Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges to women empowerment; Women Representation in Politics;
Why in the News?
The 267th Law Commission Report that was recently released, recommended including “hate speech” within the Indian Penal Code, indicating a governmental acknowledgment of the need to address this pervasive issue.
- This has reignited conversations about the legal framework surrounding hate speech, particularly against women in politics.
Key Highlights made by the 267th Law Commission Report:
- Definition and Scope of Hate Speech: The report begins by providing a comprehensive definition of hate speech, emphasizing its potential to incite violence, discrimination, and social discord. It categorizes hate speech as any communication that demeans or vilifies individuals based on attributes such as religion, caste, gender, or ethnicity.
- Proposed Legal Provisions: One of the report’s central recommendations is the amendment of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and also suggests penalties that reflect the severity of the offense, thereby reinforcing the message that hate speech will not be tolerated in a democratic society.
- Protection of Minority Communities: The commission advocates for legal safeguards that ensure minority communities are not disproportionately targeted within public discourse. By highlighting the vulnerabilities faced by minorities, the report calls for a proactive approach to uphold their rights and dignity in the face of societal prejudice.
- Balancing Free Speech and Protection: The commission emphasizes that while free speech is a fundamental right, it should not come at the expense of public order or individual safety. The proposed laws aim to delineate clear boundaries that prevent hate speech without infringing upon legitimate expressions of opinion or dissent.
- Public Awareness Campaigns: The report additionally recommends launching extensive public awareness campaigns aimed at educating citizens about the harmful consequences of hate speech.
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What factors contribute to the normalization of hate speech against women in politics?
- Cultural Attitudes: Misogynistic remarks are often rooted in deep-seated cultural attitudes that devalue women, reflecting a broader societal acceptance of gender discrimination and objectification.
- Political Discourse: Political speeches frequently employ derogatory language towards women, which normalizes such behaviour and diminishes the seriousness of misogyny in public life.
- Lack of Accountability: Political parties often distance themselves from offensive remarks only after public backlash, leading to a culture where such comments are tolerated until they provoke outrage.
| Note: The word “misogyny” comes from Greek roots: “misein,” which means “to hate,” and “gyne,” which means “woman.” Misogyny can show up in various ways, such as male privilege, discrimination against women, sexual harassment, insulting or demeaning women, violence, and treating women as objects. |
How does hate speech impact women’s participation in politics?
- Discouragement and Marginalization: Hate speech creates an intimidating environment for women, discouraging them from participating in politics and undermining their credibility as leaders.
- Social Isolation: The prevalence of hostile commentary can isolate women politicians, making it difficult for them to connect with constituents and build supportive networks.
- Psychological Effects: Constant exposure to misogynistic remarks can lead to emotional distress, affecting women’s confidence and willingness to engage in political activities.
How are Panchayats playing a good field in building awareness?
- Women Representation: Nearly 20 states have achieved 50% representation of women in Panchayati Raj institutions, fostering an environment where women’s voices are amplified in local governance.
- Empowerment Initiatives: There has been an emergence of all-women panchayats like ‘Manje Rai Panchayat’ in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra and ‘Kultikri Gram Panchayat’ under Jhargram sub-division in West Bengal.
- For example, the political women leaders like Mamta Devi exemplify effective governance by addressing infrastructure, and livelihood issues, and mobilizing women within their communities.
What are the key recommendations from the Global Gender Gap 2023 Report?
- ‘Women in local governance’ have been added as an indicator in the 2023 Global Gender Gap Report (India is ranked quite low at 127/146).
- The report emphasizes the urgent need for legal recognition of gender-based hate speech. This entails developing laws that specifically address and penalize hate speech directed at women.
- The report calls for enhanced accountability and commitment towards gender equality, not just through government schemes but as a fundamental aspect of political culture.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Legal Frameworks: Enact comprehensive hate speech laws that explicitly address gender-based discrimination and ensure accountability for misogynistic remarks in politics, alongside implementing the recommendations of the 267th Law Commission Report.
- Promote Women-Centric Governance: Encourage greater representation of women in all levels of governance, drawing inspiration from successful initiatives in Panchayati Raj institutions, while supporting leadership training and public awareness campaigns to combat societal biases.
Mains PYQ:
Q “Though women in post-independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and the feminist movement has been patriarchal.” Apart from women’s education and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu? (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Makaravilakku Festival
Why in the News?
The Makaravilakku festival was celebrated at the hill shrine of Sabarimala Ayyappa temple.
About the Makaravilakku Festival
- Makaravilakku is a significant annual Hindu festival celebrated at the Sabarimala Temple in Kerala, dedicated to Lord Ayyappa.
- It marks the celestial event of the Sun entering the zodiac sign of Capricorn (Makaram Rashi) and coincides with Makara Sankranti.
- Celebrations are centred at the Sabarimala Temple, nestled in the Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala.
- The event draws millions of devotees who chant “Swamiye Saranam Ayyappa” in reference to Lord Ayyappa.
- The festival typically lasts for seven days, beginning on Makara Sankranti.
- Key Rituals and Events:
- A symbolic lamp ‘Makaravilakku’ is lit at Ponnambalamedu, a hill near Sabarimala, on the evening of Makara Sankranti.
- A divine star Makara Jyothi is believed to appear in the sky, symbolizing the blessings of Lord Ayyappa.
- Devotees undertake a strict 41-day penance (Vratham) before making the pilgrimage to the temple.
It’s Significance:
- The festival signifies the merging of celestial and spiritual energies, celebrating devotion, purity, and self-discipline.
- The tradition emphasizes equality, with all devotees wearing black or blue attire and carrying the “Irumudi Kettu” (a sacred bundle).
PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following pairs:
Traditions- Communities
1. Chaliha Sahib Festival- Sindhis
2. Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra- Gonds
3. Wari-Warkari- Santhals
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) None of the above |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hollongapar Gibbon WLS
Why in the News?
Exploratory drilling for oil and gas has been approved within the eco-sensitive zone surrounding the Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary.
About the Hollongapar Gibbon WLS
- Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary was initially established as Hollongapar Reserve Forest in 1997 and renamed in 2004.
- It is the only habitat for hollock gibbons in India.
- Located in Assam, with the Bhogdoi River along its northern boundary.
- Biome classified as plains alluvial semi-evergreen forests with patches of wet evergreen forests.
- Flora:
- Upper canopy: Dominated by Hollong trees (Dipterocarpus macrocarpus), Sam, Amari, Sopas, Bhelu, Udal, and Hingori.
- Middle canopy: Features Nahar trees.
- Lower canopy: Composed of evergreen shrubs and herbs.
