Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Illegal mining;
Why in the News?
Recently nine workers were trapped in an illegal coal mine in Assam’s Dima Hasao district.
What is Rat Hole Mining?
- Rat hole mining is a form of illegal mining prevalent in northeastern India, particularly in Assam. It involves creating small tunnels or “rat holes” to extract coal, typically done by hand without proper safety measures or regulations.
- This method is dangerous due to its unregulated nature, leading to frequent accidents, including flooding and collapses.
- The mines are often poorly ventilated and can be highly unstable.
What are the Current Laws and Regulations Related to Mining in India?
- Constitutional Provisions: Mining and minerals are listed under both the Union List and State List in Schedule VII of the Constitution, granting regulatory powers to both the Central and State governments.
- Key Legislations: Major laws governing mining include the MMDR Act, 1957 for regulation and development, the Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Act, 2015 for coal management, the Environment Protection Act, 1986 for environmental clearances, and the Mines Act, 1952 for miners’ safety and welfare.
- Regulatory Bodies: The Ministry of Coal formulates coal policies, the Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS) enforces safety standards, and State Mining Departments manage state-level operations.
- Supreme Court Directives: The Supreme Court banned rat-hole mining in Meghalaya in 2014, emphasizing the need for environmental clearances and the adoption of scientific and sustainable mining practices.
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What are the present Issues with Rat-Hole Mining?
- Safety Concerns: The lack of safety measures in rat hole mining poses significant risks to miners. Accidents are common, as evidenced by the recent tragedy in Assam where miners were trapped due to flooding caused by inadequate infrastructure.
- Environmental Impact: Rat hole mining contributes to severe environmental degradation, including deforestation and soil erosion. The unregulated extraction of minerals disrupts local ecosystems.
- Regulatory Failures: There are systemic failures in enforcing mining laws. Opposition parties have criticized the government for allowing illegal mining activities to flourish, suggesting collusion between officials and miners. This has raised questions about accountability and governance in the region.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Enforcement and Regulation: Ensure strict implementation of existing mining laws to conduct regular inspections, and establish accountability for illegal mining activities through penalties and prosecution of violators.
- Promote Sustainable Livelihoods: Develop alternative livelihood opportunities for communities dependent on rat-hole mining, along with awareness campaigns on environmental and safety concerns, to reduce reliance on illegal mining practices.
Mains PYQ:
Q Coastal sand mining, whether legal or illegal, poses one of the biggest threats to our environment. Analyse the impact of sand mining along the Indian coasts, citing specific examples. (UPSC IAS/2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related to PDS;
Why in the News?
Bureaucratic problems have caused many households in northern, central, and eastern India to be taken off the PDS rolls.
How effectively does the PDS ensure food security for vulnerable populations?
- Food Access and Coverage: The PDS covers approximately 57% of the population, providing subsidized staples primarily rice and wheat. This system acts as a safety net during economic shocks and has played a crucial role during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic by distributing free food grains to millions.
- Leakages and Corruption: A staggering 28% of allocated food never reaches intended beneficiaries, translating into significant losses and exacerbating food insecurity among the poor.
- Corruption and illegal diversion of food grains are rampant, with reports indicating that high leakage rates persist despite technological interventions like point-of-sale machines.
- Nutritional Security: While the PDS provides basic food staples, it often neglects broader nutritional needs. The focus on rice and wheat means that other essential items, such as pulses and fortified foods, are not consistently included, which is crucial for combating malnutrition among vulnerable populations.
Case study:
The Public Distribution System (PDS) is intended to provide food security to vulnerable populations, but reports indicate significant inefficiencies. In states like Jharkhand, Odisha, and Bihar, a substantial number of households have been removed from PDS rolls, exacerbating food insecurity among marginalised communities such as the Musahar community. |
What are the key documentation challenges facing the implementation of the PDS?
- Unnecessary Documentation: The PDS requires documents like caste, income, and residence certificates, which are not mandated by the NFSA or PDS control orders, creating barriers for individuals who lack or cannot easily obtain them.
- Inclusion and Exclusion Errors: Errors in beneficiary identification result in eligible households being excluded (61%) and ineligible ones receiving benefits (25%), undermining the system’s fairness.
- Biometric Verification Challenges: Biometric failures and data discrepancies lead to eligible individuals being removed from PDS rolls, forcing them to reapply without guarantees of approval.
- Awareness Gap: Marginalized communities often lack knowledge about their rights and the application process, leading to underutilization of benefits and increased vulnerability to exploitation.
- Technological Barriers: The shift to online applications disadvantages individuals without internet access or digital literacy, widening the gap in accessing entitlements.
- Ghost Beneficiaries: The issuance of ration cards to non-existent individuals (“ghost cards”) due to poor data management and irregular updates creates inefficiencies and complicates the system.
What are the bureaucratic challenges?
- Exclusion Due to Ineffective Targeting: The move to a targeted PDS has resulted in many eligible households being excluded due to bureaucratic inefficiencies in identifying the right beneficiaries.
- Complicated Documentation Process: The need for documents like caste and income certificates creates obstacles for many eligible individuals, particularly in marginalised communities, leading to their exclusion from the system.
- Issues with Biometric Verification: The mandatory biometric verification has caused problems, with many individuals being removed from PDS rolls due to technical errors or discrepancies, forcing them to reapply without certainty of approval.
- Poor Data Management: Inadequate beneficiary list management has led to both inclusion and exclusion errors, with outdated records and ghost beneficiaries making it difficult for genuine recipients to access their food entitlements.
- Corruption and Mismanagement: Corruption within the PDS, such as the diversion of food grains and mismanagement at various levels, has caused significant portions of allocated food to not reach the intended beneficiaries.
What reforms are necessary to enhance the PDS and uphold the right to food? (Way forward)
- Streamlining Documentation Requirements: Simplifying or eliminating unnecessary documentation can help improve access for eligible households.
- Enhancing Transparency and Accountability: Implementing regular audits and community monitoring can help combat corruption within the system.
- Increased transparency in operations will ensure that resources reach those who need them most.
- Expanding Nutritional Offerings: Including a wider variety of food items in the PDS can address nutritional deficiencies among vulnerable populations.
- States like Tamil Nadu have successfully incorporated pulses and fortified rice into their distribution systems, serving as models for others.
- Digitalization and Grievance Redressal: Improving digital infrastructure while ensuring robust grievance redressal mechanisms can enhance efficiency and accountability within the PDS.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the major challenges of Public Distribution System (PDS) in India? How can it be made effective and transparent? (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related to AI in governance;
Why in the News?
