Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pinaka Rocket System
Why in the News?
The Indian Army is bolstering its artillery strength with a significant ₹10,200 crore order for ammunition associated with the Pinaka Multi-Launch Rocket System (MLRS).
About the Pinaka Rocket System
| Details |
- A multi-barrel rocket launcher developed by DRDO and manufactured by Indian defence firms.
- Named after the legendary bow of Lord Shiva, symbolizing power and precision.
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| Key Features |
- Multiple Launch Capability: Fires 12 rockets in just 44 seconds, delivering overwhelming firepower.
- Mobility: Mounted on 8×8 or 6×6 trucks, allowing rapid deployment in diverse terrains.
Range:
– Pinaka Mk-I: 40 km.
– Pinaka Mk-II and Enhanced Versions: 60–75 km.
– Guided Variant: 90 km, with improved accuracy and reduced collateral damage.
- Guidance and Precision: Equipped with satellite-based guidance for precision targeting.
- Payload Options: Carries multiple warheads, including high explosives, incendiaries, anti-personnel, and anti-tank bomblets.
- Quick Deployment and Reloading: Rapid deployment enables swift counter-strikes.
- Modularity and Expandability: Modular design supports advanced technology integration for network-centric warfare.
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| Operational Use |
- Proven effectiveness in mountainous and rugged terrains.
- Played a critical role in Indian Army operations, showcasing its adaptability and firepower.
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| Significance |
- Boost to Artillery Strength: Enhances the Indian Army’s firepower with new regiments and extended-range rockets.
- Cornerstone of Modernization: Central to India’s artillery modernization for precision and operational flexibility.
- Border Security and Deterrence: Secures borders and acts as a strategic deterrent against adversaries.
- Global Success: Strengthens India’s defense export market and contributes to defense diplomacy.
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PYQ:
[2014] Which reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. It is a surface-to-surface missile.
2. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
3. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Mission SCOT
Why in the News?
Onboard SpaceX’s Transporter-12 mission, Indian space surveillance firm Digantara successfully launched SCOT (Space Camera for Object Tracking), the world’s first commercial Space Situational Awareness (SSA) satellite.
About Mission SCOT:
| Details |
- World’s first commercial SSA satellite, designed to track and characterize Resident Space Objects (RSOs) in Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
- Launched via SpaceX’s Transporter-12 mission as part of a rideshare program.
- Supported by Aditya Birla Ventures and SIDBI.
| Note: As part of the Network for Space Objects Tracking and Analysis (NETRA), ISRO is also developing a Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) network equipped with advanced radars and optical telescopes to strengthen threat analysis and safeguard space assets. |
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| Aims and Objectives |
- Enhancing Space Safety: Prevent satellite collisions and optimize orbital resources.
- Sovereign Surveillance: Strengthen India’s capabilities to protect its space assets.
- Technological Leadership: Address gaps in global SSA technologies.
- Sustainability: Promote safer and more sustainable space operations.
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| Features/Significance |
- Operates in a sun-synchronous orbit, unaffected by weather or geography.
- Tracks RSOs as small as 5 cm with high revisit rates and accuracy.
- Safeguards critical satellites crucial for economic and strategic security.
- Optimizes traffic management and enhances collision avoidance.
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| Contribution to India’s Growth |
- Demonstrates India’s leadership in SSA technologies.
- Highlights the role of Indian startups in space innovation.
- Establishes India as a reliable international space partner.
- Fosters investment in advanced surveillance technologies for future space developments.
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PYQ:
[2010] In the context of space technology, what is “Bhuvan”, recently in the news?
(a) A mini satellite launched by ISRO for promoting the distance education in India
(b) The name given to the next Moon Impact Probe, for Chandrayan-II
(c) A geoportal of ISRO with 3D imaging capabilities of India
(d) A space telescope developed by India |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Uniform Civil Code;
Why in the News?
The Pushkar Dhami Cabinet in Uttarakhand approved the UCC with plans to roll it out after the local body elections. Uttarakhand will be the first state in India to implement the UCC.
What is the Uniform Civil Code?
- The UCC refers to a single law that governs personal matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption, and succession for all citizens of India, irrespective of their religion.
- Constitutional Basis: Article 44 of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in the Indian Constitution envisions a UCC to promote national integration by eliminating discrepancies in personal laws.
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What are the significance of UCC?
- Equality and Justice: UCC ensures equal treatment of all citizens, irrespective of religion, caste, or gender, by replacing diverse personal laws with a unified legal framework. This promotes fairness and eliminates discriminatory practices in personal matters like marriage, divorce, and inheritance.
- Gender Parity and Women’s Empowerment: Personal laws often favor patriarchal norms, disadvantaging women in areas like inheritance and divorce. UCC addresses these disparities, granting women equal rights and fostering gender justice.
- National Integration: By unifying personal laws across communities, UCC strengthens national unity and reduces divisions based on religion or community-specific laws. It promotes secularism and reinforces the idea of “one nation, one law”.
- Simplification of Legal Systems: A common civil code simplifies the legal process by eliminating inconsistencies among various personal laws, making it easier for citizens to understand their rights and obligations.
- Closing Loopholes in Personal Laws: UCC addresses biases and loopholes in existing personal laws that perpetuate inequality or favouritism, ensuring a more just legal system for all citizens.
What is the Judicial stand on it?
- Mohd. Ahmed Khan vs. Shah Bano Begum (1985): This case marked a pivotal moment when the Supreme Court urged the government to enact a UCC.
- The Court highlighted that a common civil code would promote national integration by eliminating conflicting loyalties to different personal laws.
- Jordan Diengdeh vs. S.S. Chopra (1985): The Court reiterated the “immediate and compulsive need for a uniform civil code”.
- Sarla Mudgal vs. Union of India (1995): In this case, the Supreme Court criticised the government’s inaction regarding the UCC, asserting that over 80% of citizens were already governed by codified personal laws and that there was no justification for delaying its introduction any further.
- John Vallamattom vs. Union of India (2003): The Supreme Court again stressed the need for a UCC, lamenting that Article 44 had not been implemented and reiterating its role in fostering national unity by resolving contradictions arising from diverse personal laws.
- Shayara Bano vs. Union of India (2017): In addressing the issue of triple talaq, the Supreme Court underscored that the Constitution mandates the state to provide for a UCC to address various social injustices and legal inconsistencies stemming from personal laws.
- Jose Paulo Coutinho vs. Maria Luiza Valentina Pereira (2019): The Court expressed disappointment over the lack of progress towards a UCC, noting that while personal laws reflect religious beliefs, they should not be exempt from reform in a secular state.
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What are the challenges?
- Cultural Resistance: There is significant opposition from various religious groups who view the UCC as an infringement on their cultural and religious practices. This resistance can lead to social unrest and political backlash.
