Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Launh stations in India
Why in the News?
The Union Cabinet approved the construction of a third launchpad at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. In 2024, PM laid the foundation stone for ISRO’s second rocket launchport at Kulasekarapattinam in Tamil Nadu’s Thoothukudi district. (The first one being the Dr Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha.)
Who was Satish Dhawan?
- Born in Srinagar, Satish Dhawan was a prominent Indian rocket scientist and is hailed as the ‘Father of Experimental Fluid Dynamics Research’ in India.
- Succeeded Vikram Sarabhai as ISRO Chairman in 1972.
- Oversaw a period of extraordinary growth in India’s space program, including the development of:
- INSAT: India’s telecommunications satellite system.
- IRS: The Indian Remote Sensing satellite program.
- PSLV: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, which positioned India as a major spacefaring nation.
- Legacy:
- Passed away in 2002, after which the Sriharikota space center was renamed the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in his honor.
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About the New Launchpad
- The new launchpad at Sriharikota aims to bolster India’s space capabilities.
- It will support Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) missions and enhance ISRO’s capacity to launch advanced satellites and spacecraft.
- Significance: This is India’s sole operational spaceport, serving as the hub for spacecraft and satellite launches since its inception.
How and why was Sriharikota selected as the Launch Site?
- 1960s Search: India’s search for an ideal launch site began in the 1960s when the country decided to develop indigenous satellites and launch vehicles.
- Vikram Sarabhai, the father of India’s space program, tasked EV Chitnis to identify a site on the east coast.
- Survey and Acquisition: By October 1968, approximately 40,000 acres of land were acquired in Sriharikota.
- Reasons for Choosing Sriharikota:
- East Coast Location: Launching rockets eastward takes advantage of Earth’s rotational speed, adding an extra velocity boost of 450 m/s, especially beneficial for geostationary satellites.
- Proximity to the Equator: Rockets launching near the equator require less energy to reach geostationary orbits, making the location ideal for such missions.
- Uninhabited Area: The site’s sparse population minimizes risks during rocket launches and component re-entry.
- Access to the Sea: Proximity to the Bay of Bengal ensures that rocket debris falls into the sea, avoiding hazards to land or human settlements.
- Strategic Accessibility: Adequate access to resources, infrastructure, and government support facilitated the development of a robust launch facility.
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements:
- PSLVs launch the satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.
- Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
- GSLV Mk III is a four-staged launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 2
(d) 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Namdhari Sect
Why in the News?
Punjab CM paid tribute to the Kuka martyrs at a function held at the Namdhari Shaheed Smarak in Malerkotla. The day commemorates the execution of 66 Namdhari Sikhs (Kukas) on January 17 and 18, 1872, by British colonial authorities.
Who are the ‘Namdharis’?
- The Namdharis, also called Kukas, are a Sikh sect founded by Satguru Ram Singh on April 12, 1857, in Ludhiana, Punjab.
- The name Kuka derives from their distinctive high-pitched recitation of Gurbani (kook in Punjabi means “cry” or “scream”).
- Social Reforms:
- Advocated against alcohol consumption, meat eating, and other social vices.
- Promoted Swadeshi principles, urging people to boycott foreign goods, British services, and educational institutions.
- The movement served as a precursor to nationwide Non-Cooperation Movement, emphasizing self-reliance and resistance against colonial rule.
About the Kuka Rebellion
- The Kuka Rebellion was one of the localized uprisings against British rule after the Rebellion of 1857.
- The Namdharis actively opposed British policies, particularly cow slaughter, which became a focal point of their resistance.
- Key events leading to the rebellion:
- In January 1872, Namdharis, led by Hira Singh and Lehna Singh, clashed with British authorities after a cow slaughter incident in Malerkotla.
- They attacked the Malaudh Fort in Ludhiana, loyal to the British, but the rebellion was crushed.
- British Retaliation:
- The British responded brutally, executing 49 Namdharis on January 17, 1872, and 17 more on January 18, 1872.
- The Kukas were placed in front of cannons and blown up in a public spectacle to intimidate others.
Kuka Martyrs’ Day
- It is observed on January 17 and 18 each year to honor the 66 Namdharis who were executed in 1872.
- Significant Stories of Bravery:
- Bishan Singh (12 years old): Refused to renounce his sect despite being offered his life and was brutally executed after tugging the beard of a British official.
- Waryam Singh: Courageously used stones to elevate himself to the cannon’s mouth for execution, showing unwavering dedication.
- Legacy:
- After the rebellion, Satguru Ram Singh and other Namdhari leaders were exiled to Rangoon.
- Namdharis believe Ram Singh is still alive and mourn his absence by wearing white.
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PYQ:
[2016] The ‘Swadeshi’ and ‘Boycott’ were adopted as methods of struggle for the first time during the:
(a) Agitation against the Partition of Bengal
(b) Home Rule Movement
(c) Non-Cooperation Movement
(d) Visit of the Simon Commission to India |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Yala Glacier
Why in the News?
Yala Glacier in Nepal is predicted to disappear by the 2040s due to rapid retreat and mass loss. It is the only glacier in the Himalayas listed on the Global Glacier Casualty List, an initiative launched in 2024 to document endangered or vanished glaciers worldwide.
| Note: The UN has designated 2025 as the International Year of Glacier Preservation, with March 21st to be observed annually as World Glacier Day starting from 2025. |
About the Yala Glacier
- Yala Glacier is located in the Langtang Valley, central Nepal, and is influenced by the Indian summer monsoon.
- It is one of the most studied glaciers in Nepal and represents the Hindu Kush Himalayan region in the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS) database.
- The glacier has been monitored for over a decade using stakes, snow pits, and satellite images, providing crucial data on the state of Himalayan glaciers.
- It is the only glacier in the Himalayas included in the Global Glacier Casualty List, a recognition of its critical status.
- It plays a vital role in studying the cryosphere, a critical water resource supporting 240 million people in the Himalayan region.
Retreat of Yala Glacier
- Yala Glacier is projected to disappear by the 2040s, reflecting the growing threat to Himalayan glaciers.
- It has retreated by 680 meters between 1974 and 2021, with a 36% reduction in area during this period.
- Its elevation, which ranged between 5,170m and 5,750m in 2011, has significantly declined.
- The glacier has lost so much mass that it no longer meets scientific standards for effective observation.
- The Hindu Kush Himalayan cryosphere is warming twice as fast as the global average, leading to rapid glacial retreat.
About the Global Glacier Casualty List
- It was launched in 2024 by a consortium of institutions including Rice University, World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS), World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and UNESCO.
- It documents endangered or vanished glaciers.
- Glaciers Listed: Includes 15 glaciers, such as:
- Pico Humboldt Glacier (Venezuela): Disappeared in 2024.
- Sarenne Glacier (France): Vanished in 2023.
