma): Indic ideas like Antyodaya and Raj Dharma promote the empowerment of all individuals, particularly the marginalized, through education and awareness.
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Way forward:
- Empower Decentralized Governance: Strengthen local and state-level administrative autonomy to reduce over-reliance on centralized decision-making, enabling more responsive and effective governance.
- Implement Performance-Based Reforms: Institutionalize meritocratic measures such as performance-linked promotions, lateral entry, and protection against arbitrary transfers to foster accountability, specialization, and independence among civil servants.
- Efficient bureaucracy: India can draw valuable lessons from the proposed Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) initiative to make a more efficient bureaucracy in India.
- DOGE is a proposed initiative introduced by USA President which aims to streamline federal bureaucracy.
Mains PYQ:
Q Has the Cadre-based Civil Services Organization been the cause of slow in India? Critically examine. (UPSC IAS/2014)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Constitution of India; Individual liberty and dignity;
Why in the News?
The SC has emphasized the importance of individual dignity within the context of Article 21 in several landmark cases.
- Discussions around individual dignity have again gained traction, especially when former SC Justice Kurian Joseph emphasized that the Constitution prioritizes individual dignity, making it a vital topic for contemporary legal discourse.
How effectively does the Constitution safeguard individual dignity?
The Constitution of India is designed to protect individual dignity through a framework that entitles citizens to fundamental rights.
- Entrenchment of Individual Rights: The Constitution explicitly guarantees individual rights, aiming to protect the freedom and dignity of all citizens.
- Fundamental Rights under Part III of the Constitution, such as the Right to Equality (Article 14), Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22), and Right to Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21), explicitly safeguard individual dignity.
- Checks and Balances: The Constitution establishes institutional checks and balances to prevent the abuse of power.
- In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978), the Supreme Court broadened the scope of Article 21, holding that any law depriving personal liberty must meet the standards of fairness, justice, and reasonableness.
- Political Equality: By affirming political equality among citizens, the Constitution enables individuals to participate actively in the democratic process.
- Article 326 guarantees universal adult suffrage, enabling all citizens to participate equally in democratic processes, affirming their political dignity and sense of inclusion.
What role do societal attitudes and systemic issues play in protecting dignity?
Societal attitudes and systemic issues significantly influence the protection of individual dignity under the Constitution:
- Community Identity vs. Individual Rights: The emphasis on community identity whether based on caste, religion, or nation can undermine individual dignity. When societal attitudes prioritize group identities over individual rights, it can lead to discrimination and marginalization.
- Trust and Cooperation: A lack of trust among citizens can hinder collective efforts to uphold constitutional values. When individuals measure each other against rigid identities, it subverts the freedom that the Constitution aims to protect.
- Oligarchic Power: Concentration of wealth and power can distort democratic processes, leading to a situation where certain groups’ interests overshadow individual rights. This systemic issue can erode the effectiveness of constitutional protections for dignity.
Can legal frameworks adapt to evolving understandings of dignity?
The legal framework established by the Constitution has the potential to adapt to evolving understandings of dignity:
- Basic Structure Doctrine: The Basic Structure Doctrine, established in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), ensures that core principles like dignity remain inviolable while allowing amendments to address evolving needs.
- For example, The 103rd Constitutional Amendment (2019) introduced a 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) in education and public employment.
- Ongoing Democratic Negotiation: The Constitution leaves questions regarding economic structure open for ongoing negotiation, allowing for discussions around justice and inclusion that are vital for protecting dignity in a changing society.
- For example, The introduction of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 marked a significant step toward affirming the dignity and rights of transgender individuals.
- Judicial Interpretation: Courts play a critical role in interpreting constitutional provisions related to dignity.
- For example, Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018) decriminalized consensual same-sex relationships by reading down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code.
Way forward:
- Promoting Constitutional Values: Enhance public awareness and foster societal attitudes that prioritize individual dignity, equality, and mutual respect over group identities.