A government panel has recommended forming an inter-ministerial committee to enforce AI rules and ensure effective governance of India’s growing AI ecosystem under India’s AI Mission.
- The Government of India has allocated ₹10,372 crore for the recently launched IndiaAI Mission under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.
What are the key issues highlighted by the Report?
- Need for Coordinated Governance: The report emphasizes the necessity of a coordinated, whole-of-government approach for effective AI governance in India. It highlights that fragmentation in AI oversight across ministries may lead to inefficiencies and gaps.
- Importance of Multi-disciplinary Expertise: The report underscores the importance of pooling together expertise from various departments, regulators, and stakeholders to manage AI’s evolving ecosystem. It suggests setting up a technical secretariat within the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) to facilitate this process.
- Life Cycle and Ecosystem View: The report stresses the need for a life cycle approach to AI governance, addressing risks at different stages—development, deployment, and diffusion of AI systems. It advocates for an “ecosystem view” that considers various AI actors, including data providers, developers, and end users, for a holistic approach.
- Light Regulatory Framework: The report advocates for a lightweight regulatory framework rather than a “command and control” approach. It proposes a tech-enabled digital governance system to gradually scale regulatory control, thus encouraging innovation while ensuring safety and accountability.
- Sector-Specific Risks: It acknowledges that different sectors, such as health and banking, pose specific risks with AI systems. As such, a one-size-fits-all regulatory approach might not be effective in these areas.
- Existing Laws for Specific Issues: The report refers to existing legal frameworks to address emerging issues like deepfakes and cybersecurity, reiterating that these concerns can be handled under current laws.
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What are the 8 Principles?
- Transparency: AI systems must provide meaningful information about their development and capabilities, ensuring that stakeholders understand how they function.
- Accountability: Developers and deployers of AI systems should be held accountable for their impacts, with clear organizational structures to identify responsible parties.
- Safety, Reliability, and Robustness: AI systems should be designed to be safe and reliable, with safeguards in place to ensure they function as intended.
- Privacy and Security: Protect user data privacy and ensure security measures are implemented to safeguard against unauthorized access.
- Fairness and Non-Discrimination: AI systems must operate without bias, ensuring equitable treatment across different demographic groups.
- Human-Centered Values: AI should align with human values, promoting positive outcomes for individuals and society while minimizing harm.
- Inclusive Innovation: Encourage innovation that equitably distributes benefits across society, ensuring that advancements in AI do not exacerbate existing inequalities.
- Digital Governance: Leverage digital technologies to operationalize governance principles effectively, facilitating compliance and oversight.
What are the key recommendations? (Way forward)
- Establishment of an Inter-Ministerial AI Coordination Committee: This committee should serve as a permanent body to coordinate AI governance efforts across various national authorities and institutions, ensuring a unified approach to policy and regulation.
- Creation of a Technical Secretariat: The Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) should establish a technical secretariat to act as a focal point for coordination, providing technical advisory support and facilitating collaboration among stakeholders.
- Development of an AI Incident Database: A central repository should be created to document real-world issues related to AI, such as discriminatory outputs and privacy violations, to inform risk assessments and harm mitigation strategies.
- Promotion of Voluntary Transparency Commitments: The Technical Secretariat should engage with industry stakeholders to encourage voluntary commitments on transparency and best practices across the AI ecosystem.
- Exploration of Technological Solutions: The committee should investigate the use of techno-legal measures, such as watermarking and content provenance, to address challenges like deepfakes and ensure accountability in AI systems.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Polar Vortex
Why in the News?
The United States is facing severe winter storms as the polar vortex is expanding southward from the Arctic and driving temperatures as low as -50°C (-60°F).
What is a Polar Vortex?
- The polar vortex is a band of fast-moving air that traps cold Arctic air within the Polar Regions.
- It is a natural atmospheric phenomenon, typically spinning in a counter-clockwise direction around the North Pole.
- Wind speeds in the polar vortex can reach up to 250 km/h (155 mph).
- Causes of a Polar Vortex:
- Stable State: Under normal conditions, the polar vortex remains strong and well-contained within the Arctic Circle, keeping frigid air confined to the Polar Regions.
- Weakened State:
- The vortex weakens when rising warm air from the lower atmosphere disrupts its circular flow, allowing Arctic air to spill southward.
- Factors contributing to a weakened state include: Significant weather patterns (e.g., powerful winds in mountainous regions); Changes in tropical climate systems or sea surface temperatures. Climate change causing uneven warming, especially at the poles..
What are its types?
- Tropospheric Polar Vortex:
- It occurs in the lowest atmospheric layer (troposphere) where most weather phenomena take place.
- Typically results in milder weather across northern latitudes.
- Stratospheric Polar Vortex:
- Forms 16–48 km above the Earth’s surface in the Stratosphere.
- Stronger and more stable but can weaken due to disruptions, leading to southward extensions of Arctic air.
- It emerges in autumn and dissipates by spring each year.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Section 479 of the BNSS
Why in the News?
The Central Government has directed all States and Union Territories (UTs) to implement Section 479 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS). This provision seeks to relieve undertrial prisoners (UTPs) by addressing prolonged detention and mitigating prison overcrowding.
What is Section 479 of the BNSS?
- Section 479 governs the maximum period for which an undertrial prisoner (UTP) can be detained during investigation, inquiry, or trial.
- It is based on Section 436-A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC).
- It aims to address the prolonged detention of UTPs, ensure their timely release on bail or bond, and maintain fairness and accountability in the judicial process.
- This section applies to cases where the punishment does not include death or life imprisonment, and introduces clear mechanisms for review and action, thereby mitigating issues like prison overcrowding.
Key Provisions under Section 479 of BNSS:
- Eligibility for Bail: Undertrials (UTPs) who have served half of their maximum possible sentence may be released on bail; the court must provide written reasons if they decide to extend detention after hearing the Public Prosecutor.
- First-Time Offenders: UTPs with no prior convictions who have served one-third of their maximum sentence are eligible for release on bond, aligning with the principle of reformative justice.
- Superintendent’s Responsibility: Jail superintendents must submit a written application to the court for the release of UTPs upon completion of the applicable detention period (one-third or one-half, depending on eligibility).
- Exclusions: The provision does not apply to offences punishable by death or life imprisonment, and any delay caused by the accused is excluded from the detention period calculation.
- Limitations for Multiple Offences: Accused individuals facing multiple offences or multiple charges are not covered, ensuring the provision is not misused in complex or repeated criminal cases.