- Dagu Glacier (China): Categorized as “critically endangered,” expected to vanish by 2030.
- Significance:
- Highlights the urgency of glacier preservation, as these ice masses store 70% of global freshwater and influence water security for billions of people worldwide.
- Reinforces the need for global cooperation to address the accelerating loss of glaciers due to climate change
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PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following Pairs :
Glacier: River
- Bandarpunch : Yamuna
- Bara Shigri : Chenab
- Milam : Mandakini
- Siachen : Nubra
- Zemu : Manas
Which of the following pairs given above are correctly matched?
(a) 1,2 and 4
(b) 1,3 and 4
(c) 2 and 5
(d) 3 and 5 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lokpal and Lokayukta; Powers and Functions
Why in the News?
12 years after its enactment, the Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013, has seen limited impact, with the Lokpal ordering just 24 investigations and granting 6 prosecution sanctions.
History of Lokpal:
- The First Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC-I) recommended establishing an anti-corruption ombudsman for India in 1966.
- Several Lokpal Bills were introduced between 1971 and 2008, but none were passed.
- In 2011, activist Anna Hazare’s Jan Lokpal Andolan led to significant public pressure for an anti-corruption framework.
- This movement resulted in the enactment of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, which provides for the appointment of:
- Lokpal at the Centre.
- Lokayuktas in states to address corruption cases involving public servants.
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About Lokpal and Lokayukta
|
Lokpal |
Lokayukta |
| About |
- Envisioned under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, it is India’s first anti-corruption ombudsman at the central level.
- Covers corruption cases involving public servants, including the Prime Minister (with exceptions), Union Ministers, MPs, and central government officials.
- Appointed by the President on the recommendation of a Selection Committee (includes PM, LoP, CJI, and an eminent jurist).
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- Established under Section 63 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, as the state-level counterpart to the Lokpal.
- Handles corruption cases involving state public servants, including Chief Ministers, Ministers, MLAs, and state officials.
- Appointed by the Governor, with the composition and appointment process varying across states.
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| Powers and Functions |
- Investigates corruption cases under the Prevention of Corruption Act.
- Can confiscate property acquired through corrupt practices.
- Has jurisdiction over central officials in Groups A, B, C, and D, and institutions receiving significant foreign contributions or government funding.
- Can refer cases to the CBI or its Inquiry Wing for investigation.
- Submits annual reports to the President, which are tabled in Parliament.
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- Investigates cases under state laws, particularly involving state public servants.
- Addresses corruption complaints related to government schemes, contracts, and functioning.
- Powers vary across states, but typically include authority to recommend investigations, disciplinary action, or prosecution.
- Submits annual reports to the Governor, which are presented in the State Legislature.
|
| Structural Mandate |
- Composition: Chairperson (former CJI, SC Judge, or eminent person) and up to 8 members, 50% of whom must be from SC/ST/OBC/Minorities/Women.
- Tenure: 5 years or until 70 years of age.
- Salary: Chairperson’s salary equals CJI, members’ salaries equal SC Judges.
- Removal by the President upon SC inquiry for misconduct or incapacity.
|
- Composition: Varies by state law but generally includes a Chairperson and members with qualifications similar to the Lokpal.
- Tenure: Defined by state legislation.
- Salary: Modeled on the Lokpal but subject to state laws.
- Removal by the Governor, often following a process modelled on the Lokpal Act.
|
PYQ:
[2013] ‘A national Lokpal, however strong it may be, cannot resolve the problems of immorality in public affairs’. Discuss. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to Vulnerable groups;
Why in the News?
Recently, UNICEF’s Global Outlook 2025 emphasizes the urgent need for resilient systems to protect children’s rights amid crises like conflict, climate change, and economic instability, ensuring equitable access to essential services globally.
What are the primary challenges facing children in the current global landscape as per UNICEF’s Global Outlook 2025?
- Conflict and Displacement: Over 473 million children, or about 19% globally, live in conflict-affected areas—a figure that has nearly doubled since the 1990s. This exposes children to severe risks, including displacement, starvation, disease, and psychological trauma.
- Economic Instability: Nearly 400 million children live in countries in debt distress, where financial pressures are reducing investments in essential services such as education and healthcare, further deepening their vulnerabilities.
- Climate Change: Around 1 billion children are at extremely high risk from climate impacts. Disruptions from extreme weather events affect their access to education and healthcare, while only 2.4% of global climate finance is directed toward child-focused initiatives.
- Digital Inequality: The expansion of digital public infrastructure (DPI) offers opportunities to improve service delivery, but significant digital divides persist, disproportionately affecting children in low-income and marginalised communities.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP): Launched in 2015, this flagship scheme aims to address the declining child sex ratio and promote the education and empowerment of girls.
- Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY): This savings scheme encourages parents to save for their daughters’ education and marriage by offering attractive interest rates and tax benefits.
- Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS): Established in 1975, ICDS focuses on improving the nutritional and health status of children under six years, pregnant women, and lactating mothers.
- National Nutrition Mission (POSHAN Abhiyaan): Launched in 2018, this mission aims to reduce malnutrition among children and women through a convergence of various schemes and community-based approaches.
- Mission Vatsalya: This initiative focuses on child protection services, ensuring that vulnerable children receive necessary support and care.
- Child Protection Policies: The government has enacted several laws, such as the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act and the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, to safeguard children’s rights and ensure their welfare.
- National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR): The NCPCR plays a crucial role in promoting and protecting children’s rights in India. It has launched various initiatives such as the POCSO e-Box for reporting child sexual abuse and the Bal Panchayat Abhiyan to encourage child-led governance.
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How can global governance and national systems be strengthened to support children’s rights and well-being?
Global governance:
- Strengthening International Mechanisms: The United Nations should develop specialized frameworks to protect children’s rights in the digital environment, ensuring online safety and privacy are integral to global governance policies.
- Ensuring Accountability: States and corporations must be held accountable for violations of children’s rights, with the adoption of measures like the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights to ensure businesses prioritize child protection.
- Fostering Global Collaboration: Promoting bilateral and multilateral cooperation can address challenges such as cyberbullying and online exploitation through shared best practices and coordinated efforts to safeguard children’s rights worldwide.
National systems:
- Developing Child Rights Governance Systems: Nations should establish comprehensive frameworks that integrate children’s rights into laws and policies, aligning with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) to prioritize children’s needs in governance.
- Strengthening Civil Society Organizations (CSOs): Enhancing the capacity of CSOs through training programs can improve their ability to advocate for and implement child rights initiatives while effectively engaging with government institutions.
- Advancing Evidence-Based Advocacy: Utilizing data-driven approaches to shape policy priorities can ensure child rights are central to resource allocation and budgeting at global, regional, and national levels.
- Empowering Children’s Participation: Encouraging children to actively participate in decision-making processes helps create policies that address their needs and aspirations, fostering a more inclusive governance system.
