Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related to water resources;
Why in the News?
The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) found that many states in India are facing a serious problem with high nitrate levels in groundwater.
What are the contaminants?
The assessment of India’s groundwater quality has identified several significant contaminants, primarily driven by agricultural practices, industrial activities, and natural geological factors. The key contaminants include:
- Nitrates: Excessive use of nitrogen-based fertilizers in agriculture leads to high levels of nitrates in groundwater. This is the most prevalent contaminant, with over 56% of India’s districts reporting nitrate levels exceeding the safe limit of 45 mg/l.
- Fluoride: Fluoride contamination is a major concern, particularly in states like Rajasthan, Haryana, and Karnataka. Approximately 9.04% of tested groundwater samples had fluoride levels above the permissible limit of 1.5 mg/l.
- Arsenic: Naturally occurring arsenic in certain geological formations poses serious health risks, particularly in alluvial plains where industrial activities may exacerbate contamination.
- Uranium: Elevated uranium levels have been detected in several regions, with about 6.60% of samples exceeding the safe limit of 30 ppb (parts per billion). States like Rajasthan and Punjab report significant uranium contamination.
- Iron: High concentrations of iron affect groundwater quality and can lead to aesthetic issues and potential health risks when consumed in large amounts.
- Other Heavy Metals: Contaminants such as lead, cadmium, mercury, and chromium are also present due to industrial discharges and improper waste management.
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What was the state of groundwater in 2024?
- Overall Extraction Rate: The degree of groundwater extraction across the country was reported at approximately 60.4%, indicating that this level has remained relatively stable compared to previous years. This figure reflects the percentage of groundwater resources being utilized versus what is available for extraction.
- Safe Blocks: About 73% of groundwater blocks were categorized as ‘safe,’ meaning they are adequately replenished to meet extraction demands. This represents a slight increase from previous assessments.
- Recharge and Availability: Total annual groundwater recharge was noted to have decreased marginally from 449 BCM (Billion Cubic Meters) in 2023 to 446.90 BCM in 2024.
- The annual extractable groundwater resources slightly declined from 407.21 BCM to 406.19 BCM.
- Contamination Issues: Despite improvements in some areas, challenges remain, particularly with nitrate contamination, where 440 districts were identified as having excessive nitrate levels in their groundwater.
How are groundwater levels measured?
Groundwater levels are measured using a network established by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), which includes:
- Observation Wells: Approximately 26,000 observation wells are used for manual measurements of groundwater levels.
- Digital Monitoring: Since 2023, around 16,000 to 17,000 piezometers equipped with digital recorders have been installed to automatically measure and transmit groundwater levels to a centralized system for real-time monitoring.
What happens if nitrate presence is high in groundwater?
- Health Risks: Elevated nitrate levels can cause methemoglobinemia, also known as “blue baby syndrome,” particularly in infants under six months old. This condition reduces the blood’s ability to carry oxygen, resulting in a bluish tint to the skin and potentially severe health complications if untreated.
- Environmental Concerns: Excessive nitrates contribute to algal blooms in surface water bodies, which can deplete oxygen levels, harm aquatic ecosystems, and disrupt the balance of marine life.
Way forward:
- Sustainable Agricultural Practices: Promote the use of organic fertilizers, precision farming techniques, and regulated use of nitrogen-based fertilizers to minimize nitrate leaching into groundwater.
- Strengthened Monitoring and Remediation: Expand digital groundwater monitoring networks, enforce strict industrial discharge regulations, and implement remediation techniques like bioremediation and constructed wetlands to mitigate contamination.
Mains PYQ:
Q What is water stress? How and why does it differ regionally in India?(UPSC IAS/2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National River Traffic and Navigation System (NRT&NS), National Waterways
Why in the News?
The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways (MoPSW), has introduced the National River Traffic and Navigation System (NRT&NS), a landmark initiative aimed at ensuring safe, efficient, and sustainable navigation along India’s inland waterways.
About National River Traffic and Navigation System (NRT&NS)
- The NRT&NS aims to modernize and enhance the safety, efficiency, and sustainability of inland water transport.
- It leverages real-time data and technology to optimize navigation on India’s National Waterways, supporting eco-friendly and cost-effective transport for goods and passengers.
- Key Features:
- Real-time monitoring using GPS and GIS for safe vessel navigation.
- Centralized traffic control centers for efficient operations.
- Digital platforms for route planning, cargo tracking, and alerts.
- Integrated infrastructure to streamline operations and reduce delays.
- Focus on sustainability, economic growth, and capacity building in the inland water transport sector.
- The system is being deployed across India’s National Waterways, including:
- NW 1 (River Ganga): Key cargo routes from Haldia to Varanasi.
- NW 2 (River Brahmaputra): Major transport corridor in the Northeast.
- NW 3 (West Coast Canal, Champakara Canal, and Udyogmandal Canal), NW 4 (Krishna and Godavari), and NW 5 (Mahanadi rivers and its tributaries): Supporting regional trade and tourism.
Status of Inland Waterways in India
- India has a vast network of 14,500 km of navigable waterways, including 111 declared National Waterways (NWs) under the National Waterways Act, 2016.
- Key Highlights:
- Increase in Operational Waterways: The number of operational NWs has increased by 767% since 2014.
- Cargo Traffic Growth: Cargo traffic rose from 18 million tonnes in 2013-14 to 133 million tonnes in 2023-24, achieving a CAGR of over 22%.
- Infrastructure Investments: Investments in NW development increased by 233% post-2014, supported by projects like:
- Jal Marg Vikas Project (JMVP): Focused on NW 1 (Ganga).
- Arth Ganga: Empowering local communities through economic activities along NW 1.
- Tourism Growth: River cruise tourism expanded significantly, with 25 cruise vessels operational in 2023-24, up from 3 in 2013-14.
- Challenges: Despite this, the share of IWT in India’s overall transport mix remains relatively low compared to global standards.