- Absolute Ceiling on Detention: Detention cannot exceed the maximum imprisonment term prescribed for the offence, preventing indefinite incarceration.
- Judicial Oversight: Courts must ensure extended detention serves public safety and justice, requiring input from the Public Prosecutor for any continued confinement.
- Mandatory Review Mechanism: A statutory review process is in place to prevent prolonged undertrial detention and address potential oversights or delays.
- Safeguard against Misuse: Time delays caused by the accused do not count towards the detention period, ensuring fair application of the law.
- Focus on Reform and Decongestion: By expediting bail and bond processes for eligible UTPs, the law aims to reduce overcrowding in prisons and uphold reformative objectives.
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to India, consider the following statements :
1. Judicial custody means an accused is in the custody of the concerned magistrate and such accused is locked up in police station, not in jail.
2. During judicial custody, the police officer in charge of the case is not allowed to interrogate the suspect without the approval of the court.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Selective Gene Silencing
Why in the News?
Researchers at Columbia University found that cells can selectively switch off one parent’s copy of a gene. This may explain why some people with harmful mutations remain symptom-free, and it could lead to new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for genetic disorders.
About the Selective Silencing Mechanism:
- Selective gene silencing refers to the process where cells inactivate one parent’s copy of a gene (either maternal or paternal), resulting in an unequal contribution of the two gene copies to cellular function.
- Previously thought to be rare, recent research reveals that this phenomenon is relatively common and plays a significant role in genetic variability, disease progression, and individual health outcomes.
- Key Features:
- Inactivation can vary between different cell types (e.g., immune cells and kidney cells).
- The process is dynamic and may change over time, adding complexity to how genes function in the body.
- Approximately 1 in 20 active genes in some immune cells exhibit this selective bias.
- Implications for Health:
- This mechanism helps explain why individuals carrying the same disease-causing mutation can have vastly different symptom severities.
- It shifts the understanding of genetic diseases, emphasizing the importance of dynamic gene activity patterns alongside static genetic codes.
- The discovery opens up opportunities for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches by focusing on gene expression rather than genetic sequences.
What are its significant applications?
- Selective Gene Manipulation: Therapies could be developed to activate healthy gene copies while suppressing diseased ones, offering a less invasive alternative to traditional genetic editing.
- Improved Understanding of Diseases: Selective gene silencing explains variability in conditions like lupus and cancer, revealing why some individuals remain symptom-free.
- Precision Medicine: By identifying individual patterns of gene expression, personalized treatment options become possible, reducing the need for one-size-fits-all approaches.
- Early Interventions: Recognizing at-risk but asymptomatic individuals allows healthcare providers to implement preventive measures and potentially delay disease onset.
- Protein-Based Therapies: Focusing on selective gene activity aids in detecting and differentiating disease-related proteins from healthy ones, paving the way for targeted, protein-specific drugs.
PYQ:
[2014] Consider the following techniques/phenomena:
- Budding and grafting in fruit plants
- Cytoplasmic male sterility
- Gene silencing
Which of the above is/are used to create transgenic crops?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3
(d) None |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ‘Year of Reforms’
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has declared 2025 as the ‘Year of Reforms’, marking a significant step in modernizing India’s Armed Forces.
Nine Broad Areas Listed for the ‘Year of Reforms’
- Integrated Theatre Commands (ITCs): Enhance jointness and resolve inter-service disagreements for effective ITC implementation.
- Emerging Domains and Technologies: Prioritize cybersecurity, AI, ML, hypersonics, and robotics, and develop tactics for future warfare.
- Operational Collaboration: Strengthen inter-service cooperation through shared training and joint operational capabilities.
- Acquisition Reforms: Simplify procedures to expedite procurement and facilitate technology transfers via public-private partnerships.
- Public-Private Partnerships: Encourage collaboration between the defence sector and industries to foster innovation.
- Civil-Military Coordination: Break silos to eliminate inefficiencies and optimize resources.
- Defence Exports: Position India as a global defence exporter, promoting R&D and partnerships with foreign OEMs.
- Veterans’ Welfare: Optimize welfare measures for veterans and leverage their expertise.
- Cultural Pride: Promote indigenous capabilities and instil pride in Indian culture alongside adopting modern military practices.
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Key Initiatives for Defence Modernization in India
- Acquisition of Advanced Weaponry: Rafale jets (36 inducted, 26 more planned) enhance air power; S-400 air defence systems provide long-range protection; Arjun Mk-1A tanks boost indigenous capability and firepower.
- Indigenous Development: LCA Tejas replaces ageing fighter jets and supports air-to-air refuelling; INS Arihant, India’s first nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, strengthens underwater deterrence.
- Technological Advancements: Network-centric warfare improves situational awareness (e.g., Project Sanjay, E-Sitrep); AI and robotics enhance intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance; cyber warfare capabilities grow under the National Cyber Security Policy.
- Defence Production and Export: Domestic production reached a record ₹1.27 lakh crore in 2023–24, emphasizing indigenisation; exports hit $2.63 billion, supplying markets like Vietnam and the Philippines.
- Strategic Infrastructure: Border security efforts include the Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System and Border Infrastructure Management, improving troop mobility and safeguarding boundaries.
PYQ:
[2014] Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the defence sector is now set to be liberalized: What influence this is expected to have on Indian defence and economy in the short and long run? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bharatpol Portal
Why in the News?
Union Home Minister Amit Shah launched Bharatpol, a groundbreaking portal developed by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).
What is Bharatpol?
- Bharatpol is a unified digital platform designed to enhance collaboration between Indian law enforcement agencies and Interpol, which connects police forces across 195 member countries.
- It simplifies international police cooperation, replacing outdated modes of communication like letters and faxes with real-time digital tools.
- Goal: Equip Indian law enforcement agencies with modern technology and techniques to track fugitives and address global crime challenges.
- Why was it developed?
- Rising transnational crimes necessitate real-time international assistance.
- Facilitates faster investigations into crimes such as cybercrime, drug trafficking, organized crime, and online radicalization.
- Features of Bharatpol:
- Integrates CBI’s role as Interpol’s National Central Bureau (NCB-New Delhi)
- Simplified Request Mechanism
- Rapid Information Dissemination
- Utilization of Interpol Notices
- Capacity Building and Training
Modules of Bharatpol:
- Connect: Acts as a digital extension of Interpol’s NCB-New Delhi, ensuring seamless and secure communication between Indian agencies and Interpol.
- INTERPOL Notices: Simplifies the process of issuing and managing Interpol Notices, ensuring swift action on international alerts.
- References: Streamlines the use of global criminal data, enabling faster investigations.