- Establishing Robust Monitoring Systems: Implement mechanisms to regularly track and report on children’s well-being indicators to ensure accountability and measure progress in achieving child rights standards.
Way forward:
- Integrated Global-National Synergy: Strengthen collaboration between international frameworks and national systems to prioritize children’s rights in governance, focusing on accountability, digital safety, and climate resilience through coordinated policies and resource allocation.
- Child-Centric Policy and Participation: Develop evidence-based policies that directly address children’s vulnerabilities while empowering them to participate in decision-making, ensuring sustainable and responsive governance structures.
Mains PYQ:
Q The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains inadequate in promoting an incentive-based system for children’s education without generating awareness about the importance of schooling. Analyse. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Monopoly of Dollars,Internationalisation of INR;
Why in the News?
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), along with the Central government, has reviewed the rules under the Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999 (FEMA) to make it easier to carry out cross-border transactions in Indian rupees (INR) according to a statement by the RBI.
What are the recent changes made in FEMA regulations by RBI?
- Opening Rupee Accounts for Non-Residents: Overseas branches of authorized dealer (AD) banks can now open rupee accounts for non-residents, enabling them to conduct current and capital account transactions with Indian residents.
- Settlement of Transactions: Non-residents can use their balances in repatriable rupee accounts, including Special Non-Resident Rupee Accounts (SNRAs) and Special Rupee Vostro Accounts (SRVAs), to settle transactions with other non-residents abroad.
- Investment Opportunities: Balances in these accounts can be utilized for foreign investments, including Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in non-debt instruments, thereby promoting rupee-based investments.
- Flexibility for Exporters: Indian exporters are now permitted to open foreign currency accounts overseas to receive export proceeds and use these funds for import payments, enhancing operational flexibility.
- Support for Local Currency Transactions: The new guidelines support cross-border transactions in local currencies, reducing reliance on dominant foreign currencies like the US Dollar
What is Internationalisation of Rupee?
- The internationalization of the rupee refers to the process of increasing the use and acceptance of the Indian rupee (INR) in global trade, investment, and cross-border transactions. This initiative aims to promote the rupee as a viable alternative to dominant currencies like the US dollar in international markets.
What are the key features of the Internationalisation of Rupee?
- Cross-Border Transactions: The primary goal is to facilitate more cross-border transactions in rupees, allowing businesses and individuals to conduct trade and investments without relying on foreign currencies.
- Current and Capital Account Transactions: Initially focused on promoting the rupee for import and export trade, the process will extend to other current account transactions and eventually capital account transactions, enabling investments in rupee-denominated assets.
- Full Convertibility: Achieving full capital account convertibility is essential for internationalization, meaning there would be no restrictions on converting rupees into foreign currency or vice versa for investments and loans.
- Strengthening Economic Sovereignty: Reducing reliance on foreign currencies enhances India’s economic sovereignty and minimizes exposure to currency fluctuations, thereby stabilizing trade relations.
- Enhancing Global Trade: By allowing direct transactions in rupees, internationalization can simplify cross-border trade processes, eliminate currency conversion needs, and reduce transaction costs.
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What are the significance of Internationalisation of Rupee?
- Reducing Exchange Rate Risks: By promoting INR usage in international trade, India can mitigate exchange rate risks associated with reliance on major currencies like the USD.
- Enhancing Trade Competitiveness: Facilitating rupee transactions can improve India’s trade competitiveness by lowering transaction costs and simplifying payment processes for exporters and importers.
- Strengthening Economic Sovereignty: Greater acceptance of the INR in global markets can enhance India’s economic sovereignty and reduce vulnerability to external economic shocks and geopolitical tensions.
- Encouraging Foreign Investment: The ability to conduct transactions in INR may attract more foreign investors looking for stable investment opportunities in India
Way forward:
- Strengthen Global Agreements: Expand bilateral and multilateral trade agreements to encourage invoicing and settlement in rupees, promoting its global acceptability.
- Enhance Domestic Financial Infrastructure: Improve financial systems to support seamless cross-border rupee transactions, including achieving full capital account convertibility and increasing trust in the INR.
Mains PYQ:
Q How would the recent phenomena of protectionism and currency manipulations in world trade affect macroeconomic stability of India? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: FTI- TTP
Why in the News?
The Fast Track Immigration – Trusted Traveller Program (FTI-TTP) is set to expand to seven major Indian airports starting January 16, 2025, ensuring seamless and expedited immigration processes for Indian nationals and Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cardholders.
About the Fast Track Immigration Trusted Traveller Program (FTI- TTP)
- Launched under the ‘Viksit Bharat @2047’ vision, it aims to establish world-class immigration facilities and enhance international mobility.
- The Bureau of Immigration, under the Ministry of Home Affairs, is the nodal agency responsible for implementing the programme.
- It was initially introduced on June 22, 2024, at Delhi’s Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGI).
- It is targeted at Indian nationals and Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cardholders in its first phase and will eventually include foreign travelers.
- Phase-Wise Implementation:
- Phase 1: Covers Indian citizens and OCI cardholders.
- Phase 2: Will extend to foreign travelers.
- The program is free of cost during its initial implementation phase.
- By 2025, the program will be operational at 21 major airports across India.
Features of the Program
- Operates through e-gates or automated border gates for faster processing.
- Travelers scan their boarding pass and passport, followed by biometric authentication, to complete the process.
- Enrollment is completed through an online portal (https://ftittp.mha.gov.in), where applicants upload their details and required documents.
- Membership is valid for a maximum of 5 years or until the passport’s validity, whichever comes first.
- Applicants must ensure their passport has a minimum six-month validity at the time of registration.
- White-listed trusted travelers undergo faster clearance while maintaining security standards.
Significance
- Reduces immigration clearance time, providing a hassle-free travel experience for international travelers.
- Biometric authentication ensures identity verification, reducing risks of fraudulent entries.
- Travelers can bypass regular queues, making the process more convenient and seamless.
- Comparable to the Global Entry Program in the United States, it aligns India’s immigration services with international standards.
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to India, consider the following statements:
- There is only one citizenship and one domicile.
- A citizen by birth only can become the Head of State.
- A foreigner once granted citizenship cannot be deprived of it under any circumstances.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Central Suspects Registry
Why in the News?
In just three months since its launch, the Central Suspect Registry (CSR) has successfully declined over 6 lakh fraudulent transactions, saving ₹1,800 crore, according to the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
About the Central Suspect Registry (CSR)
- The CSR aims to strengthen fraud risk management by maintaining a comprehensive registry of cybercrime suspects.
- It contains data on 1.4 million cybercriminals linked to financial fraud and other cybercrimes.
- The registry was created by the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
- The registry is accessible to states, Union Territories, central investigation agencies, intelligence agencies, and financial institutions.
- Developed with inputs from banks and financial institutions, the CSR serves as a central database consolidating cybercrime-related data.
