PYQ Relevance:
Q.) “Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse. (CS Mains 2021)
Q.) Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieving ‘Health for All’ in India. Explain. (CS Mains 2018) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains has always focused on traditional knowledge of medicine (2019) and the health sector (2020).
A recent Supreme Court ruling in the case of Bhagwati Medical Hall vs Central Drugs Standard Control Organization & Ors. has highlighted the difficult challenge faced by state governments in controlling the public health risk caused by alcoholic tinctures sold as homoeopathic remedies in India. Despite the Union Government’s efforts to address the issue, the strong influence of the homoeopathic industry has often led to legal battles that prevent real progress.
Today’s editorial discusses the difficult challenge state governments face in managing the health risks from alcoholic tinctures sold as homoeopathic medicines in India. This information can be useful for supporting your argument in GS Paper 1 and 2 answers.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Alcoholic tinctures sold as homoeopathic remedies in India pose a serious risk to public health.
What are the recent changes in homoeopathic tinctures?
- Introduction of Rule 106B: Limits alcohol content in homoeopathic tinctures to 12% and restricts retail sale to 30 ml bottles, with larger bottles (up to 100 ml) allowed only for hospitals.
- Taxation Post-GST: Alcohol for medicinal purposes is taxed at 18%, significantly lower than State taxes on alcoholic beverages, making tinctures a cheaper alternative.
- Supreme Court’s Intervention: In the Bhagwati Medical Hall case, the SC upheld that only the Union government can regulate homoeopathic tinctures, emphasizing stricter enforcement to address public health risks.
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What are the implications of the recent regulatory changes in homoeopathy?
- Regulatory Complexity and Taxation Issues: The regulatory architecture for homoeopathic alcoholic tinctures is highly complex, with overlapping jurisdictions between the Union and States.
- Post-GST, alcohol for medicinal purposes is taxed at 18%, significantly lower than State taxes on alcoholic beverages, making homoeopathic tinctures a cheaper alternative for consumers.
- States cannot regulate these tinctures without presidential assent, leading to a lack of quality control and public health oversight.
- Public Health Hazards: Homoeopathic tinctures containing 12% alcohol are often consumed as substitutes for alcoholic beverages, leading to alcohol-related illnesses such as alcoholic hepatitis.
- For example: States like Gujarat and Bihar, where alcohol is prohibited, have reported deaths due to the consumption of spurious homoeopathic tinctures..
- Industry Lawfare and Regulatory Delays: The homoeopathic industry has consistently challenged regulations, such as Rule 106B of the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945, through prolonged litigation.
- The Union government’s decision to pursue litigation instead of laying Rule 106B before Parliament has further delayed regulatory enforcement.
How does the public perception of homoeopathy impact healthcare choices?
- Misleading Perception of Safety: Many consumers perceive homoeopathic remedies as safe and natural, unaware of the high alcohol content in tinctures.
- This perception leads to the misuse of homoeopathic tinctures as substitutes for alcoholic beverages, especially in prohibition States like Bihar and Gujarat.
- Lack of Awareness: Poorly informed consumers may consume homoeopathic tinctures daily, believing they are curing ailments, while unknowingly risking alcohol-related diseases.
- The absence of clear labelling and warnings exacerbates the problem, as consumers are not fully aware of the health risks associated with these products.
- Impact on Healthcare Choices: The availability of cheap, alcohol-based homoeopathic tinctures influences healthcare choices, particularly among low-income groups seeking affordable alternatives to conventional medicine.
- This reliance on homoeopathy can delay or prevent access to evidence-based medical treatments, worsening health outcomes.
What role should evidence-based research play in validating homoeopathic practices? (Way forward)
- Need for Regulatory Reforms: Research should inform regulatory decisions, such as whether alcohol should be permitted in homoeopathic and ayurvedic products.
- Countries like the U.S. and U.K. are considering cancer warnings on alcoholic beverages, highlighting the need for similar scrutiny of alcohol-based medicinal products in India.
- Public Health Policy: Evidence-based research can guide public health policies, ensuring that regulations prioritize consumer safety over industry interests.
- Research should also address the misuse of homoeopathic tinctures as substitutes for alcoholic beverages, particularly in prohibition States.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Role of Governor;
Why in the News?