- Broadcast: Allows real-time sharing of requests and updates from Interpol’s 195 member countries.
- Resources: Facilitates the exchange of documents, training materials, and capacity-building resources.
How does Bharatpol enhance Interpol’s functionality?
- Bharatpol extends Interpol’s reach in India, connecting local police to global law enforcement networks.
- It allows instant transmission of critical information, enhancing the efficiency of investigations and international cooperation.
- It simplifies the process for Indian agencies to access Interpol’s 19 databases on crimes, criminals, and stolen assets.
- It ensures a structured approach to tracking fugitives and resolving international cases.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Significance of NITI Aayog;
Why in the News?
NITI Aayog, the premier policy think tank of the Government of India, celebrates a significant milestone as it completes 10 years since its establishment.
What are the roles and functions of NITI Aayog?
NITI Aayog, established in 2015, serves as the premier policy think tank of the Government of India. Its primary roles and functions include:
- Policy Formulation: NITI Aayog is responsible for formulating strategic and long-term policies aimed at promoting sustainable development across various sectors.
- Coordination: It coordinates the efforts of central ministries, state governments, and other stakeholders to ensure effective implementation of government schemes and initiatives.
- Monitoring and Evaluation: The organization monitors the progress of various developmental programs and evaluates their effectiveness, particularly in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
- Data Collection and Analysis: NITI Aayog collects and analyzes data to inform policy decisions, including the development of the SDG India Index which tracks progress across states.
What are the key differences between the Planning Commission and NITI Aayog?
| Feature |
Planning Commission |
NITI Aayog |
| Formation |
Established in 1950 |
Established in 2015 |
| Mandate |
Centralized planning and allocation of funds |
Policy advisory and coordination |
| Approach |
Top-down approach |
Bottom-up approach |
| Funds Allocation |
Had the power to allocate funds to states |
No fund allocation powers |
| Federalism |
Limited state participation |
Emphasis on cooperative federalism |
| Focus |
Five-year plans |
Dynamic and flexible strategy formulation |
| Structure |
Static, hierarchical |
Dynamic, with active participation from stakeholders |
Why did the Government replace the Planning Commission with NITI Aayog?
- Need for a Modern Approach: The Planning Commission’s top-down, centralized model was considered outdated in the context of India’s diverse and evolving socio-economic landscape.
- NITI Aayog was established to adopt a more flexible, bottom-up approach that encourages participation from states and local governments, reflecting the need for tailored solutions to regional challenges.
- Cooperative Federalism: NITI Aayog aims to foster cooperative federalism by promoting collaboration between the central and state governments.
- This contrasts with the Planning Commission, where states had limited input and were often treated as passive participants in the planning process.
- Focus on Strategic Input: NITI Aayog is designed to serve as a think tank that provides strategic guidance and policy recommendations rather than merely allocating resources. This shift allows for a more dynamic response to economic needs and aspirations of the populace.
- Enhanced Stakeholder Engagement: The establishment of NITI Aayog followed extensive consultations with various stakeholders, including state governments, domain experts, and the public. This inclusive approach is intended to ensure that policies are relevant and effective.
- Relevance in a Globalized Economy: With India’s integration into the global economy, there was a recognized need for an institution that could adapt to changing economic conditions and promote competitive federalism rather than a one-size-fits-all planning model.
What is the 2030 and 2035 NITI Aayog roadmap?
NITI Aayog has outlined a comprehensive roadmap aimed at achieving sustainable development goals by 2030 and establishing a long-term vision for 2035. This roadmap encompasses various sectors, including energy, health, and technology.
Goals for 2030
- Energy Transition: NITI Aayog aims to ensure that India meets 50% of its energy requirements from renewable sources by 2030. This includes achieving a non-fossil energy capacity of 500 GW and reducing carbon emissions by one billion tonnes during the same period.
- Public Health Enhancement: The focus is on strengthening public health surveillance systems to be more inclusive, covering non-communicable diseases and environmental conditions.
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): NITI Aayog is committed to aligning national policies with the SDGs, ensuring that developmental strategies are integrated with global sustainability targets, particularly in areas such as poverty alleviation, education, and gender equality.
Vision for 2035
- Long-term Economic Growth: The Vision Document for 2035 emphasizes creating a roadmap that focuses on economic growth while ensuring social equity and environmental sustainability. This involves leveraging technology and innovation to drive inclusive growth across various sectors.
- Energy Security: The 2035 vision includes comprehensive strategies for energy access, affordability, reliability, and security, addressing both current challenges and future needs in the energy sector.
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) Integration: NITI Aayog plans to harness AI technologies across sectors such as healthcare, agriculture, education, and urban infrastructure to improve efficiency and service delivery.
What are the challenges?
- Data Management: Effective implementation of the roadmap requires robust data collection and management systems to monitor progress accurately and inform policy decisions.
- Inter-State Disparities: Addressing inequalities among states in terms of resource allocation and development outcomes is crucial for achieving national goals.
- Funding and Resources: Securing adequate funding for ambitious projects aimed at renewable energy expansion, public health improvements, and technological advancements poses a significant challenge.
- Capacity Building: Developing the necessary skills and expertise within the workforce to implement new technologies and strategies effectively is essential for success.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Institutional Capacity: Enhance data infrastructure, governance frameworks, and inter-state coordination to address disparities and improve policy implementation.
- Foster Public-Private Collaboration: Leverage partnerships with the private sector to secure funding, drive innovation, and scale renewable energy, public health, and technology initiatives.
Mains PYQ:
Q How are the principles followed by NITI Aayog different from those followed by the erstwhile planning commission in India? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Education system;
Why in the News?
The latest guidelines from the University Grants Commission (UGC) mark a significant transformation in India’s higher education system.
What are the Draft Guidelines by UGC in 2025?
The University Grants Commission (UGC) has introduced new draft guidelines for undergraduate education in India, which include:
- Accelerated Degree Programmes (ADP): This allows students to complete their degrees faster by earning additional credits per semester. Students can opt for this after their first or second semester based on their academic performance. A three-year degree can be completed in five semesters, while a four-year degree can be finished in six or seven semesters.
- Extended Degree Programmes (EDP): This option enables students facing personal or academic challenges to extend their study duration, allowing them to take fewer credits per semester. There is no upper limit on the number of students who can enroll in EDP, unlike ADP, which may have a cap of 10% of the sanctioned intake.
What are the advantages of adapting new guidelines?
- Greater Flexibility: The new guidelines allow for biannual admissions, enabling students to enroll in higher education programs twice a year. This flexibility helps students who may have missed the initial admission cycle or face personal challenges, reducing the risk of losing an entire academic year.