- Fauna:
- Primates: Includes Hoolock Gibbons, Bengal Slow Loris (only nocturnal primate in Northeast India), stump-tailed macaques, northern pig-tailed macaques, eastern Assamese macaques, rhesus macaques, and capped langurs.
- Other mammals: Indian elephants, tigers, leopards, jungle cats, wild boars, civets, squirrels, and more.
About the Hoolock Gibbons:
- Gibbons are the smallest and fastest apes, and they inhabit tropical and subtropical forests across Southeast Asia.
- It is the only ape specie found in India.
- They possess high intelligence, exhibit distinct personalities, and have strong familial bonds, reflecting characteristics similar to other ape species.
- The current population of hoolock gibbons is estimated at around 12,000, found primarily in Northeast India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and southern China.
- Two distinct species, the eastern hoolock gibbon (Hoolock leuconedys) and the western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock), were previously reported in India.
- Conservation Status
- IUCN Red List: the western hoolock gibbon is classified as Endangered, and the eastern hoolock gibbon is classified as Vulnerable.
- Both gibbon species in India are placed under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
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PYQ:
[2010] Consider the following pairs:
Protected Area:: Well-known for
1. Bhitarkanika, Orissa :: Salt Water Crocodile
2. Desert National Park, Rajasthan :: Great Indian Bustard
3. Eravikulam, Kerala :: Hoolock Gibbon
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PLI Scheme 1.1
Why in the News?
Union Minister for Steel and Heavy Industries has inaugurated the second round of the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Specialty Steel, termed PLI Scheme 1.1.
About the PLI Scheme 1.1
- It is built upon the earlier round of the PLI scheme to enhance domestic manufacturing of high-value steel, reduce imports, and boost India’s global steel market position.
- 5 specialty steel categories are considered:
- Coated/Plated Steel Products for appliances, construction, and automotive sectors.
- High Strength/Wear-Resistant Steel for infrastructure, mining, and heavy machinery.
- Specialty Rails for railways and metros.
- Alloy Steel Products and Steel Wires for industrial uses.
- Electrical Steel (CRGO and others): Cold-Rolled Grain-Oriented Steel, essential for power transformers and electrical applications.
- It covers production from FY 2025-26 to FY 2029-30 and operates within the original budget of ₹6,322 crore.
- Changes introduced in PLI Scheme 1.1:
-
- Investment and capacity thresholds reduced:
- For CRGO Steel: Investment threshold lowered to ₹3,000 crore; capacity threshold to 50,000 tonnes.
- Encourages CRGO production as a strategic priority under Atmanirbharta.
- Carry-forward provision: Excess production in one year can offset shortfalls in another, ensuring optimal incentive distribution.
- Companies investing in capacity augmentation can participate; thresholds reduced to 50% of original requirements.
- Simplified guidelines: Revised to improve accessibility and encourage industry participation.
Bakc2Basics: PLI Schemes 1.0 and 2.0
PLI Scheme 1.0
- Launched in March 2020, it aimed to boost domestic manufacturing, reduce imports, and create jobs in key sectors.
- Initially focused on three industries (mobile manufacturing, electrical components, and medical devices) but later expanded to 14 sectors, including electronics, pharmaceuticals, and textiles.
- Provided 1%–4% incentives on incremental sales over the base year, with a ₹7,350 crore outlay for IT hardware.
- Had an estimated investment target of ₹2,500 crore (IT hardware) but did not specify details on job creation.
- Served as a cornerstone for Atmanirbhar Bharat, promoting self-reliance and innovation in India’s manufacturing ecosystem.
PLI Scheme 2.0
- Launched in May 2023, it specifically focuses on IT hardware (laptops, tablets, servers, PCs) to enhance global competitiveness.
- Comes with a higher budget of ₹17,000 crore (for IT hardware) over a 6-year duration.
- Incentivizes local manufacturing with ~5% incentives on incremental sales, alongside additional benefits for components like memory modules and SSDs.
- Targets ₹2,430 crore in investment, ₹3.35 lakh crore in production, and $12–17 billion in exports by 2025–26.
- Seeks to create 75,000 direct jobs and up to 2 lakh indirect jobs, offering different incentive caps for global, hybrid, and domestic companies.
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PYQ:
[2023] Consider, the following statements:
Statement-I: India accounts for 3.2% of global export of goods.
Statement-II: Many local companies and some foreign companies operating in India have taken advantage of India’s ‘Production-linked Incentive’ scheme.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
(d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) and its features
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Commerce & Industry has inaugurated the 8th edition of the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) emphasizing India’s goal to enhance organic farming and achieve ₹20,000 crore in organic exports within the next 3 years.
About the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP):
|
Details |
| About |
- Launched in 2001.
- Implemented by the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) under the Ministry of Commerce & Industries.
- Focuses on accreditation, organic production standards, and promoting organic farming.
- Enhances India’s global competitiveness in organic farming and supports eco-friendly and viable practices.
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| Features of the 8th Edition |
- Recognition for Organic Grower Groups: Simplified certification requirements for grower groups, granting them legal status and replacing the Internal Control System (ICS), a previous quality assurance system for group certification.
- NPOP Portal: Provides visibility and streamlines operations for organic stakeholders.
- Organic Promotion Portal: Connects farmers, Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs), and exporters with global buyers, offering trade leads, training, and events.
- TraceNet 2.0: Upgraded system ensuring farm-to-market transparency, traceability, and compliance with global standards.
- AgriXchange Portal: Facilitates data analysis and connects international buyers and sellers to strengthen India’s position in the global organic market.
- 6. Technological Advancements: Boosts organic farming operations through innovative systems and tools, enhancing India’s organic production ecosystem.
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| Significance |
- Sets standards for organic production and accreditation, recognized by the European Commission and Switzerland, enabling acceptance of Indian organic products internationally.
- Facilitates India’s integration into the global organic market.
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Do you know?
- India ranks 2nd globally in terms of organic agricultural land.
- Sikkim is the world’s first fully organic state, and North East India has a tradition of organic farming with minimal chemical use.
- India has the highest number of organic producers worldwide, with 2.3 million farmers.
- By 2023-24, approximately 4.5 million hectares (2.5% of total agricultural land) were under organic certification.
- Madhya Pradesh (26%), Maharashtra (22%), Gujarat (15%), and Rajasthan (13%) together contribute 76% of India’s total organic farming area.
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PYQ:
[2021] How is permaculture farming different from conventional chemical farming?
- Permaculture farming discourages mono-cultural practices but in conventional chemical farming, monoculture practices are predominant.
- Conventional chemical farming can cause an increase in soil salinity but the occurrence of such phenomenon is not observed in permaculture farming.
