Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of Cancer;
Why in the News?
The financial strain of cancer is often ignored but can be the most harmful. It not only impacts the patient but also their family and future generations.
What is the extent of financial toxicity faced by cancer patients in India?
- High Treatment Costs: Cancer treatments, especially advanced options like immunotherapy, can be prohibitively expensive. For instance, a patient with oral cancer may face annual costs of approximately ₹10 lakh, adding to previous expenses that can total ₹25 lakh over several years. This financial strain often forces families to deplete savings or sell assets to afford care.
- Impact on Families: Financial toxicity extends beyond the patient to their families, leading to severe economic consequences. Families may resort to selling properties or skipping meals to manage treatment costs, which can entrap them in a cycle of generational poverty.
- Out-of-Pocket Expenses: A significant portion of healthcare costs is borne out-of-pocket by patients. For example, outpatient expenses can account for nearly 50% of total healthcare costs, which are not covered by insurance schemes like Ayushman Bharat.
What are the contributing factors to financial toxicity in cancer care?
- Inadequate Public Health Funding: India’s public health expenditure has historically been below 2% of GDP, resulting in insufficient healthcare infrastructure and personnel in public hospitals. This leads to delays in diagnosis and treatment, particularly for advanced cancer cases that require more costly interventions.
- Limited Insurance Coverage: Existing insurance schemes primarily cover inpatient costs, leaving patients responsible for outpatient diagnostics and follow-up treatments. This gap significantly contributes to the financial burden on patients and their families.
- Economic Disparities: Patients from low and middle-income backgrounds face additional hurdles in accessing cutting-edge treatments due to their high costs and limited availability in public health systems.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- Health Minister’s Cancer Patient Fund (HMCPF): Established in 2009 under the Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi, this fund provides financial assistance up to ₹5 lakh for cancer treatment at designated Regional Cancer Centers (RCCs).
- In emergency cases, assistance can go up to ₹15 lakh. The fund aims to support patients living below the poverty line.
- Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY): This scheme offers health coverage of up to ₹5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization, including cancer treatments. It is designed for low-income families and is operational across India.
- State-Specific Schemes: Various states have their own initiatives:
- Arogyasri Scheme in Andhra Pradesh: Provides free cancer treatment for families with an annual income below ₹5 lakh.
- Free Chemotherapy in Odisha: Offers free chemotherapy treatment at district hospitals for poor cancer patients.
- Financial Assistance in Punjab: Up to ₹1.5 lakh is provided for cancer treatment to eligible residents.
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What strategies can be implemented to mitigate financial toxicity? (Way forward)
- Strengthening Public Healthcare: Increasing government investment in public health could improve access to affordable cancer care.
- States like Delhi and Kerala have initiated schemes to support direct medical costs, but broader implementation is needed across India.
- Supportive Measures for Non-Medical Costs: Initiatives such as discounted travel fares for cancer patients can alleviate some financial burdens associated with non-medical expenses. Expanding these programs could provide significant relief.
- Role of Nonprofits and CSR: Nonprofit organizations play a crucial role in reducing out-of-pocket expenses through various support services. Increased funding from corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives could help these organisations expand their reach and impact.
- Promoting Philanthropy: Encouraging individual philanthropy among wealthier segments of society could provide critical funding for cancer care initiatives and nonprofits focused on assisting low-income patients.
- Policy Advocacy: Advocating for policies that address the gaps in insurance coverage and promote equitable access to cancer treatments is essential for reducing financial toxicity in the long term.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of the society? (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Trade war;
Why in the News?
In 2025, the United States’ imposition of a 25% tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, along with a 10% tariff on Chinese goods, exemplifies modern beggar-thy-neighbour policies.
What is Beggar-Thy-Neighbor Policy?
- Beggar-thy-neighbor policies refer to protectionist economic policies in which economic strategies are adopted by a country to improve its own economic situation at the expense of other nations.
- These policies often involve protectionist measures such as tariffs, quotas, or currency devaluation, which can lead to negative repercussions for trading partners. For example, recently the USA imposed tariffs on China.
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What are the positive implications of this policy?
- Domestic Economic Boost: Proponents argue that these policies can stimulate the domestic economy by protecting local industries and jobs. For example, tariffs on imports can encourage consumers to buy domestic products, potentially reducing unemployment in key sectors.
- National Security: Supporters often cite national security concerns, suggesting that certain industries need protection from foreign competition to maintain a robust domestic economy.
