PYQ Relevance:
Q) ‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement. (UPSC CSE 2022) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka (2022), and ‘India — Sri Lanka relations ’ (2013).
Over the past 40 years, India’s role in Sri Lanka’s ethnic conflict evolved from mediator to active player, leading to the 1987 Indo-Lanka Accord and the 13th Amendment, which introduced Provincial Councils. The JVP opposed it, calling it an Indian imposition. The LTTE also rejected it and demanded a separate Tamil Eelam, which India never supported.
Today’s editorial talks about the India Srilanka relation. This content would help in GS Paper 2 International relations.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Recently, India’s decision to name the Jaffna Cultural Centre after Tamil poet-philosopher Thiruvalluvar is a symbolic way to strengthen its deep ties with Sri Lanka.
What are the historical roots of the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka?
- Colonial Legacy: British colonial rule (1815-1948) favoured the Tamil minority in administration and education, causing resentment among the Sinhalese majority.
- Sinhala-Only Act (1956): The official adoption of Sinhala as the sole national language marginalized Tamil speakers and led to widespread Tamil discontent.
- Discrimination in Education & Employment: Policies like the standardization of university admissions (1970s) made it harder for Tamils to access higher education and government jobs.
- Ethnic Violence & Riots: The 1983 anti-Tamil pogrom (Black July) led to mass violence against Tamils, intensifying the demand for Tamil autonomy.
- Rise of the LTTE: The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) emerged as the dominant militant group demanding an independent Tamil Eelam, leading to a brutal civil war (1983-2009).
- Indo-Lanka Accord (1987) & 13th Amendment: This attempt at devolution through Provincial Councils failed to fully address Tamil aspirations, leading to continued tensions.
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How can the new government address Tamil aspirations and rights?
- Full Implementation of the 13th Amendment: The government should prioritize the effective implementation of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, which allows for provincial councils and limited autonomy for Tamil-majority regions. This step is crucial for addressing Tamil political representation and governance.
- Engagement in Inclusive Dialogue: Establishing a direct and inclusive dialogue with Tamil political leaders and communities is essential. This dialogue should focus on addressing historical grievances, ensuring that Tamil voices are heard in national policy-making, and fostering reconciliation.
- Address Land Rights and Resettlement Issues: The government must take action to return lands occupied by the military to their rightful Tamil owners and halt any ongoing land grabs that threaten Tamil communities. Ensuring land rights is vital for restoring trust and dignity among Tamils.
- Commitment to Human Rights Accountability: The new administration should commit to addressing past human rights violations during the civil war, including accountability for wartime atrocities. This includes repealing repressive laws like the Prevention of Terrorism Act (PTA) that disproportionately affect Tamils.
- Cultural Recognition and Language Rights: Promoting Tamil culture and ensuring that Tamil is recognized as an official language alongside Sinhala would help foster a sense of inclusion and respect for Tamil identity within the broader national framework, enhancing community cohesion.
What role does international support play in resolving Sri Lanka’s ethnic issues?
- Mediation and Pressure: Countries like India have historically acted as mediators in Sri Lankan affairs. Their support can encourage the government to adhere to commitments regarding Tamil rights and autonomy.
- Development Assistance: International aid can facilitate economic development in Tamil areas, addressing disparities that fuel ethnic tensions. India’s financial assistance for infrastructure projects is an example of how external support can aid reconciliation efforts.
- Monitoring Human Rights: International organizations can monitor human rights conditions in Sri Lanka, advocating for accountability and justice for past atrocities against Tamils, which is essential for building trust and moving towards lasting peace.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Political and Constitutional Reforms: Ensure full implementation of the 13th Amendment, conduct Provincial Council elections, and explore further constitutional reforms to enhance Tamil political representation and autonomy.
- Promote Inclusive Economic Development and Reconciliation: Invest in infrastructure, employment, and education in Tamil-majority areas while advancing truth, justice, and reconciliation initiatives to address past grievances and build long-term social cohesion.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Ethanol Production ;
Why in the News?
The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved a revision in the ethanol procurement price for Public Sector Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) for the Ethanol Supply Year (ESY) 2024-25.
What is the significance of the Price Revision?
The recent revision of the ethanol procurement price for Public Sector Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) is significant for several reasons:
- Price Stability and Remuneration: The increase from ₹56.58 to ₹57.97 per litre ensures price stability and provides a more remunerative rate for ethanol suppliers, which is crucial for maintaining a steady supply of ethanol.
- Support for Sugarcane Farmers: The separate payment of Goods and Services Tax (GST) and transportation charges will benefit sugarcane farmers, enhancing their income and encouraging production.
- Meeting Blending Targets: The 3% increase in the price is aimed at ensuring adequate availability of ethanol to meet the ambitious blending target of 20% by 2025-26, advancing from the original target of 2030.
- Reducing Crude Oil Dependency: This initiative is part of a broader strategy to reduce India’s dependency on crude oil imports, leading to substantial foreign exchange savings and environmental benefits.
What is Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP)?
The Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme is a government initiative aimed at promoting the blending of ethanol with petrol to create a more sustainable and environmentally friendly fuel option.
- OMCs are currently blending up to 20% ethanol with petrol, which helps reduce reliance on imported crude oil and lowers carbon emissions.
- Ethanol blending has dramatically increased from 38 crore litres in the Ethanol Supply Year (ESY) 2013-14 to 707 crore litres in ESY 2023-24, achieving an average blending rate of 14.60%.
- The programme has resulted in estimated savings of over ₹1,13,007 crore in foreign exchange and has substituted approximately 193 lakh metric tonnes of crude oil over the past decade.
What are other initiatives taken to promote biofuels?
- National Policy on Biofuels (2018): This policy aims to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and promote sustainable development by encouraging the production and use of biofuels from various feedstocks such as sugarcane, broken rice, and maise.
- Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN Yojana: This initiative focuses on accelerating the development of second-generation (2G) ethanol capacity in India, providing viability gap funding to support the establishment of 2G ethanol projects.
- Global Biofuels Alliance (GBA): Launched in September 2023, this alliance aims to accelerate the global adoption of cleaner fuels and support decarbonization goals. It involves collaboration with multiple countries to enhance biofuel deployment.
- Repurpose Used Cooking Oil (RUCO) Initiative: Launched by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) in 2018, this initiative aims to convert used cooking oil into biofuel, thereby preventing its reuse in food preparation and promoting sustainability.
- Biodiesel Production Targets: India has set a biodiesel blending target of 5% by 2030. The government is mobilizing production through policies that support feedstock availability, including used cooking oil and non-edible industrial oils.
- Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Initiatives: The National Biofuel Coordination Committee has established targets for blending SAF in domestic flights, aiming for 1% by 2025 and 5% by 2030.
- Ethanol Blending Advancements: The target for ethanol blending has been advanced from 2030 to 2025, with plans to achieve 20% blending. This includes signing long-term off-take agreements with dedicated ethanol plants to ensure a steady supply.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Feedstock Supply Chain: Enhance agricultural productivity and diversify feedstock sources including maize and non-food biomass, to ensure a stable and sustainable ethanol supply.
- Expand Infrastructure and Investments: Develop ethanol storage, blending, and distribution networks while encouraging private sector participation through financial incentives and policy support.
Prelims PYQ:
[2013] With reference to the usefulness of the by-products of the sugar industry, which of the following statements is/are correct?
- Bagasse can be used as biomass fuel for the generation of energy.
- Molasses can be used as one of the feedstocks for the production of synthetic chemical fertilizers.