- Conventional chemical farming is easily possible in semi-arid regions but permaculture farming is not so easily possible in such regions.
- Practice of mulching is very important in permaculture farming but not necessarily so in conventional chemical farming.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 1, 2 and 4
(c) 4 only
(d) 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Disaster Management;
Why in the News?
Recently, PM released the IMD’s Vision Document 2047, outlining a plan to achieve nearly perfect weather forecasts for up to three days and 90% accuracy for forecasts made five days ahead by 2047.
What is IMD’s Vision Document 2047?
- The Vision Document aims for zero-error forecast accuracy for up to three days lead time and 90% accuracy for forecasts issued five days in advance by 2047. This ambitious target reflects India’s commitment to improving weather forecasting capabilities significantly.
- Focus Areas: The document emphasises enhancing weather surveillance technologies, improving atmospheric observations, and leveraging high-performance computing systems.
- It also highlights the importance of developing advanced earth system models and data-driven methods, including the use of AI and machine learning.
Why does India need an Earth warning system?
- High Seismic Vulnerability: India lies in a seismically active zone, with regions like Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and the Northeast being particularly earthquake-prone. Early warning systems can help reduce damage and save lives in these areas. Example: The 2001 Gujarat earthquake caused widespread devastation.
- Risk to Dense Urban Areas: Major cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata are vulnerable to earthquakes. Early warnings can help evacuate people, protect infrastructure, and minimize casualties. Example: A strong earthquake in Delhi could severely impact millions.
- Limited Preparedness and Response Time: Earthquakes give little to no time for people to react. A warning system could provide crucial seconds or minutes to activate emergency protocols, limiting loss of life and property. Example: The 2015 Nepal earthquake caused devastation in northern India.
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How can India achieve zero-error accuracy in forecasting disasters?
- Technological Advancements: The implementation of Mission Mausam involves deploying next-generation radars, satellites with advanced instruments, and high-performance computing systems. These tools are crucial for improving the precision of weather predictions.
- Data Assimilation and Modeling: Enhancing data assimilation processes and developing improved earth system models will contribute to better forecasting accuracy. The integration of AI/ML tools is expected to refine weather predictions further.
- Capacity Building: The initiative will also focus on building capacity within meteorological services to ensure that no severe weather events go undetected. This includes training personnel and enhancing operational frameworks for the timely dissemination of forecasts.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government in the past year?
- Amendment of the Disaster Management Act: In August 2024, the government introduced the Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill, 2024, in the Lok Sabha.
- This bill proposes the establishment of Urban Disaster Management Authorities for state capitals and large cities, the creation of disaster databases at national and state levels, and the formation of State Disaster Response Forces to strengthen disaster response capabilities.
- Investment in Urban Flood Mitigation: In August 2024, India announced plans to invest nearly $300 million over two years to mitigate urban flooding and conserve water in major cities, including Mumbai, Chennai, and Bengaluru.
- The initiative focuses on expanding water bodies like lakes and constructing drainage systems to manage excessive rainfall during monsoon seasons.
- Addressing Urban Heat Islands: In June 2024, government officials acknowledged that rapid urbanization has turned cities into “heat traps,” exacerbating the effects of heatwaves.
- Efforts are underway to implement heat action plans, which include provisioning drinking water, improving medical facilities, rescheduling outdoor work, and increasing green spaces to mitigate urban heat.
- Enhancement of Early Warning Systems: The government has been working to improve early warning systems for various natural disasters, including floods and heatwaves, to provide timely alerts and reduce the impact on vulnerable populations.
- Capacity Building and Training: There has been a focus on training and capacity building for disaster response teams at both national and state levels. For instance, In 2024, the NDRF organised a multi-agency mock drill in Assam to simulate a response to a major flood disaster.
What are the challenges in forecasting a disaster?
- Data Gaps and Limited Technology: Forecasting requires high-quality, real-time data from advanced technologies like satellite imagery, weather radars, and seismic sensors. However, data scarcity in remote areas or regions with underdeveloped infrastructure hampers accurate predictions.
- Example: The 2013 Kedarnath floods in India resulted from a cloudburst that was not forecasted in time due to a lack of localized meteorological data and advanced radar systems.
- Unpredictability of Natural Phenomena: Some disasters, such as earthquakes and tsunamis, are inherently unpredictable because they result from sudden geological shifts.
- Example: The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami followed a massive earthquake, but the lack of a regional tsunami warning system in the Indian Ocean made it impossible to alert affected countries in time.
- Challenges in Communication and Dissemination: Even when forecasts are accurate, ineffective communication of warnings to vulnerable populations due to language barriers, poor outreach, or lack of awareness can render forecasts ineffective.
- Example: During Cyclone Tauktae (2021) in India, while the forecast was accurate, several fishermen ignored warnings to evacuate, leading to fatalities despite advanced cyclone prediction systems.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Technological and Data Capabilities: Invest in localized weather stations, advanced radar systems, and seismic sensors in remote areas, while leveraging AI and machine learning for precise forecasting and real-time data integration.
- Enhance Community Awareness and Communication: Develop multilingual, accessible early warning systems and conduct regular public awareness campaigns to ensure timely dissemination and community readiness during disasters.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Sunrise sectors;
Why in the News?
India must lead in emerging industries to become a developed nation and a USD 32 trillion economy by 2047. Niti Ayoge CEO stressed the need to produce solar panels and electric vehicles.
What are the Sunrise sectors?
- Sunrise sectors refer to rapidly growing industries that are in their early stages but have high potential for expansion. These sectors attract significant venture capital and are appealing for long-term growth prospects.
- Niti Aayog CEO believes that excelling in these sectors is crucial for India to meet its ambitious economic targets by 2047.
Key Sunrise Sectors:
- Electric Vehicles (EVs): With initiatives like FAME II, India aims to boost EV manufacturing and infrastructure. The sector is expected to grow significantly, contributing to sustainability and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
- Electronics and Semiconductors: The semiconductor market in India is projected to triple by 2026, driven by government incentives and initiatives like the PLI Scheme. This sector is vital for establishing India as a global manufacturing hub.
- Renewable Energy: India is focusing on renewable energy sources, particularly solar power, where it currently lags behind globally by 5-7 years in manufacturing capabilities.
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) and advanced tech: It will drive innovation, economic growth, and global competitiveness.
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What are the potential impacts?
- Economic Growth: By investing in sunrise sectors, India can drive economic growth through innovation, job creation, and industrial development. This can help bridge the gap to becoming a global economic power.
- Sustainability: These sectors align with global sustainability goals, helping India reduce dependency on fossil fuels and transition to cleaner, more renewable energy sources, ultimately aiding in climate change mitigation.