PYQ:
[2016] Enumerate the problems and prospects of inland water transport in India. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UN-CEBD
Why in the News?
India has joined the prestigious UN Committee of Experts on Big Data and Data Science for Official Statistics (UN-CEBD).
About UN-CEBD
| Details |
- Established in 2014 during the 45th session of the UN Statistical Commission.
- First Chair: Australia.
- Explores the potential of big data and data science in transforming official statistics.
- Monitors progress toward Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) using innovative data sources.
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| Structural Mandate and Implementation |
Mandate:
- Develop global programs for using big data in official statistics.
- Monitor SDG indicators using advanced data science.
- Address challenges like cross-border data sharing and ethical concerns.
Governance Structure:
- Advisory Board: Strategic oversight and guidance.
- UN Bureau: Handles operational tasks.
Implementation Mechanism:
- Capacity building through training.
- Promote global collaboration and innovation.
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| Powers and Functions |
- Strategic Vision: Integrate big data into national/international statistical systems.
- Practical Use: Utilize non-traditional data sources like IoT, satellite imagery, and private sector data.
- Capacity Building: Train statisticians in data science techniques.
- Global Standards: Develop frameworks for cross-border data sharing and ethical practices.
- Policy Integration: Advocate for data-driven policymaking.
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| Why India Joined? |
- Enhancing Statistical Capabilities: Modernize processes with IoT, satellite imagery, etc.
- Global Collaboration: Share innovations like the Data Innovation Lab and learn best practices.
- SDG Monitoring: Leverage big data for robust tracking of SDGs.
- Showcasing Leadership: Strengthen India’s position in global data governance.
- Economic and Policy Benefits: Enable evidence-based decisions to address socio-economic challenges.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: INTERPOL and its notices
Why in the News?
The International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) has issued a Silver Notice to trace and recover criminal assets, marking the first expansion of its color-coded notices to specifically target the finances of organized crime networks.
What is Silver Notice?
- It is an INTERPOL initiative aimed at tracing, locating, and recovering criminal assets linked to crimes such as fraud, corruption, drug trafficking, and environmental offenses.
- Objective: It targets assets like properties, vehicles, financial accounts, and businesses that are connected to criminal activities.
- It was launched in 2023 as part of a pilot phase involving 52 countries, and this phase will run until November 2025.
- How does it work?
-
- Member countries can request INTERPOL to issue a Silver Notice for assistance in gathering information about criminal assets.
- The Notice is shared globally with all 196 INTERPOL member countries, while Diffusions can be directed to specific countries for more targeted cooperation.
- All Silver Notices and Diffusions are reviewed by INTERPOL’s General Secretariat to ensure compliance with its rules, including prohibitions on political misuse as outlined in Article 3 of the INTERPOL Constitution.
- The first-ever Silver Notice was requested by Italy to trace assets linked to a senior mafia member, showcasing its potential to combat organized crime.
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About INTERPOL
| Structural Mandate and Implementation |
- Establishment: Founded in 1923 in Vienna, now headquartered in Lyon, France, with 195 member countries.
- Mandate: Supports cross-border police cooperation, helping agencies combat international crime.
- India became a member of INTERPOL in June 1956.
Structural Mandate:
- Secretary General: Oversees daily operations.
- General Secretariat (Lyon): Manages global databases and police communication systems.
- Global Complex for Innovation (Singapore): Research, training, and cybercrime initiatives.
- Regional Bureaus: Satellite offices worldwide.
- National Central Bureaus (NCBs): Each member country, such as India’s CBI, serves as its national focal point for INTERPOL.
- I-24/7 Service: A secure global police communication system enabling real-time sharing of urgent and sensitive information.
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| Powers and Functions |
- Data Sharing: Manages 19 police databases on crimes and criminals, accessible in real-time by member countries.
- Notices and Diffusions: Issues color-coded notices (e.g., Red, Yellow, Blue, Silver) to locate fugitives, missing persons, or criminal assets; not legally binding but widely used by law enforcement.
Operational Support:
– Investigative Assistance: Provides forensics, analysis, and fugitive-tracking support.
– Coordination: Enables law enforcement agencies to handle transnational crime efficiently. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PRB Cell
Why in the News?
South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL), a Chhattisgarh-based subsidiary of Coal India Limited (CIL) has established a Post-Retirement Benefit (PRB) Cell.
About Coal India Limited (CIL)
- Coal India Limited (CIL) was founded in 1975 and is the world’s largest coal producer.
- It is a ‘Maharatna’ public sector enterprise under the Ministry of Coal, Government of India.
- CIL operates through 8 subsidiaries, including South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL), Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL), and Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL), which is its largest coal-producing subsidiary.
- It supplies 78% of India’s total coal production, supporting more than 50% of the country’s coal-based power capacity.
- CIL operates across 8 Indian states, managing 84 mining areas and a total of 313 active mines.
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What are the aims and objectives?
- Provide a centralized platform for retired employees to access all post-retirement benefits and services under one roof.
- Simplify and expedite the resolution of issues related to pensions, provident funds, medical benefits, and other entitlements.
- Eliminate the need for retirees to coordinate with multiple departments, minimizing delays and miscommunication.
- Reinforce Mission Sambandh, SECL’s initiative to build stronger connections and improve communication with stakeholders.
What are the key benefits of the PRB Cell?
- Acts as a one-stop solution for all post-retirement benefit queries and services.
- Consolidates services like pensions, medical benefits, and financial queries, making it convenient for retirees.
- Dedicated personnel ensure faster response times and seamless service delivery.
- Officers from key departments, including Personnel, Finance, and Medical, are stationed at the PRB Cell to provide specialized support.
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following statements:
- Coal sector was nationalised by the Government of India under Indira Gandhi.
- Now, coal blocks are allocated on lottery basis.
- Till recently, India imported coal to meet the shortages of domestic supply, but now India is self-sufficient in coal production.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Human Genomes
Why in the News?