- Molasses can be used for the production of ethanol.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Crowd Management;
Why in the News?
This week in India, a tragic crowd crush at the Maha Kumbh claimed the lives of 30 people.
What scientific evidence supports the prevention of crowd disasters?
- Crowd Density Studies: Research indicates that crowd crushes become dangerous at densities of five persons per square meter, with serious risks emerging at seven persons per square meter or more. This evidence underscores the need for effective crowd management to prevent dangerous overcrowding.
- Predictability of Crowd Behavior: Scientific studies have shown that crowd dynamics can be predicted and managed. By understanding how crowds behave in different environments, planners can implement strategies to avoid conditions that lead to crushes.
- Historical Data on Past Incidents: Analysis of previous crowd disasters reveals common factors leading to fatalities, such as inadequate space and poor crowd control measures. Lessons learned from these incidents can inform better practices for future events.
How can effective crowd management practices be implemented at large events?
- Strategic Planning: Event organizers should create a comprehensive plan that includes crowd flow evaluation, risk assessment, and clearly marked exits and entrances. This planning should involve local officials to ensure safety measures are adequate.
- Staggered Entry and Exit Times: To reduce peak crowd density, organizers can stagger arrival and departure times for attendees, allowing for a more manageable flow of people into and out of the venue.
- Use of Barriers: Implementing physical barriers can help segment crowds into smaller groups, reducing the likelihood of dangerous surges. Barriers should be designed to allow for emergency exits if needed.
- Crowd Monitoring Systems: Utilizing technology for real-time monitoring of crowd density and behaviour can help event staff respond quickly to potential dangers. Mass notification systems can alert staff about growing concerns, enabling timely interventions.
- Staff Training and Communication: Ensuring that all staff and security personnel are trained in crowd management techniques is essential. Clear communication protocols should be established to relay information quickly during an event.
What role do policies and regulations play in enhancing crowd safety?
- Mandatory Safety Regulations: Governments should introduce regulations requiring event organizers to adhere to safety standards that limit crowd density and ensure adequate emergency planning. Such policies can hold organizers accountable for crowd safety.
- Economic Incentives for Compliance: While event organizers often prioritize profit over safety, regulations can create incentives for them to implement safer practices, such as limiting ticket sales based on venue capacity.
- Post-Incident Reviews and Accountability: Establishing a framework for reviewing crowd disasters can lead to improved regulations and practices in the future. Accountability measures can encourage compliance with safety standards among event planners and local authorities.
- Public Awareness Campaigns: Governments can promote awareness about crowd safety among the public, educating attendees on how to behave in crowded situations and the importance of following safety protocols during events.
What are the steps taken by the government?
- National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) Guidelines: The NDMA has formulated guidelines to ensure safe crowd management during mass gatherings. These guidelines include regulating traffic, using barricades, and ensuring adequate police presence to manage crowds effectively.
- Capacity Evaluation: Before hosting large events, there is a requirement for proper evaluation of the venue’s capacity. This ensures that the infrastructure can handle the expected crowd size without leading to dangerous overcrowding.
- Use of Technology: The government encourages the deployment of advanced technologies such as CCTV surveillance, drones for aerial monitoring, and public address systems to enhance crowd management and safety.
- Traffic Management: Effective traffic management strategies are implemented, including displaying route maps, managing unauthorized parking, and controlling pedestrian flow around event venues to prevent bottlenecks.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Regulatory Framework – Governments should enforce stricter crowd safety regulations, mandating capacity limits, emergency preparedness, and real-time crowd monitoring for all large events.
- Enhance Technological Integration – Deploy AI-based crowd analytics, drone surveillance, and real-time alert systems to monitor crowd density and movement. Training event staff in using these technologies will improve response times and prevent disasters.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach. (UPSC IAS/2020)
Q How important are vulnerability and risk assessment for pre-disaster management? As an administrator, what are key areas that you would focus on in a Disaster Management System? (UPSC IAS/ 2013)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mutual Credit Guarantee Scheme (MCGS)
Mains level: Challenges in MSMEs;
Why in the News?
The government approved a Mutual Credit Guarantee Scheme (MCGS) for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs).
What is MCGS-MSME?
- The Mutual Credit Guarantee Scheme for MSMEs (MCGS-MSME) is a government initiative aimed at enhancing financial accessibility for micro, small, and medium enterprises in India.
What are the Provisions and Salient Features of MCGS-MSME?
- Eligibility and Loan Coverage: The MCGS-MSME is available to MSMEs with a valid Udyam Registration Number, providing loan guarantees of up to Rs 100 crore for purchasing equipment and machinery.
- Guarantee Coverage: The scheme offers 60% guarantee coverage by the National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company Limited (NCGTC) for loans sanctioned to Member Lending Institutions (MLIs).
- Project Cost Requirements: While the guaranteed loan amount is capped at Rs 100 crore, the total project cost can exceed this amount, provided that at least 75% of the project cost is allocated for equipment or machinery.
- Repayment Terms: Loans up to Rs 50 crore have a repayment period of up to 8 years, including a moratorium of up to 2 years on principal repayments. For loans above Rs 50 crore, longer repayment schedules may be considered.
- Scheme Duration and Fees: The MCGS-MSME will be in effect for four years from the issuance of operational guidelines or until cumulative guarantees of Rs 7 lakh crore are issued. The initial guarantee fee is waived for the first year, followed by a fee of 1.5% per annum for the next three years, and then reduced to 1% per annum thereafter.
What are the other steps taken to ease access to Credit for MSMEs?
In addition to the MCGS-MSME, several other measures have been implemented to facilitate easier access to credit for MSMEs:
- Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE): This scheme provides collateral-free loans up to Rs 2 crore, offering up to 85% guarantee coverage, thereby reducing lender risk.
- Raising and Accelerating MSME Performance (RAMP) Program: This initiative involves an investment of Rs 6,000 crore over five years, aimed at enhancing MSME growth and performance.
- Trade Receivables Discounting System (TReDS): An online platform that enables MSMEs to receive faster payments from larger companies, improving cash flow and liquidity.
- Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS): Introduced during COVID-19, this scheme provided a Rs 3 lakh crore relief package, offering a 100% government-backed guarantee for loans.
- Priority Sector Lending (PSL) Norms: These regulations require banks to allocate a portion of their loans specifically for MSMEs, ensuring that they receive necessary financial support.
What are the challenges faced by MSMEs in accessing finance?
- Access to Finance: One of the most significant challenges faced by MSMEs is obtaining timely and affordable financing. For example, The Bank of Baroda reported that over 50% of MSMEs in India could not access formal credit.
- Lack of Financial Knowledge: Many MSMEs lack awareness of available financial schemes and products, which restricts their ability to access funding. For example, Many business owners remain unaware of the Shishu, Kishor, and Tarun loan schemes.
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Way forward:
- Enhanced Financial Literacy and Awareness Campaigns: There is a need for targeted outreach programs to educate MSMEs about available financial schemes, including loan products and government initiatives like Shishu, Kishor, and Tarun schemes, to ensure they are aware and can leverage them effectively.
- Streamlined Loan Processes and Collateral-Free Options: Simplifying the loan application process and expanding collateral-free loan schemes like CGTMSE, along with improving credit rating systems, will ensure quicker and easier access to funds, especially for smaller MSMEs.
Mains PYQ:
Q Can the strategy of regional-resource-based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India? (UPSC IAS/2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: E-Shram Microsites & Occupational Shortage Index (OSI)
Why in the News?