The Governor’s role as Chancellor of State universities has been a topic of significant debate. It is frequently misinterpreted as a post-independence mechanism designed to protect universities from political interference.
What are the implications of having the Governor serve as Chancellor for university autonomy?
- Reduced Autonomy: The role of the Governor as chancellor has historically restricted the autonomy of universities, as this model was inherited from colonial rule. The powers granted to Governors include appointing Vice-Chancellors and presiding over university bodies, which can lead to political interference rather than safeguarding academic independence.
- Political Interference: Instead of insulating universities from politics, the involvement of Governors often exacerbates political influence, particularly when Governors act in alignment with the Central government’s agenda, compromising the universities’ operational independence and academic freedom.
- Dual Authority System: The existence of both the Governor and State governments creates a dual authority that can lead to conflicting directives and administrative paralysis, particularly in Opposition-ruled states where disagreements may delay critical decisions such as Vice-Chancellor appointments.
How does the role of Governors as Chancellors align with or contradict the principles of federalism?
- Concurrent Legislative Powers in Education (Entry 25, List III, Seventh Schedule): Since education falls under the Concurrent List, the Governor’s role as Chancellor facilitates coordination between state and national education policies, promoting synergy.
- Governor Acting Beyond State Government’s Advice (Article 163): When Governors act in their discretionary capacity as Chancellors bypassing the elected state government undermines democratic accountability and state autonomy.
- State Authority over Universities (Entry 32, List II, Seventh Schedule): Control over universities is a state subject, and direct interference by Governors in university administration contradicts the federal principle of centralising authority.
What is the role of the President vs Governors as Chancellors?
- President: As the constitutional head, the functions are based on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers at the Union level under Article 74 of the Constitution. The President does not directly act as a Chancellor for any educational institution.
- Governor: The Governor, appointed by the President under Article 155, acts as the constitutional head of the state and also serves as the Chancellor of State universities as per state laws, often with discretionary powers. This dual role blurs the line between their constitutional duties and state governance.
What alternative models for university governance could be considered?
- Governor as Ceremonial Chancellor: This model would limit the Governor’s powers, requiring them to act on the advice of the State Council of Ministers in university matters. States like Gujarat, Karnataka, and Maharashtra have implemented variations of this approach.
- Chief Minister as Chancellor: This model proposes that the Chief Minister take on a ceremonial role. While West Bengal and Punjab have passed bills for this system, they await Presidential assent.
- State-Appointed Chancellor: Implemented in Telangana, this model allows state governments to appoint a ceremonial Chancellor who is an eminent academic or public figure, thus ensuring greater alignment with local governance and accountability.
- Chancellor Elected by University Bodies: Similar to models in prestigious institutions like Oxford and Cambridge, this approach empowers university bodies and alumni to elect their Chancellor, promoting institutional self-governance and reducing political influence.
- Chancellor Appointed by University’s Executive Council: This model involves universities appointing their Chancellors through transparent selection processes within their governing bodies, fostering independence from external political pressures.
Way forward:
- Decentralize University Governance: Empower universities to elect or appoint Chancellors through their governing bodies, fostering institutional autonomy, and transparency to reduce external political interference.
- Restrict the Governor’s Role to Ceremonial Functions: Limit the Governor’s powers in university matters to a ceremonial capacity, ensuring that academic decisions align with the principles of state autonomy and federalism.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the essential conditions for the exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss the legality of the re-promulgation of ordinances by the Governor without placing them before the Legislature. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Climate change;
Why in the News?
Everyone will be watching Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on February 1 as she presents the FY26 Budget, which needs to focus on climate issues and help India reach its Net-Zero goal by 2030.
How will the proposed climate finance taxonomy influence investment in sustainable projects?
- Standardization and Clarity: The proposed climate finance taxonomy will standardize definitions of green finance, providing clarity and reducing ambiguity for investors. This will help in distinguishing genuinely sustainable projects from those that are not, thereby building investor confidence.
| A green finance taxonomy is a classification system that defines which activities, investments, or projects are considered “green” or environmentally sustainable. |
- Increased Investment: By standardizing green finance definitions, the taxonomy can attract a significant portion of the ₹162.5 trillion ($2.5 trillion) needed to achieve India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) by 2030. This is crucial for scaling up investments in sustainable projects.