- Strengthening Institutional Adaptability: Empower judicial and legislative mechanisms to address systemic inequities, interpret evolving notions of dignity, and implement inclusive policies.
Mains PYQ:
Q Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on Right to Privacy. (UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Maharashtra Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2024
Why in the News?
The Maharashtra Legislative Assembly passed the Maharashtra Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2024, aiming to modernize and reform the State’s prison system. It is based on the Model Prisons Bill, 2023, issued by the Government of India (GoI).
Maharashtra Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2024: Key Highlights :
- Repeal of Outdated Acts:
- The Prisons Act, 1894, the Prisoners Act, 1900, and the Transfer of Prisoners Act, 1950 stand repealed.
- The new legislation consolidates laws related to regulation of prisons, correctional services, and prisoners in Maharashtra.
- Establishment of High-Security Prison in Mumbai:
- Plans are underway to construct a high-security, multi-storey prison with advanced surveillance measures, akin to international standards like Alcatraz in San Francisco.
- Features include fortified walls, electronic tracking, power fencing, watchtowers, and 24×7 CCTV coverage.
- Land parcels for the new Mumbai jail have already been identified.
- Special Categories of Prisons:
- Special Prisons for high-risk inmates.
- Open and Semi-Open Prisons to facilitate rehabilitation.
- Open Colonies designed for reintegration of inmates with society.
- Temporary Prisons for certain categories of offenders.
- Gender-Sensitive Facilities:
- Separate cells and wards for women inmates with provisions for pre- and post-natal care.
- Special child-care areas (Balwadis) for children staying with mothers in prison.
- Dedicated enclosures and healthcare for transgender inmates.
- Rehabilitation, Skill Development, and Welfare:
- Mandatory libraries, sports facilities, yoga, and recreation for inmates.
- Work-based compensation and opportunities to sell inmate-produced goods at on-site outlets.
- Borstal institutions for young offenders, focusing on education and skill-building.
- Early Release and Monitoring:
- A system of parole and furlough for good behavior, with electronic tracking.
- A special committee under district collectors to support bail bond funding for indigent undertrial prisoners (noting that 1,600 accused are still in jail due to lack of funds).
- Detention Centre in Mumbai:
- The State plans to establish a detention centre in Mumbai. The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) has been tasked to identify land for the project.
About Model Prison Act, 2023
- It replaces the colonial-era Prisons Act, 1894, aiming to modernise prison laws and align them with contemporary standards.
- It shifts emphasis from mere detention to reform and reintegration of inmates.
- It serves as a model document for states, since ‘Prisons’ is a State List subject in India.
- It merges relevant provisions of older legislations (e.g., Prisoners Act, 1900 and Transfer of Prisoners Act, 1950).
- It strives to bring India’s prison system in line with international best practices and human rights norms.
- Key features include:
- Specialised Jails: Provides for high-security, open, and semi-open prisons to manage different categories of inmates.
- Rehabilitation Measures: Emphasises vocational training, skill development, counselling, and educational programs to facilitate inmates’ reintegration.
- Legal Aid & Incentives: Outlines provisions for legal assistance, along with parole, furlough, and premature release for good conduct.
- Use of Technology: Encourages CCTV, video conferencing, and e-monitoring systems to enhance transparency and security within prisons.
- Inclusive Accommodation: Mandates separate facilities for women, transgender persons, and other special categories, ensuring safety and dignity.
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Present Prison System: Key Findings of the Supreme Court’s Centre for Research and Planning Report
- The occupancy rate stood at 131.4% as of December 2022, with 75.8% of inmates being undertrials.
- This highlights a pressing need for measures to reduce congestion and expedite trials.
Initiatives taken:
- Modernization of Prisons Project (2021–26): The government provides financial assistance to States and Union Territories to implement advanced security measures in prisons.
- Aims to support reformation and rehabilitation efforts for inmates through various correctional programs.