- Political Controversy: The UCC is often a contentious political issue, with parties divided along ideological lines. This can complicate legislative processes and delay implementation.
- Legal Complexity: The integration of diverse personal laws into a single code poses substantial legal challenges. Ensuring that the new code respects individual rights while being comprehensive enough to address various community needs requires careful drafting.
- Awareness and Training: Effective implementation requires extensive training for officials and awareness campaigns for citizens to understand their rights under the new code. This necessitates significant resources and time.
Way forward:
- Phased Implementation and Pilot Projects: Begin with optional UCC adoption in specific regions or for limited personal law aspects (e.g., marriage or inheritance) to test feasibility and address concerns gradually.
- Inclusive Stakeholder Engagement: Conduct extensive consultations with religious leaders, community representatives, and legal experts to build consensus and ensure the code respects India’s diversity while upholding constitutional values.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizen a uniform civil code as provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy. (UPSC IAS/2015)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact USA on World;
Why in the News?
On his first day in office, U.S. President Donald Trump signed an order to pull the country out of the World Health Organization (WHO).
What will be the Impact of USA’s withdrawal from WHO?
- Funding Shortfall for WHO: The USA accounted for 22.5% of WHO’s assessed contributions and approximately 13% of voluntary contributions in 2023.
- The funding gap may affect WHO’s ability to implement health programs globally.
- Disruption of Global Health Programs: WHO’s work in areas such as pandemics, neglected tropical diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and vaccination programs could face setbacks.
- Loss of technical collaboration between the US CDC and WHO may weaken disease surveillance and pandemic preparedness.
- Increased Influence of China: The vacuum left by the US could amplify China’s role within WHO, leading to concerns over political influence and transparency.
- Undermining Global Health Equity: Withdrawal may hinder equitable access to healthcare resources, including vaccines and medicines, in developing nations.
- Undermining Pandemic Treaty: The US will cease negotiations on the WHO pandemic treaty, affecting the framework for global cooperation on future pandemics.
What are the Major Global Institutions and Challenges Faced by them?
- United Nations (UN): Political divisions among member states, limited enforcement power, and funding constraints. The UN’s peacekeeping missions and humanitarian efforts often face resource shortages and geopolitical interference.
- World Health Organization (WHO): Criticism for its pandemic response, reliance on voluntary funding, and political influence from member states. The WHO struggles to maintain independence and effectiveness in global health governance.
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Increasing protectionism, trade disputes among major economies, and calls for reform to address inequities in global trade rules. The WTO faces difficulties in resolving conflicts like U.S.-China trade tensions.
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank: Criticism of conditional lending practices, perceived bias favoring wealthier nations, and inefficiencies in addressing poverty and economic disparities. Both institutions face calls for governance reforms to better represent developing countries.
- Regional Organizations (e.g., EU, African Union): Economic disparities among members, political instability, and resource limitations. For example, the EU faces challenges like migration issues and the aftermath of Brexit, while the African Union struggles with conflict resolution and development goals.
What would be the Impact on India?
- Funding Shortfalls for WHO Programs: The U.S. contributes approximately 15-20% of WHO’s budget, amounting to around $600 million annually.
- This withdrawal could lead to significant funding gaps for various health programs like India’s immunisation programs that India benefits from, such as those addressing neglected tropical diseases, HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis.
- Loss of Technical Expertise: The departure of U.S. experts from WHO committees could limit the organization’s ability to provide comprehensive guidelines and support for health policies in India.
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What are the reforms needed in Global Institutions?
- Enhanced Representation and Inclusivity: Need to expand the UN Security Council and restructure voting power in organizations like the IMF and World Bank to ensure equitable decision-making.
- Increased Transparency and Accountability: There is a pressing need for improved transparency in decision-making processes within global institutions. This includes establishing clear accountability mechanisms to address concerns about corruption, inefficiency, and lack of responsiveness to member states’ needs.
Mains PYQ:
Q Critically examine the role of WHO in providing global health security during the Covid-19 pandemic. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India EU relation;
Why in the News?
Recently, Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal highlighted six key principles to strengthen the partnership between India and the European Union during a meeting with Maros Sefcovic, the EU Commissioner for Trade and Economic Security.
What are the Six Broad Principles between the EU and India?
- Common Values: Establish a partnership based on shared values of democracy, rule of law, and an independent judiciary.
- Fair Trade Agenda: Develop a commercially meaningful trade agenda that addresses tariff and non-tariff barriers, ensuring benefits for small and medium enterprises, farmers, and fishermen.
- High-Quality Production: Engage in the exchange of best practices and harmonization of standards to achieve “zero defect” and “zero effect” production capabilities.
- Technological Collaboration: Work together to develop cutting-edge technologies and secure critical raw material supply chains, enhancing resilience against non-market economies.
- Sustainable Development: Cooperate on trade and sustainable development while respecting differing levels of development among nations, adhering to the principle of common but differentiated responsibility.
- Mutual Growth: Leverage India’s young talent pool to act as a bridge for mutual growth and development with the EU.
What is the Significance of the EU for India?
- Largest Trading Partner: The EU is India’s largest regional trading partner, accounting for approximately 12.2% of India’s total trade in goods as of 2023. This relationship facilitates substantial trade flows, with trade in goods reaching around €124 billion and trade in services amounting to €50.8 billion in 2023.
- Major Source of Investment: The EU is a leading source of foreign direct investment (FDI) in India, with an investment stock of approximately €108.3 billion in 2022. This investment supports job creation and economic development across various sectors in India.
- Technology Transfer and Innovation: The EU serves as a primary source of technology transfer to India, aiding in the development of critical sectors such as infrastructure, green technology, and digital solutions. This collaboration is vital for India’s aspirations to modernize its economy and enhance its global competitiveness.
- Strategic Partnership: The EU-India relationship is built on shared values such as democracy and human rights. It has evolved into a strategic partnership that addresses global challenges, including climate change, security threats, and sustainable development. This partnership is crucial for both entities to enhance their roles in global governance.
- Geopolitical Considerations: With the rise of assertive powers like China and shifting U.S. policies, the EU recognizes the importance of a robust partnership with India as a counterbalance in the region. Strengthening ties with India aligns with the EU’s goals of promoting multilateralism and addressing common security interests.
Evolution of India-EU Relations:
- Foundational Agreements and Strategic Partnership: India-EU relations date back to the early 1960s, with India being one of the first countries to establish diplomatic ties with the European Economic Community.
- The relationship was formalized through the Joint Political Statement in 1993 and the Cooperation Agreement in 1994, which expanded cooperation beyond trade.
- In 2004, at the 5th India-EU Summit, the relationship was upgraded to a Strategic Partnership, marking a significant milestone in bilateral ties.