- Multiple Entry and Exit Options: Students can now enter and exit programs as needed, which accommodates various life circumstances and promotes lifelong learning. This approach aligns with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020’s emphasis on inclusivity and adaptability.
- Holistic Development: The guidelines promote multidisciplinary learning by allowing students to earn credits in skill development, apprenticeships, or other subjects outside their major discipline. This fosters a more well-rounded educational experience.
- Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL): The introduction of RPL allows individuals to gain formal recognition for skills and knowledge acquired through informal or experiential learning. This enhances career prospects and supports the integration of informal workers into the education system.
- Alignment with Global Standards: By adopting these flexible structures, Indian higher education can better align with international practices, improving student mobility both within India and abroad.
What are the challenges in adapting new guidelines?
- Administrative Complexity: Implementing these new guidelines requires significant changes to existing administrative structures and processes within higher education institutions (HEIs). This can be daunting for institutions already facing resource constraints.
- Quality Assurance Concerns: There are concerns about maintaining educational quality and rigor, especially in accelerated programs where the curriculum is compressed. This could lead to superficial understanding of key concepts among students.
- Equity Issues: Students from underprivileged backgrounds may struggle to navigate the new system without adequate support, potentially leading to higher dropout rates if they cannot keep pace with peers.
- Faculty Adaptation: Educators will need professional development to adjust to new pedagogical models that emphasize flexibility and interdisciplinary learning. The success of these reforms depends not only on student adaptation but also on faculty capability to support diverse learning needs effectively.
What are the practical issues?
- Curriculum Restructuring: Implementing these new formats requires significant changes to existing curricula and teaching methodologies, which could strain resources at many institutions.
- Administrative Frameworks: Institutions must develop robust systems for tracking student progress, managing credit transfers, and recognizing academic achievements effectively.
- Digital Divide: The shift towards digitalization in education could exacerbate inequalities among students from different socio-economic backgrounds if adequate support systems are not established.
- Faculty Development: Educators will need professional development to adapt to new teaching models that emphasize flexibility and interdisciplinary learning.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Institutional Capacity: Provide financial support, upgrade infrastructure, and streamline administrative systems to manage credit transfers, biannual admissions, and curriculum restructuring effectively.
- Ensure Inclusivity and Quality: Offer targeted support for underprivileged students, bridge the digital divide, and invest in faculty development programs to maintain educational quality and equity.
Mains PYQ:
Q National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Coffee cultivation in India
Why in the News?
India’s coffee exports in the 2024 calendar year witnessed a significant growth of 45% in dollar terms, reaching an all-time high of $1.684 billion, compared to $1.160 billion in 2023.
Coffee Production in India
- Coffee was introduced to India in 1600s by Baba Budan, who planted seven seeds in Chikmagalur, Karnataka.
- Karnataka is the largest producer, contributing 70% of the total, followed by Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
- Over 70% of India’s coffee production is exported, making India the 8th largest coffee exporter globally.
- Coffee thrives in tropical to semi-tropical climates with temperatures of 16°–28°C and annual rainfall of 150–250 cm.
- The plant grows best on well-drained slopes with laterite soils, especially in Karnataka.
- Major varieties cultivated include Arabica, Robusta, and Liberica. Arabica has a higher market value due to its mild aromatic flavor.
- The Coffee Board of India plays a crucial role in promoting the Indian coffee industry by focusing on export promotion, domestic market development, and improving production and quality standards.
Note:
- The Coffee Board of India was established in 1942 under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
- It is headquartered in Bangalore and consists of 33 members, including a Chairman appointed by the Government of India.
- Initially, it managed the pooled supply and marketing of coffee until 1995. After economic liberalization, coffee marketing became a private-sector activity.
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Reasons for growth
- Coffee prices reached record highs in 2024 due to poor weather conditions in major coffee-producing nations like Brazil and Vietnam, leading to increased global demand for Indian coffee.
- The anticipated rollout of European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) norms prompted advance purchases by European buyers, including roasters and traders, boosting demand for Indian coffee exports.
- A 37% increase in unit value per tonne enhanced the overall export revenue, driven by higher global prices and better quality of Indian coffee.
- Efforts to strengthen relationships with traditional buyers (e.g., Italy, Germany) while expanding to emerging markets (e.g., UAE) helped diversify export destinations and increase overall volumes.
PYQ:
[2010] Though coffee and tea both are cultivated on hill slopes, there is some difference between them regarding their cultivation. In this context, consider the following statements:
- Coffee plant requires a hot and humid climate of tropical areas whereas tea can be cultivated in both tropical and subtropical areas.
- Coffee is propagated by seeds but tea is propagated by stem cuttings only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rudra 1N System
Why in the News?
Bellatrix Aerospace, the Bengaluru-based space startup, has announced a significant milestone with the successful demonstration of its Rudra High-Performance Green Propulsion System during the PSLV C-60 mission, onboard the POEM-4 platform.
About Rudra 1N System:
- The Rudra 1N System is an advanced green mono-propellant propulsion system developed by Bellatrix Aerospace, a Bengaluru-based space technology start-up.
- It is a cutting-edge solution for space propulsion, designed to enhance efficiency, precision, and sustainability in satellite and space platform operations.
- Features and Significance:
- Demonstrated a 1.4-degree/sec disturbance on the Yaw axis and an 80-degree angular rotation during its operational tests, highlighting its precise manoeuvering capabilities.
- Utilizes a non-toxic, environmentally friendly propellant to minimize ecological impact during space missions.
- Offers a cleaner alternative to traditional chemical propulsion systems.
- Entirely designed and manufactured in-house, showcasing Bellatrix Aerospace’s technological independence.
- Suitable for a variety of satellite sizes and mission profiles, offering scalability.
About the PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM-4)
- POEM-4 is a platform developed by ISRO that repurposes the spent 4th stage of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) into a functional orbital laboratory.
- It enables cost-effective research in space by hosting various scientific and technological experiments in microgravity.
- It utilizes the fourth stage of the PSLV rocket as a stable microgravity testbed.
- It supports diverse experiments, such as studying plant growth, bacterial behavior, and other space phenomena.
- It thus maximizes the utility of what would otherwise become space debris.
- POEM-4 was launched aboard the PSLV-C60 rocket, also known as the SpaDeX (Space Docking Experiment) mission.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA)
Why in the News?
Several major US banks have recently withdrawn from the Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA), raising concerns about the banking sector’s commitment to combating climate change.
What is Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA)?