- Model Prison Manual (2016): Offers detailed guidelines on the legal rights of inmates, including access to free legal services.
- Modernization of Prisons Scheme (2002–03): Introduced to improve living conditions in prisons, address the welfare of inmates, and enhance the working environment for prison staff.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lion-Tailed Macaque
Why in the News?
A new study highlights that increased food provisioning and habituation to human presence endanger the lion-tailed macaque, a endangered species found only in the Western Ghats of India. Roads crossing the macaque habitats in eight key locations—Anamalai Hills, Nelliyampathy, Nilambur Ghats, Sholayar, Gavi, Sabarimala, Vallimalai Hills, and Agumbe—have facilitated frequent human-animal interaction.
Note: The mention of this species as a ‘critically endangered’ is a metaphor used in the newspaper. It does not represent its original IUCN Red List status.
About Lion-tailed macaque
| Details |
- Scientific Name: Macaca silenus
- Also known as: Lion-tailed macaque, Wanderoo, Bearded Monkey
- Has black fur with a distinctive gray or silver mane around the face (in both sexes), often referred to as the “beard ape.”
- Threats: Habitat loss, hunting, and wood harvesting
- Significance: Indicator of rainforest health and an umbrella species for conserving other wildlife in its region.
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| Habitat |
- Endemic to the Western Ghats in India (states of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu).
- Primarily tropical evergreen rainforests, but they are also found in monsoon forests.
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| Behavioral Features |
- Shy and Avoidant: Unlike other macaques, they tend to avoid humans when possible.
- Arboreal and Diurnal: Spend most of their time in trees and are active during daylight.
- Communication: Possess up to 17 vocalizations; males define territory boundaries through calls.
- Diet: Primarily frugivorous, but also consume leaves, stems, flowers, buds, fungi, and occasionally small animals.
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| Conservation Status |
- IUCN: Endangered
- CITES: Appendix I
- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (India): Schedule I
(Estimated 4,200 individuals remaining) |
PYQ:
[2013] In which of the following States is lion-tailed macaque found in its natural habitat?
1. Tamil Nadu
2. Kerala
3. Karnataka
4. Andhra Pradesh
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mitochondria, mtDNA
Why in the News?
Recent research indicates that age-related losses in our cell’s mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)—specifically, deletion mutations—could be a major driver of aging. These mutations, once they accumulate, reduce the mitochondrion’s ability to produce energy (ATP), causing cell and tissue dysfunction.
What are Mitochondria?
- Mitochondria generate most of the cell’s energy (hence called the Powerhouse) in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
- They originated from free-living bacteria absorbed by ancient single-celled organisms, retaining a fraction of their own DNA (mtDNA).
- Unlike nuclear DNA, mitochondria have their own circular DNA, though limited in size.
- Humans inherit mitochondria exclusively from the mother’s egg; sperm-contributed mitochondria are generally not passed on.
- They have a double membrane: a relatively permeable outer membrane and a highly folded inner membrane (cristae) that maximizes surface area for energy production.
- Their inner compartment, the mitochondrial matrix, houses mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), ribosomes, and enzymes for the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) and fatty acid β-oxidation.
- Mitochondria help regulate intracellular calcium levels, which is crucial for various signalling pathways.
- They play a role in apoptosis (programmed cell death) by releasing factors such as cytochrome c when the cell is under severe stress.
Functions of DNA, mRNA, and the gene:
- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid):
- Blueprint of Life: Houses genetic instructions in the form of a sequence of bases (A, T, G, C).
- Chromosomal Structure: In the nucleus, it is organized into 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans, each carrying numerous genes.
- Base-Pairing: Two DNA strands form a double helix via base-pair bonding (A-T, G-C).
- Gene:
- Functional Unit of DNA: A stretch of DNA containing instructions (a few thousand base-pairs) for making proteins or functional RNA.
- Expression: When active, a gene is ‘read’ and transcribed into mRNA.