- Joint Action Plan and Enhanced Cooperation: Following the strategic partnership, a Joint Action Plan was adopted in 2005 and reviewed in 2008, focusing on strengthening dialogue and cooperation across various sectors including trade, investment, and cultural exchanges.
- Recent Developments and Future Prospects: In 2022, India and the EU celebrated 60 years of bilateral relations by relaunching negotiations for a Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA), which had stalled since 2013.
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What are the challenges between India and the EU?
- Trade Barriers and Market Access: Indian companies face increasing non-tariff barriers when trying to access EU markets, including stringent technical regulations, phytosanitary measures, and compliance standards. These barriers hinder the export of Indian goods and services, complicating efforts to establish a comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between India and the EU.
- Also, India is cautious about reducing high tariffs on sensitive sectors like automobiles and agricultural products, which the EU seeks to liberalize.
- Mobility of Professionals and Services Liberalization: The lack of a common working visa system in the EU restricts the free movement of Indian professionals across member states. India seeks greater access for its skilled workers in the EU, while the EU demands liberalization of India’s professional services sector, particularly in accountancy and legal services.
Way forward:
- Balanced Trade Agreement: Prioritize resolving key differences in tariff reductions and non-tariff barriers, especially in sensitive sectors like automobiles, agriculture, and professional services, while ensuring fair market access for both sides to boost mutual economic growth.
- Enhanced Mobility and Collaboration: Establish frameworks for the free movement of professionals and expand cooperation in technology transfer, sustainable development, and resilient supply chains, leveraging India’s skilled workforce and the EU’s technological advancements.
Mains PYQ:
Q ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with examples. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Smart Cities Mission;
Why in the News?
The Smart Cities Mission (SCM), a flagship initiative launched during the NDA-1 government, has lost prominence in this year’s list of electoral promises and accomplishments.
What are smart cities?
- The Government of India defines smart cities as urban areas that provide core infrastructure, ensure a decent quality of life, promote a clean and sustainable environment, and utilize smart solutions for inclusive development.
What are the two major aspects of the Smart Cities Mission?
- Area-Based Development (ABD): This includes three components:
- Redevelopment: Transforming existing urban areas.
- Retrofitting: Improving infrastructure in underdeveloped areas.
- Greenfield Development: Creating new urban spaces with modern infrastructure.
- Pan-City Solutions: These involve applying smart solutions across the entire city, enhancing services through technology and improving overall urban management and governance.
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Why did the implementation of smart cities bypass local government?
- Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) Model: The SCM employed a governance structure that relied heavily on Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs), which were set up as limited companies under the Companies Act.
- This model often sidelined local elected councils, as SPVs were typically led by bureaucrats or representatives from multinational corporations, limiting local government involvement in decision-making processes.
- Top-Down Approach: Critics argue that the SPV model was too top-down, lacking alignment with the 74th Constitutional Amendment, which emphasizes decentralized governance. This disconnect resulted in many cities objecting to the governance structure, as it did not adequately reflect the needs and demands of local populations.
- Competitive Selection Process: The selection of cities was based on a competitive process that did not account for the diverse urban realities across India. This approach led to an exclusionary scheme where only small portions of cities were targeted for development, often ignoring broader community needs and existing urban dynamics.
- Limited Local Engagement: The mission’s design did not prioritize citizen participation or local stakeholder engagement effectively, which is crucial for understanding and addressing unique urban challenges. This lack of engagement contributed to projects that did not resonate with the actual needs of residents.
What has happened to the mission in Shimla?
- Project Value and Status: The ongoing projects in Shimla are valued at approximately ₹150 crore and are still in the early stages of construction. Key initiatives include the assembly flyover and various parking facilities, with tenders currently being processed.
- Funding: The Union Government has allocated a total of ₹500 crore to Shimla under the SCM, with two installments of ₹98 crore still pending. The overall budget for the mission in Shimla is ₹750 crore, which includes a contribution of ₹250 crore from the state government.
- Unfinished Projects: Despite the extension, several projects remain incomplete, including those at IGMC, Auckland, and Vikas Nagar. Additionally, construction for the bus stand parking area has not yet commenced.
What are the achievements of Smart City Mission?
- Project Completion: As of December 2024, 91% of the total projects under the SCM have been completed, with 7,380 out of 8,075 projects finalized. This reflects significant progress in urban development initiatives across 100 selected cities.
- Investment and Infrastructure: The mission has seen an investment of approximately ₹1,47,704 crore. Key areas of focus include infrastructure development, governance improvements, and social services such as housing, transport, education, and healthcare.
- Technological Integration: All 100 smart cities have established Integrated Command and Control Centres (ICCCs), which utilize data analytics and emerging technologies like AI and IoT to manage urban services more effectively. These centres played crucial roles during the COVID-19 pandemic by functioning as operational hubs.
- Public Safety Enhancements: Over 84,000 CCTV cameras have been installed for enhanced surveillance, along with emergency call boxes and public address systems to improve public safety.
- Solid Waste Management: The mission has improved solid waste management practices in over 66 cities through technology integration, enhancing efficiency in waste collection and management.
- Mobility Improvements: The development of smart roads and cycle tracks has been a significant focus, with over 1,740 kilometres of roads constructed or improved under the mission.
What are the challenges related to Smart City Mission?
- Disparity in Performance: While some cities have exceeded their project targets significantly, others have struggled to meet even basic completion goals. Reports indicate that 66 out of the 100 cities have not met their physical targets as of January 2023, highlighting a stark disparity in performance across regions.
- Limited Impact on Quality of Life: Critics argue that despite substantial investments, there has been little improvement in fundamental quality-of-life issues for citizens, such as access to clean water and affordable housing. The mission’s focus on high-tech solutions has sometimes overshadowed pressing social needs.
- Financial Constraints: Many local governing bodies face challenges in raising funds for projects due to financial limitations and resistance from citizens regarding user charges for services provided under the mission. This has hindered project execution in several cities.
- Implementation Delays: A significant number of projects remain incomplete or are stuck at various stages due to bureaucratic hurdles and lack of coordination among stakeholders involved in the SCM.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Decentralized Governance: Empower local governments by aligning the SCM governance model with the 74th Constitutional Amendment. Involve elected councils and local stakeholders in planning, implementation, and decision-making to ensure projects reflect community needs and realities.
- Enhance Financial and Technical Capacities: Provide cities with access to sustainable funding mechanisms, including better public-private partnership models, while building technical expertise for efficient project execution and addressing socio-environmental challenges comprehensively.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are ‘Smart Cities’? examine their relevance for urban development in India. Will it increase rural-urban differences? Give arguments for ‘Smart Villages’ in the light of PURA and RURBAN Mission. (UPSC IAS/2016)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary
Why in the News?
The Kalaburagi Forest Division is working to relocate a hamlet within the Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary on the Karnataka-Telangana border to a safer area.