India has created a database of 10,000 human genomes, covering 83 population groups, which is about 2% of the country’s 4,600 population groups.
What are the key achievements of the Genome India Project?
- Completion of Genome Sequencing: The project successfully sequenced 10,000 human genomes from 83 population groups, representing approximately 2% of India’s 4,600 population groups. This data is now housed at the Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC) in Faridabad, Haryana.
- Identification of Genetic Variants: Initial analyses revealed around 27 million genetic variants, with 7 million being low-frequency variants not found in other global databases. This highlights India’s unique genetic diversity and the potential for targeted research.
- Global Accessibility: The genome data is accessible to researchers worldwide, fostering international collaboration in genomics research and precision medicine.
What are the impact on Biotechnology and Healthcare?
- Advancement of Precision Medicine: The database is expected to facilitate advancements in precision medicine by enabling researchers to study disease risks and drug responses specific to the Indian population. This could lead to more effective treatments tailored to genetic variations.
- Potential for Drug Development: With a focus on understanding genetic predispositions to diseases, the project can support the development of new medications and therapeutic interventions, particularly for genetic and infectious diseases.
- Strengthening India’s Biotech Economy: The initiative is seen as a cornerstone for bolstering India’s biotechnology sector, enhancing its capacity for genomic research and manufacturing.
What are the challenges?
- Data Privacy and Security: India currently lacks a comprehensive Data Privacy Bill, which raises concerns about the protection of sensitive genetic information.
- The absence of robust legal frameworks increases the risk of misuse or unauthorized access to genetic data, potentially compromising individual privacy.
- Ethical Concerns: The use of genomic data for purposes such as gene editing could lead to ethical dilemmas, including issues related to “designer babies” and unintended consequences of genetic modifications.
- Public Trust and Acceptance: Gaining public trust is crucial for the success of the project. There may be apprehensions among individuals regarding how their genetic data will be used, especially if it involves sharing with commercial entities or if there are fears about potential discrimination based on genetic information.
- Integrity of Data Collection: Ensuring the integrity and accuracy of data collection, storage, and usage is essential.
- Without stringent protocols, there is a risk that the data may be misinterpreted or misused, leading to flawed conclusions about genetic predispositions and health risks.
What steps can be taken to overcome the present challenges? (Way forward)
- Expanding the Database: Experts suggest increasing the number of sequenced genomes to up to 1 million to better capture India’s vast genetic diversity. This expansion would provide deeper insights into genetic variations across different ethnic groups.
- Funding and Collaboration: Securing additional funding and forming partnerships with leading research institutions can help overcome financial limitations and enhance data enrichment efforts.
- Ethical Data Management: Ensuring robust data sharing protocols and privacy measures will be crucial for maintaining public trust and facilitating research access while protecting individual identities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Opportunities and challenges to AI;
Why in the News?
India has started leveraging AI to bolster its defence ecosystem, but significant challenges remain.
What are the strategic implications of AI integration in India’s defence?
- Enhanced Military Capabilities: The integration of AI is expected to revolutionize military operations through improved predictive analytics, autonomous decision-making systems, and advanced operational efficiency.
- Modernization Focus: With a defence budget of ₹6.21 lakh crore ($75 billion) for 2023-24, India is prioritizing modernization efforts, including the development of innovative products like the Indrajaal autonomous drone security system.
- Global Competitiveness: To keep pace with countries like Israel and China that have rapidly advanced their military AI capabilities, India recognises the need for a clear vision and strategy for AI deployment in defence.
How does India plan to overcome challenges in implementing AI in military operations?
- Funding and Infrastructure: A significant barrier to effective AI integration is the high cost of data centres and the infrastructure necessary for running advanced AI systems. The military’s focus on replacing outdated legacy systems adds to financial pressures.
- Fragmented Policies: India’s current policies regarding AI deployment are often fragmented, lacking comprehensive guidelines specifically tailored for military applications. Existing frameworks do not adequately address accountability and transparency in military AI use.
- Inter-Service Silos: The historically siloed nature of the Indian Armed Forces—where the Army, Navy, and Air Force operate independently—hinders interoperability and complicates joint operations.
What role does collaboration between the public and private sectors play in advancing AI in defence?
- Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): To enhance technological advancements in defence, India needs to foster collaboration between public sector units (PSUs) and private entities. This approach can leverage the innovation capabilities of startups and private companies.
- Knowledge Sharing: Collaborations with foreign tech giants like Microsoft, which has committed approximately $3 billion to develop data centres in India, can facilitate knowledge transfer and resource sharing essential for building a robust AI ecosystem.
- Accelerating Innovation: Engaging private sector expertise can lead to faster development cycles and more effective deployment of AI technologies within the military framework.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Policy Frameworks and Coordination: Develop cohesive and actionable policies for AI deployment in defence, focusing on inter-service interoperability, accountability, and transparency while operationalizing bodies like DAIC and DAIPA effectively.
- Promote Public-Private Collaboration: Enhance public-private partnerships (PPPs) to leverage private innovation and attract foreign investments, ensuring resource optimization and accelerated AI adoption in military operations.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss different types of cyber crimes and measures required to be taken to fight the menace. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Why in the News?
The sex ratio at birth in Haryana, which reached a peak of 923 in 2019, declined to 910 in 2024, marking an eight-year low.
What is the present sex ratio in India?
As of January 2025, the sex ratio at birth in India is approximately 933 females per 1,000 males.
World Bank
Why Historically has there been an Imbalance in the Sex Ratio in India?
Historically, India has faced a skewed sex ratio primarily due to cultural preferences for male children, leading to practices such as female foeticide. The sex ratio was recorded at 943 females per 1,000 males during the 2011 Census. Factors contributing to this imbalance include:
- Cultural Preference for Sons: Societal norms often favour male children, viewing them as economic assets while daughters are seen as financial burdens due to dowry practices.