Significance of the CSR:
- Integration with NCRP: Uses data from the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal to identify potential cybercriminals.
- Fraud Detection and Prevention: Helps financial institutions and law enforcement agencies identify and block fraudulent activities.
- Support from Financial Entities: The RBI has directed all banks to integrate the registry into their systems for fraud prevention.
- Impact:
- Over 6.10 lakh fraudulent transactions blocked, saving ₹1,800 crore as of December 1, 2024.
- 8.67 lakh mule accounts frozen by banks and financial intermediaries.
- 7 lakh SIM cards and 1.4 lakh mobile devices blocked.
- Financial fraud transactions amounting to ₹3,850 crore saved since 2021 through the Citizen Financial Cyber Frauds Reporting and Management System.
- 1,03,151 suspicious online content items blocked under the powers conferred by the Information Technology Act, 2000.
PYQ:
[2020] In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits?
- Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer
- Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so
- Cost of hiring a specialised consultant to minimise the loss in case of cyber extortion
- Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hydroclimate Whiplash
Why in the News?
Since earlier this month Los Angeles has been gripped by devastating wildfires fueled by a rare and alarming meteorological phenomenon known as hydroclimate whiplash.
What is Hydroclimate Whiplash?
- Hydroclimate whiplash refers to rapid and extreme shifts between periods of intensely wet weather and dangerously dry conditions.
- Characteristics:
- Alternates between heavy rainfall and severe drought.
- Typically results in amplified weather extremes, such as floods followed by wildfires.
- Global Trend:
- Hydroclimate whiplash has increased by 31% to 66% worldwide since the mid-20th century, largely due to climate change.
- Projections indicate a 113% rise in such events during sub-seasonal periods with a 3°C increase in global temperatures.
Causes of Hydroclimate Whiplash
- Rising global temperatures intensify hydrological extremes, causing prolonged periods of rainfall and drought.
- Warmer air holds more moisture, leading to heavier rainfalls during wet periods and exacerbating droughts during dry phases.
- Shifts in El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles influence precipitation and temperature extremes.
- Changes in ocean currents and wind patterns disrupt normal weather cycles, contributing to hydroclimate variability.
- Unusual delays in wet or dry seasons can magnify hydroclimate swings, as seen in regions like California.
How did this phenomenon cause wildfire in LA?
- The usual wet season, which begins in October, failed during 2024-25, exacerbating dry conditions and increasing fire hazards.
- As dry air moves from high-pressure regions over southwestern deserts to low-pressure zones off the California coast, it warms and dries further, creating ideal wildfire conditions.
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PYQ:
[2011] La Nina is suspected to have caused recent floods in Australia. How is La Nina different from El Nino?
1. La Nina is characterised by an usually cold ocean temperature in equatorial Indian Ocean whereas El Nino is characterised by unusually warm ocean temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
2. El Nino has adverse effect on south-west monsoon of India but La Nina has no effect on monsoon climate.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 'Bhargavastra' Micro Missiles
Why in the News?
India has achieved a significant milestone in defense technology by successfully testing its first domestically developed Bhargavastra micro-missile system, designed to counter swarm drone threats.
What is Bhargavastra?
- Bhargavastra is India’s first micro-missile-based counter-drone system, developed to address the increasing threat posed by swarm drones.
- It is capable of detecting and neutralizing small aerial vehicles at ranges exceeding 6 km.
- Developed by Economic Explosives Ltd, the system is designed for the Indian Army, with interest also expressed by the Indian Air Force.
- The system is tailored to provide a cost-effective solution for countering drone threats while preserving advanced air defense systems for larger challenges.
Features of the Bhargavastra Missile System
- Detection Range: Can detect small aerial vehicles at distances greater than 6 km.
- Neutralization Capability: Employs guided micro munitions to engage and destroy drone targets.
- Simultaneous Launches: Capable of launching over 64 micro missiles simultaneously, enabling effective countermeasures against swarm formations.
- Mobile Platform: Mounted on a mobile platform for rapid deployment in diverse terrains, including high-altitude regions.
- Versatile Design: Engineered to operate across varied terrains, meeting the specific requirements of the Indian military.
PYQ:
[2014] With reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct?
- It is a surface-to-surface missile.
- It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
- It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Features of the Ships/Vessels
Why in the News?
Three frontline combatants—INS Nilgiri, INS Surat, and INS Vaghsheer—were commissioned into the Indian Navy at the Naval Dockyard in Mumbai.
About the Ships/Vessels
|
Details |
| INS Nilgiri |
- Type: First Ship of Project 17A (Nilgiri-class stealth frigates)
- Role: Multi-mission operations in deep-sea environments
- Builders: Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL), Mumbai, and GRSE, Kolkata
- Features: Integrated construction, supersonic missiles, MRSAMs, advanced weaponry
- Timeline: Keel laid Dec 28, 2017; Launched Sep 28, 2019; Delivered Dec 20, 2024
- Significance: Enhances anti-surface, anti-air, and anti-submarine warfare capabilities
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| INS Surat |
- Type: Last Ship of Project 15B (stealth guided missile destroyers)
- Role: Advanced stealth destroyer for offensive and network-centric warfare
- Builders: MDL
- Features: AI-enabled systems, advanced weaponry (surface-to-air missiles, torpedoes), COGAG propulsion
- Timeline: Commissioned in 2024; follows Visakhapatnam, Mormugao, and Imphal
- Significance: India’s first AI-enabled warship with advanced IT tools
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| INS Vaghsheer |
- Type: Last Submarine of Project 75 (Scorpene-class submarines)
- Role: Stealthy, multi-role operations (anti-surface, anti-submarine warfare)
- Builders: Collaboration with French Naval Group
- Features: Diesel-electric propulsion, wire-guided torpedoes, modular design for future AIP upgrades
- Timeline: Sixth and final Scorpene-class submarine; follows Kalvari, Khanderi, Karanj, Vela, and Vagir
- Significance: Enhances India’s underwater warfare capabilities
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PYQ:
[2016] Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently?
(a) Amphibious warfare ship
(b) Nuclear-powered submarine
(c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel
(d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Democratic countries;
Why in the News?
Europe and India need a stronger, more practical partnership and together with the United States, they can become an unbeatable force.
Why do all democratic countries need to come together?
- Unified Front Against Authoritarianism: Democracies can counter coercive tactics and aggression from authoritarian regimes like China and Russia by standing together to deter threats to vulnerable nations, and reinforcing global stability.
- Advocating Democratic Principles: A collective alliance provides a platform to promote democratic values such as human rights, the rule of law, and free markets fostering an international environment supportive of democracy.
- Addressing Global Challenges Collaboratively: Democracies can pool resources and expertise to tackle global issues like climate change, terrorism, and public health crises through joint strategies and initiatives.