- Encouragement of Exports: By depreciating the national currency, a country can make its exports cheaper and more competitive in international markets, which is believed to enhance demand for domestic goods abroad.
What do the critics say?
- Global Economic Decline – The U.S.-China Trade War (2018-Present) illustrates how protectionist policies can escalate into retaliatory actions.
- The U.S. imposed tariffs on Chinese goods, prompting China to retaliate with its own tariffs, disrupting global supply chains and reducing international trade volumes.
- Higher Consumer Prices – The U.S. Tariffs on Steel and Aluminum (2018) under Section 232 increased production costs for American industries relying on these metals, such as automobile and construction sectors.
- A study by the Federal Reserve found that these tariffs cost U.S. consumers and businesses over $1.4 billion per month.
- Historical Warnings – The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930) in the U.S. significantly raised tariffs on imports, leading to retaliation from trading partners like Canada and European nations.
- This contributed to a sharp decline in global trade and worsened the Great Depression. Global exports fell by nearly two-thirds between 1929 and 1934, demonstrating the adverse effects of widespread protectionism.
- Reduced Innovation and Efficiency – India’s License Raj (1947–1991) is a prime example of how excessive protectionism stifled innovation. The heavily regulated economy limited foreign competition, leading to inefficiencies, outdated technology, and slow economic growth.
- Post-1991 economic liberalization, which reduced trade barriers, spurred competition, efficiency, and innovation across various industries.
Which countries use this policy?
- U.S. Tariffs and Trade War – Under the “America First” policy, the U.S. imposed tariffs on $250 billion worth of Chinese goods in 2018 to shield domestic industries. In response, China introduced retaliatory tariffs on U.S. products, escalating a trade war that disrupted global markets.
- China’s Currency Policies – China has been accused of currency manipulation to maintain trade advantages. In 2019, the U.S. Treasury labeled China a currency manipulator after the People’s Bank of China allowed the yuan to depreciate, making Chinese exports cheaper and imports more expensive.
- Japan’s Currency Interventions – To boost exports during economic stagnation, Japan’s central bank has weakened the yen through market interventions. While this makes Japanese exports more competitive, it raises import costs for domestic consumers and affects trading partners negatively.
- Germany’s Eurozone Trade Advantage – Germany’s strong export-driven economy, supported by fiscal discipline and manufacturing strength, has been seen as creating imbalances within the Eurozone. During financial crises, weaker European economies struggle to compete, intensifying economic disparities.
Does India use this policy?
In recent times, India has indeed engaged in practices that can be characterized as beggar-thy-neighbor policies, particularly in the context of trade and economic strategy.
- Tariffs on Imports: India has imposed tariffs on various goods to protect its domestic industries.
- For instance, in 2018, India raised import duties on a range of products, including electronics and agricultural goods, to encourage local manufacturing and reduce reliance on foreign imports. Such measures can be seen as attempts to bolster India’s economy at the expense of exporting countries.
- Restrictions on Chinese Imports: Following geopolitical tensions, India has implemented stricter regulations and tariffs on imports from China.
- This includes bans on several Chinese apps (like tiktok) and increased scrutiny of Chinese investments.
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Way forward:
- Balanced Trade Policies: Countries should adopt a mix of strategic protectionism and open trade to safeguard domestic industries while preventing trade wars.
- Strengthening WTO mechanisms and engaging in fair trade negotiations can ensure economic stability.
- Focus on Competitiveness: Instead of relying on protectionist measures, nations should invest in innovation, skill development, and infrastructure to enhance global competitiveness, ensuring sustainable economic growth without harming trading partners.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of ‘Trade War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to the Judiciary;
Why in the News?
The Union Budget offers a major tax cut, benefiting taxpayers earning above ₹7 lakh. Rebates and exemptions have increased to reduce liabilities, though it may lead to an estimated ₹1 lakh crore revenue loss.
What is the logic behind the tax rebates?
- Boosting Household Consumption: Taxpayers earning ₹7–12 lakh/year now qualify for a full rebate (earlier limited to sub-₹7 lakh earners), saving ₹70,000–₹1.1 lakh annually.
- This exemption limit was raised from ₹3 lakh to ₹4 lakh for those earning above ₹12 lakh, reducing tax burdens across income groups.It will Increase disposable income to drive consumption, savings, and private investment.
- With weak private investment and uncertain global demand, tax rebates are aimed at stimulating domestic consumption.