- Female Foeticide: The availability of prenatal sex determination technologies has led to sex-selective abortions, contributing to the skewed ratio.
- Economic Factors: Families may prefer fewer children and opt for sons to secure lineage and support in old age.
What are the Government Initiatives to Improve the Sex Ratio?
The Indian government has implemented several initiatives aimed at improving the sex ratio:
- Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Campaign: Launched in 2015, this campaign focuses on preventing female foeticide and promoting the welfare of girls.
- Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PNDT Act): Enforced to curb sex-selective abortions and promote gender equality.
- Financial Incentives: Programs such as providing financial assistance at the birth of a girl child (e.g., Rs 21,000) encourage families to value daughters.
- Education and Awareness Programs: Efforts are made to improve female education and reduce dropout rates among girls, which are crucial for long-term improvements in gender equality.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Law Enforcement and Monitoring: Ensure strict implementation of the PCPNDT Act with increased vigilance and swift action against violations.
- Address Cultural and Economic Barriers: Launch targeted campaigns to challenge patriarchal norms, promote gender equality, and incentivise families to raise daughters.
Mains PYQ:
Q Why do some of the most prosperous regions of India have an adverse sex ratio for women? Give your arguments. (UPSC IAS/2014)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Artefacts mentioned
Why in the News?
Rashtrapati Bhavan’s revamped “At Home” reception for the 75th Indian Republic now includes a box of GI Tagged handcrafted items from Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh along with the invitation card.
About the GI Tagged products crafted for the Invittees
The curated box features a variety of handcrafted items with Geographical Indication (GI) tags and sourced from the One District One Product (ODOP) initiative:
- Bamboo Weave Box: Decorated with Kalamkari paintings crafted by Nimmalakunta artisans from Andhra Pradesh.
- Ikat-Pochampalli Cover: Reusable even after dismantling the box.
- Mysore Ganjifa Fridge Magnet: Inspired by the intricate art seen in traditional Ganjifa playing cards.
- Kanjeevaram Silk Pouch: Handcrafted in Tamil Nadu.
- Etikopakka Dolls: Male and female wooden dolls from Andhra Pradesh.
- Screwpine Leaf Bookmark: Woven by artisans from Kerala.
What is the One District One Product (ODOP)?
- ODOP initiative is a flagship scheme designed to foster balanced regional development, enhance local economic potential, and promote employment generation by focusing on a unique product from each district.
- Originally launched by the Uttar Pradesh Government in January 2018, it was later adopted nationwide by the Central Government.
- It is managed by the Ministry of Food Processing Industries and coordinated with the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) under the Districts as Export Hubs initiative.
- It is centrally sponsored, with funding shared between the Central and State Governments in a 60:40 ratio.
- Key Products Under ODOP
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- Handicrafts: Banarasi silk (Varanasi), Chikankari embroidery (Lucknow), and Madhubani painting (Bihar).
- Agricultural Products: Alphonso mangoes (Ratnagiri), Litchi (Muzaffarpur), and Black rice (Manipur).
- Processed Foods: Pickles, spices, and traditional sweets.
- Industrial Goods: Leather products, pottery, and brassware.
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PYQ:
[2015] Which of the following has/have been accorded ‘Geographical Indication’ status? (2015)
- Banaras Brocades and Sarees
- Rajasthani Daal-Bati-Churma
- Tirupathi Laddu
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BRICS-11, New members of BRICS
Why in the News?
Indonesia has officially joined BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) as a full member. This move was unanimously approved during the 2023 BRICS Summit in Johannesburg and announced by Brazil, which holds the presidency of BRICS in 2025.
What is BRICS?
- BRICS represents a coalition of nations committed to fostering economic growth, development cooperation, and global governance reform.
- BRICS focuses on collaboration across 3 key pillars:
- Political and Security Cooperation: Ensuring peace, global stability, and governance reform.
- Economic and Financial Cooperation: Promoting trade, investment, and economic resilience.
- Cultural and People-to-People Cooperation: Enhancing mutual understanding and societal linkages.
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- Original Members: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.
- Recent Additions: Indonesia, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE.
Evolution of BRICS:
- 2001: The term “BRIC” was coined by Jim O’Neill, an economist at Goldman Sachs, in a report highlighting Brazil, Russia, India, and China as fast-growing economies.
- 2006: BRIC leaders held their first meeting during the G8 Outreach Summit in St. Petersburg, Russia.
- 2009: The first BRIC Summit was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, to formalize the grouping.
- 2010: South Africa joined, transforming BRIC into BRICS.
- 2014 Fortaleza Declaration: The establishment of the New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) marked significant steps toward financial collaboration.
- Recent Expansion: In 2023 Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE joined, reflecting BRICS’ expanding influence in the Global South.
- 2025: Indonesia officially joins.
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Significance of BRICS:
- Economic Growth: Acts as a significant driver of global economic growth, contributing 24% of global GDP and over 16% of global trade.
- Multipolar World Advocacy: Promotes a multipolar world order, challenging Western dominance in global governance.
- South-South Cooperation: Strengthens collaboration among developing nations, addressing shared issues like poverty and climate change.
- Alternative Financial Systems: Explores mechanisms like the New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) to reduce reliance on Western financial institutions and the US dollar.
Challenges Faced by BRICS:
- Diverging Interests: Members have differing priorities, such as India-China tensions and varying stances on global issues.
- Economic Disparities: Wide differences in economic size and capacity, with China dominating BRICS GDP.
- Institutional Weakness: Absence of a formal structure and binding agreements limits the bloc’s effectiveness.
- Geopolitical Pressures: External challenges like Western sanctions on Russia and US-China tensions test BRICS’ cohesion and neutrality.
PYQ:
[2014] With reference to a grouping of countries known as BRICS, consider the following statements:
1. The First Summit of BRICS was held in Rio de Janeiro in 2009.
2. South Africa was the last to join the BRICS grouping.
Which of the statements given above is / are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pravasi Bharatiya Divas
Why in the News?