- Global Competitiveness: Being a leader in sunrise sectors, such as electric vehicles or solar panel manufacturing, can position India as a global hub for cutting-edge technology and innovation.
What are the challenges faced by the Sunrise Sectors in India?
- Technological Gap: Indian industries are lagging in areas like solar panel manufacturing and electric vehicles, often 5-7 years behind global leaders. This technological gap hinders competitiveness and innovation. Example: India has not fully capitalized on the growing electric vehicle market, which is dominated by countries like China.
- Infrastructure and Investment Deficits: India’s current infrastructure does not fully support the rapid scaling of sunrise sectors. Additionally, private credit to GDP in India is lower compared to global giants like the US and China, affecting the ability of industries to scale up. Example: Limited investments in research, development, and infrastructure for clean technology and manufacturing.
- Policy and Regulatory Bottlenecks: India’s policy frameworks for clean technology and green industries often lack the depth and support required for aggressive global competition. There is a need for more incentives, clear regulatory guidelines, and quicker approvals for new technologies.
Way forward:
- Increased Investment in Research and Development: India must invest heavily in R&D for sunrise sectors, particularly in clean technologies and electric vehicle manufacturing. Government-backed initiatives and partnerships with global players can help bridge technological gaps.
- Policy Support and Incentives: India should provide stronger policy frameworks, such as tax incentives, subsidies for clean tech investments, and faster clearances for new ventures in sunrise sectors. More investment in infrastructure, particularly for electric vehicle charging stations and renewable energy grids, is crucial.
Mains PYQ:
Q How is efficient and affordable urban mass transport key to the rapid economic development in India? (UPSC IAS/2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Border security;
Why in the News?
Recently, New Delhi called Bangladesh’s Acting High Commissioner to India to discuss border security and issues related to fencing.
What are the India-Bangladesh border guidelines?
- 1975 Joint Guidelines: According to the 1975 Joint India-Bangladesh Guidelines for Border Authorities, no defense structures can be constructed within 150 yards of the international boundary by either side. This includes any form of fencing deemed a defensive structure.
- Defence Structures: India does not classify wire fencing as a defence structure, whereas Bangladesh and Pakistan do, leading to differing perspectives on the legality and implications of such constructions along the border.
What are the issues between India and Bangladesh?
- Fencing Disputes: The primary contention revolves around India’s construction of barbed wire fencing along the border, which Bangladesh claims violates the 1975 agreement. Recently, incidents in Malda and Cooch Behar have highlighted tensions, with Bangladesh’s Border Guards attempting to obstruct these efforts.
- Cross-Border Crime: India justifies fencing as a necessary measure to combat cross-border crimes, including smuggling and trafficking. However, Bangladesh argues that such measures inconvenience local residents and violate their sovereignty.
- Diplomatic Tensions: The situation has led to reciprocal diplomatic actions, with both countries summoning each other’s diplomats to express concerns over border management practices.
Why need to fence the India-Bangladesh border?
- To Prevent Cross-Border Crimes: Fencing helps reduce the smuggling of goods, drugs, and arms, as well as human trafficking, which are major concerns in border areas. For example, regions like Malda in West Bengal have seen high rates of cattle smuggling, which fencing aims to curb.
- To Manage Unauthorized Crossings: Fencing is crucial to control illegal immigration and unauthorized movements across the border, which can strain local resources and create security challenges. For instance, in Assam, illegal migration has led to demographic shifts, contributing to political and social tensions.
- To Address Geographical Complexities: The border’s unique geography, with rivers and villages close to the boundary, makes monitoring difficult, necessitating physical barriers. For example, in areas like Cooch Behar and the Dahagram–Angarpota enclave, fencing helps clearly demarcate the border and prevent disputes.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- Current Status: As of early 2025, approximately 3,180.65 kilometres of the border have been fenced, with around 915.35 kilometres remaining to be completed.
- The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has set a new deadline for completion by March 2024, although this is likely to be missed due to various challenges.
- Mixed Barriers Approach: The government plans to utilize both physical and non-physical barriers for the remaining unfenced stretches. This includes advanced technologies such as sensors and surveillance systems in areas where traditional fencing is not feasible due to geographical constraints.
- Increased Security Measures: Alongside fencing, there are plans to enhance floodlighting, establish more border outposts, and improve integrated checkposts to bolster security along the border.
Way forward:
- Enhanced Bilateral Cooperation: Strengthen dialogue mechanisms, such as flag meetings and joint consultations, to resolve disputes amicably and ensure mutual agreement on border management practices, including fencing.
- Integrated Border Management: Implement smart border solutions, combining advanced surveillance technologies and community involvement, to address security concerns while minimizing disruptions to local populations.
Mains PYQ:
Q Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Livestock Mission
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying has released operational guidelines 2.0 for National Livestock Mission (NLM).
What are the new operational guidelines 2.0 for NLM?
- It focuses on promoting entrepreneurship, cluster-based development, and sustainable practices in the livestock sector.
- They emphasize financial assistance through schemes like the Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF), capacity building, and modern technologies.
- The launch of the NLM-EDP Dashboard ensures real-time monitoring and transparency.
- Priority is given to poultry, dairy, and marginalized groups to drive equitable growth.
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About National Livestock Mission (NLM): Summary Table
|
Details |
| About |
- Launched in 2014-15, realigned in 2021-22 under the White Revolution – Rashtriya Pashudhan Vikas Yojana.
- Aims to enhance livestock production quantity and quality while fostering entrepreneurship.
- Overseen by the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying.
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| Structural Mandate and Implementation |
- Comprises 3 sub-missions: (1) Breed Improvement of Livestock and Poultry, (2) Feed and Fodder Development, and (3) Innovation and Extension.
- Focus on entrepreneurship through financial incentives for individuals, FPOs, SHGs, cooperatives, and startups.
- Includes 10 activities, such as fodder cultivation and livestock insurance, emphasizing sustainable practices and stakeholder support.
|
| Features |
- Entrepreneurship Support: 50% subsidy (up to ₹50 lakh) for horse, donkey, mule, and camel conservation.
- Fodder Seed Processing: Infrastructure eligible for 50% subsidy for private entities and cooperatives.
- Fodder Cultivation: Assistance to state governments for growing fodder in degraded and non-arable lands.
- Livestock Insurance: Reduced farmer premiums (15%), expanded animal coverage, and enhanced Centre-State funding (60:40 or 90:10).
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What is the Status of Livestock Sector in India?