- Strengthening Economic Ties: Enhanced economic cooperation within an alliance can promote free trade, reduce barriers, and create a resilient network to counter economic coercion from non-democratic states.
- Bolstering Democratic Resilience: By sharing best practices, democracies can strengthen their institutions, address internal polarisation, and enhance resilience against threats to their democratic systems.
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What is the strategic importance of India in a global alliance of democracies?
- Geopolitical Counterbalance: India serves as a crucial counterbalance to China in the Indo-Pacific region.
- As a democracy with significant economic growth potential, India’s alignment with European democracies can help counter authoritarian influences, particularly from Russia and China, which pose threats to global democratic norms.
- Economic Partnership: The EU-India relationship is economically significant, with India projected to become the world’s third-largest economy in the next decade.
- Strengthening trade ties can enhance economic security for both parties and reduce dependency on China. The EU has recognised India as a ‘Trusted Partner’ in critical sectors such as technology and pharmaceuticals.
- Shared Values: Both Europe and India share foundational values of democracy, rule of law, and human rights. This commonality provides a strong basis for collaboration on global issues such as climate change, security, and sustainable development.
How can India contribute to the promotion and protection of democratic norms internationally?
- Promoting Democratic Values: India can advocate for democratic governance and human rights on international platforms, leveraging its status as the world’s largest democracy to influence other nations positively.
- Collaborative Initiatives: Through partnerships like the Trade and Technology Council (TTC), India can collaborate with Europe on emerging technologies and critical industries.
- Such cooperation can promote transparency and ethical standards in technology development.
- Defense Cooperation: India’s existing defense collaborations with the U.S. and its role in multilateral security frameworks like the Quad can be expanded to include European partners, enhancing collective security against authoritarian regimes.
What challenges does India face in leading or participating in this alliance?
- Balancing Relations with Russia and China: India’s historical ties with Russia complicate its position within a democratic alliance. While it seeks to maintain these relationships for strategic reasons, it must also navigate criticism from Western allies regarding its stance on Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
- Internal Democratic Challenges: India faces significant internal challenges related to its democratic processes, including concerns about political dissent and civil liberties.
- Addressing these issues is essential for India to lead effectively within a global democratic alliance.
- Trade Negotiation Stagnation: Ongoing negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between the EU and India have faced hurdles due to disagreements over sustainability measures and human rights issues.
- Progress in these negotiations is crucial for realizing the full potential of their partnership.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Internal Democracy and Rule of Law: India should address domestic concerns related to political dissent, civil liberties, and democratic processes to enhance its credibility and leadership role within a global democratic alliance.
- Expanding Strategic Partnerships: India should accelerate negotiations on trade agreements, deepen collaboration in critical sectors like technology and defense, and align with democratic allies to counter authoritarian influences effectively.
Mains PYQ:
Q Indian and USA are two large democracies. Examine the basic tenets on which the two political systems are based. (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges to the healthcare sector;
Why in the News?
The HPV vaccine works best if given before coming into contact with the virus. It is recommended for children aged 12 to 13 and for people who are more likely to get HPV.
What are the health benefits of including the HPV vaccine in the national immunization program?
- Prevention of Cervical Cancer: The HPV vaccine can prevent over 90% of cervical cancers caused by HPV, significantly reducing incidence rates and mortality associated with this disease.
- Broader Cancer Protection: Vaccination also protects against other HPV-related cancers, including those of the vagina, vulva, penis, anus, and oropharynx, promoting overall public health.
- Cost-Effectiveness: Early vaccination can lead to long-term savings in healthcare costs by reducing the need for cancer treatments and associated healthcare services.
- Equity and Accessibility: Making the HPV vaccine part of the national immunization program would enhance accessibility for all demographics, particularly in low- and middle-income regions where cervical cancer rates are disproportionately high.
What are the economic implications of integrating the HPV vaccine into the national immunization program?
- Healthcare Savings: By preventing cervical cancer, the integration of the HPV vaccine into the national immunization program can lead to substantial reductions in treatment costs and hospitalizations related to advanced cancer stages.
- Increased Productivity: Healthier populations contribute to economic productivity as fewer individuals suffer from debilitating illnesses that impede work and social engagement.
- Investment in Public Health: Allocating resources for HPV vaccination can enhance public health infrastructure and create a more robust healthcare system capable of addressing other health issues.
What are the barriers to HPV vaccination?
- High Vaccine Costs: The prohibitive cost of HPV vaccines like Gardasil and Cervarix limits their accessibility for many Indian families. Although the indigenous vaccine, CERVAVAC, offers a more affordable alternative, affordability remains a key barrier to widespread vaccination.
- Low Awareness Levels: A significant lack of awareness about HPV and its link to cervical cancer results in poor understanding of the vaccine’s benefits, contributing to low acceptance and coverage rates.
- Cultural and Social Stigma: Cultural taboos around sexual health and reproductive issues discourage parents from vaccinating children, particularly girls, due to misconceptions about the vaccine’s necessity or fears of promoting promiscuity.
- Gender Bias in Vaccination Efforts: The focus on HPV as a women-centric infection leads to insufficient promotion of vaccination among boys and young men, perpetuating gender disparities in healthcare and reducing overall campaign effectiveness.
- Policy and Budgetary Constraints: Despite recommendations for including the HPV vaccine in national immunization programs, delays caused by budgetary limitations and competing health priorities hinder its integration and accessibility.
What strategies can be employed to overcome barriers to HPV vaccination uptake? (Way forward)
- Awareness Campaigns: Implementing educational initiatives to inform communities about the benefits and safety of the HPV vaccine can help dispel myths and cultural stigmas surrounding vaccination.
- Subsidizing Costs: Reducing the financial burden through government subsidies or integrating the vaccine into public health programs can improve accessibility for lower-income populations.
- Engaging Healthcare Providers: Training healthcare professionals to communicate the importance of HPV vaccination effectively can encourage more patients to get vaccinated, particularly among hesitant parents and young adults.
Mains PYQ:
Q What is the basic principle behind vaccine development? How do vaccines work? What approaches were adopted by the Indian vaccine manufacturers to produce COVID-19 vaccines? (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: QS World Future Skills Index
Why in the News?
PM has expressed his happiness as the QS World Future Skills Index ranks India 2nd for Digital Skills, ahead of Canada and Germany.
About the QS World Future Skills Index
- The index is launched by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), a London-based higher education firm, the index evaluates countries on their readiness to meet evolving job market demands.
- It assesses over 190 countries, analyzing:
- 280 million job postings
- 5 million employer skill demands
- 17.5 million research papers
- 4 Key Indicators:
- Skills Fit: Alignment between workforce skills and employer demands.
- Academic Readiness: Higher education’s capability to prepare students for future skills.
- Future of Work: Job market readiness for emerging skills in digital, AI, and green technologies.
- Economic Transformation: Capacity for innovation and sustainable growth.