- Market Readiness: The taxonomy will necessitate the development of institutional and technical infrastructure, including market readiness programs, verification systems, and capacity building of financial institutions. This will create a robust ecosystem for green investments.
- Differential Tax Treatment: The Budget could introduce differential tax treatment for investments aligned with the taxonomy, making green investments more attractive compared to conventional ones.
What specific measures are needed to incentivize green investments in the upcoming budget?
- Expanding PLI Schemes for Solar Module Supply Chain: India’s domestic solar module manufacturing capacity stands at 18-20 GW, while the annual demand is 30-35 GW. Imported solar panels are 65% cheaper than domestically produced ones.
- So, need to expand the scope of PLI schemes can enhance domestic capacity and reduce dependency on imports.
- Public-Private Partnerships for Railway Renewable Energy: Indian Railways has 51,000 hectares of land available for renewable energy projects, yet only 142 MW of solar capacity has been installed so far, against a potential of 5 GW. Public-private partnerships can unlock this potential and align with the Railways’ decarbonization goals.
- Establishing a Climate Action Fund for CBAM Compliance: India’s exports of CBAM-covered products to the EU amount to $8.22 billion annually. MSMEs, which contribute 30% of GDP and 45% of exports, often lack resources for decarbonization. A dedicated Climate Action Fund could support MSMEs in meeting compliance requirements and maintaining competitiveness.
- Fiscal Allocations for the RESCO Model: Only 6.34 lakh (4.37%) of 1.45 crore registrations under the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijlee Yojana have been completed. Additionally, 60% of Indian households find rooftop solar installations unaffordable due to upfront costs.
- The RESCO model can help by enabling financing solutions to bridge this affordability gap.
- Tax Deductions and Depreciation Benefits for Circular Economy: India generates 62 million tonnes of waste annually, with only 30% being recycled. Transitioning to a circular economy could contribute ₹40 lakh crore ($624 billion) annually by 2050.
- Tax incentives and accelerated depreciation benefits can encourage private sector participation in recycling and resource efficiency.
What are the steps taken by the Government of India?
- National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): Launched in 2008, this comprehensive framework includes eight missions aimed at addressing climate change through renewable energy promotion, enhanced energy efficiency, sustainable habitat development, and more.
- Key missions include the National Solar Mission and the Green India Mission, which focus on increasing solar energy usage and enhancing forest cover, respectively.
- Commitment to Renewable Energy: India aims to achieve 500 GW of non-fossil fuel energy capacity by 2030 and has pledged to reduce total projected carbon emissions by one billion tonnes.
- Adaptation and Resilience Initiatives: The government has established the National Adaptation Fund on Climate Change (NAFCC) to support projects that enhance resilience against climate impacts.
- On the other hand, the State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC) aligns with NAPCC objectives, focusing on sector-specific adaptations in agriculture, water management, and biodiversity.
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How can India ensure accountability and transparency in its climate financing efforts? (Way forward)
- Sovereign Green Bond Framework: Establish a sovereign green bond framework specifically for financing circular economy infrastructure, ensuring that funds are allocated transparently and used for their intended purposes.
- Verification Systems: Implement robust verification systems to ensure that projects funded through green finance taxonomy are genuinely sustainable and meet the required environmental standards.
- Capacity Building: Invest in capacity building of financial institutions to effectively implement the climate finance taxonomy, including training programs and technical support.
- Government Expenditure Classification: Commit to classifying government expenditure according to green criteria, ensuring that public funds are directed towards sustainable projects.
- Regular Reporting and Audits: Mandate regular reporting and audits of climate-related expenditures and projects to ensure accountability and transparency. This will help in tracking progress and making necessary adjustments to policies and allocations.
Mains PYQ:
Q ‘Clean energy is the order of the day.’ Describe briefly India’s changing policy towards climate change in various international fora in the context of geopolitics. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Right to freedom of religion;
Why in the News?
The High Court was hearing a petition from two residents’ groups in Mumbai’s Nehru Nagar, Kurla (East), and Chunabhatti areas, complaining about mosques and madrasas using loudspeakers too loudly and at forbidden times.
What are the present directions by the Bombay High Court?