- Established as a bank-led, UN-convened initiative, the NZBA commits members to align their lending, investment, and capital market activities with achieving net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050.
- It is a part of the UNEP Financial Initiative’s Principles for Responsible Banking, serving as a climate accelerator.
- NZBA retains 142 members from 44 countries, with 80 European banks representing the majority of the alliance’s $64 trillion in assets.
- No Indian banks are signatory to this NZBA.
- Structural Mandate:
- Overseen by a Steering Group representing diverse geographies and business models.
- Supported by the UNEP FI Secretariat and governed under documents updated in August 2023 and March 2024.
- Commitments of Member Banks:
- Transition operational and portfolio emissions to align with net-zero pathways.
- Set 2030 targets (or sooner) within 18 months of joining and establish intermediate targets every five years.
- Publish annual reports on absolute emissions and emissions intensity.
What is the Net-Zero Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Target by 2050?
- Net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 refer to achieving a balance between the amount of GHGs emitted into the atmosphere and the amount removed or offset by natural or technological means.
- This target is critical for limiting global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, as outlined in the Paris Agreement.
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About the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ)
- The GFANZ is a global coalition of leading financial institutions committed to accelerating the transition to a net-zero economy and achieving net-zero GHG emissions by 2050.
- It was established in April 2021 in the lead-up to the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow.
- Membership comprises over 550 financial institutions across 50 countries.
- Includes banks, insurers, asset managers, and other financial players managing a combined $150 trillion in assets.
- It is chaired by Mark Carney, former Governor of the Bank of England and current UN Special Envoy for Climate Action and Finance.
- It is supported by global initiatives like the UN Race to Zero campaign and other financial alliances.
PYQ:
[2016] The term ‘Intended Nationally Determined Contributions’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of:
(a) Pledges made by the European countries to rehabilitate refugees from the war-affected Middle East.
(b) Plan of action outlined by the countries of the world to combat climate change.
(c) Capital contributed by the member countries in the establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.
(d) Plan of action outlined by the countries of the world regarding Sustainable Development Goals. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Panch Pran
Why in the News?
Addressing NCC cadets in Delhi, Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar outlined a visionary roadmap for India’s development, rooted in five guiding principles known as PanchPran.
What is Panch Pran (Five Pillars of National Transformation)?
- The PanchPran, or five resolves, represent the core principles that aim to guide India’s progress toward becoming a globally admired nation.
- This framework integrates personal responsibility, traditional values, environmental sustainability, cultural pride, unity, and self-reliance to shape a stronger and more resilient nation.
- The 5 principles are:
- Social Harmony: Strengthens national unity by transforming India’s diverse cultures and traditions into sources of collective strength.
- Family Enlightenment: Emphasizes the role of families in nurturing patriotic and moral values, forming the foundation for a cohesive and enlightened society.
- Environmental Consciousness: Advocates for sustainable development through the conservation and protection of natural resources.
- Swadeshi: Promotes self-reliance and prioritization of indigenous products as part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative.
- Civic Duties: Encourages citizens to actively contribute to the nation’s progress by fulfilling their civic responsibilities.
About National Cadet Corps (NCC)
- The NCC is the youth wing of the Indian Armed Forces with its headquarters in New Delhi.
- It is open to school and college students on voluntary basis as a Tri-Services Organisation, comprising the Army, the Navy and the Air Force.
- Cadets are given basic military training in small arms and drill.
- Officers and cadets have no liability for active military service once they complete their course.
- The NCC was formed in 1948.
- It can be traced back to the ‘University Corps’, which was created under the Indian Defence Act 1917, with the objective to make up for a shortage of personnel in the Army.
- The NCC is headed by the Director General (DG), an officer of 3-star rank.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Debate related to national anthem;
Why in the News?
Tamil Nadu Governor R.N. Ravi walked out of the Legislative Assembly without giving his opening address for the first session of the year, saying the National Anthem was not played before his speech. Last year, he also refused to read his address.
What is the practice followed in the TN Legislative Assembly during and after the Governor’s address?
- Governor’s Address Protocol: Traditionally, the Tamil Thai Vaazhthu (state anthem) is sung at the beginning of the Governor’s address, while the National Anthem is played at the end. This practice was established in July 1991 during the AIADMK government led by Jayalalithaa.
- Recent Incident: Governor R.N. Ravi walked out of the Assembly without delivering his address, citing that only the state anthem was played upon his arrival and not the National Anthem. He expressed that this constituted a disrespect to both the Constitution and the National Anthem.
Is singing the National Anthem mandatory on certain occasions?
- Constitutional Duty: Article 51(A)(a) of the Constitution includes respecting the National Anthem as a fundamental duty of every citizen. However, it does not make its singing or playing mandatory on specific occasions.
- Government Guidelines: The Ministry of Home Affairs’ Orders specify occasions when the National Anthem must be played, such as during civil and military investitures, parades, arrival/departure of the President or Governor, and ceremonial State functions.
- Judicial Clarifications: The courts have observed that while the National Anthem deserves respect, its singing or playing on all occasions is not mandatory unless explicitly specified.
- For instance, during cinema screenings, the Supreme Court ruled that playing the anthem is not obligatory but encouraged.
Can punishment be imposed if it isn’t played at official functions?
- Legal Provisions: The Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 penalizes deliberate insult or contempt of the National Anthem with imprisonment up to 3 years, a fine, or both.
- Non-playing or non-singing of the anthem does not attract punishment unless it is a willful act of disrespect.
- Relevant Case Example: In 2019, the Madras High Court dismissed a petition seeking punishment for the non-playing of the National Anthem at an official function, citing the lack of a legal mandate to enforce its singing or playing on all occasions.
Why does the government make the national anthem on major government occasions?
- Fostering Unity and National Pride: Playing the National Anthem at significant government events reinforces a sense of collective identity, unity, and patriotism among citizens. It serves as a symbolic reminder of shared national values and aspirations, transcending regional, linguistic, and cultural differences.
- Respecting Constitutional Ideals: Mandating the National Anthem aligns with Article 51(A)(a) of the Constitution, which enshrines the fundamental duty of every citizen to respect the National Anthem.
- Its inclusion in major events underscores the importance of honouring national symbols and promoting a culture of respect and accountability in public life.
Way forward:
- Establish Uniform Protocols: The government should issue clear and consistent guidelines for playing the National Anthem at official events to avoid confusion and ensure uniformity across states and institutions.
