Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Unified Pension Scheme
Why in the News?
The Finance Ministry has announced the operationalization of the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) for Central Government employees under the National Pension System (NPS), effective from April 1, 2025.
Salient features of the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS)
- Effective from April 1, 2025.
- Eligibility: Applicable to Central Government employees with at least 10 years of service.
- Assured Pension:
- 50% of average basic pay over the last 12 months before retirement for employees with 25+ years of service.
- Proportionate benefits for employees with 10–25 years of service.
- Assured Minimum Pension: ₹10,000 per month for eligible employees.
- Assured Family Pension: 60% of the pension drawn by the employee prior to their death.
- Inflation Protection:
- Pensions indexed to inflation.
- Dearness Relief (DR) linked to the All India Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (AICPI-IW).
- Government Contribution: Increased to 18.5% of basic pay and DA (up from 14% under NPS).
- Employee Contribution: 10% of basic pay and DA (same as NPS).
- Lump Sum Payment:
- One-tenth of last drawn pay (including DA) for every six months of completed service, in addition to gratuity.
- Choice of Scheme: Employees can choose between UPS and NPS starting from the upcoming financial year, with the choice being final once made.
- Beneficiaries: Initially benefits 23 lakh Central Government employees, with potential extension to 90 lakh employees if adopted by state governments.
Differences between UPS, NPS and OPS (Old Pension Scheme)
|
Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) |
National Pension Scheme (NPS) |
Old Pension Scheme (OPS) |
| Pension Amount |
50% of average basic pay over last 12 months; proportional for service <25 years. |
Market-linked, dependent on contributions and market performance. |
50% of last drawn salary, increases with DA hikes. |
| Family Pension |
60% of employee’s pension after their death. |
Based on accumulated corpus and annuity plans. |
Continued benefits to family after retiree’s death. |
| Employee Contribution |
10% of basic salary. |
10% of basic salary. |
None; entirely government-funded. |
| Government Contribution |
18.5% of basic salary. |
14% of basic salary. |
Entire cost borne by the government. |
| Inflation Indexation |
Linked to AICPI-IW. |
Not applicable (market-linked returns). |
Indexed; pension increases with DA hikes. |
PYQ:
[2017] Who among the following can join the National Pension System (NPS)?
(a) Resident Indian citizens only
(b) Persons of age from 21 to 55 only
(c) All State Government employees joining the services after the date of notification by the respective State Governments
(d) All Central Government employees including those of Armed Forces joining the services on or after 1st April, 2004 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Magnetic Model
Why in the News?
Earth’s magnetic north pole, a critical point where the planet’s magnetic field lines converge, is in constant motion due to changes in the Earth’s molten core. Currently located in the Arctic Ocean above Canada, the magnetic north pole has been moving towards Siberia at an accelerated pace.
What is the World Magnetic Model (WMM)?
- The WMM is the standard model used for navigation, attitude, and heading referencing systems that rely on Earth’s geomagnetic field.
- It is widely used in civilian applications, including navigation and heading systems, as well as in military operations.
- The WMM provides accurate data on the Earth’s magnetic field and the location of the magnetic North Pole, combining measurements from ground stations and satellites.
- Revisions and Updates:
- A new version is updated every five years to address changes in the magnetic field.
- The latest version, WMM2025, was released on December 17, 2024, and will remain valid until late 2029.
- The WMM is jointly developed by the United States’ National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) and the United Kingdom’s Defence Geographic Centre (DGC), with technical support from NCEI and the British Geological Survey (BGS).
- It serves both civilian and military purposes, ensuring accuracy in navigation systems, GPS applications, and other tools dependent on Earth’s magnetic field.
Why is the Magnetic North Pole Moving?
- The magnetic North Pole moves due to the dynamic flow of molten iron and other metals in Earth’s outer core, which generates the planet’s magnetic field.
- These movements cause shifts in magnetic field lines, leading to the pole’s drift over time.
- The pole was first identified in Canada in 1831 and has since moved over 400 km toward Russia.
- Key Observations of Movement:
- From 1990 to 2000, the pole drifted at a rapid rate of 55 km/year.
- By 2015, this rate slowed to 35 km/year, but the drift remains unpredictable.
- Currently, the pole is moving closer to Siberia, reflecting changes in Earth’s core dynamics.
- Impact of Movement:
- The drift affects navigation systems, aviation routes, and Earth’s magnetic shielding against harmful solar radiation.
- Scientists monitor this movement using the WMM to ensure updated predictions and mitigate potential impacts on navigation and environmental protection.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Etikoppaka Toys
Why in the News?
On the occasion of India’s 76th Republic Day, Andhra Pradesh’s tableau showcasing the Etikoppaka Bommalu — a 400-year-old wooden toy-making tradition — captivated the audience at New Delhi’s Kartavya Path.
About Etikoppaka Bommalu
- The craft originates from Etikoppaka, a small village in Andhra Pradesh, renowned for its 400-year-old wooden toy-making tradition.
- The name “Etikoppaka” is synonymous with eco-friendly wooden toys, which reflect a seamless blend of art and sustainability.
- The toys are made from the wood of the Ankudu tree (Wrightia tinctoria), known for its lightweight and malleable properties, allowing intricate carvings.
- Artisans use natural dyes derived from plant-based sources like seeds, leaves, and bark, ensuring non-toxic and child-safe finishes.
- The lacquer-turning technique gives the toys a lustrous finish, sealing the natural colors while enhancing durability.
Cultural and Historical Significance
- The toys often depict mythological characters, animals, and musical instruments, connecting them to India’s rich cultural heritage.
- Many designs reflect motifs from ancient civilizations such as Mohenjo Daro and Harappa.
- The crafts include spinning tops, household decorations, musical instruments, and Raja-Rani figurines, showcasing a timeless aesthetic.
- In 2017, Etikoppaka Bommalu received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag, ensuring their authenticity and preserving their cultural significance.
- These toys have gained international recognition, admired by collectors and eco-conscious enthusiasts.
Other GI-Tagged Toys in India:
|
Origin |
Description |
| Channapatna Toys |
Karnataka |
Wooden toys known for vibrant colors and eco-friendly lacquer finish. |
| Nirmal Toys |
Telangana |
Intricately carved wooden toys that reflect artistic craftsmanship. |
| Indore Leather Toys |
Madhya Pradesh |
Lifelike animal figures made from leather, showcasing detailed craftsmanship. |
| Kondapalli Bommallu |
Andhra Pradesh |
Traditional wooden dolls crafted from local wood, often painted in bright colors. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Wetland City Accreditation (WCA)
Why in the News?
Prime Minister recently commended Indore and Udaipur for earning a spot in the prestigious list of 31 Wetland Accredited Cities (WCA) worldwide under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.