- Leveraging Tax Buoyancy for Revenue Growth: Despite an 8% tax rate reduction, the government anticipates a 14% rise in direct tax revenue (₹14.3 lakh crore), requiring a 24% income growth among taxpayers. It Simplified tax slabs and phased out the old regime to improve compliance and widen the taxpayer base.
- Focus on Middle-Class Welfare: The overarching goal of these tax rebates is to support the middle class, which constitutes a significant portion of the electorate and plays a vital role in the economy. By alleviating their tax burden, the government seeks to enhance their financial well-being and foster a more equitable economic environment.
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What are the implications if tax buoyancy does not work out?
- Revenue Shortfalls: A failure in tax buoyancy would lead to lower than expected tax revenues, resulting in budget deficits. This could force the government to cut essential services and social programs, negatively impacting the welfare of vulnerable populations.
- Pro-Cyclical Fiscal Policy: Insufficient tax revenue may compel the government to adopt a pro-cyclical fiscal policy, reducing public spending during economic downturns instead of stimulating growth. This can exacerbate economic slowdowns and hinder recovery efforts.
- Increased Tax Burden on Compliant Taxpayers: To compensate for revenue shortfalls, the government might increase taxes on those who continue to pay taxes, placing a heavier burden on compliant taxpayers and potentially discouraging further compliance and economic activity.
Is it ‘Fiscal Consolidation’ or ‘Fiscal Contraction’?
- The current approach appears to lean more towards fiscal contraction rather than fiscal consolidation. The Finance Minister has set a lower deficit target of 4.4% for 2025-26, down from 4.8% in the previous year. This suggests a tightening of fiscal policy rather than an expansion aimed at stimulating growth.
- Critics argue that such contractionary measures are ill-timed given the current economic slowdown, as they limit the government’s ability to invest in growth-promoting initiatives. The expectation seems to hinge on corporate investment and export growth to drive recovery, which may not be sufficient if domestic demand remains weak due to reduced government spending.
| Aspect |
Consolidation Argument |
Contraction Criticism |
| Deficit Target |
Lowered to 4.4% of GDP (from 4.8% in FY24), aiming for 3% by FY29 |
Aggressive deficit cuts during slowing growth (projected 10.1% nominal GDP) risk stifling recovery |
| Revenue Strategy |
Bank on ₹28.37 trillion net tax receipts (+11% YoY) via compliance gains and income growth |
No compensatory taxes for high earners (30% slab unchanged) or wealth assets, risking ₹1.26 lakh crore shortfall |
| Expenditure Focus |
Capital expenditure raised to ₹11.2 lakh crore (+17.4% YoY) for infrastructure multipliers |
Social sector allocations remain stagnant, with FY24 revised spending 15% below initial estimates. |
Way forward:
- Balanced Fiscal Approach – Instead of aggressive fiscal contraction, the government should adopt a gradual deficit reduction strategy while maintaining targeted public spending, especially in infrastructure and social sectors, to sustain domestic demand and economic growth.
- Enhancing Revenue without Burdening Taxpayers – Strengthen tax compliance through digital tracking, rationalize subsidies, and explore progressive taxation on wealth and high-income segments to ensure fiscal stability without increasing the burden on the middle class.
Mains PYQ:
Q Comment on the important changes introduced in respect of the Long-term Capital Gains Tax (LCGT) and Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT) in the Union Budget for 2018-2019. (UPSC IAS/2018)
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) Critically examine the role of WHOin providing global health security during the Covid-19 pandemic. (UPSC CSE 2020) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on Bridging Healthcare Gaps (2015), and WHO Initiatives (2020).
The US is the largest contributor to WHO, providing about 18% of its funding. The withdrawal is expected to jeopardize critical health programs, particularly those addressing tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and other health emergencies.
Today’s editorial emphasizes the need for member states to collaborate more effectively in light of reduced US involvement, ensuring that global health priorities remain addressed despite funding challenges. This content can be used to present the significance of multilateral collaboration and its impact on international policy and governance with respect to Health.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
After the USA’s withdrawal from WHO, it is time for the countries in the global south to support WHO and initiate collaborative actions to reshape the global health agenda.
What are the Potential Impacts of the US Withdrawal from WHO?
- Disruption of Funding and Programs: The US contributes nearly 18% of WHO’s budget (~$1 billion annually), supporting critical health programs like immunization, tuberculosis control, and pandemic preparedness.