- The livestock sector grew at a CAGR of 7.9% from 2014-15 to 2020-21
- Contribution to Agricultural GDP increased from 24.3% in 2014-15 to 30.1% in 2020-21
- Contributes 4.35% to the national GDP in fiscal year 2022-23
- Total livestock population: Approximately 536.76 million animals
- Population growth: 4.8% increase since 2012
- Global Livestock Ownership Highlights:
- 12.50% of world’s cattle population
- 56.70% of world’s buffalo population
- World’s second-largest poultry market
- Major Schemes and Programmes:
- Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM): Launched in December 2014 for breed development
- National Animal Disease Control Programme (NADCP): Focuses on controlling Foot & Mouth Disease and Brucellosis
- Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF): Approved 116 projects worth INR 3,731.4 crore
PYQ:
[2012] Which of the following is the chief characteristic of ‘mixed farming’?
(a) Cultivation of both cash crops and food crops
(b) Cultivation of two or more crops in the same field
(c) Rearing of animals and cultivation of crops together
(d) None of the above |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kerch Strait
Why in the News?
Two Russian ships spilled 3,350 tonnes of low-grade fuel into the Kerch Strait in Crimea, posing an environmental threat to the biodiversity hotspot.
About the Kerch Strait
- The Kerch Strait is a narrow, strategically crucial waterway connecting the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.
- It serves as a natural maritime corridor between the Crimean Peninsula and the Russian mainland.
- It stretches approximately 41 kilometers in length and varying between 4-15 kilometers in width.
- The strait features the Kerch-Yenikalsky canal, a critical maritime passage enabling larger vessels to traverse between the Black and Azov Seas.
- Port facilities at Kavkaz and Kerch serve as essential transportation hubs, facilitating significant cargo and passenger movements.
- Geopolitical Significance
- Since Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014, the Kerch Strait has become a focal point of international tension.
- The construction of the Crimean Bridge in 2018 provides a direct land connection between Russian territory and the Crimean Peninsula.
PYQ:
[2008] Which one of the following straits is nearest to the International Date Line?
(a) Malacca Strait
(b) Bering Strait
(c) Strait of Florida
(d) Strait of Gibraltar |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)
Why in the news?
The Government of India has reconstituted the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) to include new members, reflecting recent appointments in key administrative positions.
About the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)
|
Details |
| About |
- Governing body of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), under the direct charge of the Prime Minister of India.
- Established on 3 August 1948 under the Department of Scientific Research; reconstituted as “Atomic Energy Commission of India” on 1 March 1954 with enhanced powers and autonomy.
- First Chairperson: Homi J. Bhabha (1948–1966).
- Headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra.
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| Functions |
- Organize research in atomic science and train atomic scientists within the country.
- Promote nuclear research through its own laboratories and provide financial assistance to autonomous institutes engaged in nuclear research.
- Undertake prospecting and extraction of atomic minerals for industrial use.
- Enabled significant achievements, such as India’s first underground nuclear test at Pokhran, Rajasthan on 18 May 1974.
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| Structural Mandate |
- Membership includes a Chairperson, scientists, policymakers, and other experts appointed by the government to guide strategic direction and decision-making.
- Provides recommendations on nuclear energy policies, oversees India’s nuclear energy program, and ensures compliance with safety and regulatory standards.
- Collaborates with international organizations for peaceful nuclear energy development and security.
Operates 6 key research centers:
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai.
- Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu.
- Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT), Indore, Madhya Pradesh.
- Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC), Kolkata, West Bengal.
- Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD), Hyderabad, Telangana.
- Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership (GCNEP), Bahadurgarh, Haryana.
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PYQ:
[2018] With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pink Fire Retardant (PFR)
Why in the News?
Air tankers have dropped thousands of litres of pink fire retardant (PFR) to slow the spread of wildfires in Los Angeles.
Pink Fire Retardant (PFR) and its properties
- The PFR is a chemical mixture designed to slow or suppress wildfires by reducing the flammability of vegetation and other materials.
- The most recognized brand of PFR is Phos-Chek, manufactured by Perimeter Solutions.
- It is primarily made of ammonium phosphate-based slurry, including:
- Monoammonium phosphate (80%-90%).
- Diammonium phosphate.
- Performance additives for enhanced effectiveness.
- Pink dye for visibility.
- It is sprayed as a foam or slurry to coat vegetation ahead of wildfires.
- It slows combustion by:
- Depleting oxygen needed for flames.
- Altering how cellulose (plant material) decomposes, creating non-flammable carbon.
- Unlike water, which evaporates quickly, PFR’s chemical components remain effective for days or weeks, providing long-term protection.
Significance of PFR
- Provides fire-fighters with critical time to control wildfires.
- Creates firebreaks by coating vegetation and preventing ignition.
- Effective in diverse terrains, slopes, and weather conditions.
- Helps protect natural habitats and human infrastructure by slowing wildfire spread.
- Reduces the scale and intensity of wildfires, minimizing ecological damage.
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following:
- Carbon monoxide
- Methane
- Ozone
- Sulphur dioxide
Which of the above are released into atmosphere due to the burning of crop/biomass residue?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Promotion of S&T
Why in the News?
Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar stressed the need for genuine research and innovation that can bring real change. He called for indigenisation beyond basic levels and highlighted the role of patents and technology in making India a global leader.
What is Authentic and practical research?
- Authentic and practical research is genuine, cutting-edge, and impactful, addressing real-world challenges, driving innovation, and creating lasting change by advancing knowledge and delivering meaningful, applicable solutions to societal needs.
What is India’s status in patents and technology?
- Global Position: India has secured the sixth position globally in patent filings, as reported by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in the World Intellectual Property Indicators (WIPI) 2024 report. This marks a notable achievement as India enters the top ten for the first time across all three major intellectual property rights: patents, trademarks, and industrial designs.
- Growth Rate: In 2023, India recorded a 15.7% increase in patent applications, totaling 64,480 filings. This growth is part of a broader trend, marking the fifth consecutive year of double-digit growth in patent applications.
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What constitutes “authentic and practical research”?
- Authenticity: The Vice President stressed that research must be genuine and not merely superficial.
- Authentic research should correlate with real-world changes and have lasting significance rather than being momentarily relevant before gathering dust on shelves.
- Cutting-edge Nature: He called for research that is at the forefront of innovation, pushing boundaries rather than just covering existing knowledge.
- Practical Impact: The Vice President emphasized that research should aim to change ground realities, making it essential for it to be applicable and impactful in society.
How can India improve its research and development (R&D) landscape?
- Focus on Patents: The Vice President pointed out that India’s contribution to global patents is lacking. He urged a shift towards more consequential fields of research that can enhance India’s standing in the global community.
- Nurturing Startups: He called for supporting domestic startups and indigenous component development, suggesting that established companies like BEL should help these startups thrive by providing guidance and resources.