About the Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary
| Details |
- Declared a wildlife sanctuary in 2011, covering 134.88 sq. km.
- Recognized as the first dryland Wildlife Sanctuary in South India.
- Located in the Kalaburagi District, renowned for its floristic diversity.
- Contributes to the conservation of dryland ecosystems.
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| Geographical Location |
- Situated in the Hyderabad Karnataka region.
- Features the Chandrampalli Dam and four smaller dams within the sanctuary.
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| Flora and Fauna |
- Flora: Rich in medicinal plants and tree species like Red Sanders, Sandalwood, Acacia, and Teak.
- Fauna:
- Mammals: Blackbuck, Common Fox, Four-horned Antelope, Indian Wolf, Hyena, and Fruit Bat.
- Birds: Over 35 species, including Black Drongo, Black-winged Kite, Blossom-headed Parakeet, Blue Pigeon, Black-headed Oriole, and Grey Partridge.
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| Climatic/Geographical Features |
- Comprises dry deciduous and moist deciduous forests.
- Fringes are planted with Acacia and Teak.
- Supports a dryland ecosystem with water bodies like the Chandrampalli Dam.
- Features a mix of arid and semi-moist climatic conditions.
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PYQ:
[2018] In which one of the following States is Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary located?
(a) Arunachal Pradesh
(b) Manipur
(c) Meghalaya
(d) Nagaland |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indian Bison (Gaur)
Why in the News?
The Jharkhand Forest department has initiated a study to revive the dwindling population of Bison, popularly known as Gaur, at Palamu Tiger Reserve (PTR).
About Indian Bison (Gaur)
| Details |
- Largest and tallest species in the wild cattle family.
- Scientific Name: Bos gaurus.
- Indigenous to South and Southeast Asia.
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| Species Habitat and Location |
- Found in evergreen, semi-evergreen, and moist deciduous forests with open grasslands.
- Prefers hilly terrains below 1,500–1,800 m with abundant water.
- Distributed across India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, and Thailand.
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| Behavioural Features |
- Social animals living in herds of 30–40 individuals.
- Strong and sturdy limbs, short tails, and inward-curved pale green/yellowish-brown horns.
- Males weigh 600–1,500 kg; females weigh 400–1,000 kg.
- Convex-shaped forehead; height ranges from 170–230 cm.
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| Conservation Status |
- IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I.
- CITES: Appendix I.
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PYQ:
[2011] A sandy and saline area is the natural habitat of an Indian animal species. The animal has no predators in that area but its existence is threatened due to the destruction of its habitat. Which one of the following could be that animal?
(a) Indian wild buffalo
(b) Indian wild ass
(c) Indian wild boar
(d) Indian gazelle. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Doctrine of Merger and its implications
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court clarified the “doctrine of merger,” stating that only one final decree or order can govern the same matter. When a higher court rules on a case, its decision overrides the lower court’s decree, becoming the binding and operative order.
What is ‘Doctrine of Merger’?
- The Doctrine of Merger is a legal principle that governs the relationship between decisions or decrees passed by different judicial forums in the hierarchy.
- It holds that once a superior court disposes of a case, the decision or decree of the lower court merges with that of the superior court.
- This doctrine ensures that there is only one operative and binding decree governing a subject matter at a given point in time.
- The doctrine applies when the order or decree of a lower court is subjected to an appeal, revision, or review before a higher court.
- It ensures that there is no ambiguity regarding which order is binding and enforceable.
- Key Features of the Doctrine of Merger
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- Single Operative Decree: The doctrine ensures that once a higher court has passed its judgment, there cannot be multiple operative decrees for the same subject matter.
- Scope: Applicable when a lower court’s order is challenged before a superior court. The higher court’s decision, whether confirming, modifying, or overturning the lower court’s decree, becomes the final and binding authority.
- Effect of Merger: The lower court’s decree is no longer independently enforceable; it is subsumed within the superior court’s order.
Legal Basis and Precedents:
- Kunhayammed v. State of Kerala (2000): The superior court’s decree, whether it confirms, modifies, or sets aside the lower court’s decree, replaces the lower court’s decision.
- Logic of the Doctrine: “There cannot be more than one decree or operative order governing the same subject matter at a given point of time.”
- Jurisdictional Hierarchy: This principle is applied in cases of appeals and revisions where the decision of the higher forum takes precedence over that of the lower forum.
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to the Indian judiciary, consider the following statements:
1. Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India can be called back to sit and act as a Supreme Court judge by the Chief Justice of India with the prior permission of the President of India.
2. A High Court in India has the power to review its own judgement as the Supreme Court does.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither I nor 2 |
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Turmeric Board, Turmeric Cultivation in India
Why in the News?
The Union Minister of Commerce & Industry inaugurated the National Turmeric Board in New Delhi, with Palle Ganga Reddy appointed as its first Chairperson.
About the National Turmeric Board
| Details |
- Operates under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry.
- Headquarters: Nizamabad, Telangana.
- Aim: To enhance turmeric production, support farmers, and boost global exports.
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| Structural Mandate |
- Chaired by a Central Government appointee.
- Includes representatives from the Ministry of AYUSH, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, and Department of Commerce.
- Rotating senior representatives from three states are also part of the Board.
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| Powers and Functions |
- Promotes awareness of turmeric’s medicinal and essential properties.
- Supports farmers across 20 states, including Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
- Facilitates research, value addition, and development of new products for domestic and global markets.
- Enhances logistics, supply chains, and trade opportunities.
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| Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Production in India |
- Turmeric is also known as ‘Golden Spice’.
- It thrives in temperatures ranging between 20°C and 30°C with high annual rainfall.
- India is the largest producer, consumer, and exporter of turmeric globally.
- Cultivates 30+ varieties over 3.05 lakh hectares, producing 10.74 lakh tonnes (2023-24).
- Accounts for over 70% of global turmeric production and 62% of world exports.
- Key exporting markets: Bangladesh, UAE, the US, and Malaysia.
- GI-tagged turmeric includes Lakadong (Meghalaya), Kandhamal (Odisha), and Erode (Tamil Nadu).
- Note: The Centre does NOT declare MSP for Turmeric.
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PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following:
- Areca nut
- Barley
- Coffee
- Finger millet
- Groundnut
- Sesamum
- Turmeric
The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has announced the Minimum Support Price for which of the above?
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 7 only
(b) 2, 4, 5 and 6 only
(c) 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 |
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code ;
Why in the News?
The recent Supreme Court judgment in the Jet Airways case has highlighted several major problems in India’s insolvency system.
What is the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)?
- The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), enacted in 2016, is a comprehensive legal framework in India aimed at consolidating the existing laws governing insolvency and bankruptcy.
- It establishes a structured process for resolving insolvency for corporate entities, individuals, and partnership firms, promoting timely resolution and maximizing asset value.