- The withdrawal will likely disrupt ongoing projects aimed at combating health challenges such as HIV/AIDS and polio eradication.
- Weakened Global Health Response: WHO’s ability to coordinate responses to health crises will be significantly impaired without US support. This includes reduced resources for disease surveillance and emergency operations in regions facing outbreaks or health threats.
- Impact on Global Health Leadership and Collaboration: The absence of the US may create a leadership vacuum within WHO, allowing other nations (e.g., China) to increase their influence.
- This shift could alter international collaboration dynamics and lead to fragmented approaches to public health challenges.
- Repercussions for Low-Income Countries: Marginalized communities in low-income countries may face disproportionate impacts due to reduced funding from WHO. These communities rely heavily on WHO for access to essential health services, and the withdrawal signals a deprioritization of global health initiatives, exacerbating existing inequalities.
- The overall effectiveness of global health initiatives may decline as WHO struggles with funding constraints and could slow long-term progress toward key health goals, such as disease eradication and comprehensive vaccination programs, ultimately affecting global health security.
How might the withdrawal reshape international health diplomacy?
- Shift in Global Health Leadership: The absence of the US may create a leadership vacuum within WHO, potentially allowing countries like China to increase their influence in global health governance.
- This shift could alter the dynamics of international collaboration, with other nations stepping up to fill the void left by the US.
- Increased Geopolitical Tensions: The withdrawal could intensify competition between the US and China for influence in global health matters.
- China’s initiatives, such as the Health Silk Road, may gain traction as it seeks to position itself as a leader in global health, thereby reshaping alliances and partnerships among countries.
- Impact on Multilateral Cooperation: The US’s exit may weaken multilateral cooperation on critical health issues, leading to fragmented responses to global health challenges.
- Countries may become less willing to collaborate on shared health threats without US leadership, which could hinder effective pandemic preparedness and response efforts.
- Loss of Diplomatic Leverage: By withdrawing, the US relinquishes its role as a key influencer in shaping global health policies and initiatives.
- This could diminish its ability to advocate for public health programs that align with its interests and values, allowing other nations to take a more prominent role in setting global health agendas.
- Disproportionate Effects: The low-income countries that rely heavily on WHO for support may face greater challenges without US involvement.
What reforms or changes might be necessary within WHO in light of this withdrawal?
- Diversification of Funding Sources: WHO should encourage member states to increase their assessed contributions, which currently cover less than 20% of its budget. This could help reduce reliance on any single donor, particularly the US.
- WHO can seek to expand its voluntary contributions from other countries and private organizations to fill the financial gap left by the US withdrawal.
- Strengthening Governance and Accountability: Implementing more transparent financial management practices can help restore trust among member states and ensure that funds are allocated effectively.
- Establishing an independent oversight body to review WHO’s operations and decision-making processes may help address concerns about political influence and enhance accountability.
What opportunity do India have in this situation?
- Increased Leadership Role: India can take a prominent leadership position within WHO, representing the Global South.
- For Example, through the Vaccine Maitri initiative, India facilitated vaccine exports during the COVID-19 pandemic, demonstrating its commitment to global health equity and influencing health policies.
- Strengthening Domestic Capabilities: The withdrawal allows India to bolster its healthcare infrastructure and research capabilities.
- For Example, significant investments in indigenous vaccine production, such as Covaxin and Covishield, have positioned India as a major player in global vaccine supply chains, enhancing self-reliance and healthcare outcomes.
- Enhanced Collaboration with Emerging Economies: India can forge stronger partnerships with other emerging economies to collaboratively address global health challenges.
- For Example, engagement with countries like Brazil and South Africa through the IBSA Dialogue Forum can focus on shared issues like antimicrobial resistance and maternal health, enhancing collective responses to public health threats.
- Leveraging Pharmaceutical Strength: India’s robust pharmaceutical industry can fill gaps left by reduced WHO funding.
- Known as the “pharmacy of the world,” India supplied affordable vaccines during the pandemic, reinforcing its reputation as a key player in global healthcare by continuing to produce low-cost medications.
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Way Forward: India can not only mitigate the impacts of the US withdrawal but also can significantly contribute to shaping a more equitable global health landscape.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Customs Duty
Why in the News?
The Budget proposes to remove 7 customs tariff rates for industrial goods, following a similar step in Budget 2023-24. This will leave only 8 tariff rates, including a zero rate, making customs duty structure more transparent and predictable.