- Promote Awareness and Respect: Conduct awareness campaigns emphasising the significance of the National Anthem as a unifying symbol, fostering voluntary respect and participation without compulsion or controversy.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the essential conditions for exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss the legality of re-promulgation of ordinances by the Governor without placing them before the Legislature. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India USA relations;
Why in the News?
US National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan announced that the US is working to remove long-standing rules that have hindered nuclear cooperation between India’s top nuclear entities and American companies.
What are the legal barriers hindering India’s participation in nuclear manufacturing?
- 10CFR810 Authorization: This regulation, part of the US Atomic Energy Act of 1954, restricts US nuclear vendors from manufacturing nuclear equipment or conducting nuclear design work in India.
- While it allows for the export of equipment under strict safeguards, it prevents India from engaging in the manufacturing value chain and co-producing nuclear components for atomic power projects.
- Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010: This Indian legislation establishes a framework for compensating victims of nuclear accidents and allocates liability to equipment suppliers. This provision raises concerns among foreign companies, such as GE-Hitachi and Westinghouse, regarding potential financial exposure and liability risks, which deters investment in India’s nuclear sector.
How does Indian liability law impact the Indo-US nuclear deal?
- Liability Allocation: The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010, establishes a framework that assigns strict liability to nuclear operators for damages resulting from nuclear incidents.
- This means that operators are primarily responsible for compensation, which is capped at ₹500 crore (approximately USD 60 million), with the central government liable for additional amounts up to 300 million Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) in case of higher damages.
- Right of Recourse: The Act provides operators with a right of recourse against suppliers, which means that operators can seek compensation from suppliers if they incur costs due to an accident.
- However, this right is not mandatory and is seen as an enabling clause, leading to concerns among suppliers about their financial exposure in the event of an incident.
- Insurance Challenges: The liability law’s structure creates significant challenges for foreign suppliers in obtaining insurance coverage. Many suppliers require a clear legal cap on liability to insure themselves against potential accidents.
- The open-ended nature of liability and the potential for significant financial exposure deter investment from companies like GE-Hitachi and Westinghouse, who are wary of entering a market where they could face unpredictable liabilities.
- International Standards Compliance: The Indian liability framework is viewed as an outlier compared to international norms, which typically channel all liabilities to operators rather than suppliers. This divergence complicates foreign participation in India’s nuclear sector and hinders the operationalization of agreements like the Indo-US nuclear deal.
What steps are being taken to enhance Indo-US cooperation in the nuclear sector?
- Removal of Regulatory Barriers: The US is finalizing steps to ease restrictions that have hindered nuclear collaboration since the 2005 deal, enabling closer ties between Indian entities and US private sector players.
- Facilitating Technology Transfer: The regulatory changes will support the transfer of US nuclear technology to India, boosting India’s clean energy expansion efforts.
- Strengthening the iCET Framework: Emphasis on the US-India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET) to foster collaboration in nuclear technology and other high-tech sectors like AI and quantum computing.
- Addressing Liability Concerns: Discussions to resolve issues related to India’s nuclear liability laws aim to attract foreign suppliers and enhance investment opportunities in India’s nuclear energy sector.
Way forward:
- Policy Reforms for Liability Clarity: Amend India’s Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act to align with international norms by channelling liability solely to operators, reducing suppliers’ financial risks and encouraging foreign investment.
- Promote Joint Ventures and Technology Transfer: Facilitate joint manufacturing and R&D collaborations under the iCET framework, leveraging US expertise in light water reactor technology and India’s manufacturing capabilities to achieve shared clean energy goals.
Mains PYQ:
Q What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Digital Governance;
Why in the News?
Recently, India has started a big effort to move towards digital governance which aims to make services better for citizens and improve the skills of government workers.
What are the key challenges facing the implementation of digital governance in India?
- Resistance to Change: Some segments of the government workforce are hesitant to adopt new technologies, leading to slow adaptation within bureaucratic structures. This resistance can hinder the overall effectiveness of digital initiatives.
- Digital Divide: There is a significant disparity in internet access and digital literacy between urban and rural areas. Many rural employees lack the necessary infrastructure and skills to engage with digital platforms, potentially leaving them behind in the digital transformation process.
- Incentive Structures: Current initiatives, such as the iGOT Karmayogi platform, risk becoming mere attendance trackers without meaningful outcomes. The lack of incentives for employees to apply new skills can undermine the effectiveness of training programs.
- Cybersecurity Risks: As government operations increasingly move online, the risk of data breaches and cyberattacks escalates. Ensuring robust cybersecurity measures is essential to protect sensitive information and build trust in digital governance.
- Need for Continuous Learning: The rapid evolution of technology necessitates ongoing training and upskilling opportunities for government employees to keep pace with new tools and platforms.
How can technology be leveraged to improve public service delivery and citizen engagement?
- Streamlined Workflows: Initiatives like e-Office digitize workflows, reducing reliance on paperwork and enhancing operational efficiency, which leads to faster service delivery.
- Enhanced Communication: Digital platforms facilitate real-time communication between government officials and citizens, improving transparency and responsiveness to public needs.
- Data-Driven Decision Making: Technologies such as data analytics enable informed decision-making by providing insights into citizen needs and service effectiveness.
- Citizen-Centric Platforms: Tools like MyGov allow for direct interaction between citizens and the government, fostering greater engagement and participation in governance processes.
- Online Procurement Systems: Platforms like the Government e-Marketplace (GeM) streamline procurement processes, making them more transparent and efficient.
What role does collaboration play in successful digital governance?
- Multi-Stakeholder Engagement: Effective digital governance requires collaboration among various stakeholders, including government bodies, NGOs, community leaders, and citizens, to ensure that diverse perspectives are considered.
- Capacity Building: Collaborative efforts in training and capacity building can help equip government employees with the necessary skills to navigate digital tools effectively.
- Sharing Best Practices: Partnerships with private sector entities can facilitate knowledge sharing and the adoption of innovative solutions that enhance public service delivery.
- Policy Development: Collaborative frameworks can aid in developing policies that address challenges such as the digital divide and cybersecurity threats, ensuring a comprehensive approach to digital governance.
- Feedback Mechanisms: Establishing channels for citizen feedback enhances accountability and allows for continuous improvement in digital governance initiatives.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Digital Infrastructure and Training: Invest in improving digital infrastructure, especially in rural areas, and provide continuous, targeted training to government employees to bridge the skill gap and ensure effective use of technology.
- Enhancing Collaboration and Incentives: Foster stronger collaboration between government, private sector, and communities while creating incentive structures that encourage employees to apply newly acquired skills, ensuring the tangible impact of digital governance initiatives.