- Educational Reform: Emphasizing the need to instill a spirit of innovation in students, he noted that educational institutions should foster creativity and practical skills rather than merely focusing on degrees.
What are the initiatives to improve the Research Ecosystem in India?
- Encouraging Corporate Involvement: The Vice President highlighted the necessity for corporates to take initiative in R&D, suggesting that they converge on a platform to significantly boost research efforts.
- Leading in Semiconductors: He urged BEL to lead the semiconductor revolution from design to manufacture, indicating a strategic direction for enhancing technological capabilities in India.
What are the barriers to effective research in India?
- Superficial Research Output: The tendency to produce research that lacks depth and practical application is a significant barrier. The Vice President criticized research papers that are presented but quickly forgotten, calling for more substantial contributions.
- Limited Global Recognition: He noted that much of India’s research does not achieve recognition at an international level, which undermines its potential impact.
- Awareness of Opportunities: Many young individuals remain unaware of the diverse opportunities available beyond traditional government jobs, limiting their engagement with innovation and entrepreneurship.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Industry-Academia Collaboration: Foster partnerships between academic institutions and industries to ensure research is aligned with practical needs, enhancing innovation and commercialisation opportunities.
- Incentivizing High-Impact Research: Establish grants, rewards, and global recognition programs for researchers focusing on cutting-edge and transformative fields, driving significant contributions to India’s R&D landscape.
Mains PYQ:
Q Do you agree with the view that increasing dependence on donor agencies for development reduces the importance of community participation in the development process? Justify your answer.(UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Indian diaspora;
Why in the News?
At the 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD), the Prime Minister called the Indian diaspora “ambassadors to the world.” He praised them for blending into local societies, helping communities, and contributing to India’s progress.
Why do celebrate Pravasi Bharatiya Divas?
- Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is the flagship event organized by the Ministry of External Affairs to honor the achievements and contributions of Indians living abroad.
- This celebration is held every two years on January 9, marking the day in 1915 when Mahatma Gandhi, regarded as the greatest Pravasi, returned to India from South Africa to lead the country’s freedom movement.
- Since 2015, the event has been held biennially, with theme-based conferences organized during the intervening years.
- The location of the convention changes to showcase the progress and diversity of different regions in India.
Who are the Girmitiyas?
- The Girmitiyas were indentured laborers from British India who were transported during the 19th and early 20th centuries to work on plantations in various countries.
- The term “Girmitiyas” originates from the Indian pronunciation of the English word “agreement”, referencing the contracts they signed.
- The Girmitiyas were sent to places such as Fiji, Mauritius, Seychelles, Reunion, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, British Guiana (now Guyana), Suriname, Malaysia, and Kenya.
- These laborers were bound by contracts, called Girmits (agreements), which required them to work for a single employer at a fixed wage for a period of 3 to 5 years.
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What are the challenges faced by Indians abroad?
- Increasing Visa Restrictions: Countries like the United States and the United Kingdom have implemented stricter immigration policies, particularly affecting skilled Indian workers.
- For instance, during Donald Trump’s presidency, uncertainties surrounding H-1B visas created significant anxiety among Indian professionals seeking employment in the U.S. This has led to a perception that Indian workers are being unfairly targeted as competition for local jobs.
- Global Conflicts: Many Indians work in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, where job security is often threatened by volatile oil prices and changing labour laws.
- For example, “Saudisation” policies in Saudi Arabia have forced many Indian workers to return home unexpectedly, leading to economic hardship.
- Additionally, ongoing conflicts in regions like Iraq and Syria pose risks to the safety of Indians living and working there.
- Political Vulnerability: The Indian government’s recent actions to revoke Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cards from individuals critical of its policies have created a climate of fear among the diaspora. This has raised concerns about freedom of expression and political rights for those living abroad, making many feel vulnerable and unce.
What role does the Indian diaspora play in India’s global influence?
- Economic Contributions: The Indian diaspora plays a crucial role in India’s economy through substantial remittances, which totalled approximately $108 billion in 2022. These funds significantly contribute to poverty reduction and economic stability in India.Example: Remittances from the UAE
- Political Influence: Many individuals of Indian origin hold prominent political positions in various countries, enhancing India’s political clout on global platforms such as the United Nations.Example: Kamala Harris
- Cultural Diplomacy: The diaspora acts as cultural ambassadors, promoting Indian traditions, values, and soft power globally through initiatives like yoga, Bollywood cinema, and festivals.Example: International Day of Yoga
- Networking Opportunities: The diaspora serves as a bridge between India and other nations, facilitating trade relations and foreign direct investment (FDI), thereby enhancing India’s global economic standing.
What are the steps taken by the government?
- Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs: Established in 2004, this ministry was created to specifically address issues faced by the Indian diaspora. It was later merged with the Ministry of External Affairs in 2016 to streamline efforts and enhance synergy in engaging with the diaspora.
- Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas: Celebrated annually since 2003, this event recognizes the contributions of the Indian diaspora to India’s progress and fosters a sense of connection between Indians abroad and their homeland.
- Know India Programme (KIP): This initiative aims to familiarize youth of Indian origin with contemporary India through a three-week orientation program. It provides exposure to various aspects of Indian culture, economy, and society.
- Pravasi Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PKVY): Launched to enhance the skills of Indian workers going abroad, this scheme provides training on laws, language, and culture relevant to their destination countries.
- Scholarship Programme for Diaspora Children (SPDC): This program offers scholarships for Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) and Non-Resident Indian (NRI) students pursuing undergraduate courses in India
- Proxy Voting for NRIs: The Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill 2017 allows NRIs to participate in elections through proxy voting, enhancing their engagement in India’s democratic processes.
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How can India better engage with its diaspora? (Way forward)
- Inclusive Policies: The Indian government should adopt inclusive and non-partisan policies that foster a sense of belonging among all members of the diaspora, regardless of their political views.
- Addressing Concerns: Proactively addressing issues such as visa restrictions and safety concerns in conflict zones can enhance trust and cooperation between the diaspora and the Indian government.
- Leveraging Expertise: India can better engage its diaspora by tapping into their expertise in various fields, encouraging knowledge transfer, investment in startups, and collaboration on technological innovations.
- Cultural Exchange Programs: Promoting cultural initiatives that celebrate Indian heritage can strengthen ties between India and its diaspora, fostering a sense of identity and community.
Mains PYQ:
Q ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with examples. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to the Judiciary;
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court fined Rs. 1 Lakh on a dishonest person who kept filing unnecessary and baseless cases. The Court said that while everyone has the right to go to court, it should be used responsibly.
What is meant by ‘Right to Access to Justice’?