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What are the structural inefficiencies in the current Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)?
- Overburdened Tribunals: The National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) and the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) are tasked with handling both corporate insolvencies under the IBC and cases under the Companies Act. This dual burden leads to inefficiencies and delays in resolving insolvency cases.
- Inadequate Institutional Capacity: The NCLT’s structure, established in 1999, is outdated and does not align with contemporary economic demands. With only 63 sanctioned members, many of whom split their time across multiple benches, the tribunal struggles to manage its caseload effectively, resulting in significant backlogs.
- Lack of Domain Expertise: Members of the NCLT often lack the necessary domain knowledge to handle complex insolvency cases effectively. This deficiency hampers their ability to make informed decisions, as highlighted by the Supreme Court in the Jet Airways case.
- Procedural Delays: The requirement for mandatory hearings for all applications contributes to lengthy delays. The average time for insolvency resolutions has increased, indicating that procedural inefficiencies are exacerbating the situation.
- Ineffective Urgent Listings: There is no robust system for urgent listings before the NCLTs, leading to further delays in critical cases. The discretion given to registry staff regarding case listings can lead to inconsistencies and unpredictability in case management.
- Judicial Discretion Issues: There is a growing tendency among NCLT and NCLAT members to ignore Supreme Court orders, undermining judicial authority and eroding trust in the system.
How can procedural innovations enhance the effectiveness of insolvency resolution?
- Specialized Benches: Establishing specialized benches for different categories of insolvency cases could improve efficiency and ensure that cases are handled by members with relevant expertise.
- Mandatory Mediation: Introducing mandatory mediation before filing insolvency applications could reduce the number of cases entering the formal insolvency process, alleviating pressure on tribunals.
- Streamlined Hearing Processes: Revising the requirement for mandatory hearings on all applications could expedite processes, allowing for more efficient case management and resolution.
- Improved Infrastructure: Investing in adequate courtrooms and permanent support staff is essential to enhance operational capacity and ensure that tribunals can function effectively within the broader economic framework.
What reforms are necessary to transform the IBC into a proactive economic tool?
- Reassessment of Tribunal Structure: A comprehensive review of the NCLT and NCLAT structures is needed to align them with current economic realities and demands, potentially increasing their sanctioned strength and operational hours.
- Focus on Domain Expertise in Appointments: Reforming the appointment process for tribunal members to prioritise candidates with relevant experience in insolvency matters will enhance decision-making quality.
- Encouraging Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR): Promoting alternative dispute resolution methods within the insolvency framework can help manage caseloads more effectively while providing quicker resolutions for stakeholders.
- Legislative Amendments: Continuous legislative amendments should be made based on empirical data and stakeholder feedback to address emerging challenges within the IBC framework.
- Cultural Shift Towards Credit Discipline: Encouraging a cultural shift that emphasizes credit discipline among borrowers will support a healthier economic environment conducive to investment and growth.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Institutional Capacity and Expertise: Enhance the operational capacity of NCLT and NCLAT by increasing strength by appointing members with domain expertise, and providing adequate infrastructure and support staff to streamline case management and reduce delays.
- Promote Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR): Integrate mandatory mediation and other ADR mechanisms within the IBC framework to alleviate tribunal workload, ensure quicker resolutions, and foster a collaborative insolvency ecosystem.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI);
Why in the News?
The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) plans to use blockchain technology (DLT) to track and manage customer preferences for blocking spam, according to its chairman, Anil Kumar Lahoti.
What is the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)?
- The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) plays a crucial role in regulating Unsolicited Commercial Communications (UCC), commonly referred to as spam. Established under the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997.
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What is TRAI’s role in fighting spam?
- Do-Not-Disturb (DND) Registry: Launched in 2007, the DND registry allows customers to opt out of receiving commercial calls and messages. Users who register are not supposed to receive any spam communications.
- Telecom Commercial Communication Customer Preference Regulation (TCCCPR): Enacted in 2018, this regulation penalizes telemarketers who violate DND preferences. It includes warnings for offenders and potential blacklisting from sending messages if they accumulate enough violations.
- DND App Development: TRAI collaborated with external agencies to create a DND application that enables users to register their preferences and report complaints. By 2024, it became mandatory for telecom providers to include DND reporting features in their apps.
What role does blockchain play?
TRAI has mandated the use of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) to enhance its spam control measures:
- Immutable Record Keeping: Blockchain technology allows for a constantly updated and tamper-proof list of approved SMS senders and message formats. This ensures that only legitimate messages are sent, as each entry is unalterable by any party involved.
- Message Traceability: Regulations require that messages be sent using sender IDs instead of phone numbers, enhancing traceability. This measure helps prevent unauthorized entities from sending spam by ensuring that all message origins are recorded.
- Enhanced Regulations: In 2024, TRAI tightened regulations to ensure complete traceability of messages, addressing previous loopholes that allowed fraudulent registrations on blockchain systems
What are the other steps taken by the government to end spam?
- Sanchar Saathi Portal: This portal includes a reporting platform called Chakshu for complaints about fraudulent calls and messages. It collaborates with law enforcement and banks to identify and cancel numbers associated with unauthorised telemarketers.
- Real-Time Monitoring: The establishment of the Telecom Security Operation Centre enables real-time monitoring of suspicious internet traffic, enhancing the government’s ability to respond promptly to spam-related threats.
- AI-Based Detection: Telecom companies like Airtel have begun using Artificial Intelligence to label suspicious calls as “Suspected Spam,” a practice that is being adopted by other providers as well.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen International Collaboration: Partner with global VoIP providers and international regulators to curb spam and fraudulent calls originating from abroad, ensuring seamless enforcement across borders.
- Promote AI and ML Integration: Expand the use of AI/ML technologies for proactive detection and blocking of spam calls and messages, while continuously improving user-friendly reporting mechanisms.
Mains PYQ:
Q For achieving the desired objectives,it is necessary to ensure that the regulatory institutions remain independent and autonomous. Discuss in the light of experiences in recent past. (UPSC IAS/2015)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to the UGC;
Why in the News?
Non-BJP-led State governments oppose the UGC’s draft regulation on vice chancellors’ appointments, claiming it violates constitutional federal principles, and have called for its immediate withdrawal.
What are the aims and objectives behind the University Grants Commission Act, 1956?
The University Grants Commission (UGC) Act, 1956 was established to regulate and improve higher education in India. Its key aims and objectives are:
- Coordination and Standardization: Ensuring the coordination and determination of standards in universities to maintain quality education.
- Promotion of University Education: Taking steps to promote, develop, and coordinate university education across the country.
- Allocation of Funds: Allocating financial resources for the maintenance and development of universities.
- Advisory Role: Advising Union and State governments on grant allocation for general or specific purposes in higher education.
