PYQ Relevance:
Q) To what extend can Germany be held responsible for causing the two World Wars? Discuss critically. (UPSC CSE 2015) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains has always focused on World Wars (2015) and India’s relations with Israel (2018).
On January 27, 1945, Soviet soldiers liberated Auschwitz-Birkenau (network of Nazi concentration and extermination camps), finding 8,000 starving prisoners and remnants of the 1.1 million, mostly Jewish, who perished there. With Nazi records destroyed, exact figures are uncertain. On this anniversary, survivors and world leaders gather to honor the victims and renew the commitment to prevent genocide.
Today’s editorial talks about Genocide in the world and laws related to Genocide. It will help in GS Paper 2 Internqtional relation and GS Paper 1 World History.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
World leaders will gather in Poland to commemorate Holocaust Memorial Day and the 80th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau, a Nazi concentration camp.
What is Holocaust?
- The Holocaust, known in Hebrew as the Shoah , refers to the systematic, state-sponsored genocide of approximately six million Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II, primarily between 1941 and 1945.
- This atrocity was characterized by mass murders carried out through various means, including mass shootings and the use of extermination camps, such as Auschwitz-Birkenau and Treblinka.
What is Constitutes Genocide?
- Genocide is defined under international law as a series of acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group. This definition is codified in Article II of the 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention).
How is it Recognized Internationally?
- Legal Frameworks: The 1948 Genocide Convention defines genocide and obligates signatory states to prevent and punish the crime. This convention has been incorporated into the statutes of various international tribunals, including the International Criminal Court (ICC), establishing a legal basis for prosecution and accountability for genocidal acts.
- International Courts and Tribunals: The International Court of Justice (ICJ) and other tribunals have jurisdiction to adjudicate cases related to genocide.
- They interpret and enforce the provisions of the Genocide Convention, allowing for legal proceedings against individuals or states accused of committing genocide.
- Recognition by States and Organizations: Various countries and international organizations have formally recognized specific events as genocides, which can influence diplomatic relations and international responses.
- For example, numerous nations have acknowledged the Armenian Genocide, while the European Parliament has recognized the actions of ISIS against Yazidis as genocide.
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Why do global powers often remain silent or inactive in the face of genocidal acts?
- Geopolitical and Strategic Interests: Global powers often prioritize alliances and regional influence over humanitarian intervention. For example: Rwanda Genocide (1994): Despite clear warnings, the UN and major powers failed to act decisively as Rwanda was not strategically significant to their interests, leading to the massacre of over 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus.
- Economic Dependencies and Trade Priorities: Economic ties, such as energy or trade partnerships, often deter powers from addressing genocidal acts. For example: China’s Treatment of Uyghur Muslims: Countries like the U.S. and EU hesitate to impose strong measures against China due to its role as a major trading partner, despite widespread reports of atrocities in Xinjiang.
- International Bureaucratic Deadlock: Global institutions like the UN are often hindered by vetoes and a lack of consensus among major powers. For example: Syrian Civil War: Allegations of genocide and mass atrocities in Syria were met with inaction, as Russia and China vetoed resolutions in the UN Security Council, paralyzing international intervention.
What responsibilities do nations have to prevent and respond to genocide?
- Primary Responsibility to Protect: States have the primary obligation to protect their own populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity.
- This responsibility is affirmed by the 2005 United Nations World Summit Outcome, which emphasizes that national governments must take proactive measures to prevent such atrocities within their territories.
- International Cooperation and Support: The international community is obligated to assist states in fulfilling their protective responsibilities. This includes providing diplomatic, humanitarian, and other peaceful means to help protect populations at risk of genocide. If a state is manifestly failing to protect its citizens, the international community must be prepared to take collective action, including potential military intervention, in accordance with the UN Charter.
- Early Warning Systems and Preventive Measures: Nations and international organizations should establish early warning systems to identify signs of potential genocidal acts. This involves gathering information, promoting human rights, addressing root causes of conflict, and implementing strategies that foster social cohesion and prevent discrimination.
Way forward:
- Strengthen International Accountability Mechanisms: Nations must collaborate to reinforce the effectiveness of international courts and tribunals to ensure swift and impartial prosecution of genocidal acts. This includes reforming veto power in the UN Security Council to prevent deadlocks in responding to atrocities.
- Invest in Prevention and Early Intervention: Establish robust early warning systems and prioritize diplomacy, economic aid, and social cohesion initiatives to address the root causes of conflicts, reducing the risk of genocidal acts before they escalate.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges in the Health sector;
Why in the News?