- The Right to Access to Justice refers to the fundamental principle that individuals should have the ability to seek and obtain remedies through formal or informal institutions of justice for grievances.
- This right is rooted in the rule of law and ensures that all citizens, regardless of their background, can effectively resolve their legal issues and hold decision-makers accountable.
- Without access to justice, individuals may be unable to exercise their rights, challenge discrimination, or seek redress for wrongs they have suffered.
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What are the other provisions related to the Right to Access to Justice?
- Article 14 (Equality before the law): This article guarantees that everyone is treated equally under the law, regardless of their background or status.
- A notable example is the Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India case (1978), where the Supreme Court held that the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 also includes the right to fair procedure.
- Article 21 (Right to life and personal liberty): This article protects the fundamental right to life, which has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to include the right to a fair and just legal process.
- In the State of Maharashtra v. Chandrabhan (1983) case, the Supreme Court ruled that access to justice is a key aspect of the right to life under Article 21, emphasizing the importance of protecting personal liberty.
- Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987: This Act ensures free legal aid for the poor and disadvantaged, promoting equality in accessing justice.
- A significant example is the National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India (2014) case, where the Supreme Court directed the implementation of effective legal aid programs for the marginalized, making access to justice easier for underprivileged groups.
- Article 39A (Free legal aid): This article mandates the state to provide free legal assistance to ensure that no one is denied justice due to financial incapacity.
- An example is the Laxmi v. Union of India (2014) case, where the Supreme Court directed the government to ensure legal aid is available for victims of acid attacks, recognizing that financial constraints should not prevent victims from seeking justice.
- Judicial Precedents (Supreme Court Decisions): The Supreme Court has consistently expanded the concept of access to justice. In Delhi Domestic Workers Forum v. Union of India (2016), the Court recognized the need for legal protection for domestic workers, expanding access to justice for marginalized groups.
- National Legal Services Authority (NALSA): NALSA has played a crucial role in ensuring legal aid for marginalized communities.
- For instance, in the NALSA v. Union of India (2014) case, the Court ordered the government to set up legal aid camps and ensure access to justice for tribals and marginalized groups, further solidifying NALSA’s role in promoting equality and fairness in the legal system.
What are the essential elements for the Right to Access to Justice?
- Availability of Legal Remedies: Individuals must have access to effective legal remedies that can address their grievances.
- Affordability: Legal services should be financially accessible, with provisions for free legal aid where necessary.
- Awareness and Information: Citizens should be informed about their rights and the legal processes available to them.
- Fair Procedures: The judicial process must be transparent and fair, providing all parties an equal opportunity to present their case.
- Physical and Legal Access: This includes not only the ability to enter courts but also having the necessary support systems in place, such as legal representation and knowledge of the law.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Legal Aid and Awareness Programs: Expand the reach of legal aid services and increase awareness campaigns to ensure marginalized groups are informed about their rights and legal remedies.
- Reforming Judicial Infrastructure: Enhance the accessibility and efficiency of judicial systems by addressing delays, improving court infrastructure, and ensuring the availability of affordable legal representation for all citizens.
Mains PYQ:
Q Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context justify the filing of large number of public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive authorities. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Diego Garcia Island
Why in the news?
Indian fishermen from Tamil Nadu, were detained near Diego Garcia in the British Indian Ocean Territory for crossing the maritime boundary.
About the Diego Garcia Island
- The Diego Garcia Island is a part of the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT).
- It is situated in the Indian Ocean, south of the equator.
- It is located approximately 1,796 km south of India and 4,723 km east of Africa.
- It was originally inhabited by the Chagossians (Ilois), descendants of African and Indian laborers brought by French colonists.
- It became a British colony in 1814 following the Napoleonic Wars.
Political Significance:
- It houses a significant US military base, established under a 1966 UK-US agreement.
- It plays a critical role in global military operations, particularly in the Middle East and Asia-Pacific.
- It serves as a base for long-range bombers, intelligence-gathering operations, and logistical support.
- The sovereignty of Diego Garcia is disputed by Mauritius, which claims it as part of its territory.
- In 2019, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) advised the UK to return the Chagos Archipelago, including Diego Garcia, to Mauritius.
- The United Nations General Assembly endorsed this ruling.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: State Public Service Commission (SPSC)
Why in the News?
The Vice President addressed the inauguration ceremony of the 25th National Conference of Chairpersons of State Public Service Commissions (SPSCs) in Bengaluru.
About State Public Service Commission (SPSC):
| Details |
- SPSCs are independent constitutional bodies established under Articles 315 to 323 in Part XIV of the Constitution of India.
- Modeled on the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) to recruit for state services and advise the state government on personnel matters.
- Proposed under the Government of India Act (GoI), 1919, and formally established through the GoI Act, 1935, after the ‘Lee Commission (1924)’ recommendations.
- Serve as the central recruiting agency for the state, distinct from the Department of Personnel or General Administration Department.
Note: Recommendations made by SPSCs are advisory, and the government has discretion to accept or reject them, subject to accountability to the Legislature. |
| Composition |
- Composed of a Chairman and other members appointed by the Governor of the state.
- At least 50% of the members must have held a government post (Central or State) for at least 10 years.
- Members hold office for 6 years or until they attain the age of 62, whichever is earlier.
- The Governor has discretionary power over composition, service conditions, and temporary appointments of acting Chairpersons during vacancies.
- Members can resign by addressing the resignation to the Governor.
- Removal is initiated by the President for grounds like insolvency, paid employment, infirmity, or misbehavior, following a Supreme Court inquiry.
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| Powers and Functions |
- Recruitment and Appointments: Conducts exams for appointments to state civil services and posts.
- Advisory Role: Provides guidance on recruitment methods, promotions, transfers, and disciplinary matters.
- Judicial Appointments: Consulted, along with the State High Court, on rules for appointments to the state judiciary (excluding district judges).
- Annual Reporting: Submits a performance report to the Governor, who presents it to the State Legislature with explanations for non-acceptance of advice.
- Disciplinary Action: Consulted by the government in cases involving disciplinary measures for civil servants, alongside the State Vigilance Commission.
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| Security and Independence |
- Tenure Protection: Members can only be removed for constitutionally specified reasons.
- Financial Independence: Expenses are charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State, requiring no legislative vote.
Post-Tenure Appointments:
- Chairpersons can be appointed as Chairman or members of UPSC or another SPSC but not in other government roles.
- Members can be appointed as Chairperson or members of UPSC or another SPSC but not to other government roles.
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PYQ:
[2015] Consider the following statements:
1. The Executive Power of the union of India is vested in the Prime Minister.
2. The Prime Minister is the ex officio Chairman of the Civil Services Board.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sovereign AI
Why in the News?