- Information Collection: Gathering and disseminating information on university education within India and abroad for institutional improvement.
- Regulation of Fees: Regulating fees to ensure accessibility and fairness in higher education.
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What are the crucial point that needs to be considered?
- Jurisdiction of UGC: The UGC’s authority to regulate the selection and appointment of vice-chancellors is questionable since the UGC Act does not explicitly include these provisions. The primary focus of the Act is on maintaining educational standards, not on administrative appointments.
- Consistency with UGC Act: Any regulation made by the UGC must align with the provisions of the UGC Act. If a regulation extends beyond the scope of the Act, it could be deemed ultra vires (beyond legal authority) and thus invalid.
- Federal Principles: The proposed regulations have raised concerns about violating federal principles enshrined in the Constitution of India, as they may interfere with state legislations that govern universities.
- Legislative Authority: Qualifications and selection criteria for vice chancellors are typically established by state legislatures, highlighting a potential overreach by the UGC in its regulatory role.
- Impact on Educational Standards: The selection and appointment of vice-chancellors should not be viewed as directly impacting educational standards, which is the primary mandate of the UGC.
- Judicial Precedents: Previous court rulings, including those from the Bombay High Court and the Supreme Court, have established important legal precedents regarding the relationship between UGC regulations and state laws, emphasizing that subordinate legislation cannot override state legislation.
- Constitutional Questions: There are ongoing constitutional debates regarding whether UGC regulations can override state laws and how such conflicts should be resolved under Article 254 of the Constitution, which addresses repugnancy between central and state laws.
What is the present ruling made by the judiciary?
The judiciary has provided significant rulings concerning the University Grants Commission (UGC) regulations, particularly regarding the selection and appointment of vice-chancellors.
- Kalyani Mathivanan Case (2015): The Supreme Court ruled that UGC regulations have a binding effect on universities. This ruling emphasized that subordinate legislation, such as UGC regulations, must be adhered to by the universities under its jurisdiction.
- Bombay High Court Ruling (2011): In the case of Suresh Patilkhede vs. The Chancellor Universities of Maharashtra, the court stated that UGC regulations cannot override state legislation. It highlighted that Regulation 7.3.0, being subordinate legislation, does not have the authority to supersede laws enacted by state legislatures.
- Constitutional Context: The rulings also touched upon Article 254 of the Constitution, which deals with repugnancy between central and state laws. It clarified that only a law passed by both Houses of Parliament and assented to by the President can override state legislation, not subordinate regulations like those issued by the UGC.
| Note: Regulation 7.3.0 pertains to the selection and appointment of Vice Chancellors in universities. Its provisions aim to establish minimum qualifications and a transparent process for such appointments, particularly to ensure the maintenance of academic and administrative standards in higher education institutions. |
Way forward:
- Collaborative Federal Framework: Establish a consensus-driven approach between the UGC and State governments to ensure that regulations respect federal principles while upholding academic standards. This can involve creating joint committees for resolving conflicts and aligning policies.
- Judicial Clarity and Legislative Reforms: Seek a definitive constitutional interpretation of the UGC’s regulatory scope through the judiciary, and, if needed, amend the UGC Act to explicitly define its role in administrative matters, ensuring consistency with the federal structure.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Konark Wheels, Sun Temple, Kalinga Architecture
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Mines, in collaboration with the Government of Odisha, has set up the DMF (District Mineral Foundation) Exhibition at the iconic Sun Temple, Konark.
About the Sun Temple
- It is located approximately 64 km from Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
- It was built in the 13th century (around 1250 CE) during the reign of King Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty.
- It is dedicated to Surya, the Sun God.
- It is designed as a massive chariot drawn by 7 horses with 24 intricately carved wheels.
- It was constructed from Khondalite stone, known for its durability and intricate carvings.
- The structure originally included a sanctum (deul) and an assembly hall (jagamohan) that have largely collapsed.
Historical Significance:
- The Konark Wheel, featured on Indian currency (old ₹20 and new ₹10 notes), symbolizes Odisha’s rich cultural heritage and national identity.
- It reflects 13th-century advancements in timekeeping and astronomy through its sundial functionality.
- It embodies the cycle of life and serves as a testament to the worship of Surya, the Sun God.
- It is a key example of the Kalinga architectural style, highlighting the Eastern Ganga Dynasty’s achievements.
Architectural Significance:
- Design: Represents a chariot of the Sun God, drawn by 7 horses, with 24 intricately carved wheels.
- Wheel Details:
- Diameter: 9 feet 9 inches.
- Spokes: 8 wide and 8 thin, symbolizing prahars (three-hour periods).
- Symbolism:
- 7 horses: 7 days of the week.
- 12 pairs of wheels: 12 months.
- 24 wheels: 24 hours in a day.
- Sundial Functionality: Two wheels act as sundials, showing time from sunrise to sunset using the axel’s shadow.
- Carvings: Features intricate designs of foliage, animals, and human figures, showcasing exceptional craftsmanship.
PYQ:
[2012] The Nagara, the Dravida and the Vesara are the:
(a) Three main racial groups of the Indian subcontinent
(b) Three main linguistic divisions into which the languages of India can be classified
(c) Three main styles of Indian temple architecture
(d) Three main musical Gharanas prevalent in India |
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IGICB Scheme, NIXI
Why in the News?
The National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) has introduced the Internet Governance Internship and Capacity Building Scheme, aiming to enhance awareness and develop expertise in Internet Governance (IG) among Indian citizens.
About Internet Governance Internship and Capacity Building (IGICB) Scheme:
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Details |
| About the Scheme |
- Launched by National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) under MeitY.
- Aims to build expertise in Internet Governance (IG) and enable global participation.
Aims and Objectives:
- Develop Expertise: Build Indian talent in Internet Governance.
- Enhance Global Participation: Collaborate with organisations like ICANN, ISOC, and IETF.
- Promote Digital Inclusivity: Ensure India’s representation in global forums.
- Foster Leadership: Shape future tech policy leaders.
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| Structural Mandate |
- Tracks: Six-month and three-month internship programs.
- Mentorship: Guided by experts from ICANN, APNIC, and academic advisors.
- Support Mechanism: Stipend of ₹20,000/month and support for outreach programs.
- Online Portal: Applications via NIXI Scheme Portal, with biometric verification.
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| Features of the Scheme |
- Global Exposure: Collaboration with leading organisations like ICANN, ISOC, and IEEE.
- Capacity Building: Focus on cybersecurity, Internet Governance, and digital policy.
- Mentorship: Hands-on guidance by seasoned professionals.
- Youth Engagement: Attracts young talent passionate about Internet Governance.
- Policy Impact: Strengthens India’s voice in global Internet Governance forums.
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What is National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI)?
- Establishment: Founded on June 19, 2003, under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
- Purpose: A not-for-profit organisation facilitating increased internet penetration and adoption across India.