Union Minister for Labour & Employment has launched State and Union Territory Microsites under the e-Shram initiative and the Occupational Shortage Index (OSI).
About E-Shram Microsites
- E-Shram Microsites are state-specific digital platforms integrated with the national e-Shram database.
- It is aimed at providing unorganised workers seamless access to both Central and State government welfare programs.
- These platforms ensure real-time integration between State portals and the e-Shram database, allowing simplified registration of unorganised workers.
Key benefits includes:
(1) For Workers:
- One-stop access to employment opportunities, skilling programs, and social security benefits.
- Multilingual accessibility, ensuring workers from different regions can navigate the platform in their preferred language.
- Two-way integration with the e-Shram database, allowing workers to receive real-time updates on welfare schemes and job opportunities.
(2) For States/UTs:
- Cost-effective digital infrastructure, reducing the need for separate State-level portals.
- Real-time analytics dashboards for better policy decision-making and customized tools for specific labour market requirements.
What is Occupational Shortage Index (OSI)?
- The OSI is a data-driven tool designed to identify job roles and industries facing labour shortages, improving workforce planning and employment outcomes.
- It is based on ILO methodology and quarterly Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) data, ensuring an accurate and updated analysis of the job market.
- It comprise of following 4 sub-indicators:
- Hourly Wage Growth
- Employment Growth
- Growth in Hours Worked
- Share of Under-qualified Workers
- High OSI indicates Shortage/higher demand of workers within a particular occupation, which may result in higher wages, more job opportunities.
- Low OSI indicates Surplus/less demand of workers, which may lead to lower wages, fewer job opportunities, and increased competition for available positions.
PYQ:
[2015] Discuss the changes in the trends of labour migration within and outside India in the last four decades. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Teesta River
Why in the News?
The Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) has approved the reconstruction of the Teesta-III Dam, which was destroyed by a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) in October 2023.
About Teesta River
- The Teesta River is a transboundary river flowing through India and Bangladesh.
- Originates from Tso Lhamo Lake, Sikkim, at 5,330 meters in the Himalayas.
- Major tributary of the Brahmaputra River (Jamuna in Bangladesh).
- Vital for irrigation, hydroelectric power, and water supply in Sikkim, West Bengal, and Bangladesh.
- The Teesta Water Dispute remains unresolved, with Bangladesh seeking an equitable share of water.
Geographical Features:
- Length: 414 km (309 km in India, 105 km in Bangladesh).
- Basin Area: 12,159 sq. km in Sikkim and North Bengal.
- Originates in North Sikkim → flows through West Bengal → enters Bangladesh before merging with the Brahmaputra River.
- Passes through major towns like Mangan, Kalimpong, Jalpaiguri, and Rangpo.
- Tributaries:
- Left-bank: Rangit, Relli, Great Rangit.
- Right-bank: Lachung, Lachen, Talung.
- It supports Himalayan biodiversity, crucial for tea plantations and terrace farming.
Conservation Initiatives:
- National River Conservation Plan (NRCP): Includes efforts to reduce pollution and improve water quality of the Teesta.
- Teesta Barrage Project (West Bengal): Aimed at irrigation development and hydroelectric power generation in North Bengal.
- Hydroelectric Projects in Sikkim: Several Teesta Hydropower Projects (Teesta Stage III, IV, V, VI, etc.) have been established to generate renewable energy while ensuring minimum ecological impact.
- India-Bangladesh Water Sharing Talks: Ongoing diplomatic negotiations to resolve the Teesta water-sharing dispute, ensuring equitable distribution.
- Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan: Implemented to prevent soil erosion and siltation, protecting river health.
| PYQ:
[2017] With reference to river Teesta, consider the following statements:
1. The source of river Teesta is the same as that of Brahmaputra but it flows through Sikkim.
2. River Rangeet originates in Sikkim and it is a tributary of river Teesta.
3. River Teesta falls into Bay of Bengal at the border of India and Bangladesh.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Asteroid Bennu; OSIRIS-REx Mission
Why in the News?
NASA’s OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security–Regolith Explorer) mission has delivered samples from asteroid Bennu, revealing amino acids, nucleobases, and signs of ancient saltwater, key components in the origins of life.
Key Findings of the Study:
- 14 out of 20 amino acids essential for proteins on Earth were found.
- All five nucleo-bases used in DNA and RNA were detected, indicating prebiotic chemistry beyond Earth.
- Ammonia & Formaldehyde compounds can react under suitable conditions to form complex organic molecules.
- It thus supports the idea that asteroids delivered key building blocks for life to early Earth.
- Calcite, halite, sylvite, and trona were found, indicating prolonged exposure to liquid water.
- Similar briny conditions have been observed on Ceres and Enceladus, suggesting the solar system had widespread environments suitable for organic chemistry.
- Life on Earth exclusively uses left-handed amino acids, but Bennu samples show an equal mix, raising questions about why life evolved with this preference.
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About Asteroid Bennu
- Asteroid Bennu is a carbon-rich asteroid that orbits between Earth and Mars.
- It is believed to be a primitive remnant of the early solar system, holding clues to the origins of life.
- The asteroid is porous, with up to 60% empty space, affecting its collision potential with Earth in the distant future.
- It periodically ejects material, classifying it as an active asteroid.
- OSIRIS-REx was NASA’s first asteroid sample-return mission, launched in 2016 to study and collect material from Bennu’s surface.
- The spacecraft arrived at Bennu in 2018, mapped its surface for two years, and collected samples in 2020.
- It successfully returned the material to Earth in 2023.
- The mission aimed to analyze Bennu’s composition, understand its water history, and study the organic molecules that may have played a role in the origin of life.
Significance of the Study:
- It strengthens the theory that asteroids contributed to life’s origins by delivering organic molecules and water to early Earth.
- It confirms that essential ingredients for life were widespread in the early solar system, increasing the possibility of life beyond Earth.
- It helps refine planetary defense strategies, as Bennu has a small chance of impacting Earth in the future.
PYQ:
[2011] What is the difference between asteroids and comets?
- Asteroids are small rocky planetoids, while comets are formed of frozen gases held together by rocky and metallic material.
- Asteroids are found mostly between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars, while comets are found mostly between Venus and Mercury.
- Comets show a perceptible glowing tail, while asteroids do not.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kurdistan Region
Why in the News?
India has dispatched a humanitarian aid consignment to the Kurdistan region of Iraq.
What is the Kurdistan Region?
- The Kurdistan Region refers to areas inhabited by ethnic Kurds, primarily in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey.
- The Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) administers Iraqi Kurdistan, an autonomous region in northern Iraq.
- The Kurds, a distinct ethnic and linguistic group, have long sought independence and greater autonomy.
- Geographical Significance:
- Spans across Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria, covering the Zagros Mountains and fertile plains.
- Rich in oil and natural gas, particularly in Iraqi Kurdistan, making it geopolitically significant.
- Controls key border regions and trade routes, influencing regional stability.
- Political Implications:
- The Kurdish struggle for autonomy has led to tensions with central governments, particularly in Iraq and Turkey.
- Kurdish forces (Peshmerga) have played a key role in fighting ISIS and maintaining security in northern Iraq.
- The KRG has diplomatic ties with Western countries but lacks full sovereignty.
Ongoing Dispute:
- The Kurdish independence movement faces opposition from Iraq, Turkey, Iran, and Syria, fearing territorial fragmentation.
- Iraq rejected the 2017 Kurdistan independence referendum, leading to military and economic retaliation.
- Turkey continues military operations against Kurdish groups, considering them a security threat.