Key Highlights of Indore and Udaipur
- Indore:
- Known as India’s cleanest city and recipient of Smart City 2023 Award.
- Sirpur Lake, a Ramsar site, supports large water bird congregations and is being developed as a bird sanctuary.
- Over 200 wetland mitras are actively involved in conservation efforts, particularly protecting the Sarus Crane.
- Udaipur:
- Famous for its picturesque lakes, including Pichola, Fateh Sagar, Rang Sagar, Swaroop Sagar, and Doodh Talai.
- These wetlands are vital for maintaining the city’s microclimate and providing a buffer against extreme weather events.
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About Wetland City Accreditation (WCA)
- It was introduced during COP 12 (2015) of the Ramsar Convention to recognize cities that take exceptional steps in wetland conservation and sustainable management.
- Objective: To promote the conservation and wise use of urban and peri-urban wetlands while fostering socio-economic benefits for local populations.
- The accreditation is valid for 6 years.
Criteria for WCA:
Cities must meet specific standards set by the Ramsar Convention, including:
- Presence of one or more Ramsar sites or significant wetlands.
- Implementation of wetland conservation measures and restoration initiatives.
- Integration of wetlands into land-use planning.
- Raising public awareness about the importance of wetlands.
- Establishing local committees with expertise in wetland management.
- Having strong laws and policies to prevent wetland degradation.
India’s Efforts in Wetland Conservation
- India became a Ramsar Convention member in 1982, with 85 Ramsar sites covering 13,58,068 hectares (10% of India’s wetland area).
- India initially designated 26 Ramsar sites (1982–2013) and added 59 more since 2014, reflecting a growing commitment to wetland preservation.
- Tamil Nadu leads with 18 Ramsar sites, followed by Uttar Pradesh (10 sites).
- Global Leadership Wetland Conservation:
- UK has the highest number of Ramsar sites (175), followed by Mexico (142).
- Bolivia has the largest area under Ramsar protection (148,000 sq. km).
Interesting Facts about Indian Wetlands:
- India’s wetlands cover 1,52,600 sq. km, constituting 4.63% of its geographical area (ISRO data).
- Gujarat has the largest wetland area, followed by Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.
- Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance:
- Examples include Chilika Lake (Odisha), Sundarbans (West Bengal), and Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan).
|
PYQ:
[2014] If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply?
(a) Changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely to occur in the wetland as a result of human interference.
(b) The country in which the wetland is located should enact a law to prohibit any human activity within five kilometres from the edge of the wetland.
(c) The survival of the wetland depends on the cultural practices and traditions of certain communities living in its vicinity and therefore the cultural diversity therein should not be destroyed.
(d) It is given the status of ‘World Heritage Site.’ |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) To what extend can Germany be held responsible for causing the two World Wars? Discuss critically. (UPSC CSE 2015) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains has always focused on World Wars (2015) and India’s relations with Israel (2018).
On January 27, 1945, Soviet soldiers liberated Auschwitz-Birkenau (network of Nazi concentration and extermination camps), finding 8,000 starving prisoners and remnants of the 1.1 million, mostly Jewish, who perished there. With Nazi records destroyed, exact figures are uncertain. On this anniversary, survivors and world leaders gather to honor the victims and renew the commitment to prevent genocide.
Today’s editorial talks about Genocide in the world and laws related to Genocide. It will help in GS Paper 2 Internqtional relation and GS Paper 1 World History.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
World leaders will gather in Poland to commemorate Holocaust Memorial Day and the 80th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau, a Nazi concentration camp.
What is Holocaust?
- The Holocaust, known in Hebrew as the Shoah , refers to the systematic, state-sponsored genocide of approximately six million Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II, primarily between 1941 and 1945.
- This atrocity was characterized by mass murders carried out through various means, including mass shootings and the use of extermination camps, such as Auschwitz-Birkenau and Treblinka.
What is Constitutes Genocide?
- Genocide is defined under international law as a series of acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group. This definition is codified in Article II of the 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention).
How is it Recognized Internationally?
- Legal Frameworks: The 1948 Genocide Convention defines genocide and obligates signatory states to prevent and punish the crime. This convention has been incorporated into the statutes of various international tribunals, including the International Criminal Court (ICC), establishing a legal basis for prosecution and accountability for genocidal acts.
- International Courts and Tribunals: The International Court of Justice (ICJ) and other tribunals have jurisdiction to adjudicate cases related to genocide.
- They interpret and enforce the provisions of the Genocide Convention, allowing for legal proceedings against individuals or states accused of committing genocide.
- Recognition by States and Organizations: Various countries and international organizations have formally recognized specific events as genocides, which can influence diplomatic relations and international responses.
- For example, numerous nations have acknowledged the Armenian Genocide, while the European Parliament has recognized the actions of ISIS against Yazidis as genocide.
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Why do global powers often remain silent or inactive in the face of genocidal acts?
- Geopolitical and Strategic Interests: Global powers often prioritize alliances and regional influence over humanitarian intervention. For example: Rwanda Genocide (1994): Despite clear warnings, the UN and major powers failed to act decisively as Rwanda was not strategically significant to their interests, leading to the massacre of over 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus.
- Economic Dependencies and Trade Priorities: Economic ties, such as energy or trade partnerships, often deter powers from addressing genocidal acts. For example: China’s Treatment of Uyghur Muslims: Countries like the U.S. and EU hesitate to impose strong measures against China due to its role as a major trading partner, despite widespread reports of atrocities in Xinjiang.
- International Bureaucratic Deadlock: Global institutions like the UN are often hindered by vetoes and a lack of consensus among major powers. For example: Syrian Civil War: Allegations of genocide and mass atrocities in Syria were met with inaction, as Russia and China vetoed resolutions in the UN Security Council, paralyzing international intervention.
What responsibilities do nations have to prevent and respond to genocide?
- Primary Responsibility to Protect: States have the primary obligation to protect their own populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity.
- This responsibility is affirmed by the 2005 United Nations World Summit Outcome, which emphasizes that national governments must take proactive measures to prevent such atrocities within their territories.
- International Cooperation and Support: The international community is obligated to assist states in fulfilling their protective responsibilities. This includes providing diplomatic, humanitarian, and other peaceful means to help protect populations at risk of genocide. If a state is manifestly failing to protect its citizens, the international community must be prepared to take collective action, including potential military intervention, in accordance with the UN Charter.
- Early Warning Systems and Preventive Measures: Nations and international organizations should establish early warning systems to identify signs of potential genocidal acts. This involves gathering information, promoting human rights, addressing root causes of conflict, and implementing strategies that foster social cohesion and prevent discrimination.