- Countries are classified into 4 categories as:
- Future Skills Pioneers
- Practitioners
- Contenders (India’s category)
- Aspirants
Key Observations
- India ranks 2nd globally in digital, AI, and green skills, showcasing its leadership in technology and sustainability.
- It achieved a perfect score in economic capacity, reflecting strong growth potential.
- However, India scored poorly in skills fit (59.1) and sustainability innovation (15.6), highlighting gaps in education and innovation alignment.
- Developed nations like the USA, UK, and Germany lead as “future skills pioneers.”
Significance of the Index
- The report serves as a global benchmark for readiness in meeting evolving job market demands.
- It highlights the importance of digital, AI, and green skills for future industries.
- It provides actionable insights for policy reforms in education and workforce training.
- It positions India to address gaps and leverage its strengths to secure a competitive global role.
PYQ:
[2022] What are the main socio-economic implications arising out of the development of IT industries in major cities of India? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kampala Declaration and its outcomes
Why in the News?
The Extraordinary African Union Summit on the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAADP) concluded in Kampala, Uganda, with the adoption of the transformative Kampala Declaration.
What is the Kampala Declaration?
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Details |
| About |
- Successor to the Malabo Declaration (2014–2025).
- Focuses on transforming agriculture into a modern, climate-smart sector.
- Aligns with CAADP’s vision and African Union’s Agenda 2063.
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| Key Highlights |
- Adoption of a ten-year post-Malabo agenda (2026–2035) with implementation and monitoring strategies.
- Promotes climate-smart innovations for sustainable food production.
- Integrates agricultural policies with broader development objectives like nutrition and environmental sustainability.
- Acknowledges global challenges like COVID-19 and geopolitical disruptions.
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| Significant Features |
- Adopts an agri-food systems approach, addressing issues across the food value chain.
- Emphasizes environmental sustainability and diverse, nutritious diets.
- Builds resilience to withstand climate, economic, and geopolitical shocks.
- Ensures involvement of diverse stakeholders, including policymakers, farmers, and private sector actors.
- Establishes monitoring frameworks for accountability and progress tracking.
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PYQ:
[2015] The ‘Fortaleza Declaration’ recently in the news, is related to the affairs of:
(a) ASEAN
(b) BRICS
(c) OECD
(d) WTO |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Startup India Initiative
Why in the News?
On January 16 (National Startup Day), 2025, India marks 9 successful years of Startup India, a flagship initiative that has revolutionized the entrepreneurial ecosystem in the country.
About the Startup India Initiative
- Startup India is a flagship initiative launched by the Government of India on January 16, 2016, to create a robust ecosystem for nurturing startups and innovation.
- It aims to drive economic growth and generate large-scale employment opportunities, with a focus on empowering entrepreneurs through innovation and regulatory support.
- The PM first announced the initiative on August 15, 2015, during his Independence Day address at Red Fort, New Delhi.
- The program aims to establish 75+ startup hubs across India and encourages entrepreneurship in Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities.
- A related scheme, Stand-Up India, was launched on April 5, 2016, to facilitate loans between ₹10 lakh to ₹1 crore for SCs, STs and women entrepreneurs to establish Greenfield enterprises.
- The program emphasizes the 3 Cs—Capital, Courage, and Connections, which Prime Minister Modi identifies as essential for entrepreneurial success.
- It seeks to eliminate restrictive policies, including those related to License Raj, foreign investment proposals, and land permissions, ensuring ease of doing business.
Definition of a Startup (as per DPIIT)
- A startup must be registered as a private limited company, partnership firm, or limited liability partnership (LLP) in India.
- The entity must not have completed 10 years since its incorporation.
- Annual turnover should not exceed ₹100 crore in any financial year since incorporation.
- The startup should focus on innovative products or services and demonstrate scalability, potential for wealth creation, or employment generation.
- Entities formed through splitting or restructuring of existing businesses are not classified as startups.
- Startup related terminologies analogously used in India:
- Unicorn: A startup valued at over $1 billion.
- Decacorn: A startup valued at over $10 billion.
- Hectocorn: A startup valued at over $100 billion.
- Soonicorn: A rapidly growing startup expected to become a unicorn soon.
- Mincorn: A startup valued at less than $1 billion.
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Key Achievements of Startup India
- India is the third-largest startup hub globally, following the United States and China.
- DPIIT-recognized startups grew from 500 in 2016 to 1,59,157 by January 2025.
- Women-led startups accounted for 73,151 entities as of October 2024, with 48% of startups having at least one woman director by December 2023.
- Startups have generated 16.6 lakh direct jobs from 2016 to October 2024.
- Over 50% of startups originated from Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities, including emerging hubs like Indore, Jaipur, and Ahmedabad.
Key Government Initiatives for Startups:
- Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (SISFS), 2021: Provides financial assistance to early-stage startups for proof of concept, prototype development, product trials, market entry, and commercialization.
- Total allocated amount: ₹945 crore for startups over a four-year period.
- Credit Guarantee Scheme for Startups (CGSS), 2022: Offers collateral-free loans to startups through Scheduled Commercial Banks, NBFCs, and SEBI-registered AIFs.
- Covers loans up to ₹10 crore for eligible startups.
- Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS), 2016: Established with a ₹10,000 crore corpus to provide funding support to startups through SEBI-registered Venture Capital Funds.
- By 2024, ₹7,980 crore was committed to 99 Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs), benefiting over 800 startups.
- BHASKAR (Bharat Startup Knowledge Access Registry), 2024: A centralized platform aimed at streamlining interactions within India’s entrepreneurial ecosystem.
- Fosters innovation, collaboration, and startup growth through knowledge-sharing and networking.
- Startup Village Entrepreneurship Program (SVEP): A sub-component of the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM), implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development.
- Supported 3,02,825 enterprises as of 2024, creating 6,26,848 jobs.
- TIDE 2.0 (Technology Incubation and Development of Entrepreneurs): Focuses on supporting startups in emerging technologies like AI, IoT, and Blockchain.
- Established 51 incubators and supported 1,235 startups.
- GENESIS (Gen-Next Support for Innovative Startups), 2024: Aims to boost startups in Tier-II and Tier-III cities.
- Total outlay: ₹490 crore over five years, targeting over 1,500 startups.
- Atal Innovation Mission (AIM): Operates under NITI Aayog to foster innovation and entrepreneurship through the establishment of Atal Incubation Centers (AICs).
- Provides physical infrastructure and mentorship for startups to scale effectively.
- Startup Mahakumbh: A flagship event organized to bring together startups, unicorns, investors, and industry leaders.
- First edition in 2019 saw over 500 participants; the fifth edition is scheduled for March 7-8, 2025, in New Delhi.
PYQ:
[2014] What does venture capital mean?