Prime Minister has inaugurated the 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas convention. The theme for this year was the “Diaspora’s contribution to a Viksit Bharat”.
About Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD)
- Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is the flagship event organized by the Ministry of External Affairs to honor the achievements and contributions of Indians living abroad.
- This celebration is held every two years on January 9, marking the day in 1915 when Mahatma Gandhi, regarded as the greatest Pravasi, returned to India from South Africa to lead the country’s freedom movement.
- Since 2015, the event has been held biennially, with theme-based conferences organized during the intervening years.
- The location of the convention changes to showcase the progress and diversity of different regions in India.
Who are the Girmitiyas?
- The Girmitiyas were indentured laborers from British India who were transported during the 19th and early 20th centuries to work on plantations in various countries.
- The term “Girmitiyas” originates from the Indian pronunciation of the English word “agreement”, referencing the contracts they signed.
- The Girmitiyas were sent to places such as Fiji, Mauritius, Seychelles, Reunion, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, British Guiana (now Guyana), Suriname, Malaysia, and Kenya.
- These laborers were bound by contracts, called Girmits (agreements), which required them to work for a single employer at a fixed wage for a period of 3 to 5 years.
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Contributions of the Indian Diaspora
- Economic Contributions: In 2024, India received $129.1 billion in remittances, accounting for 14.3% of global remittances. This inflow has been a vital source of economic support.
- Professional Contributions: Over 73% of Indian-Americans are employed in high-skill sectors such as STEMM, business, law, and academia. The diaspora acts as a bridge between India and global markets, facilitating skill transfer, trade, and foreign direct investment.
- Cultural and Soft Power: The Indian diaspora serves as cultural ambassadors, promoting traditions such as Bollywood, Yoga, and festivals like Diwali.
- Global Presence: The Indian diaspora is spread across the globe, with 31.3 million people residing in countries such as the United States, UAE, Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia.
PYQ:
[2020] ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with examples.
[2017] The Indian Diaspora has an important role to play in South East Asian countries economy and society. Appraise the role of Indian Diaspora in South-East Asia in this context. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gulf of Mexico
Why in the News?
Donald Trump has proposed to change the name of the Gulf of Mexico to the “Gulf of America” after his plans for purchasing Greenland.
About the Gulf of Mexico
- The Gulf of Mexico is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean.
- It is bordered by:
- United States: States of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas.
- Mexico: Eastern coast, including the Yucatán Peninsula.
- Cuba: Southeastern boundary.
- It is believed to have formed around 300 million years ago during the late Paleozoic era.
- Its formation is linked to the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea.
- The Gulf has a subtropical to tropical climate.
- It is prone to hurricanes and tropical storms
- The Gulf is one of the world’s most significant oil-producing regions. It contains over 17% of global proven petroleum reserves.
Strategic Location:
- The Gulf is a crucial artery for international shipping, particularly between the Americas and Europe.
- It connects to the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean through the Straits of Florida and to the Pacific Ocean via the Panama Canal.
- The Gulf serves as a key area for U.S. naval operations.
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|
PLI 1.0
|
PLI 2.0
|
| Launch Year |
March 2020 |
May 2023 |
| Objective |
Promote domestic manufacturing, reduce imports, create jobs |
Enhance IT hardware manufacturing, increase global competitiveness |
| Budget |
₹7,350 crore (for IT hardware) |
₹17,000 crore (for IT hardware) |
| Duration |
4 years |
6 years |
| Incentive Structure |
1% – 4% of incremental sales over the base year |
~5% of incremental sales over six years |
| Sectors Covered |
- Initially focused on 3 sectors: Mobile manufacturing, electrical components, and medical devices.
- Later expanded to 14 sectors, including: Specified electronic components, critical key starting materials (pharma), auto components, pharma drugs, specialty steel, telecom and networking, electronics/technology products, white goods (ACs, LEDs), food products, textiles (MMF/technical textiles), high-efficiency solar PV modules, advanced chemistry cell (ACC) batteries, drones
|
Primarily IT hardware (laptops, tablets, servers, PCs) |
| Component Incentives |
No additional incentives for specific components |
Additional incentives for local component manufacturing (e.g., memory modules, SSDs) |
| Expected Investment |
₹2,500 crore (estimated) |
₹2,430 crore (estimated) |
| Employment Generation |
Not specified in detail |
75,000 direct jobs, up to 2 lakh indirect jobs |
| Production and Export Targets |
Not explicitly stated |
₹3.35 lakh crore production; $12-17 billion exports by 2025-26 |
| Eligibility and Caps |
Domestic companies with minimum investment of ₹20 crore |
Global, hybrid, and domestic companies with caps (₹4,500 crore for global, ₹2,250 crore for hybrid, ₹500 crore for domestic) |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges in crowd management;
Why in the News?
Recently six people lost their lives in a stampede in Tirupati while waiting to collect tokens for Lord Venkateswara’s darshan.
Why do stampedes take place?
Stampedes are chaotic and uncontrolled movements of large crowds, often triggered by panic or an urgent rush to move in a confined or crowded space.
- Venues that exceed their safe capacity can lead to dangerously crowded conditions. When too many people gather in a confined space, the risk of a stampede increases significantly.
- Inadequate planning and lack of effective crowd control measures, such as clear exits and designated waiting areas, can exacerbate the situation. Poor organisation often leads to confusion and panic among attendees.
- Narrow pathways, obstacles, and poorly designed event spaces can create bottlenecks during emergencies. These barriers make it difficult for people to move freely and can trap crowds, increasing the risk of crush injuries.
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How does human psychology lead to stampedes?
- Panic Response: Panic can spread rapidly through crowds, causing individuals to act irrationally. When one person begins to push forward out of fear or urgency, it creates a domino effect where others follow without understanding the situation.