What is Customs Duty?
- Customs Duty is a tax imposed on goods that cross international borders to regulate their movement.
- It helps protect a country’s economy, jobs, environment, and residents by controlling imports and exports.
- It prevents illegal trade, ensures fair competition, and generates government revenue.
- The Customs Act, 1962, which defines and regulates customs duty in India.
- The Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) under the Ministry of Finance manages customs duties.
- Types of Customs Duties in India:
- Basic Customs Duty (BCD): Levied on imported goods (0-100%).
- Countervailing Duty (CVD): Imposed to balance foreign subsidies (0-12%).
- Social Welfare Surcharge (SWS): 10% surcharge to support welfare projects.
- Anti-Dumping Duty: Imposed on goods sold below market price to prevent unfair trade.
- Compensation Cess: Levied on items like tobacco and pollution-causing goods.
- Integrated GST (IGST): Imposed on imports at 5%, 12%, 18%, or 28% rates.
- Safeguard Duty: Applied when excessive imports harm domestic industries.
- Customs Handling Fee: 1% charge for customs processing.
- Customs Duty Calculation: Based on product value, origin, composition, and international trade agreements.
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Key Changes Announced to Customs Tariffs:
- Tariff rates reduced from 15 to 8, Social Welfare Surcharge was removed on 82 items.
- 36 new life-saving medicines exempted, 5% duty on six more drugs.
- Full BCD exemption on 35 EV battery capital goods, 28 mobile battery items, and key minerals like cobalt & lithium.
- 10-year duty exemption for shipbuilding materials; Ethernet Switch duty cut from 20% to 10%.
- 20% export duty on crust leather removed, handicraft export timeline extended to 1 year.
- Frozen fish paste duty cut from 30% to 5% to boost seafood exports.
- Customs assessments limited to 2 years, quarterly importer reporting instead of monthly.
How India is Protecting Its Economy from Trade War Impact?
- Rupee-based trade settlements with Russia, UAE & Sri Lanka to reduce dollar dependence.
- Stockpiling essential imports like semiconductors, rare earth metals, and crude oil.
- Attracting companies shifting from China with PLI incentives for manufacturing.
- Paperless customs clearance, AI-driven trade monitoring, and blockchain documentation for smoother trade.
- Strengthening global trade alliances like IPEF (Indo-Pacific Economic Framework) and Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI) (Japan-Australia) for supply chain stability.
PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following statements
1. The quantity of imported edible oils is more than the domestic production of edible oils in the last five years.
2. The Government does not impose any customs duty on all the imported edible oils a special case.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GARBH-INi-DRISHTI
Why in the News?
India’s first Ferret Research Facility, GARBH-Ini-DRISHTI, was inaugurated at Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI) in Faridabad to boost vaccine development and infectious disease research.
About GARBH-INi-DRISHTI
- GARBH-INi-DRISHTI is a data repository and information-sharing hub designed to provide comprehensive clinical and biological insights into maternal and child health.
- Developed under the GARBH-INi program, it is one of South Asia’s largest pregnancy cohort datasets, offering access to clinical data, medical images, and bio-specimens.
- The platform includes data from over 12,000 pregnant women, newborns, and postpartum mothers, enabling extensive research into maternal and neonatal health outcomes.
- It is a collaborative initiative, involving India’s top research institutions and hospitals, ensuring scientific synergy in maternal healthcare.
- Aims:
- To enhance maternal and neonatal healthcare research through large-scale data accessibility.
- To support global researchers in conducting transformative studies that can improve birth outcomes.
- To provide early insights into pregnancy-related complications, fostering better diagnostic and preventive measures.
- To develop predictive tools for conditions like preterm birth, ensuring better maternal health interventions.
- Features:
- Comprehensive Data Repository: Houses clinical, imaging, and bio-specimen data from thousands of pregnant women and newborns.
- Advanced Data Access: Researchers can explore detailed datasets to study pregnancy outcomes, foetal health, and postnatal development.
- Secure and Controlled Access: Provides clear guidance on data usage and approvals, ensuring ethical research practices.
- Global Research Platform: Enables nationwide and international collaboration, allowing researchers to work on common healthcare challenges.
- Supports Policy and Decision-Making: The data can be leveraged to shape maternal health policies, improve diagnostic protocols, and design effective interventions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gyan Bharatam Mission
Why in the News?
The Union Budget 2025-26 has introduced the Gyan Bharatam Mission, a comprehensive initiative for surveying, documenting, and conserving India’s manuscript heritage.