A report by The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology Commission emphasized body fat distribution, beyond Body Mass Index (BMI), as a vital health and disease risk indicator. In this response, India has revised its obesity guidelines after 15 years.
What is the present status of Obesity?
- Rising Obesity Rates: The obesity rate in India has significantly increased, with approximately 9.8% of women and 5.4% of men classified as obese as of 2022, compared to just 1.2% for women and 0.5% for men in 19901. This translates to around eight crore individuals being classified as obese, including one crore children aged 5 to 19 years1.
- Economic Impact and Healthcare Costs: It is projected that India will spend about $13 million annually on treating obesity-related illnesses by 2025 as per the World Obesity Federation. The rising prevalence of obesity is associated with various non-communicable diseases, including diabetes and cardiovascular issues.
- Changing Demographics: The prevalence of obesity is expected to continue rising, with forecasts suggesting that by 2040, around 30.5% of men and 27.4% of women will be either overweight or obese.
What are the initiatives taken by the government?
- National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Stroke (NPCDCS): This program aims to screen individuals for obesity-related risk factors and ensure early intervention to prevent complications associated with obesity. It is part of the broader National Health Mission.
- Eat Right India Movement: Launched by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), this initiative focuses on transforming the food system to promote safe, healthy, and sustainable food for all citizens. It includes awareness campaigns about nutrition and healthy eating habits.
- Ayushman Bharat Health Wellness Centres: These centres strengthen preventive healthcare by promoting wellness activities and targeted communication at the community level, addressing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including obesity.
- Regulatory Measures: The FSSAI has set guidelines to limit trans fats in food products to no more than 2% by weight and has introduced labelling regulations that require nutritional information on food packaging, helping consumers make informed dietary choices.
What are the new guidelines?
- Terminology Update: The term “overweight” has been removed, categorizing obesity into Grade I (BMI >23 kg/m² without health issues) and Grade II (BMI >23 kg/m² with associated health limitations) to emphasize nuanced stages of obesity.
- Focus on Abdominal Obesity: Waist circumference (>90 cm for men, >80 cm for women) and waist-to-height ratio are prioritized as critical measures for assessing health risks in Asian Indians
Why has it been revised after 15 years?
- Rising Prevalence of Obesity: The prevalence of obesity in India has doubled over the past two decades, with significant increases observed in both adults and children. This alarming trend necessitated a reevaluation of existing guidelines to address the growing public health crisis effectively.
- Limitations of Previous Guidelines: The previous guidelines, established in 2009, relied solely on Body Mass Index (BMI) for diagnosing obesity.
- This approach was found inadequate as it did not consider critical factors such as abdominal fat distribution and the unique metabolic responses of Asian Indians, who tend to develop obesity-related health issues at lower BMI thresholds compared to Western populations.
- Global Framework Alignment: The revised guidelines align with global recommendations from The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology Commission, which advocates for a broader understanding of obesity as a chronic disease rather than merely excess weight. T
What are the health issues that can develop due to obesity?
- Cardiovascular Diseases: Obesity significantly increases the risk of developing heart disease and stroke. It contributes to high blood pressure and unhealthy cholesterol levels, which are critical risk factors for cardiovascular conditions.
- Type 2 Diabetes: Excess body weight can disrupt the body’s ability to use insulin effectively, leading to insulin resistance and a higher likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes. This chronic condition is closely linked to obesity and can result in severe health complications if not managed properly.
- Certain Cancers: Obesity is associated with an elevated risk of various cancers, including breast, colon, endometrial, and liver cancers. The increased body fat may influence hormone levels and inflammation, contributing to cancer development.
Way forward:
- Comprehensive Public Health Strategies: Strengthen preventive measures through awareness campaigns, promote healthy lifestyles, regulate unhealthy food products, and expand screening programs under initiatives like NPCDCS and Ayushman Bharat.
- Collaborative Policy Reforms: Enhance inter-sectoral collaboration to address urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, and dietary patterns while aligning with global obesity management frameworks for effective, long-term solutions.
Mains PYQ:
Q Public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that private sector can help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest? (UPSC IAS/2015)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India-Indonesia relations;
Why in the News?
Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto’s visit to India as the chief guest at the Republic Day parade highlighted the strong and historic relationship between the two countries.
Evolution of the bilateral relationship between India and Indonesia
- Historical Foundations and Early Cooperation: India and Indonesia established diplomatic relations in 1949, following India’s recognition of Indonesia’s independence in 1946.