- External Triggers: Events such as loud noises, sudden movements, or perceived threats (like a fire or an emergency) can trigger panic responses in crowds, leading to stampedes.
- Psychological Factors: Theories of collective behaviour suggest that in large groups, individuals may act against their own interests when panic sets in.
- For instance, the desire to escape a perceived danger can override cooperative behaviour, leading to chaotic pushing and shoving.
How does the physical organisation of spaces contribute to stampedes?
- Narrow Exits and Blocked Pathways: Limited exits and narrow pathways can create bottlenecks during emergencies, making it difficult for individuals to evacuate quickly.
- When a crowd is forced to funnel through a small area which leads to panic and chaos, increasing the likelihood of a stampede as people rush to escape.
- Poorly Designed Crowd Flow: Spaces that do not effectively manage crowd flow can exacerbate congestion.
- Suppose different groups of people converge at the same point without clear guidance or separation that can lead to confusion and a surge of movement, triggering stampede conditions. Effective crowd management strategies are essential to ensure smooth movement.
- Inadequate Lighting and Visibility: Insufficient lighting can disorient attendees and hinder their ability to navigate the space safely. In low-light conditions, individuals may struggle to see exits or understand the crowd dynamics, leading to increased panic and disorder during critical moments, which can precipitate a stampede.
How to better prevent stampedes, or at least, mitigate their risks? (Way forward)
- Effective Crowd Management: Limit crowd size through pre-registration, schedule staggered entries, and organise queues with barriers and clear signage. Use real-time monitoring tools like CCTV and AI-based systems to manage crowd density.
- Improved Infrastructure and Emergency Readiness: Design venues with wide pathways, multiple exits, and clear evacuation routes. Provide on-site medical facilities and train staff in crowd control, first aid, and emergency response.
- Public Awareness and Technology Use: Educate attendees on safety protocols, and use digital tools like online ticketing and mobile alerts to prevent physical queues and guide the crowd calmly during emergencies.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Contempt to government (Section 152 (BNS);
Why in the News?
In the 2024 case of Tejender Pal Singh v. State of Rajasthan, the Rajasthan High Court warned that Section 152 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) should not be misused to suppress valid criticism or peaceful dissent.
What are the key differences between Section 152 of the BNS and Section 124A of the IPC?
- Terminology and Scope:
- Section 124A (IPC) specifically criminalizes acts that bring hatred or contempt towards the government, termed as sedition. It focuses on inciting disaffection against the government.
- Section 152 (BNS) criminalizes acts that endanger the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India, including inciting rebellion or promoting separatism. While it does not explicitly use the term “sedition,” it covers similar ground with broader language.
- Penalties:
-
-
- Section 124A prescribes a punishment of life imprisonment or a minimum of three years in prison, along with a possible fine.
- Section 152 increases the potential penalty to life imprisonment or up to seven years, along with a mandatory fine, making it potentially more stringent.
- Intent Requirement:
-
- Section 124A requires proof of intent to incite disaffection.
- Section 152 lowers this threshold by allowing prosecution if a person “knowingly” shares information that could incite rebellion or separatism, regardless of malicious intent.
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How does Section 152 impact freedom of speech and legitimate dissent?
- Chilling Effect: The vagueness of what constitutes an act endangering sovereignty can lead to a chilling effect on free speech. Individuals may self-censor to avoid potential legal repercussions for expressing dissenting opinions or criticism of the government.
- Potential for Abuse: The broad language and lack of clear definitions in Section 152 allow for expansive interpretation by enforcement authorities. This can result in legitimate expressions of dissent being criminalized under the guise of national security.
- Judicial Oversight: The Rajasthan High Court emphasized that Section 152 should not be used as a tool to suppress dissent but rather as a protective measure for national security. It called for careful application and judicial oversight to ensure that legitimate criticism is not equated with sedition.
What are the legal and constitutional implications of enforcing Section 152?
- Constitutional Rights: Enforcing Section 152 raises concerns regarding violations of Articles 14 (Right to Equality) and 19 (Freedom of Speech) of the Indian Constitution. The vague definitions may lead to arbitrary enforcement, undermining individual rights and freedoms.
- Judicial Precedents: The judiciary has historically favoured a consequentialist approach in interpreting laws related to free speech. Previous rulings have established that there must be a direct causal link between speech and its impact for it to constitute an offence. This precedent should guide the interpretation and enforcement of Section 152.
- Need for Guidelines: There is an urgent need for the Supreme Court to establish clear guidelines regarding the application of Section 152, similar to those created in past cases. This would help delineate acceptable boundaries for criticism while protecting national interests without infringing on civil liberties.
Way forward:
- Establish Clear Guidelines: The Supreme Court should set precise guidelines for applying Section 152 to ensure a balance between protecting national security and safeguarding freedom of speech, as done in past landmark cases.
- Promote Judicial Oversight: Enforcement authorities should be required to demonstrate a direct and significant link between the speech and its impact, with courts actively monitoring cases to prevent misuse of the law against legitimate dissent.
Mains PYQ:
Q What do understand by the concept “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2014)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Citizenship;
Why in the News?
Recently, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar said that there are many challenges in giving dual citizenship to Indians living abroad. He mentioned that the Overseas Citizenship of India program is a step towards addressing this need and added that the discussion about dual citizenship is still ongoing.
What are the arguments for and against dual citizenship in India?
Arguments Against Dual Citizenship:
- Divided Loyalties: Critics argue that dual citizenship would lead to divided loyalties, undermining national integrity. Political rights granted to dual citizens could create conflicts of allegiance between India and another country, which is seen as dangerous for India’s sovereignty.
- Legal Restrictions: The Indian Constitution mandates that acquiring citizenship in another country results in the automatic loss of Indian citizenship. This legal framework does not support dual citizenship, making it a complex issue to address.
- Historical Context: The Citizenship Amendment Act of 2019 reflects a cautious approach to citizenship rights, emphasizing the need for complete loyalty to India and limiting the scope of citizenship to those who relinquish foreign nationality.