(a) A short-term capital provided to industries
(b) A long-term start-up capital provided to new entrepreneurs
(c) Funds provided to industries at times of incurring losses
(d) Funds provided for replacement and renovation of industries |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Demographic Transition Theory
Why in the News?
The report, ‘Dependency and Depopulation? Confronting the Consequences of a New Demographic Reality’, released by McKinsey Global Institute, provides a detailed comparative analysis of demographic dynamics in developed (first wave) and developing (later wave) countries.
IMPORTANT: What is Demographic Transition Theory?
Demographic transition describes changes in birth and death rates and population age structure as societies develop economically and technologically.
- Stage 1: High birth and death rates result in a stable population.
- Stage 2: Decline in death rates due to improved healthcare and sanitation, causing rapid population growth.
- Stage 3: Falling birth rates slow population growth, influenced by urbanization and access to contraception.
- Stage 4: Low birth and death rates lead to a stable or aging population, reflecting advanced development.
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Key Highlights of the McKinsey Report
- Two-thirds of humanity now live in countries with fertility rates below the replacement level of 2.1 children per family.
- Age structures are shifting from pyramids to obelisks, with a growing elderly population and a shrinking youth demographic.
- Populations in some major economies are projected to decline by 20%-50% by 2100 (UN).
- The global support ratio (working-age individuals per senior aged 65 or older) is projected to decline from 6.5 today to 3.9 by 2050.
- In India, the ratio will fall from 10 workers per senior in 1997 to 4.6 in 2050 and just 1.9 by 2100, similar to Japan’s current levels..
- Consumption Patterns in India:
- India’s share in global consumption is projected to rise from 9% today to 16% by 2050, while shares of advanced economies are expected to remain flat or decline.
- By 2050, the share of consumption by seniors aged 65 and older will rise from 8% to 15%, reflecting changing consumer demographics.
- The percentage of hours worked by seniors is projected to increase from 2.9% to 5.4% by 2050 under current trends.
About India’s Diminishing Demographic Dividend
- India has 33 years to fully capitalize on its demographic dividend before its support ratios align with those of advanced economies.
- From 1997 to 2023, India’s favorable demographics added 0.7 percentage points per year to its GDP per capita growth.
- This contribution is expected to shrink to 0.2 percentage points per year through 2050 as the population ages.
- India’s support ratio (working-age individuals per senior) is projected to decline significantly, creating greater dependency on fewer workers to support older populations.
- By 2050, there will be only 4.6 workers per senior, down from 10 workers per senior in 1997.
- India’s GDP per capita is currently 18% of the World Bank’s high-income threshold, emphasizing the need for faster economic progress to “get rich before it gets old.”
- Increasing labor force participation, particularly among women, and improving worker productivity are critical to sustaining economic growth.
- Despite rapid progress, India’s worker productivity remains at $9 per hour, significantly lower than the $60 per hour average in high-income countries.
PYQ:
[2012] Consider the following specific stages of demographic transition associated with economic development:
- Low birth-rate with low death rate
- High birth-rate with high death rate
- High birth-rate with low death rate
Select the correct order of the above stages using the codes given below:
(a) 1, 2, 3
(b) 2, 1, 3
(c) 2, 3, 1
(d) 3, 2, 1 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to crime;
Why in the News?
The death sentence given to Kerala nurse Nimisha Priya in Yemen for murdering her partner has sparked debates on her acquittal, repatriation, and the role of ‘blood money‘ compensation.
What does ‘blood money’ mean?
- ‘Blood money’, known as ‘diya/diyah‘ (in Arabic), refers to the financial compensation paid to the victim or their heirs in cases of murder, bodily harm, or property damage under Islamic law. It serves as an alternative to the principle of qisas, which allows for retribution.
- The concept aims to promote forgiveness and reconciliation while providing reparative justice to the victim’s family, preventing cycles of vengeance that could lead to further conflict.
How does it figure in Islamic Sharia law?
- Definition and Purpose: In Islamic Sharia law, diyah (blood money) is the financial compensation paid to the victim or their heirs in cases of murder, bodily harm, or property damage caused unintentionally.
- It serves as an alternative to qisas (retaliation), allowing the victim’s family to choose between seeking retribution or accepting compensation, thereby promoting forgiveness and reconciliation within the community.
- Legal Framework: The amount of diyah is typically determined through negotiation and varies based on factors such as the victim’s gender and religion.
- In traditional Islamic law, homicide is treated as a civil matter between individuals rather than solely a state issue, with the victim or their heirs having significant authority in deciding the resolution.
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What’s India’s stand on ‘diya’?
- The Indian legal system does not incorporate ‘diyah’ as a means of compensation for victims or their families. Instead, it emphasizes formal legal proceedings and criminal justice processes without the option for monetary compensation in cases of homicide or serious offenses.
- Introduced through the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2005, plea bargaining allows for some level of negotiation between the accused and the prosecution, enabling victims to receive compensation under specific conditions.
- However, this process is limited to certain offenses and does not encompass the broader cultural and social implications associated with diyah in Islamic law.
Have there been other Indians who were pardoned with ‘blood money’?
Yes, there have been several instances involving Indian nationals who were pardoned through the payment of blood money.
- Ten Indians in UAE (2017): In this case, ten Indian nationals were forgiven by the victim’s family after a blood money payment of 200,000 dirhams was made.
- Seventeen Indians in UAE (2009): These individuals were on death row for the murder of a Pakistani national but were pardoned after a blood money amounting to nearly ₹4 crore was paid. The Indian consulate actively participated by hiring a law firm to advocate for their case.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Diplomatic Interventions: The Indian government should establish dedicated legal aid and consular support mechanisms to negotiate and facilitate the resolution of cases involving citizens abroad, ensuring transparency in blood money arrangements.
- Promote International Legal Awareness: Educate Indian expatriates on local laws and the implications of blood money practices in host countries to prevent legal entanglements and ensure better compliance with local regulations.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizen a uniform civil code as provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy. (UPSC IAS/2015)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues and benefits related to MSP;
Why in the News?
There is an ongoing heated discussion about whether farmers should be given a legal guarantee for Minimum Support Price (MSP).
Is a legal guarantee for MSP feasible within India’s economic framework?The arguments in favour of the legalisation of MSP:
- Protects Farmers from Market Fluctuations: Farmers often face volatile market prices due to surplus production, inadequate infrastructure, or global competition. A legal guarantee for MSP ensures a minimum income and shields them from sudden price crashes.
- Example: Crops like onions and tomatoes frequently see price collapses that leave farmers unable to cover costs.
- Addresses Rural Distress and Ensures Livelihood Security: A guaranteed MSP provides a reliable source of income, reducing poverty and addressing the rural distress that drives issues like farmer suicides.
- Example: In drought-prone regions, assured MSP acts as a safety net against the dual impacts of climate change and market failures.
- Supports National Food Security: Incentivizing farmers through a guaranteed MSP ensures the continued production of essential crops, securing food for the nation and stabilizing food prices for consumers.