Way forward:
- Strengthen International Accountability Mechanisms: Nations must collaborate to reinforce the effectiveness of international courts and tribunals to ensure swift and impartial prosecution of genocidal acts. This includes reforming veto power in the UN Security Council to prevent deadlocks in responding to atrocities.
- Invest in Prevention and Early Intervention: Establish robust early warning systems and prioritize diplomacy, economic aid, and social cohesion initiatives to address the root causes of conflicts, reducing the risk of genocidal acts before they escalate.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges in the Health sector;
Why in the News?
A report by The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology Commission emphasized body fat distribution, beyond Body Mass Index (BMI), as a vital health and disease risk indicator. In this response, India has revised its obesity guidelines after 15 years.
What is the present status of Obesity?
- Rising Obesity Rates: The obesity rate in India has significantly increased, with approximately 9.8% of women and 5.4% of men classified as obese as of 2022, compared to just 1.2% for women and 0.5% for men in 19901. This translates to around eight crore individuals being classified as obese, including one crore children aged 5 to 19 years1.
- Economic Impact and Healthcare Costs: It is projected that India will spend about $13 million annually on treating obesity-related illnesses by 2025 as per the World Obesity Federation. The rising prevalence of obesity is associated with various non-communicable diseases, including diabetes and cardiovascular issues.
- Changing Demographics: The prevalence of obesity is expected to continue rising, with forecasts suggesting that by 2040, around 30.5% of men and 27.4% of women will be either overweight or obese.
What are the initiatives taken by the government?
- National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Stroke (NPCDCS): This program aims to screen individuals for obesity-related risk factors and ensure early intervention to prevent complications associated with obesity. It is part of the broader National Health Mission.
- Eat Right India Movement: Launched by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), this initiative focuses on transforming the food system to promote safe, healthy, and sustainable food for all citizens. It includes awareness campaigns about nutrition and healthy eating habits.
- Ayushman Bharat Health Wellness Centres: These centres strengthen preventive healthcare by promoting wellness activities and targeted communication at the community level, addressing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including obesity.
- Regulatory Measures: The FSSAI has set guidelines to limit trans fats in food products to no more than 2% by weight and has introduced labelling regulations that require nutritional information on food packaging, helping consumers make informed dietary choices.
What are the new guidelines?
- Terminology Update: The term “overweight” has been removed, categorizing obesity into Grade I (BMI >23 kg/m² without health issues) and Grade II (BMI >23 kg/m² with associated health limitations) to emphasize nuanced stages of obesity.
- Focus on Abdominal Obesity: Waist circumference (>90 cm for men, >80 cm for women) and waist-to-height ratio are prioritized as critical measures for assessing health risks in Asian Indians
Why has it been revised after 15 years?
- Rising Prevalence of Obesity: The prevalence of obesity in India has doubled over the past two decades, with significant increases observed in both adults and children. This alarming trend necessitated a reevaluation of existing guidelines to address the growing public health crisis effectively.
- Limitations of Previous Guidelines: The previous guidelines, established in 2009, relied solely on Body Mass Index (BMI) for diagnosing obesity.
- This approach was found inadequate as it did not consider critical factors such as abdominal fat distribution and the unique metabolic responses of Asian Indians, who tend to develop obesity-related health issues at lower BMI thresholds compared to Western populations.
- Global Framework Alignment: The revised guidelines align with global recommendations from The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology Commission, which advocates for a broader understanding of obesity as a chronic disease rather than merely excess weight. T
What are the health issues that can develop due to obesity?
- Cardiovascular Diseases: Obesity significantly increases the risk of developing heart disease and stroke. It contributes to high blood pressure and unhealthy cholesterol levels, which are critical risk factors for cardiovascular conditions.
- Type 2 Diabetes: Excess body weight can disrupt the body’s ability to use insulin effectively, leading to insulin resistance and a higher likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes. This chronic condition is closely linked to obesity and can result in severe health complications if not managed properly.
- Certain Cancers: Obesity is associated with an elevated risk of various cancers, including breast, colon, endometrial, and liver cancers. The increased body fat may influence hormone levels and inflammation, contributing to cancer development.
Way forward:
- Comprehensive Public Health Strategies: Strengthen preventive measures through awareness campaigns, promote healthy lifestyles, regulate unhealthy food products, and expand screening programs under initiatives like NPCDCS and Ayushman Bharat.
- Collaborative Policy Reforms: Enhance inter-sectoral collaboration to address urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, and dietary patterns while aligning with global obesity management frameworks for effective, long-term solutions.
Mains PYQ:
Q Public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that private sector can help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest? (UPSC IAS/2015)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India-Indonesia relations;
Why in the News?
Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto’s visit to India as the chief guest at the Republic Day parade highlighted the strong and historic relationship between the two countries.
Evolution of the bilateral relationship between India and Indonesia
- Historical Foundations and Early Cooperation: India and Indonesia established diplomatic relations in 1949, following India’s recognition of Indonesia’s independence in 1946.
- The early years were marked by a strong partnership against colonialism, highlighted by President Sukarno’s participation as the chief guest at India’s first Republic Day in 1950 and their collaboration during the Bandung Conference in 1955, which laid the groundwork for the Non-Aligned Movement.
- Revitalization in the 1990s: The relationship saw a significant revival with India’s ‘Look East Policy’ initiated in the 1990s, aimed at strengthening ties with Southeast Asian nations.
- This period marked increased political engagement and economic cooperation, culminating in the establishment of a strategic partnership during President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s visit to India in 2005.
- Contemporary Engagement and Strategic Partnership: Recent years have seen a deepening of bilateral relations through comprehensive agreements on defence, maritime security, and economic collaboration.
- The signing of the “Shared Vision of Maritime Cooperation” in 2018 and ongoing joint military exercises reflect a commitment to enhancing security cooperation amid regional challenges, particularly concerning China’s assertiveness in the South China Sea.
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What are the implications of India-Indonesia bilateral relations?
- Strengthened Strategic Partnership: The agreement to position an Indonesian liaison officer at India’s Information Fusion Centre highlights a commitment to enhance maritime cooperation and information sharing, which is crucial for regional security amidst rising tensions in the South China Sea.
- Collective Security Efforts: Both nations have emphasized the importance of combating terrorism and have agreed to enhance anti-terror cooperation. This reflects a mutual understanding of shared security challenges and the need for collaborative responses.
- Maritime Dialogue: The establishment of early dialogues on maritime security and cyber security indicates a proactive approach to address emerging threats and maintain stability in the Indo-Pacific region.
How will the agreements reached during this visit impact regional security dynamics?
- Promotion of Peaceful Resolutions: By advocating for a “full and effective” Code of Conduct (COC) in the South China Sea, India and Indonesia are positioning themselves as key players in promoting a rules-based order in the region, countering China’s assertive claims.