- mRNA (Messenger RNA):
- Intermediate Molecule: Carries the gene’s instructions from the DNA (in the nucleus) to the cytoplasm.
- Protein Synthesis: Ribosomes read mRNA sequences, translating them into specific proteins.
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Functions of the Mitochondrial Genome (mtDNA):
- Encodes Key Mitochondrial Proteins:
- The mtDNA has 13 protein-coding genes crucial for mitochondrial energy production (ATP synthesis).
- It also encodes 24 non-coding genes (like rRNAs and tRNAs), essential for mitochondrial protein synthesis.
- Energy Production:
- mtDNA-encoded proteins form part of the electron transport chain, where most ATP is produced.
- Distinct Inheritance Pattern:
- Inherited exclusively from the mother.
- Each cell contains multiple mitochondria, each with multiple copies of mtDNA.
- Implication in Aging and Disease:
- Age-related mutations (deletions, chimeric genes) in mtDNA can lead to functional decline in tissues like muscle and brain.
- Loss of intact mtDNA reduces ATP generation, contributing to cellular and tissue ageing.
PYQ:
[2021] In the context of hereditary diseases, consider the following statements:
- Passing on mitochondrial diseases from parent to child can be prevented by mitochondria replacement therapy either before or after in vitro fertilization of the egg.
- A child inherits mitochondrial diseases entirely from mother and not from father.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BIMSTEC
Why in the News?
Delegates recently represented India at the 24th BIMSTEC Senior Officials’ Meeting (SOM) virtually hosted by Thailand.
Key highlights of 24th BIMSTEC Senior Officials’ Meeting
- The discussions focused on priority areas including sustainable development, regional connectivity, security, and people-to-people exchanges.
- Several documents, such as Plans of Action for cooperation, new cooperation mechanisms, and collaboration with external partners, were finalized.
- The meeting also discussed issues related to the upcoming 6th BIMSTEC Summit.
About BIMSTEC
- The BIMSTEC is a regional organization with 7 member states: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
- Established in 1997, its primary aim is to foster multifaceted technical and economic cooperation among the countries bordering the Bay of Bengal.
- The region encompasses a population of around 1.5 billion and has a combined GDP of over USD 3.8 trillion.
- Origin:
- Founded in 1997 through the Bangkok Declaration, the organization initially included four member nations under the name BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand Economic Cooperation).
- Later in 1997, Myanmar joined, prompting a renaming to BIMST-EC.
- Nepal and Bhutan were admitted in 2004, leading to the current name: Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC).
- Key Features
- Establishes BIMSTEC as a legal entity, enabling it to engage more formally with other international organizations.
- Outlines objectives focused on building trust and friendly relations among member states and promoting economic development and social progress in the Bay of Bengal region.
- Defines a clear framework for regular meetings at various levels: the Summit, Ministerial, and Senior Officials’ levels.
- Allows for the possibility of new members and observer states, ensuring future growth and broader cooperation.
- Streamlines cooperation into 7 sectors, each led by one member state:
- Bangladesh: Trade, investment, and development
- Bhutan: Environment and climate change
- India: Security (including energy)
- Myanmar: Agriculture and food security
- Nepal: People-to-people contacts
- Sri Lanka: Science, technology, and innovation
- Thailand: Connectivity
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Significance of BIMSTEC for Indo-Pacific Goals
- Maritime Connectivity: BIMSTEC unites Bay of Bengal states, strengthening maritime ties that are crucial for an open and inclusive Indo-Pacific.
- Regional Bridge: It links South Asia and Southeast Asia, aligning closely with India’s “Act East” policy and fostering broader Indo-Pacific integration.
- Security Cooperation: Focus on collaborative efforts in maritime security (e.g., counter-piracy, disaster management) supports a stable and secure Indo-Pacific.
- Economic Integration: By promoting trade, investment, and infrastructure development, BIMSTEC bolsters economic growth and connectivity in the Indo-Pacific region.