- Example: Government procurement of rice and wheat at MSP forms the backbone of the Public Distribution System (PDS), ensuring affordable food for millions.
The arguments against the legalisation of MSP:
- Risk of Market Distortions: A legally enforced MSP could disrupt natural price discovery, discouraging private investment in agriculture and creating inefficiencies in the market. Example: Guaranteed MSP could encourage overproduction of certain crops, leading to supply gluts and environmental degradation.
- Unsustainable Fiscal Burden: Implementing MSP for a wide range of crops would require massive public expenditure, diverting resources from other developmental priorities like healthcare and education.
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What mechanisms can ensure farmers receive the MSP without direct government purchases?
- Widening Food Basket: Expanding the food basket in the Public Distribution System (PDS) and increasing procurement levels at MSP can help ensure farmers receive fair prices without direct purchases.
- Market Intervention Schemes: Establishing targeted market intervention schemes can prevent prices from falling below the MSP, thus providing farmers with necessary price support.
- Price Deficit Payment (PDP): A legally mandated compensation mechanism for farmers when market prices fall below the MSP could be implemented. This would not require direct procurement but would ensure farmers are compensated based on official data regarding area sown and average productivity.
What are the broader implications of a legal MSP guarantee on agricultural policy and farmer welfare?
- Social Contract: The demand for a legally guaranteed MSP reflects an unwritten social contract between the Indian state and farmers. Breaching this contract could lead to further disenfranchisement of farmers facing challenges like climate change and global competition.
- Market Dynamics: A legal guarantee could alter market dynamics by ensuring that farmers are not solely dependent on volatile market conditions. This might encourage more stable agricultural production and investment in rural areas.
- Political Considerations: Given the electoral implications of food prices in a democracy, a legally guaranteed MSP could compel governments to prioritise farmer welfare over consumer price suppression, potentially leading to more balanced agricultural policies.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Decentralized Procurement and PDP Mechanisms: Expand the food basket under PDS and introduce Price Deficit Payment (PDP) schemes to ensure farmers receive MSP without burdening government finances through direct procurement. This would also reduce inefficiencies in distribution.
- Promote Diversification and Agri-Infrastructure: Encourage crop diversification by linking MSP with environmentally sustainable and high-value crops, supported by improved storage, transportation, and market access to minimize post-harvest losses and enhance farmer incomes sustainably.
Mains PYQ:
Q What do you mean by Minimum Support Price (MSP)? How will MSP rescue the farmers from the low-income trap? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges to women empowerment; Women Representation in Politics;
Why in the News?
The 267th Law Commission Report that was recently released, recommended including “hate speech” within the Indian Penal Code, indicating a governmental acknowledgment of the need to address this pervasive issue.
- This has reignited conversations about the legal framework surrounding hate speech, particularly against women in politics.
Key Highlights made by the 267th Law Commission Report:
- Definition and Scope of Hate Speech: The report begins by providing a comprehensive definition of hate speech, emphasizing its potential to incite violence, discrimination, and social discord. It categorizes hate speech as any communication that demeans or vilifies individuals based on attributes such as religion, caste, gender, or ethnicity.
- Proposed Legal Provisions: One of the report’s central recommendations is the amendment of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and also suggests penalties that reflect the severity of the offense, thereby reinforcing the message that hate speech will not be tolerated in a democratic society.
- Protection of Minority Communities: The commission advocates for legal safeguards that ensure minority communities are not disproportionately targeted within public discourse. By highlighting the vulnerabilities faced by minorities, the report calls for a proactive approach to uphold their rights and dignity in the face of societal prejudice.
- Balancing Free Speech and Protection: The commission emphasizes that while free speech is a fundamental right, it should not come at the expense of public order or individual safety. The proposed laws aim to delineate clear boundaries that prevent hate speech without infringing upon legitimate expressions of opinion or dissent.
- Public Awareness Campaigns: The report additionally recommends launching extensive public awareness campaigns aimed at educating citizens about the harmful consequences of hate speech.
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What factors contribute to the normalization of hate speech against women in politics?
- Cultural Attitudes: Misogynistic remarks are often rooted in deep-seated cultural attitudes that devalue women, reflecting a broader societal acceptance of gender discrimination and objectification.
- Political Discourse: Political speeches frequently employ derogatory language towards women, which normalizes such behaviour and diminishes the seriousness of misogyny in public life.
- Lack of Accountability: Political parties often distance themselves from offensive remarks only after public backlash, leading to a culture where such comments are tolerated until they provoke outrage.
| Note: The word “misogyny” comes from Greek roots: “misein,” which means “to hate,” and “gyne,” which means “woman.” Misogyny can show up in various ways, such as male privilege, discrimination against women, sexual harassment, insulting or demeaning women, violence, and treating women as objects. |
How does hate speech impact women’s participation in politics?
- Discouragement and Marginalization: Hate speech creates an intimidating environment for women, discouraging them from participating in politics and undermining their credibility as leaders.
- Social Isolation: The prevalence of hostile commentary can isolate women politicians, making it difficult for them to connect with constituents and build supportive networks.
- Psychological Effects: Constant exposure to misogynistic remarks can lead to emotional distress, affecting women’s confidence and willingness to engage in political activities.
How are Panchayats playing a good field in building awareness?
- Women Representation: Nearly 20 states have achieved 50% representation of women in Panchayati Raj institutions, fostering an environment where women’s voices are amplified in local governance.
- Empowerment Initiatives: There has been an emergence of all-women panchayats like ‘Manje Rai Panchayat’ in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra and ‘Kultikri Gram Panchayat’ under Jhargram sub-division in West Bengal.
- For example, the political women leaders like Mamta Devi exemplify effective governance by addressing infrastructure, and livelihood issues, and mobilizing women within their communities.
What are the key recommendations from the Global Gender Gap 2023 Report?
- ‘Women in local governance’ have been added as an indicator in the 2023 Global Gender Gap Report (India is ranked quite low at 127/146).
- The report emphasizes the urgent need for legal recognition of gender-based hate speech. This entails developing laws that specifically address and penalize hate speech directed at women.
- The report calls for enhanced accountability and commitment towards gender equality, not just through government schemes but as a fundamental aspect of political culture.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Legal Frameworks: Enact comprehensive hate speech laws that explicitly address gender-based discrimination and ensure accountability for misogynistic remarks in politics, alongside implementing the recommendations of the 267th Law Commission Report.
- Promote Women-Centric Governance: Encourage greater representation of women in all levels of governance, drawing inspiration from successful initiatives in Panchayati Raj institutions, while supporting leadership training and public awareness campaigns to combat societal biases.
Mains PYQ:
Q “Though women in post-independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and the feminist movement has been patriarchal.” Apart from women’s education and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu? (UPSC IAS/2021)
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