- Support for International Law: Their joint statement reinforces adherence to international laws, including the 1982 UNCLOS, which could serve as a counterbalance to unilateral actions by China in the South China Sea.
- Enhanced Cooperation with ASEAN: Both countries are likely to strengthen ties with ASEAN nations that share similar concerns about China’s maritime ambitions, fostering a united front in regional diplomacy.
What economic benefits are anticipated from enhanced collaboration?
- Local Currency Transactions: The emphasis on using local currencies for bilateral trade is expected to reduce transaction costs and enhance trade volumes between India and Indonesia, thereby boosting economic ties.
- Increased Trade Opportunities: Enhanced cooperation in sectors such as hydrography and defense could open new avenues for economic collaboration, potentially leading to increased investments and joint ventures.
- Maritime Commerce: By advocating for unimpeded lawful maritime commerce, both nations aim to secure vital trade routes that are crucial for their economies, particularly in light of the South China Sea’s significance as a global trade corridor.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Multilateral Diplomacy: India and Indonesia should continue to collaborate with ASEAN and other regional stakeholders to promote a unified stance on maritime security, focusing on the full implementation of the South China Sea Code of Conduct and adherence to international law.
- Enhance Economic Integration: Both nations should prioritize deepening economic ties through initiatives like local currency transactions and joint ventures in defence and maritime sectors, fostering sustainable growth and bolstering regional economic stability.
Mains PYQ:
Q Mention the significance of straits and isthmus in international trade. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Capital Market;
Why in the News?
SEBI is collaborating with the mutual fund industry to find ways to make monthly SIPs of just Rs 250 possible, aiming to encourage more people from lower-income groups to invest in mutual funds.
What is Sachetisation?
- Sachetisation refers to offering products in small, affordable units, making them accessible to a broader consumer base, especially those in price-sensitive segments.
- The term originated from the FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) sector, where products like shampoos were made available in small sachets at low prices to cater to low-income consumers.
- SEBI is now proposing a similar approach for mutual funds, allowing small-ticket investments through SIPs (Systematic Investment Plans) with low monthly amounts (such as Rs 250).
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What are the significances of Sachetisation?
- Affordable Financial Products: Just as small sachets of consumer goods made them accessible to lower-income groups, small-ticket SIPs in mutual funds can make investment opportunities available to a larger section of the population, particularly those who may not have the financial capacity to invest larger amounts.
- Promoting Financial Empowerment: By lowering the entry barrier for mutual fund investments, sachetisation can help empower underserved communities and individuals by enabling them to participate in the growing financial markets and benefit from the potential returns.
- Expanding Reach: This approach would encourage mutual fund companies to expand their reach to remote locations, helping them penetrate rural and low-income markets, and promote a wider culture of saving and investing.
- Financial Inclusion for the Bottom of the Pyramid: The primary target of sachetisation in mutual funds is low-income groups that have limited access to traditional investment products. By offering small, regular investments, SEBI aims to promote financial inclusion at the grassroots level.
How does it work?
- SEBI has proposed introducing small ticket SIPs at Rs 250 per month, which would allow new investors from low-income groups to participate in mutual funds without the burden of higher minimum investment requirements. This contrasts with existing schemes that often require a minimum SIP of Rs 500 or more.
- Investors can commit to a small ticket SIP for a duration of five years (60 installments), although they have the flexibility to withdraw or stop their investments without restrictions if needed. This structure encourages consistent investment while providing an exit option for investors.
- To facilitate the success of small ticket SIPs, SEBI plans to implement discounted rates for intermediaries and reimburse certain costs from the Investor Education and Awareness Fund. This will help asset management companies (AMCs) break even more quickly on their investments in these small ticket offerings.
- The sachetised SIPs will be available under specific mutual fund schemes, excluding high-risk options like small-cap and mid-cap equity schemes, which are deemed unsuitable for new investors from lower-income backgrounds. This targeted approach aims to safeguard these investors while still encouraging their entry into the market.
- To further promote financial inclusion, SEBI proposes incentives for distributors who successfully guide investors through 24 instalments of the small ticket SIP, thereby enhancing participation and support for new investors in mutual funds.
Conclusion: The strategy could result in a significant increase in domestic investor participation, contributing to the resilience of India’s equity market and fostering long-term financial stability.
Mains PYQ:
Q Comment on the important changes introduced in respect of the Long term Capital Gains Tax (LCGT) and Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT) in the Union Budget for 2018-2019. (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI)
Why in the News?
The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI), under the Union Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways, upgraded its sub-office in Varanasi to a full-fledged Regional Office. This move aims to strengthen the implementation of Inland Water Transport (IWT) activities in National Waterway-1 (NW-1), covering the Ganga River, and other waterways in Uttar Pradesh.
IWAI’s Regional Expansion:
- Varanasi becomes IWAI’s 6th regional office, joining those in Guwahati, Patna, Kochi, Bhubaneswar, and Kolkata.
- Capacity augmentation is also underway for NW-2 (Brahmaputra River), NW-3 (West Coast Canal), and NW-16 (Barak River).
Important Projects by IWAI:
- Jal Marg Vikas Project (JMVP): A World Bank-supported initiative aimed at capacity augmentation of NW-1 through:
- River conservancy works like bandalling and maintenance dredging.
- Construction of key infrastructure, including:
- Multi-Modal Terminals (MMTs): Varanasi, Sahibganj, and Haldia.
- Inter-Modal Terminal: Kalughat.
- Navigational Lock: Farakka, West Bengal.
- Development of 60 community jetties across Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal to support local communities like farmers, artisans, and fishermen.
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About Inland Waterways Authority of India
- Established in 1986 under the Inland Waterways Authority of India Act, 1985.
- Headquarters: Noida, Uttar Pradesh.
- Objective: To reduce the underutilization of India’s 14,500 kilometers of navigable waterways, which account for just 2% of the transportation mix.
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- Responsible for regulating and developing inland waterways for shipping and navigation.
- Develops and maintains Inland Water Transport (IWT) infrastructure on national waterways with grants from the Ministry of Shipping.
- Ensures safe and efficient navigation to integrate waterways into the national transport system.
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- Planning and Execution: Implements and maintains navigation and shipping infrastructure projects.
- National Waterways Management: Oversees 111 national waterways under the National Waterways Act, 2016.
- Infrastructure Development: Focuses on dredging, terminal construction, and maintaining year-round navigability for vessels.
PYQ:
[2016] Enumerate the problems and prospects of inland water transport in India. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rakhigarhi; Indus-Saraswati Civilisation
Why in the News?
A massive water reservoir recently uncovered at Rakhigarhi reveals advanced Harappan water management practices linked to the Saraswati River.
Do you know?