- Key Services:
- Internet Exchange Points (IXPs): Builds infrastructure for internet exchange points.
- .IN Registry: Promotes .in domain digital identity.
- IRINN: Facilitates adoption of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dark Oxygen
Why in the News?
Deep-sea researchers have initiated a groundbreaking project to explore dark oxygen, a form of oxygen produced in complete darkness on the ocean floor.
What is Dark Oxygen?
- Dark oxygen refers to oxygen produced at extreme ocean depths without the involvement of photosynthesis.
- This process occurs in total darkness on the ocean floor, challenging the traditional understanding that sunlight is necessary for oxygen generation.
- It was first discovered in 2024 by researchers studying deep-sea environments.
- The strange nodules found at a depth of 13,000 feet act like natural batteries, splitting water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen using electrical charges.
- These nodules function in areas where light does not penetrate, under extreme pressure and low-temperature conditions.
- Occurrence:
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- Found in specific deep-sea zones, particularly in regions characterized by unique electrochemical activity.
- Occurs in places previously considered incapable of supporting oxygen production.
Features and Significance of Dark Oxygen:
- Unlike traditional oxygen production, dark oxygen does not rely on photosynthesis or sunlight.
- It is driven by electrochemical reactions occurring naturally in the ocean floor.
- Strange nodules on the ocean floor possess an electric charge, enabling them to split water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen.
- The process releases hydrogen, which could potentially serve as an energy source for microbial life in these regions.
PYQ:
[2012] Which one of the following sets of elements was primarily responsible for the origin of life on the Earth?
(a) Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sodium
(b) Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
(c) Oxygen, Calcium, Phosphorus
(d) Carbon, Hydrogen, Potassium |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
Why in the News?
The 1st Battalion of the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) celebrated its 20th Raising Day.
About the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
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Details |
| About |
- Constituted under Section 44 of the Disaster Management Act, 2005 for specialized disaster response.
- Functions under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and is headed by a Director General (DG), typically an IPS officer.
- Initially established in 2006 with 8 battalions, now expanded to 16 battalions.
- Operates under the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), chaired by the Prime Minister.
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| Powers and Functions |
- Primary Role: Rescue and relief operations during natural and man-made disasters such as floods, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides, building collapses, and accidents.
- Strategic Deployment: Resources are pre-positioned during imminent disaster situations to minimize damage.
- Active in international relief efforts, including the 2011 Fukushima disaster and the 2015 Nepal Earthquake.
- Provides multi-skilled, highly specialized responses, with capabilities for handling complex disaster scenarios.
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| Composition |
- Consists of 16 battalions, each with 1,149 personnel.
- Personnel are drawn from Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs): CRPF, BSF, CISF, ITBP, SSB, and Assam Rifles.
- Members are trained in disaster response, relief, and recovery operations.
- Focus on proactive availability and pre-positioning during disasters to ensure quick response.
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IMPORTANT: National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF)
- The NDRF is a statutory body constituted under the Disaster Management Act, 2005.
- It supplements State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF) of a State, in case of a disaster of severe nature, provided adequate funds are not available in SDRF.
- The July 2015 guidelines states that natural calamities of cyclone, drought, earthquake, fire, flood, tsunami, hailstorm, landslide, avalanche, cloud burst, pest attack and cold wave and frost will qualify for immediate relief assistance from NDRF.
- NDRF is managed in the “Public Accounts” under “Reserve Funds not bearing interest”.
- The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) audits the accounts of NDRF.
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PYQ:
[2020] Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: International Migrants;
Why in the News?
According to the International Labour Organisation’s (ILO) Global Estimates on International Migrant Workers, released in Geneva, the global population of international migrants reached 284.5 million in 2022, with 255.7 million of them being of working age (15 and older).
Why are there more male International Migrants in the global labour force than women?
- Gender Roles and Norms: Traditional gender roles and societal norms often restrict women’s ability to migrate autonomously. Women are frequently expected to prioritize family responsibilities, which limits their opportunities for international migration and labor market participation.
- Labour Market Segmentation: Women are often concentrated in specific sectors such as domestic work, caregiving, and low-skilled service jobs, which are undervalued and less visible.
- Men, on the other hand, dominate higher-paying sectors like construction and agriculture, which are more open to international migrants.
- Barriers to Employment: As per ILO, Migrant women face higher unemployment rates (8.7%) compared to migrant men (6.2%), due to factors such as language barriers, unrecognised qualifications, limited childcare options, and gender-based discrimination in host countries.
- Economic and Social Independence: Women’s migration decisions are influenced by their access to resources and social networks. A lack of autonomy or financial independence can hinder their ability to migrate for work.
- In some cases, women migrate as dependents or spouses of male workers, which limits their access to legal employment opportunities in the host country.
Which economic sectors attract IMs?
- Construction: The construction industry employs a significant number of male migrants, particularly in regions with rapid urbanisation and infrastructure projects. This sector, part of the 35.6% of male migrant employment in industry, plays a vital role in economic expansion.
- Agriculture: Globally, 7.1% of international migrants work in agriculture, with higher figures in regions like Africa, where 27.5% are employed in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. Migrants are crucial for meeting seasonal labour demands.
- Manufacturing: Manufacturing heavily relies on migrant workers in industrialized nations, with migrants filling manual labour and skill-specific roles. This sector highlights the alignment of migrant labour with economic development needs.
- Services Sector: Approximately 68.4% of international migrants are employed in the services sector, compared to 51.5% of non-migrants. This sector includes a wide range of occupations, but it is particularly noted for:
- Care Work: A significant number of migrant women are employed in caregiving roles, which include healthcare and domestic services. About 28.8% of migrant women work in the care economy.
- Hospitality and Retail: Many migrants find employment in hotels, restaurants, and retail stores, especially in high-demand tourist areas.
Which are the main host countries?
Approximately 68.4% of international migrants are concentrated in high-income countries followed by 17.4% (29.2 million) in upper-middle-income countries.
- Regional Distribution of Migrant Workers (2022): International migrants in the labour force were primarily concentrated in Europe and Central Asia (34.5%, 57.8 million), followed by the Americas (27.3%, 45.8 million), Asia and the Pacific (16.2%, 27.2 million), the Arab States (13.5%, 22.6 million), and Africa (8.5%, 14.3 million). The majority resided in Northern, Southern, and Western Europe (23.3%), Northern America (22.6%), and the Arab States (13.5%), collectively hosting 59.4% of all migrant workers.
- Significant Proportions in Labor Forces: Migrants formed more than one-third (37.2%) of the Arab States’ labour force. Significant proportions were also observed in Europe and Central Asia (12.9%) and the Americas (9%), highlighting their vital role in these economies.