Arguments For Dual Citizenship:
- Global Integration: Proponents believe that allowing dual citizenship could strengthen ties between India and its diaspora, fostering economic and cultural exchanges in an increasingly globalized world.
- Economic Contributions: There is a belief that dual citizenship could attract foreign investment and encourage Indian expatriates to contribute more significantly to India’s economy without the fear of losing their original nationality.
How does India’s stance on dual citizenship compare with other democracies?
- India’s Position on Dual Citizenship: According to Article 9 of the Indian Constitution, any Indian citizen who voluntarily acquires citizenship of another country ceases to be an Indian citizen. This is reinforced by the Citizenship Act of 1955, which outlines that Indian citizenship is singular and does not accommodate dual nationality.
- Comparison with Other Democracies
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- United States: The U.S. has no restrictions on dual citizenship. Citizens can hold multiple nationalities without losing their U.S. citizenship. This reflects a more permissive approach towards allegiance and nationality.
- Canada: Canada also allows dual citizenship and recognizes the right of its citizens to hold multiple nationalities. This policy facilitates a diverse and multicultural society.
- Australia: Similar to Canada, Australia permits dual nationality and extends full consular assistance to its citizens regardless of their other nationalities.
- Germany: Germany has specific regulations regarding dual citizenship, generally requiring individuals to choose one nationality unless they are EU citizens or meet certain conditions. This reflects a more nuanced approach than India’s outright prohibition.
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What are the current legal frameworks?
- Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI): Introduced in 2005, OCI allows persons of Indian origin from certain countries to reside in India without a visa and grants them some rights akin to those of Non-Resident Indians (NRIs). However, OCIs do not have voting rights or the ability to hold constitutional offices.
- Eligibility: The OCI scheme is available primarily to individuals who were citizens of India or eligible for Indian citizenship at the time of the Constitution’s commencement, excluding those from Pakistan and Bangladesh. It is contingent upon the individual’s home country allowing some form of dual citizenship.
What are the challenges?
- Political Loyalty Concerns: There is a prevalent fear that granting dual citizenship would lead to divided loyalties among citizens, particularly regarding political rights.
- Public Sentiment and Political Will: There is significant public resistance against dual citizenship due to concerns about national security and sovereignty.
- Complexity of Implementation: Implementing a dual citizenship framework would require substantial legal changes and could complicate India’s existing immigration and nationality laws. The challenge lies in balancing the interests of the diaspora with the need to maintain a cohesive national identity.
Way forward:
- Gradual Legal Reforms: India could consider a phased approach to dual citizenship by first allowing it for specific categories such as diaspora members who maintain close economic or cultural ties with India, while ensuring that political rights remain exclusive to Indian citizens only.
- Enhanced OCI Benefits: India could expand the rights of Overseas Citizens of India (OCI) holders, granting them more privileges such as the right to vote or hold certain offices, without granting full dual citizenship.
Mains PYQ:
Q ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with examples. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Future of Jobs Report, 2025; Other reports by WEF
Why in the News?
According to the World Economic Forum’s (WEF) Future of Jobs Report 2025, global macro trends, including technological advancements, demographic shifts, and the green transition, will create 170 million new jobs by 2030.
About the Future of Jobs Report, 2025
- It is based on insights gathered from over 1,000 leading global companies, collectively representing 14 million workers across 22 industry sectors and 55 economies worldwide.
- It provides critical insights into emerging and declining job roles, skills trends, and the overall impact of global changes on the labour market.
What are the key findings of the report?
- The report projects 170 million new jobs globally by 2030, with a net increase of 78 million jobs after accounting for 92 million displaced roles.
- Fast-growing roles include AI and machine learning specialists, big data experts, FinTech engineers, and farmworkers, driven by technological advancements and the green transition.
- Clerical jobs like data entry clerks and cashiers are declining due to automation.
- Employers anticipate 39% of skills will change by 2030, with growing demand for AI proficiency, creative thinking, and resilience.
- Businesses are focusing on reskilling, with 85% investing in upskilling programs.
- Collaboration among governments, academia, and industries is vital to bridge the skills gap and align with future job demands.
About World Economic Forum (WEF):
- The WEF is an international NGO for Public-Private Cooperation.
- It was established in January 1971 by German engineer and economist Klaus Schwab.
- Important reports published by WEF include: Global Competitiveness Report, Global Risks Report, Global Gender Gap Report, Global Social Mobility Report, Energy Transition Index, and Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report, among others.
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PYQ:
[2019] The Global Competitiveness Report is published by the:
(a) International Monetary Fund
(b) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(c) World Economic Forum
(d) World Bank |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Features of the Dam Safety Act, 2021
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court has criticized the Union government for its inaction in fully implementing the Dam Safety Act, 2021, nearly five years after its enactment.
What is the Dam Safety Act of 2021?
| Details |
Enacted to ensure the structural and operational safety of over 5,700 large dams in India.
Objectives (Section 3):
• Prevent dam-related disasters by ensuring dam safety.
• Establish institutions for monitoring, maintenance, and emergency preparedness. |
| Structural Mandate |
- National Committee on Dam Safety (NCDS) (Sections 5–6): Chaired by the Chairperson of the Central Water Commission (CWC) and reconstituted every three years to develop policies, guidelines, and standards.
- National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) (Section 9): Implements NCDS guidelines, regulates dam safety standards, and resolves disputes between State Dam Safety Organizations (SDSOs) and dam owners.
- State Committees on Dam Safety (SCDS) (Section 14): Provide state-level oversight.
- State Dam Safety Organizations (SDSOs) (Section 15): Monitor and inspect dams at the state level, reporting to NDSA.
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| Other Provisions:
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- Responsibilities of Dam Owners (Section 38): Form Dam Safety Units, prepare and implement Emergency Action Plans (EAPs), and conduct regular Comprehensive Safety Evaluations (CSEs).