The Centre of Excellence for Research on the Saraswati River (CERSR) at Kurukshetra University conducted a comprehensive study establishing that the Saraswati River, often termed “mythical,” flowed in Haryana until 1402 AD. |
About Rakhigarhi
- Rakhigarhi, located in Hisar, Haryana is the largest site of the Indus-Saraswati Civilisation, dating back to the mature Harappan period (2600–1900 BCE).
- It is situated in the plains of the Saraswati River, about 27 km from the seasonal Ghaggar River.
- First excavated in 1969 by archaeologist Suraj Bhan, it consists of seven mounds and has been a key site for understanding Harappan urban planning and water management.
- Recent findings have pushed the timeline of the civilisation to as early as 6000 BCE.
- In 2020, Rakhigarhi was designated as an Iconic Site under the Union Budget for development and preservation.
- NCERT states that DNA studies from Rakhigarhi suggest the genetic roots of the Harappans trace back to 10,000 BCE.
Significant Features
- Urban Planning: Evidence of well-planned streets, brick houses, and an advanced drainage system.
- Water Management: Discovery of a 3.5–4 feet deep reservoir at Mound 3 indicates advanced water storage systems.
- Cultural Significance: Artifacts such as pottery, terracotta figurines, beads, and copper tools demonstrate artistic and technological advancement.
- Trade and Economy: Marine shells and fishhooks point to long-distance trade and local craftsmanship.
- River Proximity: Located near the paleochannels of the Drishadvati River, a key tributary of the Saraswati River, supporting agriculture and daily life.
Key Findings
- Huge Water Reservoir at Mound 3: Layers of siltation confirm water storage practices during the late Harappan period.
- Artifacts: Items like copper tools, marine shells, and ornate pottery suggest trade and daily life activities.
- Burials: Skeletons and burial goods provide insights into Harappan rituals and social structures.
- DNA Analysis: A 4,600-year-old skeleton showed no Steppe ancestry, challenging the Aryan invasion theory.
- Related Sites: Nearby settlements like Bhirrana and Farmana extend the timeline of the civilisation.
PYQ:
[2011] Regarding the Indus Valley Civilization, consider the following statements:
- It was predominantly a secular civilization and the religious element, though present, did not dominate the scene,
- During this period, cotton was used for manufacturing textiles in India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nahargarh WLS
Why in the News?
The Forest Department of Rajasthan has initiated efforts to revise the boundaries of the Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary to address existing legal and administrative complications.
About the Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary
- It was established in 1980, Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Jaipur, Rajasthan.
- It is named after the nearby Nahargarh Fort, which overlooks the sanctuary.
- It is a significant part of the Ranthambore Tiger Reserve corridor, providing a habitat for wildlife movement.
- Geographical Features:
- It is situated in the Aravalli hills, close to Jaipur city, offering a natural escape amidst urban surroundings.
- Its area spans approximately 50 square kilometres, featuring rugged terrain with hills, valleys, and plateaus.
- It has seasonal streams and waterholes that serve as vital water sources for wildlife.
- Flora and Fauna:
- Flora: Comprises dry deciduous and thorny scrub forests, typical of the Aravalli range; Key tree species include Dhok, Babool, Khejri, and Ber; Grassy patches and scattered shrubs provide a diverse ecosystem for herbivores.
- Fauna: Fauna: Includes leopards, hyenas, wild boars, jackals, sambars, chitals, peacocks, partridges, migratory birds, monitor lizards, snakes, turtles, and various pollinators.
PYQ:
[2012] In which one among the following categories of protected areas in India are local people not allowed to collect and use the biomass?
(a) Biosphere Reserves
(b) National Parks
(c) Wetlands declared under Ramsar Convention
(d) Wildlife Sanctuaries |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Stargardt Disease
Why in the News?
Researchers have created a gene-editing tool to fix ABCA4 gene mutations, offering hope for treating Stargardt disease, a rare condition that causes progressive vision loss.
What is Stargardt Disease?
- Stargardt Disease is a rare inherited eye disorder that causes progressive vision loss, primarily affecting the central part of the retina, called the macula.
- It is typically caused by mutations in the ABCA4 gene, which disrupts the body’s ability to use Vitamin A, leading to an excessive buildup of lipofuscin (yellowish-brown pigment) in retinal cells.
- The disease commonly begins in childhood or early adulthood and is usually bilateral, involving both eyes.
- Currently, there is no cure for Stargardt Disease.
Symptoms of Stargardt Disease
- Progressive vision loss, particularly affecting central vision.
- Difficulty seeing in low light (night blindness).
- Blurred or distorted vision, with colors appearing less vivid.
- Appearance of dark spots or areas of vision loss in the central visual field.
- Gradual deterioration of visual acuity, leading to potential legal blindness.
Present Scenario in India
- According to a 2023 study by L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad:
- The disease predominantly affects males and typically manifests during the second decade of life.
- Estimated prevalence: 1 in 8,000 to 10,000 individuals.
- 10.79% of patients had a family history of Stargardt disease, while 10.69% were from consanguineous marriages.
- In India, Stargardt disease is a not uncommon hereditary condition, with limited treatment options available.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Debate on Death Penalty;
Why in the News?
A Kolkata court sentenced Sanjay Roy to life imprisonment for the rape and murder of a 31-year-old doctor in August 2024, despite widespread public demand for the death penalty.
What are the current statistics around the Death Penalty in India?
- As of the Annual Statistics Report 2023, 561 prisoners are under a sentence of death in India.
- Despite the significant number of death sentences, India sees more than 31,000 reported rape cases annually, indicating a mismatch between the deterrent effect of capital punishment and the reality of crime rates.
- The death penalty in India is often seen as disproportionately applied to the poor and marginalized sections of society.
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What are the key arguments around the Death Penalty (For/Against)?
The arguments in favour of the death Penalty:
- Retribution and Justice: Supporters argue that the death penalty serves as a just punishment for the “rarest of rare” cases, especially for heinous crimes like rape and murder. The desire for justice for victims and their families, including a sense of closure, is often emphasized.
- Deterrence: Some proponents believe that the death penalty deters heinous crimes, particularly acts of violence like murder and rape, by instilling fear of the ultimate punishment.
- Public Sentiment: In the case of particularly gruesome crimes, public outcry demands strong actions like the death penalty, seeing it as a symbol of societal moral condemnation.
The arguments against the death penalty:
- Moral and Existential Arguments: The death penalty is viewed as an act of violence, and critics argue that one form of violence cannot be justified as a solution for other forms of violence. It is considered inhumane and degrading by organizations like Amnesty International.
- Ineffectiveness as a Deterrent: Studies from countries that have abolished the death penalty (e.g., Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands) show no significant rise in crime rates, indicating that the death penalty does not effectively deter crime more than life imprisonment or other punishments.