- The Turkey-ISIS-Kurd relationship remains controversial, with allegations that Turkey indirectly enabled ISIS against the Kurds.
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PYQ:
[2018] The term “two-state solution” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of:
(a) China
(b) Israel
(c) Iraq
(d) Yemen |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q.) How far do you agree with the view that the focus on the lack of availability of food as the main cause of hunger takes the attention away from ineffective human development policies in India? (CS Mains 2018) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains has always focused on the main cause of hunger (2018) and poverty and hunger in India (2019).
India’s White Revolution made it the world’s top milk producer, but now the focus should shift to ensuring milk reaches the most vulnerable. Milk is an important source of protein and calcium, especially for children. However, there are significant differences in milk consumption across income groups and regions. Addressing these gaps is crucial for better health outcomes.
Today’s editorial discusses how milk should be accessible to everyone in India and highlights the differences in milk availability. It looks at how these issues are connected to topics in GS Paper 1, 2, and 3, such as social inequalities, health, and policy solutions.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The challenge is making sure that the most vulnerable people have fair access to milk, while also controlling how much milk is consumed by wealthier people.
What is the disparity in milk consumption?
- Income-Based Disparities: Households in the top-income decile consume 3-4 times more milk per capita compared to those in the lowest-income decile. Despite increases in milk consumption among lower-income groups, the poorest 30% account for just 18% of India’s milk.
- Urban vs. Rural and Regional Disparities: Urban households consume ~30% more milk per capita than rural households, despite rural areas being the main milk producers.
- Additionally, northern states like Rajasthan, Punjab, and Haryana have higher consumption (333g-421g), while eastern states like Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and West Bengal have much lower consumption (75g-171g).
- Social Group Disparities: Scheduled Tribe households consume 4 litres less milk per capita annually compared to general category households, highlighting social and economic inequalities in milk access.
What are the nutritional implications of milk consumption in India?
- Protein Source: Milk is a rich source of high-quality protein. In India, it contributes significantly to daily protein intake, especially for children and adults in rural areas. According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), over 70% of children in India consume milk, making it a key protein source.
- Calcium and Bone Health: Milk provides essential calcium, which is vital for bone health. Around 67% of Indian households consume milk, helping to prevent calcium deficiency, particularly in growing children and elderly populations, which can lead to conditions like osteoporosis.
- Micronutrients and Vitamin D: Milk is also a good source of vitamins such as B12 and D, essential for immune function and energy production. The National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) states that milk helps in reducing vitamin D deficiency, which is prevalent in India due to limited sunlight exposure.
How can policy interventions address disparities in milk production and access?
- Enhancing Milk Provision: Increase milk availability for vulnerable populations through government schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman (POSHAN) and Integrated Child Development Services. States can collaborate with nutrition institutes to align milk products with local dietary preferences.
- Financial Support: Boost financial allocations for existing schemes to ensure adequate milk provision, especially in states where such programs have been discontinued due to budget constraints.
- Nutritional Awareness Campaigns: Conduct awareness campaigns focusing on the benefits of milk consumption, targeting women through various community channels. This can help improve dietary diversity within households.
What strategies can be implemented to promote sustainable dairy practices?
- Healthy Consumption Awareness: Develop partnerships with healthcare professionals and media to promote balanced diets and moderation in dairy consumption among affluent groups.
- For example, Campaigns similar to the UK’s Change4Life initiative could serve as effective models for India.
- Investing in Dairy Infrastructure: The government should continue investing in dairy infrastructure, including animal health care and fodder availability, to ensure sustainable production practices while improving yields.
- Community Engagement: Engage local communities in sustainable practices through education and training programs aimed at improving animal husbandry practices and enhancing productivity without compromising environmental sustainability.
What are the steps taken by the government?
- Rashtriya Gokul Mission: This initiative focuses on enhancing the genetic quality of bovine animals through the identification and use of high-quality bulls for breeding, in-vitro fertilization (IVF) technology, and genomic selection. It aims to improve milk production by covering millions of livestock and providing better healthcare services for animals.
- National Dairy Plan (NDP): The NDP supports the establishment of dairy cooperatives and processing facilities to enhance milk marketing and value addition. It includes financial assistance for creating dairy processing infrastructure, thereby improving the overall efficiency and competitiveness of the dairy sector.
- Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Facility: This scheme offers credit support to farmers for various agricultural activities, including dairy farming. By providing financial assistance, the KCC aims to empower smallholder farmers to invest in their livestock and improve milk production capabilities.
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Way forward:
- Increase Access for Vulnerable Groups: Expand milk distribution through government schemes (e.g., POSHAN and ICDS) and ensure adequate funding to cover vulnerable populations.
- Regional and Social Equity: Implement targeted interventions to reduce regional, income, and social disparities in milk access, such as milk coupons or subsidies for underserved areas.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Indian Economy;
Why in the News?
The growth rate is lower than what the government had expected. Looking at past trends, the 2004-2011 period had high growth and poverty reduction, supported by welfare programs and government interventions.
Context:
- The World Bank forecasts India’s GDP growth to soften to 6.5% for the fiscal year 2024-25, down from previous expectations of 7%. This reflects a slowdown in investment and weak manufacturing growth.
- The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has also revised its growth forecast for India to 7% for FY24 and 6.5% for FY25, citing robust domestic demand but acknowledging challenges ahead
How did the period from 2004 to 2011 have a consistently high growth rate?
- State Intervention and Welfare Programs: This period saw a revival of state interventions through rights-based legislation and welfare schemes, which contributed to economic growth and reduced absolute poverty.
- Notably, programs like the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) provided jobs and set higher wage floors, benefiting the rural poor.
- Rising Consumption Among Lower Income Groups: Despite increasing income inequality, the consumption share of the bottom 80% of the population grew faster than that of the richest 20%. This was facilitated by targeted fiscal policies that favoured lower-income groups, enhancing their consumption capacity.
- Increased Fiscal Expenditure on Social Services: There was a significant rise in social services and developmental expenditures during this time, which directly impacted consumption patterns positively across various commodity categories for lower-income groups.
Does the nature of fiscal expenditure also matter when it comes to private consumption?
- Capital Expenditure vs. Revenue Expenditure:
- Capital Expenditure (Capex) (e.g., infrastructure projects) primarily benefits high-income groups and corporations, with a lower short-term impact on consumption.
- Revenue Expenditure (e.g., social welfare, wages, and pensions) immediately boosts demand by increasing disposable income among lower-income groups.
- Leakages in Capex: Large-scale projects often involve imports (e.g., heavy machinery), leading to capital outflows instead of stimulating the domestic economy.
- Higher Consumption Propensity of Lower-Income Groups: Money spent on welfare programs reaches people with a higher tendency to spend, leading to a larger multiplier effect on domestic demand.
How would an increase in revenue expenditure, particularly in the social sector, help? (Way forward)
- Higher Incomes for Workers: By providing better wages and job opportunities through social programs, disposable income among lower-income populations would rise, thereby boosting overall consumption levels.
- Stimulating Private Investment: Enhanced consumer demand can create a conducive environment for businesses to invest. As workers have more income to spend, businesses may respond by increasing production capacity, leading to a cycle of investment and growth.
- Reversing Economic Slowdown: A strategic shift towards increasing revenue expenditure can help combat the current economic slowdown by fostering a more inclusive growth model that benefits a broader segment of society.
Mains PYQ:
Q “Industrial growth rate has lagged behind in the overall growth of Gross-Domestic-Product (GDP) in the post-reform period” Give reasons. How far the recent changes in Industrial Policy are capable of increasing the industrial growth rate? (UPSC IAS/2015)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Space mission;
Why in the News?