Conclusion: Governments and international organizations should implement gender-responsive migration policies that address barriers faced by women. This includes creating support systems for childcare, recognizing foreign qualifications, and ensuring equal access to legal employment opportunities in host countries.
Mains PYQ:
Q “Success of make in India program depends on the success of Skill India programme and radical labour reforms.” Discuss with logical arguments. (UPSC IAS/2015)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to population;
Why in the News?
The Global Burden of Diseases Study (GBD) 2021 shows that India’s fertility rate has dropped significantly, from 6.18 children per woman in the 1950s to 1.9 children per woman in 2021.
What has a GBD Report shown about the total fertility rate in India?
- Declining Fertility Rates: India’s TFR has dramatically decreased from 6.18 in the 1950s to 1.9 in 2021, which is below the replacement level of 2.1 necessary for population stability.
- Future Projections: The report projects that India’s TFR could further decline to 1.04 by 2100, indicating a potential average of less than one child per woman.
- Socio-Economic Concerns: This steep decline in fertility has raised alarms regarding political and socio-economic impacts, particularly in southern states, where there are fears of losing parliamentary representation due to demographic shifts post-delimitation in 2026.
Why are fertility levels declining in India?
- Early Adoption of Family Planning Policies: Southern states like Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh rigorously implemented family planning policies introduced in the 1950s, leading to a significant decline in fertility rates. For example, Andhra Pradesh currently has a Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 1.5, comparable to Nordic countries like Sweden.
- Higher Female Literacy and Workforce Participation: Increased educational attainment among women has empowered them to delay marriage and childbirth. This is evident in Kerala, where high literacy rates have contributed to the state achieving replacement-level fertility as early as 1988.
- Changing Societal Norms: Cultural shifts have led to late marriages and smaller families. For instance, women in southern states increasingly prioritize careers and financial independence over traditional roles, contributing to lower fertility rates.
- Urbanization and Economic Pressures: Urban lifestyles and rising costs of living discourage larger families. States like Tamil Nadu and Karnataka have seen fertility rates drop to 1.4 and 1.6 respectively due to urbanization and modern aspirations.
Why are the southern States worried?
- Ageing Population: Southern states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh have fertility rates that have fallen below the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman. This decline leads to an increasing proportion of elderly individuals in the population, which is projected to rise significantly.
- For instance, Kerala’s population aged 60 and above is expected to increase from 13% in 2011 to 23% by 2036. This demographic shift results in a smaller working-age population, which can strain economic productivity and increase demands for pensions and healthcare services.
- Political Representation: The upcoming delimitation of parliamentary constituencies, based on population figures from the 2031 Census, raises fears that southern states may lose parliamentary seats due to their slower population growth.
- This potential reduction in representation could diminish their political influence at the national level, especially compared to more populous northern states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
- Economic Strain: With a declining workforce contributing less to the economy through taxes and social security, southern states face challenges similar to those observed in countries with ageing populations, such as Japan and China.
- Migration Issues: As birth rates decline, southern states may increasingly rely on internal migration from northern states to fill labour shortages. However, this reliance could create further socio-economic disparities between regions.
Way forward:
- Equitable Resource Distribution: Implement policies ensuring equitable representation and resource allocation in parliamentary seats post-delimitation to address regional disparities without penalizing states with successful population control measures.
- Support for Ageing Populations: Develop robust social security systems, healthcare infrastructure, and incentives for elder care while promoting skill development and migration-friendly policies to mitigate workforce shortages in southern states.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Hazardous waste;
Why in the News?
The Madhya Pradesh High Court gave authorities four weeks to dispose of the waste, nearly 40 years after the gas disaster that killed over 4,000 people and left thousands more injured or disabled.
What are the plans for the hazardous gas leak waste?
- Waste Transportation: The Madhya Pradesh government has successfully transported 358 tonnes of hazardous waste from the Union Carbide facility in Bhopal to the Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility (TSDF) in Pithampur, Dhar district, following a court order.
- Incineration Process: The waste will be incinerated at the Pithampur facility, with an initial timeline of three to nine months for complete disposal, depending on emissions and safety assessments during the process.
- Emission Controls: To mitigate air pollution, the incinerator will utilize four-layer special filters to ensure that the smoke emitted does not contaminate the surrounding environment.
- Post-Incineration Measures: After incineration, the resulting ash will be covered with a two-layer membrane and buried in a landfill to prevent any contact with soil and water sources.
- Expert Supervision: The entire disposal process will be overseen by officials from the Central Pollution Control Board and State Pollution Control Board, ensuring compliance with safety regulations and environmental standards.
How much has been allocated to incinerate the waste and deposit the residue at a landfill in Pithampur?
- The Central government has allocated ₹126 crore (approximately $15 million) to facilitate the incineration of this waste and ensure that any resulting residue is safely deposited in a landfill at the Pithampur facility.
Why have there been protests?
- Health and Environmental Fears: Residents are worried that the incineration of toxic waste will pose significant health risks and environmental hazards to the local population and surrounding areas, with claims that it could lead to harmful emissions affecting air quality.
- Historical Context: The protests are fueled by the legacy of the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy, which resulted in thousands of deaths and long-term health issues. This history has heightened sensitivity to any activities involving hazardous materials in the region.
- Community Mobilization: Local organizations, such as the ‘Pithampur Bachao Samiti’, have organized bandhs (shutdowns) and demonstrations, leading to widespread participation from residents who are calling for the waste to be returned to Bhopal instead of being incinerated locally.
What is the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy?
The Bhopal gas tragedy, also known as the Bhopal disaster, occurred on the night of December 2-3, 1984, at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
- Chemical Leak: The disaster was triggered by a leak of approximately 40 tons of methyl isocyanate (MIC), a highly toxic gas used in pesticide production. This gas escaped from a storage tank due to a combination of operational failures and safety deficiencies at the plant.
- Immediate Impact: The gas cloud spread over densely populated areas surrounding the plant, leading to immediate chaos and panic. Official estimates indicate that around 3,787 people died as a direct result of the gas exposure, while other estimates suggest that the death toll could be as high as 15,000 to 20,000 over subsequent years due to related health complications.
- Injuries and Long-term Effects: Over 558,000 individuals suffered injuries ranging from respiratory problems to permanent disabilities. Many survivors continue to experience health issues related to their exposure to the toxic gas.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Public Engagement and Transparency: Conduct comprehensive awareness campaigns involving scientific experts to address community concerns, ensuring transparent communication about safety measures, emission controls, and environmental safeguards during the incineration process.
- Enhance Monitoring and Compliance: Implement stringent real-time monitoring of emissions and groundwater quality during and after waste disposal, supervised by independent experts and regulatory bodies, to uphold environmental and public health standards.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the impediments in disposing the huge quantities of discarded solid wastes which are continuously being generated? How do we remove safely the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our habitable environment? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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