- Disproportionate Application: The death penalty is disproportionately applied to the poor, marginalized, and downtrodden, as opposed to affluent or powerful individuals, raising concerns about systemic injustice.
- Diverts Focus from Structural Issues: Instead of focusing on capital punishment, critics argue the real issue lies in the cultural normalization of violence and toxic masculinity, which drives crimes like rape and murder. Emphasis should be on education, socialization, and cultural transformation.
What are the key reforms and guidelines established after the Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab Case?
- Rarest of Rare Doctrine: The Supreme Court, in Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab, ruled that the death penalty should only be imposed in the “rarest of rare” cases. This ruling set a framework for judicial discretion in sentencing, ensuring that the death penalty is applied only in cases where the crime is so grave that life imprisonment would not suffice.
- Guidelines for Sentencing: The court sets guidelines to determine whether a crime warrants the death penalty, including the nature of the crime, the circumstances, and whether the accused is beyond reform or rehabilitation. It emphasized considering the “mitigating factors,” such as the background of the accused.
- Judicial Review: The ruling clarified that the death sentence must be subject to judicial review and that higher courts must ensure that the death penalty is only handed out after thorough deliberation on all aspects of the case.
- Focus on Rehabilitation: The case pointed towards the importance of rehabilitation, requiring courts to assess the potential for the accused to reform before considering a death sentence.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Judicial Scrutiny and Transparency: To ensure the death penalty is applied fairly and consistently, there should be enhanced judicial oversight which includes a thorough review of sentencing decisions at multiple levels.
- This could involve greater emphasis on mitigating factors and the potential for rehabilitation, ensuring that capital punishment is reserved for the “rarest of rare” cases.
- Focus on Preventive Measures and Social Reform: Rather than relying solely on the death penalty, efforts should be redirected toward addressing the root causes of heinous crimes.
- This includes tackling societal issues such as gender inequality, toxic masculinity, and cultural normalization of violence, while investing in education, social reform, and stronger support systems for survivors of violence.
Mains PYQ:
Q Instances of President’s delay in commuting death sentences has come under public debate as denial of justice. Should there be a time specified for the President to accept/rejectsuch petitions? Analyse. (UPSC IAS/2014)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Constitutional values;
Why in the News?
As we mark 75 years since the Constitution of India came into effect, it’s important to look back and assess how the country has followed its core values before deciding the way forward.
What are the foundational values that define the Indian state?
- Sovereignty, Democracy, and Republic: The Constitution of India guarantees the sovereignty of the nation and democratic governance by the people through elected representatives.
- Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity: These values are enshrined in the Preamble and reflect the commitment to social democracy.
- Justice: Social, economic, and political justice is emphasized to create an inclusive society.
- Federalism: Though not explicitly mentioned, federalism underpins the constitutional framework, balancing powers between the Union and States.
- Secularism: Ensures the separation of religion and state, guaranteeing religious freedom and equality.
- Rule of Law: Establishes the supremacy of the Constitution and equality before the law.
- Unity in Diversity: Encourages harmony and fraternity among diverse cultural, linguistic, and regional groups.
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How have recent legislative and political changes impacted India’s commitment to these values?
- Secularism: India’s constitutional commitment to secularism has been challenged by the laws related to religious identity.
- The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), 2019, which provides citizenship to persecuted religious minorities from neighboring countries but excludes Muslims, has raised concerns about violating Article 14 (Right to Equality) and the secular ethos of the Constitution.
- Social Justice: The push for affirmative action through reservations continues, but new measures have sparked debates about inclusivity.
- The introduction of the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) reservation (103rd Constitutional Amendment) raised debates over its exclusion of marginalized communities already under the SC/ST/OBC reservation framework, potentially diluting the focus on caste-based historical injustices.
- Federalism: Legislative changes have altered the balance between the Union and states, raising concerns about cooperative federalism.
- The abrogation of Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir and its reorganization into Union Territories in 2019 was criticized for bypassing the state legislature, raising questions about federalism under Article 1 and Article 370.
- Freedom of Speech and Expression: Political changes have led to an environment where dissent and criticism of the government are often met with punitive action.
- The use of sedition laws under Section 124A of the IPC and the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) against journalists and activists has raised concerns about stifling democratic dissent.
- Inclusive Development: Legislative efforts to boost development have sometimes led to neglect of environmental sustainability and marginalized communities.
- The Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006, intended to protect the rights of tribal communities, has faced dilution through recent amendments to environmental laws, prioritizing infrastructure over community rights.
- Equality and Gender Justice: Legislative progress has been seen, but gaps remain in implementation.
- The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2018, which introduced stringent punishment for crimes against women, shows legislative intent. However, underreporting and delayed justice continue to challenge gender equality.
What steps can be taken to reinforce India’s foundational values moving forward? (Way forward)
- Strengthening Judicial Oversight and Constitutional Safeguards: To reinforce India’s foundational values, it is essential to strengthen the role of the judiciary in safeguarding constitutional rights to ensure that laws and policies align with the principles of equality, secularism, and justice.
- Inclusive and Transparent Policy Making: Policies should be designed to foster inclusive development, ensuring that marginalized communities are not left behind.
- Strengthening Inclusive Governance and Social Justice: Ensure that affirmative action policies, including reservations, are consistently aligned with the principle of social justice, addressing the historical and contemporary needs of marginalized communities.
- Promoting Secularism and Protecting Fundamental Rights: Strengthen and uphold the secular fabric of the nation by ensuring that laws and policies respect religious diversity and equality, in line with the Constitution’s guarantees.
Mains PYQ:
Q What was held in the Coelho case? In this context, can you say that judicial review is of key importance amongst the basic features of the Constitution? (UPSC IAS/2016)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Plastic pollution;
Why in the News?
The Global Plastic Action Partnership (GPAP), an initiative of the World Economic Forum, has reached a significant milestone by expanding its network to include 25 countries. This expansion introduces seven new members: Angola, Bangladesh, Gabon, Guatemala, Kenya, Senegal, and Tanzania, which together represent a population of more than 1.5 billion people.
What is the Global Plastic Action Partnership (GPAP)?
- The Global Plastic Action Partnership (GPAP) is an initiative launched by the World Economic Forum aimed at combating plastic pollution worldwide.
- It focuses on promoting a circular economy for plastics, emphasizing reuse, recycling, and sustainable management to mitigate the environmental impacts of plastic waste.
What are the key components of GPAP?
- Governance and Structure: GPAP operates through a robust governance framework consisting of a Governing Council, Steering Board, and Advisory Committee, involving senior executives from founding organisations such as the World Economic Forum.
- For example, in Indonesia, the governance structure facilitated the creation of the National Plastic Action Partnership (NPAP), which oversees the implementation of strategies to reduce marine plastic leakage.
- National Action Roadmaps: GPAP collaborates with various stakeholders to create National Action Roadmaps tailored to specific countries.