In its first launch of 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation achieved the milestone of 100 launches.
What does the 100th launch signify for India’s space capabilities?
The 100th launch underscores ISRO’s growth since its establishment in 1969, showcasing its evolution into a reliable launch partner for both domestic and international satellites.
- Technological Advancement: This launch utilized an indigenous cryogenic engine, highlighting India’s advancements in rocket technology. The GSLV series has been instrumental in increasing payload capacity and efficiency during satellite launches, contributing to ISRO’s reputation as a formidable player in the global space arena.
- Contribution to Navigation Systems: The NVS-02 satellite is part of India’s Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) system, which enhances India’s capabilities in terrestrial, aerial, and maritime navigation.
- This satellite will replace the IRNSS-1E satellite and improve the accuracy and reliability of navigation services across India and surrounding regions.
What are the future plans for ISRO following this milestone?
- Ambitious Missions: Following this milestone, ISRO aims to undertake several high-profile missions, including a sample return mission from the Moon, a mission to Venus, and the establishment of an Indian space station. These initiatives are part of ISRO’s broader goal to expand its capabilities and presence in space exploration.
- Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV): ISRO is developing a heavier rocket called the NGLV, which will be capable of carrying up to 30,000 kg to low Earth orbit. This vehicle will feature a reusable first stage to enhance cost-effectiveness in launches.
- Expansion of Infrastructure: Plans are underway to build a third launch pad at Sriharikota to accommodate increased launch frequency and support human spaceflight missions alongside commercial launches.
How will private sector involvement shape ISRO’s future missions?
- Collaboration and Innovation: The PSLV-C60 mission exemplified successful collaboration between ISRO and private startups, allowing non-government entities to deploy payloads for in-orbit experiments.
- This initiative fosters innovation by enabling startups to test their technologies using ISRO’s infrastructure, thereby reducing costs and encouraging diverse contributions to India’s space capabilities.
- Transitioning Operational Responsibilities: ISRO aims to transfer more operational tasks to private companies, allowing them to manage activities traditionally handled by the agency.
- This shift is intended to increase efficiency and scalability within the space sector, empowering private entities to take on significant roles in satellite launches and other space activities, thus expanding India’s overall capabilities.
- Commercialization of Space Activities: The government has focused on increasing India’s share of the global space economy from 2% to 10% over the next decade through public-private partnerships.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Public-Private Synergy: ISRO should continue fostering collaboration with private players by expanding access to launch infrastructure, streamlining regulatory frameworks, and incentivizing innovation through initiatives like IN-SPACe and NSIL.
- Focus on Heavy-Lift and Reusability: Prioritizing the development of the Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) with reusable technology will enhance cost-effectiveness, positioning India as a competitive player in the global commercial space sector.
Mains PYQ:
Q India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbiter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space mission. What are the main obstacles to launching a manned space mission, both in terms of technology and logistics? Examine critically. (UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges in Agriculture;
Why in the News?
Agriculture has been given little attention, even though the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data shows that 1,00,474 farmers and agricultural workers took their own lives between 2015 and 2022.
What are the root causes of the current agrarian distress faced by farmers in India?
- Unmet Minimum Support Price (MSP) Promise: Despite repeated promises, the government has failed to implement the MSP at the rate of C2+50% (one-and-a-half times the comprehensive cost of production) as recommended by the M.S. Swaminathan Commission.
- Rising Input Costs and Economic Burden: The cost of agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, seeds, insecticides, diesel, water, and electricity has been steadily rising.
- Inadequate Government Support and Infrastructure: Government allocations to agriculture and allied sectors have been declining, from 5.44% of the total budget in 2019 to just 3.15% in 2024.
- At the same time, public investment in irrigation and power infrastructure has decreased, leading to water scarcity and unreliable electricity supply.
How can policy reforms effectively address the challenges faced by farmers?
- Implementation of MSP: Establishing a statutory MSP at C2+50% is essential to ensure that farmers receive fair compensation for their produce. This reform would help alleviate financial distress and reduce the incidence of farm suicides.
- Subsidy Increases and Cost Controls: The government should raise subsidies for agricultural inputs and impose strict controls on prices charged by private corporations for fertilizers and seeds. Supporting public sector production can help stabilize prices and ensure availability.
- Comprehensive Loan Waiver: A one-time loan waiver for farmers can provide immediate relief from debt burdens. This measure should be coupled with long-term strategies to prevent future indebtedness through better financial management and support systems.
What role do government support and institutional frameworks play in alleviating farmer distress?
- Financial Assistance and Subsidies: Government support through subsidies for fertilizers, seeds, and irrigation systems helps reduce the financial burden on farmers. For example, the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) provides direct income support to farmers, aiding those facing economic hardship.
- Crop Insurance and Risk Mitigation: Institutional frameworks such as the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) offer insurance schemes to protect farmers against crop losses due to natural disasters, thereby reducing the risk of distress when unforeseen events occur.
- Market Access and Price Support: The government ensures fair prices and stable markets through Minimum Support Price (MSP) and procurement schemes. The Food Corporation of India (FCI) buys surplus crops like wheat and rice from farmers at MSP, offering a safety net during market fluctuations.
- Agricultural Credit and Loans: Institutional frameworks like the NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) and other banks offer affordable loans to farmers, allowing them to invest in better farming techniques or recover from losses, thus mitigating financial stress.
- For example, Kisan Credit Cards (KCC) provide short-term credit to meet the farmers’ needs for inputs and daily expenses.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Infrastructure and Support Systems: Invest in reliable irrigation, power supply, and crop insurance schemes, ensuring farmers have access to resources that help them cope with climate-related challenges and reduce dependency on private traders.
- Enhance Financial Accessibility and Risk Management: Expand access to affordable credit, implement statutory MSP at C2+50%, and provide better financial literacy programs to help farmers manage debts and reduce vulnerability to market fluctuations.
Mains PYQ:
Q Explain various types of revolutions, took place in Agriculture after Independence in India. How these revolutions have helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India? (UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: eCoO 2.0 System
Why in the News?
The Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) has launched the enhanced Certificate of Origin (eCoO) 2.0 system, a major upgrade aimed at simplifying export certification and improving trade efficiency.
What is eCoO 2.0 System?
- The eCoO 2.0 system is a digital platform launched by the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) to simplify and streamline the issuance of Non-Preferential Certificates of Origin (CoO).
- Effective January 1, 2025, exporters must electronically file CoO applications through this platform.
- It aligns with India’s Ease of Doing Business initiative by improving trade facilitation, digital authentication, and document processing.
Key Features of the eCoO 2.0 System
- Exporters must submit Non-Preferential Certificates of Origin (CoO) online.
- Allows exporters to authorize multiple users under a single Importer Exporter Code (IEC).
- Aadhaar-based e-Signing provides an alternative to Digital Signature Tokens, enhancing security and ease of use.
- Offers real-time access to eCoO services, Free Trade Agreement (FTA) details, trade events, and notifications.
- Exporters can request In-lieu CoO for rectifications on previously issued CoOs.
- The system handles 7,000+ eCoOs daily, integrating 125 issuing agencies, 110 chambers of commerce, and 650+ issuing officers.
Significance of the eCoO 2.0 System
- Reduces manual paperwork and speeds up export documentation.
- Digitally signed CoOs prevent fraudulent certifications and ensure traceability.
- Facilitates smoother re-exports, trans-shipments, and intermediary trade, boosting India’s position in global supply chains.