- The early years were marked by a strong partnership against colonialism, highlighted by President Sukarno’s participation as the chief guest at India’s first Republic Day in 1950 and their collaboration during the Bandung Conference in 1955, which laid the groundwork for the Non-Aligned Movement.
- Revitalization in the 1990s: The relationship saw a significant revival with India’s ‘Look East Policy’ initiated in the 1990s, aimed at strengthening ties with Southeast Asian nations.
- This period marked increased political engagement and economic cooperation, culminating in the establishment of a strategic partnership during President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s visit to India in 2005.
- Contemporary Engagement and Strategic Partnership: Recent years have seen a deepening of bilateral relations through comprehensive agreements on defence, maritime security, and economic collaboration.
- The signing of the “Shared Vision of Maritime Cooperation” in 2018 and ongoing joint military exercises reflect a commitment to enhancing security cooperation amid regional challenges, particularly concerning China’s assertiveness in the South China Sea.
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What are the implications of India-Indonesia bilateral relations?
- Strengthened Strategic Partnership: The agreement to position an Indonesian liaison officer at India’s Information Fusion Centre highlights a commitment to enhance maritime cooperation and information sharing, which is crucial for regional security amidst rising tensions in the South China Sea.
- Collective Security Efforts: Both nations have emphasized the importance of combating terrorism and have agreed to enhance anti-terror cooperation. This reflects a mutual understanding of shared security challenges and the need for collaborative responses.
- Maritime Dialogue: The establishment of early dialogues on maritime security and cyber security indicates a proactive approach to address emerging threats and maintain stability in the Indo-Pacific region.
How will the agreements reached during this visit impact regional security dynamics?
- Promotion of Peaceful Resolutions: By advocating for a “full and effective” Code of Conduct (COC) in the South China Sea, India and Indonesia are positioning themselves as key players in promoting a rules-based order in the region, countering China’s assertive claims.
- Support for International Law: Their joint statement reinforces adherence to international laws, including the 1982 UNCLOS, which could serve as a counterbalance to unilateral actions by China in the South China Sea.
- Enhanced Cooperation with ASEAN: Both countries are likely to strengthen ties with ASEAN nations that share similar concerns about China’s maritime ambitions, fostering a united front in regional diplomacy.
What economic benefits are anticipated from enhanced collaboration?
- Local Currency Transactions: The emphasis on using local currencies for bilateral trade is expected to reduce transaction costs and enhance trade volumes between India and Indonesia, thereby boosting economic ties.
- Increased Trade Opportunities: Enhanced cooperation in sectors such as hydrography and defense could open new avenues for economic collaboration, potentially leading to increased investments and joint ventures.
- Maritime Commerce: By advocating for unimpeded lawful maritime commerce, both nations aim to secure vital trade routes that are crucial for their economies, particularly in light of the South China Sea’s significance as a global trade corridor.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Multilateral Diplomacy: India and Indonesia should continue to collaborate with ASEAN and other regional stakeholders to promote a unified stance on maritime security, focusing on the full implementation of the South China Sea Code of Conduct and adherence to international law.
- Enhance Economic Integration: Both nations should prioritize deepening economic ties through initiatives like local currency transactions and joint ventures in defence and maritime sectors, fostering sustainable growth and bolstering regional economic stability.
Mains PYQ:
Q Mention the significance of straits and isthmus in international trade. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Capital Market;
Why in the News?
SEBI is collaborating with the mutual fund industry to find ways to make monthly SIPs of just Rs 250 possible, aiming to encourage more people from lower-income groups to invest in mutual funds.
What is Sachetisation?
- Sachetisation refers to offering products in small, affordable units, making them accessible to a broader consumer base, especially those in price-sensitive segments.
- The term originated from the FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) sector, where products like shampoos were made available in small sachets at low prices to cater to low-income consumers.
- SEBI is now proposing a similar approach for mutual funds, allowing small-ticket investments through SIPs (Systematic Investment Plans) with low monthly amounts (such as Rs 250).
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What are the significances of Sachetisation?
- Affordable Financial Products: Just as small sachets of consumer goods made them accessible to lower-income groups, small-ticket SIPs in mutual funds can make investment opportunities available to a larger section of the population, particularly those who may not have the financial capacity to invest larger amounts.
- Promoting Financial Empowerment: By lowering the entry barrier for mutual fund investments, sachetisation can help empower underserved communities and individuals by enabling them to participate in the growing financial markets and benefit from the potential returns.
- Expanding Reach: This approach would encourage mutual fund companies to expand their reach to remote locations, helping them penetrate rural and low-income markets, and promote a wider culture of saving and investing.