- For instance, Vietnam’s National Plastic Action Partnership launched its roadmap in 2022, targeting a 50% reduction in plastic waste by 2030 through strategies.
- Investment Mobilization: GPAP focuses on aligning financial resources with plastic waste reduction goals. For example, in Ghana, GPAP worked with the government and private sector to attract investments for waste recycling infrastructure.
- Global Collaboration Network: GPAP acts as a platform connecting stakeholders globally to address plastic pollution.
- For example, it facilitated the sharing of best practices between countries like Indonesia and Ghana, allowing them to adopt innovative solutions such as advanced recycling technologies and extended producer responsibility (EPR) frameworks.
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What is the significance of expanding GPAP to include seven new African countries?
- Strengthened Global Coalition: With this expansion, GPAP now encompasses 25 countries representing over 1.5 billion people, making it the largest global initiative focused on combating plastic pollution.
- Addressing Urgent Environmental Challenges: The inclusion of these countries underscores a growing recognition of the urgent need to tackle plastic pollution, which poses severe threats to ecosystems, biodiversity, and human health.
- Fostering Regional Collaboration: The addition of new African countries facilitates regional collaboration and knowledge sharing on best practices for waste management and recycling.
- Economic Growth and Job Creation: GPAP’s initiatives are expected to stimulate economic growth through the promotion of sustainable materials and recycling infrastructure.
- Commitment to Circular Economy Principles: The expansion reflects a commitment to advancing circular economy principles, which focus on reusing and recycling plastics rather than relying on single-use materials.
What are the anticipated environmental and economic impacts of GPAP’s initiatives?
- Decreased Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The initiative targets a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions associated with plastic production and waste management, which currently accounts for an estimated 1.8 billion tonnes annually. By promoting a circular economy, GPAP aims to mitigate emissions, particularly methane from landfills.
- By implementing National Action Roadmaps, the partnership seeks to reduce annual land-based plastic leakage by approximately 80% by 2040 compared to business-as-usual scenarios.
- By transitioning to a circular economy model, GPAP initiatives can help countries recover lost economic value from plastics, estimated at $80 billion to $120 billion annually due to inefficiencies in current systems.
- Job Creation: GPAP’s efforts in developing sustainable waste management practices are expected to create significant employment opportunities, potentially generating up to 6 million green jobs globally by 2030. This includes safer jobs for informal waste workers who play a crucial role in recycling and waste management.
- Investment Mobilization: The partnership has already mobilized substantial investments, such as $3.1 billion, aimed at supporting projects that tackle plastic waste. This influx of capital can stimulate local economies and drive innovation in sustainable materials and recycling technologies.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Policy Frameworks and Partnerships: Collaborate with governments, private sectors, and civil society to establish robust policies to enforce regulations and promote extended producer responsibility (EPR) frameworks to drive systemic change.
- Enhance Innovation and Infrastructure: Invest in advanced recycling technologies for scalable waste management infrastructure and research to develop sustainable alternatives, fostering a circular economy while creating green jobs and reducing plastic pollution.
Prelims PYQ:
In India, ‘extended producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following ? (UPSC IAS/2019)
(a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
(b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999
(c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011
(d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fiscal Health Index
Why in the News?
The NITI Aayog has launched the Fiscal Health Index (FHI), 2025 to provide a comprehensive assessment of the fiscal performance of 18 major states in India.
What is the Fiscal Health Index (FHI)?
- The FHI is an initiative by NITI Aayog to analyze the fiscal health of states and guide reforms for sustainable economic growth.
- It evaluates states using a composite index derived from five key sub-indices:
- Quality of Expenditure
- Revenue Mobilization
- Fiscal Prudence
- Debt Index
- Debt Sustainability
- The report uses data from the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) for the fiscal year 2022-23, supplemented by trends from 2014-15 to 2021-22.
- FHI covers states contributing significantly to India’s GDP, demographics, public expenditure, and revenues.
Key Highlights:
- Top Performers:
- Odisha: Ranked first (67.8), excelling in debt management and sustainability.
- Chhattisgarh: Secured second position (55.2), showcasing strong fiscal prudence.
- Goa: Achieved third place (53.6), reflecting balanced fiscal practices.
- Underperformers:
- Kerala: (29.7), struggling with poor debt sustainability and expenditure quality.
- Punjab: (28.4), grappling with low revenue mobilization and high deficits.
- West Bengal: (27.8), facing challenges in debt index and fiscal management.
- Andhra Pradesh: (26.9), hindered by high fiscal deficits.
- Regional Insights:
- Southern States: Telangana leads (47.5), while Tamil Nadu (30.2), Kerala (29.7), and Andhra Pradesh (26.9) lag.
- Developmental Expenditure: Top states allocate up to 73% of total expenditure to growth-focused activities.
Significance
- Promotes fiscal discipline through data-driven insights.
- Guides state-specific reforms to address disparities.
- Encourages healthy competition among states.
- Supports cooperative federalism, aligning with “Viksit Bharat @2047”.
- Tracks fiscal health annually to ensure continuous improvement.
PYQ:
[2015] The Government of India has established NITI Aayog to replace the (2015)
(a) Human Rights Commission
(b) Finance Commission
(c) Law Commission
(d) Planning Commission |
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Deep Ocean Mission (DOM)
Why in the News?
India is set to launch its first human underwater submersible (deep-sea manned vehicle) in 2025, marking a significant achievement in the country’s scientific and technological journey.
About the Submersible:
- The submersible will initially operate at a depth of 500 meters, with the goal of reaching a depth of 6,000 meters by next year.
- Part of the Deep Ocean Mission, the initiative focuses on exploring untapped underwater resources and advancing India’s blue economy.
- The submersible is being developed using 100% indigenous technology, demonstrating India’s commitment to self-reliance in advanced science and innovation.
- The mission aims to unlock vast underwater resources, including: Critical minerals, Rare metals and undiscovered marine biodiversity.
About the Deep Ocean Mission (DOM):
- DOM is an ambitious initiative by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) approved in 2021 to develop technologies for deep-sea exploration.
- Part of the 9 missions under the Prime Minister’s Science, Technology, and Innovation Advisory Council (PMSTIAC).
Important updates in DOM: Samudrayaan and Matsya6000:
- Launched in 2021 under DOM, Samudrayaan is India’s flagship crewed expedition to reach a depth of 6,000 m in the Central Indian Ocean.
- The mission will utilize Matsya6000, a deep-ocean submersible designed for a three-member crew.
- Construction: Made from titanium alloy to endure pressures up to 6,000 bar.
India’s Ocean Exploration Milestones:
- 1981: Ocean studies began with a program on polymetallic nodules (PMN) initiated at CSIR-NIO, marked by the collection of the first nodule sample from the Arabian Sea aboard the research vessel Gaveshani.