Denmark has become the latest country to actively pursue sovereign AI, in a bid to boost domestic research and competitiveness. Following this example and leveraging the momentum of Digital India, India’s leadership will be instrumental in driving the nation’s Sovereign AI ambition.
What is Sovereign AI?
- Sovereign AI refers to a nation’s autonomous ability to develop, deploy, and regulate Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies that align with its unique data, values, and governance priorities.
- It ensures national control over AI systems, protecting economic and national security interests while fostering innovation.
- Key Features of Sovereign AI include:
- Self-reliance: Develops AI systems tailored to national requirements, ensuring minimal dependency on external technologies.
- National Security: Protects critical data and infrastructure from external threats or misuse.
- Cultural Alignment: Embeds a nation’s values, language, and societal norms into AI frameworks.
- Global Competitiveness: Enhances economic growth and innovation through domestic AI capabilities.
About the Proposed AI Strategy for India (GovAI + Private AI = Sovereign AI):
- India’s proposed AI strategy focuses on leveraging Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) like Aadhaar and UPI to develop GovAI (Government AI) for efficient and predictive public services.
- It emphasizes data sovereignty, transforming anonymized DPI data into AI training material while ensuring national control.
- The strategy promotes public-private collaboration to build domain-specific Small Language Models (SLMs) that evolve into advanced Large Language Models (LLMs).
- Skill development through Regional Centres of Excellence (RCoE) aims to create a robust AI talent pool.
- This strategy aligns with India’s vision of becoming a global leader in trusted and inclusive AI, enhancing economic growth and national security.
India’s Initiatives for Sovereign AI:
- India’s initiative for Sovereign AI builds on its Digital India framework, leveraging platforms like Aadhaar, UPI, and DigiLocker to create GovAI (Government AI) for efficient public services.
- It utilizes DPI platforms such as Aadhaar, UPI, DigiLocker, and CoWIN.
- Domain-Specific AI Models that India seeks to build:
- Builds Small Language Models (SLMs) for specific public service areas like education, healthcare, agriculture, and social welfare.
- SLMs evolve into Large Language Models (LLMs) for advanced, intersectional governance insights.
- The India Datasets Programme transforms anonymized data into resources for AI training while ensuring data sovereignty.
PYQ:
[2020] In India, the term “Public Key Infrastructure” is used in the context of:
(a) Digital security infrastructure
(b) Food security infrastructure
(c) Health care and education infrastructure
(d) Telecommunication and transportation infrastructure |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform; Bharat Climate Forum 2025
Why in the News?
Union Minister of Commerce & Industry has unveiled the Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform at the Bharat Climate Forum 2025 in New Delhi.
What is the Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform?
- It is an initiative aimed at strengthening cleantech value chains in sectors such as solar, wind, hydrogen, and battery storage.
- It aims to position India as a global leader in sustainability and cleantech manufacturing, creating a compelling business case for international investors.
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- Provides a platform for manufacturing scale-up and knowledge sharing.
- Aims to make India a compelling business destination for cleantech investors.
- Supports India’s target of 500 GW of clean energy capacity by 2030.
About the Bharat Climate Forum 2025
- The Forum was organized in New Delhi as a platform for policymakers, industry leaders, and stakeholders to discuss climate action and clean energy solutions.
- The forum aims to align India’s clean energy initiatives with global climate goals, particularly under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement.
- A key focus of the forum was the launch of the Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform, designed to promote sustainable development and clean energy adoption in India.
- Discussions emphasized India’s commitment to achieving 500 GW of clean energy capacity by 2030 and highlighted the progress India has made in meeting its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
- The forum celebrated India’s early achievement of its 2022 renewable energy targets, with renewable energy capacity reaching 200 GW eight years ahead of schedule.
- The event focused on the 3S principles—Speed, Scale, and Skill—as cornerstones of India’s renewable energy program, ensuring swift implementation, large-scale adoption, and skill development.
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PYQ:
[2020] Describe the benefits of deriving electric energy from sunlight in contrast to conventional energy generation. What are the initiatives offered by our government for this purpose? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to lithium batteries;
Why in the News?
The International Federation of Air Line Pilots’ Associations (IFALPA) released three position papers addressing fire risks associated with the use of lithium-ion batteries in airports and aircraft settings.
What is IFALPA?
- The International Federation of Air Line Pilots’ Associations (IFALPA) is a global nonprofit organization that represents the interests of professional pilots worldwide.
- IFALPA was created to provide a platform for pilots to engage with aviation leaders and influence international aviation standards. As of around 2013, IFALPA included 104 member associations representing approximately 100,000 professional pilots globally.
- The organization aims to contribute the unique perspectives of pilots to the development and adaptation of ICAO’s Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) that govern international civil aviation.
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Why are there fears about lithium batteries?
Concerns regarding lithium-ion batteries primarily stem from their increasing use in various industries, particularly in electric vehicles (EVs) and aircraft systems. These batteries are known for their energy density and versatility but pose significant fire risks under certain conditions.
- Fire Risks: Lithium-ion batteries can catch fire when subjected to mechanical, electrical, or thermal stress, leading to short circuits that produce heat and oxygen, creating a fire hazard. This risk is exacerbated in environments like airports where batteries may be exposed to water or extreme conditions.
- Historical Incidents: There have been instances of lithium-ion batteries igniting under adverse conditions, such as flooding after Hurricane Helene in 2024, highlighting the potential dangers associated with their use in transportation settings.
What do the IFALPA papers say?
FALPA released three position papers addressing the fire risks associated with lithium-ion batteries:
- POS01: Focuses on the safe transport of lithium-ion batteries according to UN regulations (3480 and 3481). It emphasises that current regulations should include a State of Charge (SOC) limit of 30% for all transported batteries to mitigate fire risks.
- POS02: Discusses the specific fire risks posed by lithium-ion batteries compared to traditional combustion engines. It urges airports and related services to develop specialized fire safety equipment and protocols due to the unique challenges posed by lithium battery fires.
- POS03: Extends concerns to the flight deck, noting that existing firefighting kits may not adequately address fires involving lithium-ion batteries with energy ratings above 100 Wh.
- It calls for enhanced safety measures for components that may contain these batteries within aircraft.
Way forward:
- Enhanced Fire Safety Measures: Develop and mandate advanced fire-safety equipment and protocols tailored to lithium-ion battery fires for airports, aircraft, and emergency response teams. Ensure compatibility with high-capacity batteries and incorporate real-time monitoring technologies.
- Stricter Regulatory Standards: Expand the State of Charge (SOC ≤30%) limit to all transported lithium-ion batteries (including those in equipment). Update international regulations to address emerging risks from higher energy densities and broader usage scenarios.
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