Mains PYQ:
Q “The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) hasinitiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Panchayat Se Parliament 2.0
Why in the News?
Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla inaugurated “Panchayat Se Parliament 2.0” which seeks to give insight into the Constitution and parliamentary procedures to over 500 women representatives from Panchayati Raj institutions from across the country.
About “Panchayat Se Parliament”
- The second edition of the program was organized by the National Commission for Women (NCW) in collaboration with the Lok Sabha Secretariat and the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
- The program brought together 502 elected women representatives from Scheduled Tribes, hailing from 22 states and Union Territories across India.
- Objectives: The primary objectives of Panchayat Se Parliament 2.0 were to:
- Empower women representatives by enhancing their understanding of constitutional provisions, parliamentary procedures, and governance frameworks.
- Recognize the contributions of women leaders in areas such as education, rural development, and community welfare.
- The first edition of the program, Panchayat Se Parliament 1.0, was held in January 2024.
- It involved over 500 women sarpanches from across India and was organized by the National Commission for Women (NCW) in collaboration with the Lok Sabha Secretariat.
About National Commission for Women (NCW)
-
- The NCW is a statutory body formed on 31 January 1992 under the National Commission for Women Act, 1990, to address women’s issues.
- First Chairperson: Jayanti Patnaik.
- Constitutional Provisions: Articles 15(3), 14, and 21 provide gender-neutral safeguards.
- Objectives:
-
- Represent women’s rights in India and provide a platform for their concerns.
- Campaign topics: Dowry, politics, labor exploitation, police abuses, and equal representation in jobs.
- Composition:
-
- Chairperson: Nominated by the Central Government.
- Five Members: Experts from fields like law, education, health, and women’s welfare.
- Special Representation: One member each from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
- Powers:
-
- Provide policy consultations.
- Issue summons and requisition public records.
- Receive evidence on affidavits and enforce attendance.
- Functions:
-
- Annual Reports: Submit reports on women’s safeguards.
- Investigation: Examine laws and constitutional protections.
- Scrutiny: Review laws and recommend amendments.
- Complaint Handling: Address rights violations and welfare laws.
- Development Assessment: Monitor progress at national and state levels.
- Systemic Improvements: Identify and resolve limitations in women’s welfare systems.
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PYQ:
[2017] Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems that women face at both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nanopore-Based Tool
Why in the News?
Researchers at the University of California, have developed a nanopore-based diagnostic tool capable of detecting illnesses more quickly and accurately by analyzing signals from individual molecules.
What is the Nanopore-Based Tool?
- The Nanopore-Based Tool is a groundbreaking innovation developed by UC Riverside scientists for disease diagnostics.
- It leverages nanopores, which are tiny openings capable of detecting individual molecules like DNA and proteins.
- By measuring electrical signals generated as molecules pass through the nanopore, the tool enables ultra-sensitive and precise detection of illnesses.
How does it Work?
- Biological samples mixed with salts are introduced into the system.
- Salts dissociate into ions, creating a flow through the nanopore.
- As a DNA or protein molecule passes through the nanopore, it blocks the flow of ions.
- This blockage reduces the flow, creating electrical signals.
- The system measures the reduction in ion flow to identify the molecule.
- Advanced circuitry accounts for missed signals, ensuring precise detection.
- Nanopores filter out background noise, unlike traditional systems that require external filters, preserving critical data for accurate diagnostics.
Significance and Features of Nanopore Technology
- It helps detect infections within 24 to 48 hours, much faster than traditional methods.
- It is crucial for fast-spreading diseases, enabling timely intervention.
- It captures signals from single molecules, eliminating the need for large biological samples.
- It could revolutionize home testing and clinic-based diagnostics.
- It helps Identify subtle differences in proteins, aiding in personalized treatment plans.
- It promotes deeper understanding of how proteins impact health and disease.
- It paves the way for single-molecule protein sequencing, offering insights beyond DNA sequencing.
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to the use of nanotechnology in health sector, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. Targeted drug delivery is made possible by nanotechnology.
2. Nanotechnology can largely contribute to gene therapy.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Key highlights of FAO Statistical Yearbook, 2024
Why in the News?
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has released its 2024 Statistical Yearbook, providing a comprehensive analysis of global agrifood systems.
Key Highlights from the Yearbook
- Economic Dimensions of Agriculture:
- Global agricultural value increased by 89% in real terms between 2000 and 2022, reaching $3.8 trillion.
- The proportion of the global workforce employed in agriculture dropped from 40% in 2000 to 26% in 2022, reflecting economic diversification.
- Food Security and Nutrition:
- In 2023, between 713 and 757 million people were undernourished, with a midpoint estimate of 733 million, marking an increase of 152 million since 2019.
- Obesity rates are rising, with over 25% of adults in the Americas, Europe, and Oceania classified as obese.
- Crop and Meat Production:
- Primary crop production grew by 56% from 2000 to 2022, reaching 9.6 billion tonnes, with staples like sugarcane, maize, wheat, and rice accounting for nearly half.
- Meat production rose by 55%, with chicken surpassing pork as the most produced meat globally in 2022.
- Agricultural Inputs:
- Pesticide use increased by 70% from 2000 to 2022, with the Americas accounting for half of global usage.
- Inorganic fertilizers reached 185 million tonnes in 2022, a 37% increase since 2000.
- Environmental Pressures:
- Greenhouse gas emissions from agrifood systems grew by 10% from 2000 to 2022, with livestock contributing 54% of farm-gate emissions.
- Water scarcity is a critical issue in regions like the Near East and North Africa, with countries withdrawing up to 40 times their renewable freshwater resources annually.
About Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
- The FAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations focused on eradicating hunger, improving nutrition, and ensuring food security worldwide.
- Established in 1945, the FAO is headquartered in Rome, Italy, and works in collaboration with member states, organizations, and communities.
- Mandate and Goals:
-
- Hunger Eradication: Reduce global hunger and malnutrition through sustainable agricultural practices.
- Agrifood System Development: Support member states in developing resilient and sustainable food systems.
- Data and Analysis: Provide accurate, timely, and high-quality statistical data for policymaking and monitoring.
- Key Functions:
-
- Research and Policy Recommendations: Conducts research to address pressing issues in agriculture and food systems.
- Capacity Building: Supports countries with training and resources for sustainable agriculture.
- Monitoring Global Trends: Publishes annual reports and statistical yearbooks to track trends and challenges in agrifood systems.
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PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following statements:
1. The Standard Mark of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is mandatory for automotive tyres and tubes.
2. AGMARK is a quality Certification Mark issued by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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