What is Gyan Bharatam Mission?
- It is a nationwide initiative launched in the Union Budget 2025-26 to survey, document, and conserve India’s manuscript heritage.
- The mission aims to cover over one crore manuscripts, ensuring the systematic preservation of ancient texts housed in academic institutions, museums, libraries, and private collections.
- It is a revival and expansion of the National Manuscripts Mission (NMM), which was originally established in 2003 but had limited impact due to inadequate funding and structural challenges.
- The mission aligns with India’s broader cultural conservation goals and is expected to create a centralized repository for India’s rich textual and intellectual heritage.
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- Survey and document manuscripts across institutions and private collections.
- Digitize rare texts and create a centralized repository for research and preservation.
- Restore and conserve fragile manuscripts using modern preservation techniques.
- Features and Significance:
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- Budget Allocation Increased: Funding for NMM raised from ₹3.5 crore to ₹60 crore.
- Digital Preservation: AI-driven archiving, metadata tagging, and translation tools for easy access.
PYQ:
[2023] With reference to Indian History, Alexander Rea, A. H. Longhurst, Robert Sewell, James Burgess and Walter Elliot were associated with (2023)
(a) archaeological excavations
(b) establishment of English Press in Colonial India
(c) establishment of Churches in Princely States
(d) construction of railways in Colonial India |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hollongapar Gibbon WLS
Why in the News?
Exploratory drilling for oil and gas has been approved within the eco-sensitive zone surrounding the Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary.
About the Hollongapar Gibbon WLS
- Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary was initially established as Hollongapar Reserve Forest in 1997 and renamed in 2004.
- It is the only habitat for hollock gibbons in India.
- Located in Assam, with the Bhogdoi River along its northern boundary.
- Biome classified as plains alluvial semi-evergreen forests with patches of wet evergreen forests.
- Flora:
- Upper canopy: Dominated by Hollong trees (Dipterocarpus macrocarpus), Sam, Amari, Sopas, Bhelu, Udal, and Hingori.
- Middle canopy: Features Nahar trees.
- Lower canopy: Composed of evergreen shrubs and herbs.
- Fauna:
- Primates: Includes Hoolock Gibbons, Bengal Slow Loris (only nocturnal primate in Northeast India), stump-tailed macaques, northern pig-tailed macaques, eastern Assamese macaques, rhesus macaques, and capped langurs.
- Other mammals: Indian elephants, tigers, leopards, jungle cats, wild boars, civets, squirrels, and more.
About the Hoolock Gibbons:
- Gibbons are the smallest and fastest apes, and they inhabit tropical and subtropical forests across Southeast Asia.
- It is the only ape specie found in India.
- They possess high intelligence, exhibit distinct personalities, and have strong familial bonds, reflecting characteristics similar to other ape species.
- The current population of hoolock gibbons is estimated at around 12,000, found primarily in Northeast India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and southern China.
- Two distinct species, the eastern hoolock gibbon (Hoolock leuconedys) and the western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock), were previously reported in India.
- Conservation Status
- IUCN Red List: the western hoolock gibbon is classified as Endangered, and the eastern hoolock gibbon is classified as Vulnerable.
- Both gibbon species in India are placed under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
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PYQ:
[2010] Consider the following pairs:
Protected Area:: Well-known for
1. Bhitarkanika, Orissa :: Salt Water Crocodile
2. Desert National Park, Rajasthan :: Great Indian Bustard
3. Eravikulam, Kerala :: Hoolock Gibbon
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) ‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor. (UPSC CSE 2017)
Q) The Gati-Shakti Yojana needs meticulous co-ordination between the government and the private sector to achieve the goal of connectivity. Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2022) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on Sustainable Development (2016, 2017, 2018 and 2022), and Budget Initiatives (2017 and 2021).
Currently, India holds only about 0.05% of the global market share in shipbuilding, significantly lower than competitors like China (47%), South Korea (30%), and Japan (17%). This disparity highlights that without addressing inefficiencies in container movement and logistics integration, infrastructure growth alone will not lead to meaningful progress.
The editorial discusses the recent positive developments in India’s shipping industry, particularly following the government’s announcements in the Union Budget 2025-26. This content can be used to present challenges in the Maritime Sector.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The Union Budget 2025-26 appears to have met most of the shipping industry’s demands; but it has missed an opportunity to address tax disparities.