- 1987: India became the first country to receive Pioneer Investor status from the International Seabed Authority (ISA).
- Allocated 1.5 lakh km² in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) for nodule exploration, based on extensive surveys by CSIR-NIO.
- 2002: India signed a contract with the ISA; after resource analysis, surrendered 50% of the allotted area, retaining 75,000 km².
- Further studies narrowed the mining area to 18,000 km², identified as the First Generation Mine-site.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tea Board, Tea Cultivation in India
Why in the News?
India, the world’s second-largest tea producer after China, has become the largest importer of tea from Kenya, signaling a shift in global tea trade dynamics.
Key Highlights of Tea Trade
- Imports surged from 3.53 million kg in 2023 to 13.71 million kg in 2024, reflecting a significant 288% increase.
- The average price of Kenyan tea imported to India was ₹156.73 per kg, significantly lower than ₹252.83 per kg fetched by Assam tea at auctions up to October 2024.
- India’s tea exports increased by 13%, rising from 184.46 million kg in 2023 to 209.14 million kg in 2024.
- Assam and West Bengal were major contributors to exports, accounting for the bulk of the tea exported.
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About Tea Board of India
- The Tea Board of India was established in 1954 under the Tea Act, 1953, succeeding the Central Tea Board and Indian Tea Licensing Committee.
- It was originally formed under the Indian Tea Cess Bill (1903) to promote Indian tea domestically and internationally.
- It is headquartered in Kolkata, with 23 offices across India, including zonal, regional, and sub-regional offices.
- It functions as a statutory body under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, with 31 members, including representatives from Parliament, tea producers, traders, and trade unions.
- Provides financial and technical assistance for tea cultivation, manufacturing, and marketing, supports R&D to improve tea quality, and monitors pesticide residue compliance.
Tea Crop in India
- Under the Treaty of Yandabo (1826), the East India Company gained control of Assam, laying the foundation for India’s commercial tea industry.
- The British finally introduced tea to India in the 19th century to compete with China’s monopoly, establishing the first commercial tea garden in Chabua, Assam, in 1837.
- Tea requires 20°C–30°C temperatures and 150–300 cm annual rainfall with slightly acidic, well-drained soil for optimal growth.
- India is the second-largest tea producer globally and the largest consumer, accounting for 30% of global tea consumption, with major production in Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala.
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PYQ:
[2022] With reference to the “Tea Board” in India, consider the following statements:
- The Tea Board is a statutory body.
- It is a regulatory body attached to the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
- The Tea Board’s Head Office is situated in Bengaluru.
- The Board has overseas offices at Dubai and Moscow.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 2 and 4
(c) 3 and 4
(d) 1 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Vaigai River and its tributaries
Why in the News?
The Madras High Court has issued directives to local bodies in Madurai, Theni, Dindigul, Sivaganga, and Ramanathapuram districts to submit a comprehensive action plan with timelines to mitigate pollution in the Vaigai River.
About Vaigai River
| Geographical Features and Location |
- Originates from the Varusanadu Hills in the Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu.
- Flows through Madurai, Theni, Dindigul, Sivaganga, and Ramanathapuram districts.
- Length: Approximately 258 km, draining into the Palk Strait.
- Major towns along the river include Madurai.
- Historical site Keeladi is also located along the river.
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| Major and Minor Tributaries |
- Major Tributaries: Suruliyar River, Varaha River, Manjalar River, Kottagudi River, and Kridhumaal River.
- Minor Tributaries: Sambanadi River, Kumilaar River, and Utharakosa Mangaiyar River.
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| Conservation Sites and Programs |
- Srivilliputhur Megamalai Tiger Reserve: Acts as a vital catchment area and supports biodiversity.
- Vaigai Dam: Built near Andipatti, providing irrigation and drinking water.
- Vaigai River Restoration Program: Focuses on cleaning, improving water quality, and promoting biodiversity.
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PYQ:
[2021] Which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) Ajanta Caves lie in the gorge of Waghora river.
(b) Sanchi Stupa lies in the gorge of Chambal river.
(c) Pandu-lena Cave Shrines lie in the gorge of Narmada river.
(d) Amaravati Stupa lies in the gorge of Godavari river. |
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Election Commission of India; Issues related to voters;
Why in the News?
January 25 is the 75th anniversary of the Election Commission of India, celebrated as ‘National Voters Day’ to recognize its role in protecting democracy and ensuring fair elections in India.
What are the current challenges facing the ECI?
The Election Commission of India (ECI) is currently facing significant challenges that threaten its credibility and effectiveness:
- Electoral Roll Manipulation: Allegations of mass enrolment of dubious voters have emerged, particularly highlighted during the Maharashtra State elections, where the ECI enrolled 9.7 crore voters despite an estimated adult population of only 9.54 crore. This discrepancy raises concerns about potential government interference in electoral processes.
- Verification Issues: Questions regarding the verification of new voters have surfaced, especially with a reported 48 lakh new registrations occurring in just six months. The legitimacy of these voters and whether proper verification processes were followed remain unaddressed.
- Public Trust: The ECI’s perceived lack of transparency and responsiveness to these concerns has led to a decline in public trust. Critics argue that the commission has been dismissive of legitimate inquiries regarding electoral integrity, which undermines its authority.
How has the role of the Election Commission evolved over time?
- Established in 1950, the ECI was designed to ensure free and fair elections in India, independent from governmental influence.
- Founding leaders like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar emphasized the importance of an autonomous body for maintaining electoral integrity.
- Technological Advancements: The ECI has adapted to technological changes by implementing electronic voting machines (EVMs) and online voter registration systems, aiming to streamline the electoral process and enhance voter participation.
- Voter Education Initiatives: The commission has increasingly focused on voter education and awareness campaigns, particularly through National Voters’ Day celebrations, which aim to engage young voters and promote democratic values.
What reforms are necessary to strengthen the EC’s authority and public trust?
To enhance its effectiveness and restore public confidence, several reforms are necessary:
- Biometric Verification: Implementing Aadhaar-based biometric verification for voter registration could help eliminate ghost voters and ensure that only eligible citizens are enrolled. This would strengthen the integrity of electoral rolls.
- Transparency Measures: The ECI should adopt greater transparency by publicly releasing data related to voter enrolment and verification processes. This would address concerns about electoral roll manipulation and build trust among citizens.
- Strengthening Legal Framework: Revising existing laws to provide the ECI with more robust powers to oversee and enforce electoral integrity could prevent interference from political entities and ensure fair elections.
Conclusion: The ECI should establish robust mechanisms for public scrutiny by releasing detailed voter enrolment and verification data, coupled with regular audits, to rebuild trust and ensure accountability.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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