- Synergy with Other Frameworks: Its emphasis on connectivity, security, and economic cooperation complements initiatives such as ASEAN and the Indian Ocean Rim Association, collectively advancing Indo-Pacific objectives.
PYQ:
[2022] Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organisation? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Schemes related to skill development;
Mains level: Issues related to skill development;
Why in the News?
In an address, the Prime Minister expressed hope that India’s skilled workforce would make a significant impact in the global job market.
What factors contribute to India’s potential as a leading global supplier of skilled workers?
- Demographic Advantage: India has a large and youthful population, with approximately 554 million individuals aged between 15 and 64 years, providing a substantial workforce to meet global demands for skilled labour.
- Government Initiatives: The Indian government has launched various programs aimed at enhancing skill development, such as the Skill India Programme, which allocates significant budgetary resources for training youth and creating internship opportunities in collaboration with major companies.
- Growing Global Demand: There is an increasing demand for skilled workers in sectors like IT, healthcare, construction, and logistics across regions such as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), Europe, and North America due to demographic shifts and technological advancements.
- International Agreements: India has entered into multiple bilateral agreements with countries like Japan and France to facilitate the mobility of skilled workers, which enhances its position in the global labour market.
How is India preparing its workforce to meet global skill demands?
- Skill Training Programs: The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship is committed to providing future-ready skills training that aligns with global standards.
- This includes initiatives for vocational training through a network of over 15,000 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) across the country.
- Curriculum Development: There is a focus on integrating globally relevant skills into educational curricula. This involves reorienting skill programs at International Skill Centres to address the specific needs of destination countries.
- The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 emphasizes a holistic approach to education that includes critical thinking, creativity, and digital literacy.
- Real-Time Skill Forecasting: India is encouraged to utilise data analytics to assess job vacancies and skill needs in real-time, allowing for a more responsive approach to skill development that aligns with international labour market demands.
- Customised Training Initiatives: The development of short-term skill training programs tailored for specific countries helps prepare Indian workers for international job markets effectively.
What are the initiatives taken by the Government for skill development in India?
- Skill India International Centers (SIIC): Establishes training aligned with international standards, promotes global partnerships and enhances employability abroad.
- Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY): Offers industry-relevant training with 119 new-age skill courses, focusing on global standards and certifying over 1.42 crore individuals.
- National Skill Development Mission (NSDM): Provides a unified framework for quality skill development across sectors, aligning with global requirements for international job opportunities.
- National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS): Facilitates practical on-the-job training aligned with global industry practices to prepare workers for international markets.
- Skill India Digital Hub: A digital platform launched in 2023, offering online resources for vocational training, fostering global skill recognition and accessibility.
- Skill Loan Scheme: Provides financial support for skill training, enabling wider access to globally aligned, high-quality training programs.
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What challenges does India face in becoming a global skill hub?
- Fragmented Policy Structure: India’s current policy framework for international labour mobility is fragmented and lacks comprehensive strategies based on robust data. The existing data primarily covers low-skilled workers, limiting effective policy formulation.
- Inadequate Data on Migration Trends: The reliance on limited data sources for tracking migrant labour outflows hampers the ability to create evidence-based policies that can effectively address the needs of both Indian workers and foreign employers.
- Underutilisation of Return Migrants’ Skills: There is a significant gap in effectively reintegrating return migrants into the Indian labour market. The skills acquired abroad are often not recognized or accredited, leading to lost opportunities for both the individuals and the economy.
- Quality of Skill Development: While there are numerous initiatives underway, there remains a need to elevate the quality of skill development programs to meet international standards, ensuring that Indian workers are competitive in the global market.
Way forward:
- Unified Skill Mobility Policy: Implement a comprehensive, data-driven national framework for international labour migration, emphasizing skill forecasting, certification, and seamless reintegration of return migrants.
- Global Standards Alignment: Upgrade skill development programs to meet international benchmarks, incorporating customised training for destination-specific needs and emerging global industries.