- Emergency Preparedness (Section 39): Mandatory EAPs for rapid response in emergencies.
- Penalties for Non-Compliance (Section 45): Imprisonment up to two years, fines, or both for failing to comply with Act provisions.
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Why is Dam Safety a priority concern in India?
- Third-Highest Number of Dams Globally: India has over 4,407 large dams, following China and the USA.
- Aging Dams: By 2025, over 1,115 dams will be more than 50 years old; By 2050, 4,250 dams will surpass 50 years of age, with 64 dams exceeding 150 years.
- Decreasing Storage Capacity: Sedimentation reduces reservoir efficiency, affecting water availability for irrigation, drinking, and hydropower. Ex. Bhakra Dam has experienced 139.86% higher siltation rates than estimated, reducing its lifespan.
- Structural Vulnerabilities: Poorly designed sedimentation management systems make many dams structurally weak over time. Extreme environmental events, such as floods, can exacerbate these vulnerabilities.
- Lack of Data and Monitoring: Insufficient documentation of storage loss, sedimentation rates, and other critical metrics leads to a lack of preparedness.
PYQ:
[2018] Suppose the Government of India is thinking of constructing a dam in a mountain valley bound by forests and inhabited by ethnic communities. What rational policy should resort to in dealing with unforeseen contingencies?
[2019] What is common to the places known as Aliyar, Isapur and Kangsabati?
(a) Recently discovered uranium deposits
(b) Tropical rain forests
(c) Underground cave systems
(d) Water reservoirs |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Classical Languages, Historical significance of Marathi
Why in the News?
Months after conferring classical language status to Marathi, the Union Government issued an official notification formalizing the recognition.
What is the Criteria for declaring a Classical language?
The Linguistic Experts Committee (LEC) under Sahitya Akademi, established in November 2004, evaluates languages for Classical status based on their historical, cultural, and literary significance. The criteria have evolved over time to ensure a rigorous and inclusive assessment.
- Original Criteria (2004): Introduced alongside the recognition of Tamil as the first Classical Language:
- Recorded history or early texts must span over 1,000 years.
- A body of ancient literature must be regarded as valuable by generations.
- Literary traditions should be original, not borrowed from another speech community.
- Revised Criteria (2005): The criteria were revised to include stricter parameters, leading to the recognition of Sanskrit:
- Antiquity of early texts over 1,500–2,000 years.
- A significant corpus of ancient literature considered heritage.
- Distinctiveness of classical language from modern forms.
- A discontinuity between classical language and its later offshoots.
- Recent Upgrade (2024): The LEC refined the criteria further to incorporate broader evidence and diverse literary forms. Five additional languages—Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali—were granted Classical status under these parameters:
- Early texts/recorded history over 1,500–2,000 years.
- Ancient literature/texts considered a cultural heritage.
- Inclusion of knowledge texts, prose, epigraphical evidence, and inscriptions.
- Classical language distinct from or discontinuous with its modern or evolved forms.
- Classical languages: Tamil (2004), Sanskrit (2005), Telugu (2008), Kannada (2008), Malayalam (2013), Odia (2014); Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali (2024) along with Marathi.
What are the significance of Classical Language?
- Recognizing a classical language preserves its historical roots and unifies cultural heritage.
- It promotes academic research, translation, and scholarly employment opportunities.
- Gaining global awareness broadens its use in technology, academia, and global dialogue.
- Government support and funding ensure sustained preservation, research, and institutional development.
Historical Significance of Marathi Language
- Marathi’s 2,000-year history meets the antiquity criterion.
- Early mentions of “Marathi” in various forms, such as Maharashtri Prakrit, Jain Maharashtri, and Prakrit Marathi, point to its evolution.
- Over 100 stone inscriptions, including those in the Naneghat Caves (20 BCE), which contain Marathi commands alongside Sanskrit benedictions.
- Literary milestones: Works from the Yadava period (12th–13th century AD) such as:
- Leelacharitra: A biography of Chakradhar Swami.
- Dnyaneshwari: A commentary on the Bhagavad Gita by Sant Dnyaneshwar.
- The Pathare Committee (2013) and Sahitya Akademi supported Marathi’s case.
- A massive postcard campaign with 500,000 letters sent to the Prime Minister demanding recognition.
- Dnyaneshwar Mulay’s Committee addressed administrative hurdles to finalize the proposal in February 2024.
PYQ:
[2015] Which one of the following was given classical language status recently?
(a) Odia
(b) Konkani
(c) Bhojpuri
(d) Assamese |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Miyawaki Technique
Why in the News?
Ahead of the Mahakumbh Mela in Uttar Pradesh, the Prayagraj Municipal Corporation has employed the Japanese Miyawaki technique to create dense “oxygen bank” forests, ensuring cleaner air and ecological balance for millions of devotees.
About Miyawaki Technique
- The Miyawaki technique is a pioneering method for creating dense forests in limited spaces, developed by Japanese botanist Akira Miyawaki in the 1970s.
- Known as the ‘pot plantation method’, this technique mimics natural forest ecosystems by using native species planted closely together, promoting rapid growth and biodiversity.
- It was developed to restore degraded ecosystems and barren lands by replicating the processes found in natural forests.
- It is widely used for urban afforestation projects globally.
Significant Features:
- Dense Planting: Trees and shrubs are planted close together, enabling rapid growth—up to 10 times faster than traditional methods.
- Native Species: Focuses on local plant varieties to replicate the natural ecosystem.
- Improved Biodiversity: Enhances species richness, supporting more flora and fauna.
- Carbon Absorption: Trees absorb more carbon, helping combat urban pollution.
PYQ:
[2022] The “Miyawaki method” is well known for the:
(a) Promotion of commercial farming in arid and semi-arid areas
(b) Development of gardens using genetically modified flora
(c) Creation of mini forests in urban areas
(d) Harvesting wind energy on coastal areas and on sea surfaces |
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