- Financial Inclusion for the Bottom of the Pyramid: The primary target of sachetisation in mutual funds is low-income groups that have limited access to traditional investment products. By offering small, regular investments, SEBI aims to promote financial inclusion at the grassroots level.
How does it work?
- SEBI has proposed introducing small ticket SIPs at Rs 250 per month, which would allow new investors from low-income groups to participate in mutual funds without the burden of higher minimum investment requirements. This contrasts with existing schemes that often require a minimum SIP of Rs 500 or more.
- Investors can commit to a small ticket SIP for a duration of five years (60 installments), although they have the flexibility to withdraw or stop their investments without restrictions if needed. This structure encourages consistent investment while providing an exit option for investors.
- To facilitate the success of small ticket SIPs, SEBI plans to implement discounted rates for intermediaries and reimburse certain costs from the Investor Education and Awareness Fund. This will help asset management companies (AMCs) break even more quickly on their investments in these small ticket offerings.
- The sachetised SIPs will be available under specific mutual fund schemes, excluding high-risk options like small-cap and mid-cap equity schemes, which are deemed unsuitable for new investors from lower-income backgrounds. This targeted approach aims to safeguard these investors while still encouraging their entry into the market.
- To further promote financial inclusion, SEBI proposes incentives for distributors who successfully guide investors through 24 instalments of the small ticket SIP, thereby enhancing participation and support for new investors in mutual funds.
Conclusion: The strategy could result in a significant increase in domestic investor participation, contributing to the resilience of India’s equity market and fostering long-term financial stability.
Mains PYQ:
Q Comment on the important changes introduced in respect of the Long term Capital Gains Tax (LCGT) and Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT) in the Union Budget for 2018-2019. (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI)
Why in the News?
The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI), under the Union Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways, upgraded its sub-office in Varanasi to a full-fledged Regional Office. This move aims to strengthen the implementation of Inland Water Transport (IWT) activities in National Waterway-1 (NW-1), covering the Ganga River, and other waterways in Uttar Pradesh.
IWAI’s Regional Expansion:
- Varanasi becomes IWAI’s 6th regional office, joining those in Guwahati, Patna, Kochi, Bhubaneswar, and Kolkata.
- Capacity augmentation is also underway for NW-2 (Brahmaputra River), NW-3 (West Coast Canal), and NW-16 (Barak River).
Important Projects by IWAI:
- Jal Marg Vikas Project (JMVP): A World Bank-supported initiative aimed at capacity augmentation of NW-1 through:
- River conservancy works like bandalling and maintenance dredging.
- Construction of key infrastructure, including:
- Multi-Modal Terminals (MMTs): Varanasi, Sahibganj, and Haldia.
- Inter-Modal Terminal: Kalughat.
- Navigational Lock: Farakka, West Bengal.
- Development of 60 community jetties across Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal to support local communities like farmers, artisans, and fishermen.
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About Inland Waterways Authority of India
- Established in 1986 under the Inland Waterways Authority of India Act, 1985.
- Headquarters: Noida, Uttar Pradesh.
- Objective: To reduce the underutilization of India’s 14,500 kilometers of navigable waterways, which account for just 2% of the transportation mix.
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- Responsible for regulating and developing inland waterways for shipping and navigation.
- Develops and maintains Inland Water Transport (IWT) infrastructure on national waterways with grants from the Ministry of Shipping.
- Ensures safe and efficient navigation to integrate waterways into the national transport system.
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- Planning and Execution: Implements and maintains navigation and shipping infrastructure projects.
- National Waterways Management: Oversees 111 national waterways under the National Waterways Act, 2016.
- Infrastructure Development: Focuses on dredging, terminal construction, and maintaining year-round navigability for vessels.
PYQ:
[2016] Enumerate the problems and prospects of inland water transport in India. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rakhigarhi; Indus-Saraswati Civilisation
Why in the News?
A massive water reservoir recently uncovered at Rakhigarhi reveals advanced Harappan water management practices linked to the Saraswati River.
Do you know?
The Centre of Excellence for Research on the Saraswati River (CERSR) at Kurukshetra University conducted a comprehensive study establishing that the Saraswati River, often termed “mythical,” flowed in Haryana until 1402 AD. |
About Rakhigarhi
- Rakhigarhi, located in Hisar, Haryana is the largest site of the Indus-Saraswati Civilisation, dating back to the mature Harappan period (2600–1900 BCE).
- It is situated in the plains of the Saraswati River, about 27 km from the seasonal Ghaggar River.
- First excavated in 1969 by archaeologist Suraj Bhan, it consists of seven mounds and has been a key site for understanding Harappan urban planning and water management.