Mains PYQ:
Q “Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable? (UPSC IAS/2016)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indian economy;
Why in the News?
The Finance Minister describes the slowdown in Q2 growth as a “temporary blip,” while the RBI has revised its GDP growth forecast for 2024-25 downward, from 7.2% to 6.6%.
Why RBI has revised its GDP growth forecast for 2024-2025 downward, from 7.2% to 6.6%?
- Economic Slowdown: The RBI’s downgrade reflects concerns over a cyclical downturn, with GDP growth in Q2 FY25 at 5.4%, indicating fundamental challenges hindering growth prospects.
- Fundamental challenges: Declining corporate investments, sliding consumption growth, and “softness” in urban demand have weakened the investment climate, prompting a downward revision in growth expectations.
- Inflationary Pressures: Persistent inflation near double digits complicates monetary policy, forcing the RBI to consider prolonged high interest rates, which could further suppress growth and investments.
What are the expected growth rates for major economies in 2025?
- India: Projected to achieve a growth rate of 6.5% over the next five years, maintaining its status as the fastest-growing major economy globally, despite a recent dip in economic output in 2024.
- China: Growth is expected to stabilize around 4-5%, lower than its historical rates due to structural challenges like demographic shifts and a cooling property sector.
- United States: Growth is projected at 1.5-2%, as the Federal Reserve maintains a tight monetary policy to counter inflation.
- Eurozone: Growth is forecasted at around 1%, reflecting a sluggish recovery from the energy crisis and geopolitical uncertainties.
- Japan: Expected growth rate of 1-1.5%, supported by fiscal stimulus but constrained by aging demographics.
- Emerging Markets (excluding China and India): Growth is expected to range from 3-4%, depending on commodity prices and fiscal discipline.
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How will inflation and monetary policy evolve?
- Inflation Persistence: Inflation in India remains at the upper end of the permissible range, with food prices nearing double digits. This persistent inflation strengthens the argument for maintaining high interest rates, complicating the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) monetary policy decisions as they balance growth with inflation control.
- Monetary Policy Adjustments: The RBI may need to reconsider its previous projections of GDP growth, which could lead to adjustments in interest rates. If inflation continues to be a concern, the RBI might maintain or even increase rates longer than necessary which impacts investment and economic activity.
- Investment and Economic Recovery: A slowdown in corporate investments and a decline in household financial savings have been observed, which could hinder economic recovery.
- The RBI’s ability to stimulate growth through monetary policy will depend on addressing these investment challenges and ensuring that fiscal measures effectively support economic activity without exacerbating inflation.
What are the key risks and uncertainties facing the global economy?
- Investment Slowdown: A significant challenge is the sluggish performance of corporate investments, exacerbated by high food inflation and muted urban demand. This trend poses risks for growth and job creation.
- Savings-Investment Gap: A decline in household financial savings down to 5.3% of GDP from 7.3% coupled with rising household debt (5.8% of GDP) presents a risk to economic stability1.
- Credit Growth Decline: Falling credit growth, particularly in household borrowing for home purchases and limited industrial appetite for new projects, indicates a tightening economic environment.
- Fiscal Challenges: Increased state expenditures on subsidies may strain fiscal resources, potentially affecting overall economic sustainability and growth prospects.
What should be done by the government? (Way forward)
- Balanced Fiscal and Monetary Coordination: Governments should prioritize targeted fiscal measures to stimulate investment and demand while ensuring fiscal discipline, complemented by a flexible monetary policy that carefully balances inflation control with growth stimulation.
- Boosting Household Savings and Investments: Implement policies to encourage higher household financial savings and incentivize corporate investments through tax reforms, reduced regulatory barriers, and support for credit access in productive sectors.
Mains PYQ:
Q The nature of economic growth in India in recent times is often described as jobless growth. Do you agree with this view? Give arguments in favour of your answer. (UPSC IAS/2015)
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