- The Court directed the state to implement a mechanism for controlling decibel levels in loudspeakers and sound-emitting devices at religious places, suggesting the use of “calibration or auto-fixation” of decibel limits.
- The Mumbai Police Commissioner is required to ensure police officers use mobile applications to measure decibel levels and identify violations.
- A four-step graded penalty system was prescribed, including caution for first-time offenders, fines for repeat violations, seizure of loudspeakers and cancellation of licenses for continued violations, and initiation of complaints against the violators.
Why did the Bombay High Court rule that the use of loudspeakers is not essential to religious practices (ERP)?
- Non-Essential Practice: The court emphasized that using loudspeakers for prayers or religious discourses does not constitute an essential part of any religion. It clarified that such practices are not protected under Article 25 of the Constitution, which guarantees the freedom to practice religion.
- Public Health Concerns: The court highlighted that noise pollution poses significant health hazards. It asserted that allowing the unrestricted use of loudspeakers could infringe on the rights of residents living nearby, thus prioritizing public interest and health over the claimed religious rights associated with loudspeaker use.
- Legal Framework Compliance: The ruling reinforced that all religious institutions must comply with noise pollution regulations, specifically the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, which set permissible noise levels in residential areas. The court directed strict enforcement of these laws, indicating that violations should result in penalties rather than exemptions based on religion.
What are the Supreme Court Judgements related to essential religious practices (ERP)?
- Shirur Mutt Case (1954): This case established the foundation for the ERP doctrine, where the Supreme Court ruled that Article 25 protects not only religious beliefs but also the outward expressions of those beliefs through rituals and ceremonies. The court emphasized that what constitutes an essential part of religion should be determined based on the doctrines of that religion itself.
- Durgah Committee Case (1961): In this ruling, the Supreme Court adopted a more restrictive approach, stating that only practices essential and integral to a religion are protected under Article 25. The court differentiated between superstitious practices and those that are essential, marking a shift to a narrower interpretation of protected religious practices.
- Ismail Faruqui v. Union of India (1995): This case involved the Babri Masjid land acquisition issue. The Supreme Court held that while offering prayers is an essential Islamic practice, doing so in a mosque is not necessarily required unless the mosque has specific religious significance, highlighting an inconsistency in applying the ERP test.
- Dr. Mahesh Vijay Bedekar v. Maharashtra (2016): The Supreme Court’s ruling emphasized that the use of loudspeakers is not an essential religious practice and cannot be claimed as a fundamental right under Article 25 (freedom of religion) or Article 19(1)(a) (freedom of speech and expression).
- Sabarimala Temple Entry Case (2018): The Supreme Court ruled that barring women from entering the Sabarimala temple violated their rights to equality and non-discrimination.
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Way forward:
- Implementation of Strict Noise Regulations: Ensure effective enforcement of noise pollution laws, using technology like mobile apps to monitor decibel levels, and impose a clear and consistent penalty system for violations at religious places.
- Public Awareness and Sensitization: Raise awareness about the non-essential nature of loudspeaker use in religious practices, while balancing religious freedom with public health and the rights of nearby residents. Encourage dialogue between religious institutions and local authorities to find peaceful solutions.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the challenges to our cultural practices in the name of Secularism? (UPSC IAS/2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Unified Pension Scheme
Why in the News?
The Finance Ministry has announced the operationalization of the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) for Central Government employees under the National Pension System (NPS), effective from April 1, 2025.
Salient features of the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS)
- Effective from April 1, 2025.
- Eligibility: Applicable to Central Government employees with at least 10 years of service.
- Assured Pension:
- 50% of average basic pay over the last 12 months before retirement for employees with 25+ years of service.
- Proportionate benefits for employees with 10–25 years of service.
- Assured Minimum Pension: ₹10,000 per month for eligible employees.
- Assured Family Pension: 60% of the pension drawn by the employee prior to their death.
- Inflation Protection:
- Pensions indexed to inflation.
- Dearness Relief (DR) linked to the All India Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (AICPI-IW).
- Government Contribution: Increased to 18.5% of basic pay and DA (up from 14% under NPS).
- Employee Contribution: 10% of basic pay and DA (same as NPS).
- Lump Sum Payment:
- One-tenth of last drawn pay (including DA) for every six months of completed service, in addition to gratuity.