- Recent findings have pushed the timeline of the civilisation to as early as 6000 BCE.
- In 2020, Rakhigarhi was designated as an Iconic Site under the Union Budget for development and preservation.
- NCERT states that DNA studies from Rakhigarhi suggest the genetic roots of the Harappans trace back to 10,000 BCE.
Significant Features
- Urban Planning: Evidence of well-planned streets, brick houses, and an advanced drainage system.
- Water Management: Discovery of a 3.5–4 feet deep reservoir at Mound 3 indicates advanced water storage systems.
- Cultural Significance: Artifacts such as pottery, terracotta figurines, beads, and copper tools demonstrate artistic and technological advancement.
- Trade and Economy: Marine shells and fishhooks point to long-distance trade and local craftsmanship.
- River Proximity: Located near the paleochannels of the Drishadvati River, a key tributary of the Saraswati River, supporting agriculture and daily life.
Key Findings
- Huge Water Reservoir at Mound 3: Layers of siltation confirm water storage practices during the late Harappan period.
- Artifacts: Items like copper tools, marine shells, and ornate pottery suggest trade and daily life activities.
- Burials: Skeletons and burial goods provide insights into Harappan rituals and social structures.
- DNA Analysis: A 4,600-year-old skeleton showed no Steppe ancestry, challenging the Aryan invasion theory.
- Related Sites: Nearby settlements like Bhirrana and Farmana extend the timeline of the civilisation.
PYQ:
[2011] Regarding the Indus Valley Civilization, consider the following statements:
- It was predominantly a secular civilization and the religious element, though present, did not dominate the scene,
- During this period, cotton was used for manufacturing textiles in India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nahargarh WLS
Why in the News?
The Forest Department of Rajasthan has initiated efforts to revise the boundaries of the Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary to address existing legal and administrative complications.
About the Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary
- It was established in 1980, Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Jaipur, Rajasthan.
- It is named after the nearby Nahargarh Fort, which overlooks the sanctuary.
- It is a significant part of the Ranthambore Tiger Reserve corridor, providing a habitat for wildlife movement.
- Geographical Features:
- It is situated in the Aravalli hills, close to Jaipur city, offering a natural escape amidst urban surroundings.
- Its area spans approximately 50 square kilometres, featuring rugged terrain with hills, valleys, and plateaus.
- It has seasonal streams and waterholes that serve as vital water sources for wildlife.
- Flora and Fauna:
- Flora: Comprises dry deciduous and thorny scrub forests, typical of the Aravalli range; Key tree species include Dhok, Babool, Khejri, and Ber; Grassy patches and scattered shrubs provide a diverse ecosystem for herbivores.
- Fauna: Fauna: Includes leopards, hyenas, wild boars, jackals, sambars, chitals, peacocks, partridges, migratory birds, monitor lizards, snakes, turtles, and various pollinators.
PYQ:
[2012] In which one among the following categories of protected areas in India are local people not allowed to collect and use the biomass?
(a) Biosphere Reserves
(b) National Parks
(c) Wetlands declared under Ramsar Convention
(d) Wildlife Sanctuaries |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Stargardt Disease
Why in the News?
Researchers have created a gene-editing tool to fix ABCA4 gene mutations, offering hope for treating Stargardt disease, a rare condition that causes progressive vision loss.
What is Stargardt Disease?
- Stargardt Disease is a rare inherited eye disorder that causes progressive vision loss, primarily affecting the central part of the retina, called the macula.
- It is typically caused by mutations in the ABCA4 gene, which disrupts the body’s ability to use Vitamin A, leading to an excessive buildup of lipofuscin (yellowish-brown pigment) in retinal cells.
- The disease commonly begins in childhood or early adulthood and is usually bilateral, involving both eyes.
- Currently, there is no cure for Stargardt Disease.
Symptoms of Stargardt Disease
- Progressive vision loss, particularly affecting central vision.
- Difficulty seeing in low light (night blindness).
- Blurred or distorted vision, with colors appearing less vivid.
- Appearance of dark spots or areas of vision loss in the central visual field.
- Gradual deterioration of visual acuity, leading to potential legal blindness.
Present Scenario in India
- According to a 2023 study by L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad:
- The disease predominantly affects males and typically manifests during the second decade of life.
- Estimated prevalence: 1 in 8,000 to 10,000 individuals.
- 10.79% of patients had a family history of Stargardt disease, while 10.69% were from consanguineous marriages.
- In India, Stargardt disease is a not uncommon hereditary condition, with limited treatment options available.
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