- Faster approvals help exporters comply with international trade agreements, enhancing competitiveness.
- Aligns with India’s push for paperless trade, reinforcing DGFT’s trade facilitation efforts.
PYQ:
[2011] A “closed economy” is an economy in which:
(a) the money supply is fully controlled
(b) deficit financing takes place
(c) only exports take place
(d) neither exports or imports take place |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Greenland
Why in the News?
A new study has revealed that over 7,500 lakes in western Greenland have turned brown, suffered water quality deterioration, and started emitting carbon due to extreme weather events in 2022.
About Greenland and Its Lakes
- Greenland, the world’s largest island, is covered by a massive ice sheet that holds nearly 8% of the world’s freshwater.
- The island is home to thousands of glacial-fed lakes, which are crystal blue due to their pristine water quality and low organic content.
- These lakes play a crucial role in providing drinking water, supporting biodiversity, and storing atmospheric carbon by acting as natural carbon sinks.
What are the reasons?
- Extreme Weather in 2022: Greenland saw record-breaking heatwaves and heavy rainfall instead of the usual snowfall.
- Permafrost Thawing: Rising temperatures melted permafrost, releasing large amounts of organic carbon, iron, and other minerals into the lakes.
- Atmospheric Rivers: These long, narrow streams of water vapor in the sky caused intense precipitation, leading to large-scale runoff of organic material and sediments into the lakes.
- Loss of Light Penetration: Increased sedimentation turned the lakes murky brown, reducing sunlight penetration and affecting phytoplankton, which play a key role in carbon absorption.
Why this Study is important?
- The study found that changes in the lakes occurred within months instead of centuries, signaling an unprecedented climate impact.
- Once natural carbon absorbers, the lakes are now releasing 350% more carbon dioxide, accelerating global warming.
- The lakes, which supply drinking water, now contain higher levels of organic pollutants, affecting both humans and aquatic ecosystems.
- Studies suggest atmospheric rivers will become 50–290% more frequent by the end of the century, leading to widespread changes in other freshwater ecosystems worldwide.
- The study adds to growing evidence that Earth’s natural carbon sinks are failing, posing a major challenge to climate mitigation efforts.
PYQ:
[2011] The surface of a lake is frozen in severe winter, but the water at its bottom is still liquid. What is the reason?
(a) Ice is a bad conductor of heat
(b) Since the surface of the lake is at the same temperature as the air, no heat is lost
(c) The density of water is maximum at 4 °C
(d) None of the statements A, B and C given above is correct. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Labrys portucalensis F11
Why in the News?
A research team has discovered that Labrys portucalensis F11, a strain of aerobic bacteria from the Xanthobacteraceae family, can break down and transform multiple types of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a group of persistent environmental pollutants.
About Labrys portucalensis F11
- It is a type of bacteria that can break down harmful chemicals known as PFAS (Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances).
- It was first found in contaminated soil at an industrial site in Portugal.
- Scientists have discovered that it can remove fluorine from certain chemical pollutants, making them less toxic.
- PFAS are known as “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily in nature.
- Labrys portucalensis F11 can digest PFAS, helping to clean up polluted soil and water.
How does it work?
- It attacks the strong chemical bonds in PFAS, removing fluorine atoms.
- It uses carbon from PFAS as food, helping it grow while reducing pollution.
- It survives in oxygen-rich environments, making it ideal for cleaning up industrial waste sites.
- In 100 days, it broke down 90% of PFOS, one of the most harmful PFAS chemicals.
- Unlike most bacteria, it can also break down PFAS leftovers, making them even safer.
Back2Basics: Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic chemicals widely used in industrial and consumer products for their waterproof, grease-resistant, and non-stick properties.
- PFAS are commonly found in non-stick cookware (Teflon), waterproof clothing, food packaging, fire-fighting foams, and industrial applications.
- These chemicals are known for their high resistance to heat, water, and oil, making them useful but also environmentally persistent.
- Common Uses:
- Non-stick cookware (Teflon), waterproof fabrics, stain-resistant coatings, and fire-fighting foams.
- Industrial applications such as metal plating, food packaging, and electronics manufacturing.
- Environmental and Health Concerns:
- PFAS are often called “forever chemicals” because they do not naturally degrade and persist in soil, water, and living organisms.
- Exposure to PFAS has been linked to cancer, liver damage, immune system disruption, and hormonal imbalances.
- Regulatory Actions:
- In 2023, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) designated PFOS (a type of PFAS) as a hazardous substance, requiring strict monitoring and clean-up efforts.
- Governments worldwide are phasing out PFAS use and funding research into bioremediation technologies like the F11 bacteria-based clean-up approach.
- In 2020, the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) adopted international criteria for sampling and testing certain PFAS compounds, such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS).
- However, comprehensive policies to regulate or ban PFAS are still lacking.
|
PYQ:
[2013] Which of the following can be found as pollutants in the drinking water in some parts of India?
- Arsenic
- Sorbitol
- Fluoride
- Formaldehyde
- Uranium
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2, 4 and 5 only
(c) 1, 3 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Organophosphates
Why in the News?
A mysterious illness in Jammu & Kashmir has caused 17 deaths, with doctors suspecting organophosphate poisoning from pesticides as the possible cause.
What are Organophosphates?
- Organophosphates (OPs) are a class of chemical compounds primarily used as pesticides and insecticides in agriculture.
- They work by disrupting the nervous system by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), leading to excessive nerve stimulation.
- It is commonly used in agriculture, household pest control, and chemical warfare agents (e.g., nerve gases like Sarin).
- It is found in pesticides such as malathion, chlorpyrifos, and diazinon.
-
- Acute Symptoms: Excessive sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle twitching, breathing difficulty, seizures, and coma.
- Chronic Effects: Neurological disorders, memory loss, muscle weakness, and reproductive toxicity.
Treatment for Organophosphate Poisoning
- Organophosphate poisoning requires immediate medical attention to prevent fatal complications.
- Decontamination: Remove contaminated clothing, wash exposed skin, and use activated charcoal if ingested.
-
- Atropine: Blocks excess nerve stimulation.
- Pralidoxime (2-PAM): Restores enzyme function.
- Oxygen therapy and ventilator support if needed.
- Supportive Care: IV fluids, anti-seizure medications, and hospitalization in severe cases.
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) ‘At the international level, the bilateral relations between most nations are governed on the policy of promoting one’s own national interest without any regard for the interest of other nations. This leads to conflicts and tensions between the nations. How can ethical consideration help resolve such tensions? Discuss with specific examples (UPSC CSE 2015) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on ‘Scope of Fundamental Rights’ (2017) and Influence of Foreign Policy (2015).
Today’s editorial discusses the recent budgetary developments concerning India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and their implications for the country’s foreign policy. This content can be used in your Mains Answer for presenting the challenges particularly regarding.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The budget for India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) deserves closer scrutiny because last year, the MEA budget saw a rare 23% spike, up from the modest 4% annual increase between 2017 and 2023.
- The MEA’s allocation not only reflects the government’s foreign policy priorities but also its capacity to deliver on its global ambitions and commitments particularly in light of India’s vision for a ‘Viksit Bharat’ by 2047.
How does the Indian budget reflect the country’s foreign policy priorities and ambitions?
- Increased Allocation for the MEA: The significant 23% increase in the budget for the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) signals a commitment to enhancing India’s diplomatic capabilities and reflects the government’s recognition of the importance of foreign policy.