- Choice of Scheme: Employees can choose between UPS and NPS starting from the upcoming financial year, with the choice being final once made.
- Beneficiaries: Initially benefits 23 lakh Central Government employees, with potential extension to 90 lakh employees if adopted by state governments.
Differences between UPS, NPS and OPS (Old Pension Scheme)
|
Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) |
National Pension Scheme (NPS) |
Old Pension Scheme (OPS) |
| Pension Amount |
50% of average basic pay over last 12 months; proportional for service <25 years. |
Market-linked, dependent on contributions and market performance. |
50% of last drawn salary, increases with DA hikes. |
| Family Pension |
60% of employee’s pension after their death. |
Based on accumulated corpus and annuity plans. |
Continued benefits to family after retiree’s death. |
| Employee Contribution |
10% of basic salary. |
10% of basic salary. |
None; entirely government-funded. |
| Government Contribution |
18.5% of basic salary. |
14% of basic salary. |
Entire cost borne by the government. |
| Inflation Indexation |
Linked to AICPI-IW. |
Not applicable (market-linked returns). |
Indexed; pension increases with DA hikes. |
PYQ:
[2017] Who among the following can join the National Pension System (NPS)?
(a) Resident Indian citizens only
(b) Persons of age from 21 to 55 only
(c) All State Government employees joining the services after the date of notification by the respective State Governments
(d) All Central Government employees including those of Armed Forces joining the services on or after 1st April, 2004 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Magnetic Model
Why in the News?
Earth’s magnetic north pole, a critical point where the planet’s magnetic field lines converge, is in constant motion due to changes in the Earth’s molten core. Currently located in the Arctic Ocean above Canada, the magnetic north pole has been moving towards Siberia at an accelerated pace.
What is the World Magnetic Model (WMM)?
- The WMM is the standard model used for navigation, attitude, and heading referencing systems that rely on Earth’s geomagnetic field.
- It is widely used in civilian applications, including navigation and heading systems, as well as in military operations.
- The WMM provides accurate data on the Earth’s magnetic field and the location of the magnetic North Pole, combining measurements from ground stations and satellites.
- Revisions and Updates:
- A new version is updated every five years to address changes in the magnetic field.
- The latest version, WMM2025, was released on December 17, 2024, and will remain valid until late 2029.
- The WMM is jointly developed by the United States’ National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) and the United Kingdom’s Defence Geographic Centre (DGC), with technical support from NCEI and the British Geological Survey (BGS).
- It serves both civilian and military purposes, ensuring accuracy in navigation systems, GPS applications, and other tools dependent on Earth’s magnetic field.
Why is the Magnetic North Pole Moving?
- The magnetic North Pole moves due to the dynamic flow of molten iron and other metals in Earth’s outer core, which generates the planet’s magnetic field.
- These movements cause shifts in magnetic field lines, leading to the pole’s drift over time.
- The pole was first identified in Canada in 1831 and has since moved over 400 km toward Russia.
- Key Observations of Movement:
- From 1990 to 2000, the pole drifted at a rapid rate of 55 km/year.
- By 2015, this rate slowed to 35 km/year, but the drift remains unpredictable.
- Currently, the pole is moving closer to Siberia, reflecting changes in Earth’s core dynamics.
- Impact of Movement:
- The drift affects navigation systems, aviation routes, and Earth’s magnetic shielding against harmful solar radiation.
- Scientists monitor this movement using the WMM to ensure updated predictions and mitigate potential impacts on navigation and environmental protection.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Etikoppaka Toys
Why in the News?
On the occasion of India’s 76th Republic Day, Andhra Pradesh’s tableau showcasing the Etikoppaka Bommalu — a 400-year-old wooden toy-making tradition — captivated the audience at New Delhi’s Kartavya Path.
About Etikoppaka Bommalu
- The craft originates from Etikoppaka, a small village in Andhra Pradesh, renowned for its 400-year-old wooden toy-making tradition.
- The name “Etikoppaka” is synonymous with eco-friendly wooden toys, which reflect a seamless blend of art and sustainability.
- The toys are made from the wood of the Ankudu tree (Wrightia tinctoria), known for its lightweight and malleable properties, allowing intricate carvings.