- Focus on Neighbourhood Policy: With approximately 50% of India’s foreign aid directed towards neighboring countries, particularly Bhutan, the budget emphasizes the “Neighbourhood First” policy, highlighting regional cooperation and stability as key priorities.
- Shift to Lines of Credit: The transition from outright grants to lines of credit (LoCs) indicates a strategic approach to financing sustainable infrastructure projects in recipient countries, enhancing India’s influence while ensuring accountability in project implementation.
- Investment in Diplomatic Infrastructure: A substantial portion of the MEA’s budget is allocated to embassies and missions, reflecting India’s intent to strengthen its global presence and engage more effectively in international diplomacy.
What role does it play in shaping India’s economic and geopolitical landscape?
- Attracting Foreign Investment: The budget prioritizes foreign investment by reducing corporate tax rates for foreign firms and easing regulations on foreign direct investment.
- This aims to position India as a favorable destination for international capital, enhancing its economic growth prospects and global competitiveness.
- Strengthening Manufacturing and Infrastructure: By supporting initiatives like ‘Make in India’ and allocating substantial funds for infrastructure development, the budget aims to boost domestic manufacturing capabilities.
- This not only fosters economic growth but also enhances India’s geopolitical standing by enabling it to become a manufacturing hub, particularly as companies seek to diversify away from China.
- Enhancing Regional Influence: The budget reflects a commitment to regional partnerships by directing a significant portion of foreign aid toward neighboring countries.
- This strategy strengthens India’s influence in South Asia and promotes stability, aligning with its broader foreign policy objectives.
- Fiscal Discipline and Economic Stability: The budget emphasizes fiscal responsibility, targeting a reduction in the fiscal deficit to 4.9% of GDP.
- Maintaining fiscal discipline is critical for sustaining investor confidence and ensuring long-term economic stability, which is essential for India’s ambitions on the global stage.
What challenges does India face?
- Geopolitical Tensions with China: India continues to navigate complex relations with China, particularly concerning border disputes and military tensions along the Line of Actual Control. The need for strategic dialogue and trust-building measures remains critical.
- Strained Relations with Neighbors: Political changes in neighboring countries, such as Bangladesh and Myanmar, and ongoing tensions with Pakistan complicate India’s regional diplomacy. The challenge lies in managing these relationships while promoting stability and cooperation.
- Impact of U.S.-China Rivalry: The evolving dynamics of U.S.-China relations, especially with the return of Donald Trump to the U.S. presidency, present both opportunities and challenges for India. Balancing ties with both powers while maintaining strategic autonomy is essential.
- Domestic Political Factors: Internal political developments, including public sentiment and government policies, can influence India’s foreign policy decisions. Ensuring that foreign policy aligns with domestic priorities is crucial for maintaining credibility and effectiveness on the global stage.
Foreign aid and shifts
- India’s foreign aid to other countries decreased by 10% for the fiscal year 2024-25, while loans to foreign governments increased by 29%.
- About 50% of India’s grants are directed towards neighboring countries, with Bhutan remaining the largest recipient due to historical ties and energy projects.
- There is a notable shift from outright grants to lines of credit (LoCs), with Bangladesh receiving the largest share at $7.86 billion. While LoCs support sustainable infrastructure, they require effective oversight.
- The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) requires more resources to enhance its institutional capacity, including strengthening the Indian Foreign Service (IFS) and research capabilities.
- The MEA’s training budget increased by 30% for 2024-25, but overall capacity-building funds remain inadequate, and the IFS continues to be understaffed.
- The MEA’s budget for foreign missions and cultural diplomacy grew only by 7%, while significant academic institutions faced budget cuts of 20% to 22%.
- Despite investments in international dialogues to enhance India’s global image, there is a pressing need for more budgetary resources to support policy-relevant research at Indian universities and think tanks.
Way Forward: India will host the Quad Leaders’ Summit in 2025, marking an important opportunity to showcase India’s leadership and commitment to regional cooperation among the Quad nations—Australia, Japan, and the United States.
- India can reinforce its relationships with Quad partners, focusing on shared goals such as promoting a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific.
- This aligns with India’s broader foreign policy objectives of enhancing regional stability and security.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Significance of Indian Standard Time;
Why in the News?
To ensure uniform timekeeping, the government has proposed new rules requiring Indian Standard Time (IST) to be used exclusively for all official and business purposes. The Consumer Affairs Ministry is inviting public feedback on these rules.
What are the Draft Legal Metrology (Indian Standard Time) Rules of 2025?
- Mandatory Use of IST: The rules establish IST as the sole time reference for legal, administrative, commercial, and official documents across various sectors including commerce, transport, public administration, legal contracts, and financial operations.
- Prohibition on Alternative Time References: The draft prohibits any time references other than IST for official and commercial purposes. Exceptions are allowed for specialised fields like astronomy and navigation but require prior government approval.
- Display and Synchronization Requirements: Government offices and public institutions must prominently display IST. Additionally, time-synchronization systems will be necessary to ensure accuracy, reliability, and cybersecurity.
- Collaboration with Scientific Institutions: The Department of Consumer Affairs is working with the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to develop a robust mechanism for time generation and dissemination.
- Penalties and Compliance Monitoring: Violations of these rules will incur penalties. Regular audits will be conducted to ensure compliance across sectors.
How the New Draft Rules are significant?
- Standardisation Across Sectors: The rules mandate the exclusive use of Indian Standard Time (IST) as the sole time reference for all official and commercial activities, including commerce, transport, public administration, and legal contracts. This uniformity is essential for ensuring consistency in operations across diverse sectors.
- Enhancement of Critical Infrastructure: The initiative aims to improve precision in critical national infrastructure such as telecommunications, banking, defence, and emerging technologies like 5G and artificial intelligence.
- Support for Technological Advancements: The rules will facilitate the integration of advanced technologies by ensuring that all systems operate on a synchronized time basis. This is particularly important for digital governance, navigation systems, and real-time applications that rely on precise timing.
- National Security Implications: By synchronizing critical infrastructure, the rules contribute to national security. It will enhance time accuracy and support operations in defense and emergency response scenarios, where timely coordination is crucial.
- Regulatory Framework and Compliance: The draft establishes a robust regulatory framework, including provisions for penalties and periodic audits to ensure compliance. This will help maintain high standards of timekeeping across all sectors and promote accountability among entities using IST.
What challenges exist in transitioning to a unified time system?
- Technological Integration: Upgrading existing systems to synchronise with IST will require significant technological investments and modifications, particularly in sectors like finance and stock exchanges that depend on precise time-stamping for transactions.
- Coordination Across Sectors: Ensuring compliance across diverse industries such as commerce, transport, and public administration will be complex and resource-intensive, requiring adjustments in scheduling and communication systems, especially for public transportation networks like railways and airlines.
- Public and Business Awareness: Raising awareness and educating businesses and the public about the new rules is essential for smooth implementation, as smaller enterprises may need additional support to align their operations with IST requirements.
How will compliance be monitored? (Way forward)
- Periodic Audits: Regular inspections will be conducted to ensure compliance with IST regulations across various sectors with government auditors verifying proper implementation in public institutions and commercial enterprises.
- Penalties for Violations: Non-compliance will result in penalties acting as a deterrent with entities found using alternative time references in official documents facing fines or legal consequences.
- Collaborative Efforts and Public Feedback: Partnerships with institutions like the National Physical Laboratory and ISRO will support a reliable time dissemination system while stakeholder feedback will help refine the rules and address practical challenges.
Mains PYQ:
Q What do you understand by “Standard Positioning System” and “Precision positioning system” in the GPS era? Discuss the advantage India perceives from its ambitious IRNSS programme employing just seven satellites. (UPSC IAS/2015)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of Storms;
Why in the News?
Storm Éowyn has hit the British Isles with very strong winds, especially in Ireland and Scotland.
What are the meteorological characteristics of Storm Eowyn?
- Explosive Cyclogenesis: Storm Éowyn qualifies as a “bomb cyclone,” with air pressure at its center dropping 50 millibars within 24 hours, significantly exceeding the 24-millibar threshold for explosive cyclogenesis. This rapid deepening is a hallmark of severe winter storms in the region.
- Wind Speeds: The storm produced wind gusts exceeding 100 mph, with a record gust of 114 mph reported at Mace Head on Ireland’s west coast. The Met Office issued red warnings for widespread gusts of 80-90 mph, particularly affecting Northern Ireland and central and southern Scotland.
- Jet Stream Influence: A strong jet stream, with winds exceeding 200 mph, played a crucial role in the storm’s development. The temperature contrast between cold air from the eastern US and warmer air over the North Atlantic contributed to this intensity.
What impacts it had on affected regions and what are the expected consequences?
- Power Outages and Damage: Nearly one million properties across the British Isles experienced power outages due to downed trees and damaged infrastructure. Restoration efforts are expected to take several days, with some areas potentially facing up to ten days without power.
- Transport Disruptions: The storm caused significant disruptions to road and rail services, with many routes blocked or cancelled due to hazardous conditions. Emergency services have been deployed to manage the aftermath.
- Casualties: Tragically, at least one fatality was reported in Ireland when a tree fell on a vehicle due to the high winds. The overall impact of the storm has raised concerns about safety and emergency preparedness in affected regions.
How does Storm Eowyn fit into broader climate change trends and patterns of extreme weather events?
- Climate Change Considerations: While Storm Éowyn’s intensity raises questions about climate change’s role in extreme weather events, current research has not conclusively linked specific storm intensities or frequencies to climate change.
- The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports low confidence in observed trends related to extratropical storms over the last century.
- Future Storm Patterns: There are indications that future winter storms may become more frequent and clustered, leading to increased overall impacts. Additionally, as global temperatures rise, storms may exhibit more extreme wind speeds and rainfall due to a warmer atmosphere’s capacity to hold more moisture.
- Potential for Sting Jets: There is speculation that Storm Éowyn may have developed “sting jets,” which can produce localized but extremely destructive winds. While their occurrence is difficult to predict, studies suggest that such phenomena may increase with future cyclones as atmospheric conditions evolve.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Infrastructure & Emergency Preparedness – Governments should invest in resilient power grids, reinforced transportation networks, and improved early warning systems to mitigate the impact of extreme storms.
- Climate Adaptation & Policy Measures – Policymakers should integrate climate resilience into urban planning, enforce stricter building codes, and invest in sustainable land management to reduce vulnerabilities.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the concept of air mass and explain its role in macro-climatic changes.(UPSC IAS/2016)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Child marriage and its impact;
Why in the News?
Men are given more time than women to leave a child marriage. This means the age for marriage should be the same for both, at 18, not 21.
What is the situation of child marriage in India?
- National Data: The National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5), conducted between 2019 and 2021, reveals that 23.3% of women aged 20-24 were married before the age of 18. This shows a decline from 26.8% in NFHS-4 (2015-16), but child marriage remains a widespread issue.
- State-wise Variation: The prevalence of child marriage varies significantly across states. For example: in Bihar: 40.8% of women aged 20-24 were married before 18, West Bengal: 41.6%, Rajasthan: 25.4% and Kerala: 6.3% (one of the lowest rates in India).
- Gender Disparity: Although girls are more affected, boys also face child marriage. NFHS-5 reports that 17.7% of men aged 25-29 were married before the age of 21.
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How can existing laws be strengthened to effectively combat child marriage?
- Uniform Age of Marriage: The legal age for marriage should be standardized at 18 for all genders, eliminating the current disparity that allows men to marry at 21 and women at 18. This would ensure equal rights and protections for both parties under the law.
- Enhanced Enforcement Mechanisms: Strengthening the enforcement of existing laws, such as the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA), is crucial. This includes more rigorous monitoring of marriages, especially in rural areas, and imposing stricter penalties on those who facilitate child marriages.
- Stricter Penalties for Facilitators: Increase legal penalties for those facilitating child marriages, such as parents, religious leaders, and community officials, to act as a deterrent. Example: Nepal’s law penalizing facilitators of child marriage has reduced its occurrence by holding all involved parties accountable.
- Awareness Campaigns and Education: Launch nationwide awareness campaigns to educate communities about the legal age of marriage and its harmful effects, empowering families to protect children. Example: In India, campaigns by organizations like “Plan India” have raised awareness and led to a decline in child marriage rates in targeted regions.
What are the key judgements?
- Independent Thought v. Union of India (2017): The Supreme Court ruled that the exception to the prosecution of marital rape for husbands of girls below 18 years of age was unconstitutional. This judgment focused on the rights of girls under 18 in marriages, emphasizing their protection from sexual exploitation.
- Gender Disparity in Nullity Petition: The Allahabad High Court emphasized that the gender-based difference in the minimum age of marriage (18 years for women and 21 for men) creates an unfair advantage for men, allowing them to annul marriages at a later age (up to 23), while women are restricted to 20. This interpretation contradicts the principle of gender equality.
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What are the societal and cultural factors contributing to the persistence of child marriage despite legal prohibitions?
- Traditional Practices: In many communities, child marriage is deeply embedded in cultural and religious norms. These cultural beliefs place pressure on families to marry off daughters at a young age.
- Poverty and Economic Factors: In regions with high poverty rates, families may view child marriage as a way to reduce financial burdens, sometimes even receiving dowry or financial assistance in return for the marriage.
- Gender Inequality: Patriarchal views often limit girls’ opportunities for education and economic empowerment, which makes them more vulnerable to early marriage. Women may be seen as property to be married off, reinforcing the practice.
- Lack of Education and Awareness: A lack of awareness about the legal age for marriage and the harmful effects of child marriage perpetuates this practice. Some families may not be fully aware of the legal consequences or the negative impacts on the health and development of girls.
What role do community-driven approaches play in preventing child marriage?
- Community Education and Awareness Programs: Empower local communities with knowledge about the dangers of child marriage in terms of legal, health and social consequences which can gradually change attitudes and reduce the incidence of child marriage.
- Involving Local Leaders: Traditional community leaders, such as religious leaders and village elders, play a significant role in shaping opinions. Engaging them in awareness campaigns and encouraging them to take a stand against child marriage can influence public opinion and reduce the practice.
- Strengthening Social Networks and Support Systems: Encouraging peer groups, women’s organizations, and NGOs to support girls at risk of child marriage can create an environment where they are less likely to fall victim to early marriage.
- Monitoring and Reporting Mechanisms: Creating anonymous and accessible reporting mechanisms for communities to report child marriages can ensure prompt intervention. Encouraging local participation in safeguarding the rights of children helps address the issue at the community level.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Legal and Institutional Frameworks: Ensure uniformity in the legal age of marriage for all genders and improve enforcement by establishing dedicated child marriage prevention units at local levels.
- Community Empowerment and Education: Expand community-driven programs focusing on education, raising awareness about the harmful effects of child marriage, and providing support systems for vulnerable girls.
Mains PYQ:
Q The women’s questions arose in modern India as the part of 19th-century social reform movement. What are the major issues and debates concerning women in that period? (UPSC IAS/2017)
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