- Artisans use natural dyes derived from plant-based sources like seeds, leaves, and bark, ensuring non-toxic and child-safe finishes.
- The lacquer-turning technique gives the toys a lustrous finish, sealing the natural colors while enhancing durability.
Cultural and Historical Significance
- The toys often depict mythological characters, animals, and musical instruments, connecting them to India’s rich cultural heritage.
- Many designs reflect motifs from ancient civilizations such as Mohenjo Daro and Harappa.
- The crafts include spinning tops, household decorations, musical instruments, and Raja-Rani figurines, showcasing a timeless aesthetic.
- In 2017, Etikoppaka Bommalu received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag, ensuring their authenticity and preserving their cultural significance.
- These toys have gained international recognition, admired by collectors and eco-conscious enthusiasts.
Other GI-Tagged Toys in India:
|
Origin |
Description |
| Channapatna Toys |
Karnataka |
Wooden toys known for vibrant colors and eco-friendly lacquer finish. |
| Nirmal Toys |
Telangana |
Intricately carved wooden toys that reflect artistic craftsmanship. |
| Indore Leather Toys |
Madhya Pradesh |
Lifelike animal figures made from leather, showcasing detailed craftsmanship. |
| Kondapalli Bommallu |
Andhra Pradesh |
Traditional wooden dolls crafted from local wood, often painted in bright colors. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Wetland City Accreditation (WCA)
Why in the News?
Prime Minister recently commended Indore and Udaipur for earning a spot in the prestigious list of 31 Wetland Accredited Cities (WCA) worldwide under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.
Key Highlights of Indore and Udaipur
- Indore:
- Known as India’s cleanest city and recipient of Smart City 2023 Award.
- Sirpur Lake, a Ramsar site, supports large water bird congregations and is being developed as a bird sanctuary.
- Over 200 wetland mitras are actively involved in conservation efforts, particularly protecting the Sarus Crane.
- Udaipur:
- Famous for its picturesque lakes, including Pichola, Fateh Sagar, Rang Sagar, Swaroop Sagar, and Doodh Talai.
- These wetlands are vital for maintaining the city’s microclimate and providing a buffer against extreme weather events.
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About Wetland City Accreditation (WCA)
- It was introduced during COP 12 (2015) of the Ramsar Convention to recognize cities that take exceptional steps in wetland conservation and sustainable management.
- Objective: To promote the conservation and wise use of urban and peri-urban wetlands while fostering socio-economic benefits for local populations.
- The accreditation is valid for 6 years.
Criteria for WCA:
Cities must meet specific standards set by the Ramsar Convention, including:
- Presence of one or more Ramsar sites or significant wetlands.
- Implementation of wetland conservation measures and restoration initiatives.
- Integration of wetlands into land-use planning.
- Raising public awareness about the importance of wetlands.
- Establishing local committees with expertise in wetland management.
- Having strong laws and policies to prevent wetland degradation.
India’s Efforts in Wetland Conservation
- India became a Ramsar Convention member in 1982, with 85 Ramsar sites covering 13,58,068 hectares (10% of India’s wetland area).
- India initially designated 26 Ramsar sites (1982–2013) and added 59 more since 2014, reflecting a growing commitment to wetland preservation.
- Tamil Nadu leads with 18 Ramsar sites, followed by Uttar Pradesh (10 sites).
- Global Leadership Wetland Conservation:
- UK has the highest number of Ramsar sites (175), followed by Mexico (142).
- Bolivia has the largest area under Ramsar protection (148,000 sq. km).
Interesting Facts about Indian Wetlands:
- India’s wetlands cover 1,52,600 sq. km, constituting 4.63% of its geographical area (ISRO data).
- Gujarat has the largest wetland area, followed by Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.
- Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance:
- Examples include Chilika Lake (Odisha), Sundarbans (West Bengal), and Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan).
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PYQ:
[2014] If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply?
(a) Changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely to occur in the wetland as a result of human interference.
(b) The country in which the wetland is located should enact a law to prohibit any human activity within five kilometres from the edge of the wetland.
(c) The survival of the wetland depends on the cultural practices and traditions of certain communities living in its vicinity and therefore the cultural diversity therein should not be destroyed.
(d) It is given the status of ‘World Heritage Site.’ |
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