What specific government initiatives are being introduced to support the shipping industry?
- Maritime Development Fund (MDF): This initiative is the establishment of a MDF with an initial corpus of ₹25,000 crore which aims to provide long-term financing for the shipbuilding and maritime sectors, facilitating investment and growth within the industry.
- Shipbuilding Financial Assistance Policy: The government has announced a revamp of the Shipbuilding Financial Assistance Policy (SBFAP) which aims to address cost disadvantages faced by domestic shipyards by providing direct financial subsidies, thereby encouraging local shipbuilding and enhancing competitiveness.
- Customs Duty Exemptions and Incentives: This Budget extends customs duty exemptions on inputs and components used for manufacturing ships for more than 10 years.
- Additionally, credit notes will be issued for shipbreaking activities, promoting a circular economy within the industry in order to make shipbuilding and recycling more competitive.
- Extension of Tonnage Tax Scheme: The benefits of the existing tonnage tax scheme, which previously applied only to sea-going ships, will now be extended to inland vessels registered under the Indian Vessels Act, 2021.
- This change aims to promote inland water transport and enhance the overall efficiency of the maritime sector.
- Establishment of Shipbuilding Clusters: The Indian shipping industry has been advocating for the extension of the Shipbuilding Financial Assistance Policy (SBFAP) for another 10 years under the Amritkaal Maritime Vision 2047.
- The government plans to facilitate the creation of shipbuilding clusters to increase capacity and capabilities in ship manufacturing.
How can these initiatives impact India’s position in the global shipping market?
- Enhanced Global Competitiveness: By establishing the Maritime Development Fund and revamping financial assistance policies, India aims to boost its shipbuilding capabilities and reduce costs associated with ship construction and repair.
- This could elevate India’s ranking in global shipbuilding from 22nd to potentially within the top 10 by 2030 and top 5 by 2047, thereby increasing its share of global ship tonnage from less than 1% to around 5%.
- Improved Infrastructure and Efficiency: The government’s focus on port modernization through initiatives like the Sagarmala Programme and Maritime India Vision 2030 is set to enhance port infrastructure, logistics efficiency, and multimodal connectivity.
- These improvements will reduce turnaround times for vessels and lower logistics costs, making Indian ports more attractive for international shipping lines and increasing cargo handling capacity significantly.
- Attracting Foreign Investment: With a favorable investment climate that allows 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in port development, India is positioned to attract significant foreign capital into its shipping sector.
- This influx of investment can lead to technological advancements, better operational practices, and increased capacity, further solidifying India’s role as a key player in global maritime trade.
What challenges does the Indian shipping industry face despite these positive developments?
- High Costs and Financial Constraints: Indian shipyards face significant cost disadvantages compared to global competitors, particularly in terms of higher material and labor costs, as well as expensive financing options.
- This results in a 25-30% cost disadvantage for Indian shipyards compared to those in countries like China and South Korea.
- Additionally, the imposition of a 5% Goods and Services Tax (GST) on ship imports, which is not refunded for international operations, further strains financial resources for shipping companies.
Does the SARFAESI Act impact loan availability?
- Under Section 31(d) of the SARFAESI Act, banks and financial institutions cannot create a security interest in vessels as defined by the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958.
- This limitation means that lenders cannot easily seize and auction ships in case of loan defaults, which reduces their willingness to extend credit to shipowners.
- The ongoing discussions about amending the SARFAESI Act to include provisions for ships indicate a recognition of these challenges.
- By allowing banks to hold security interests in vessels, the government can enhance loan availability and create a more favorable environment for financing within the maritime sector.
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- Infrastructure Bottlenecks: Major Indian ports are grappling with issues such as congestion, inefficiency, and inadequate infrastructure to support increasing traffic volumes.
- The growth in cargo traffic has outpaced the development of port facilities, leading to delays and higher operational costs.
- For example, backlogs for rail freight have increased significantly, impacting the timely movement of goods.
- Furthermore, labor strikes and outdated technology contribute to lower productivity at ports, making them less attractive to global shipping lines.
- Dependence on Foreign Suppliers: Indian shipyards heavily rely on foreign suppliers for critical components and technology, which increases costs and complicates supply chains.
- This dependency results in longer lead times for procurement and vulnerability to supply chain disruptions.
- The lack of a robust domestic supply chain for high-tech maritime components further exacerbates these challenges, limiting the competitiveness of Indian shipbuilding firms.
Way Forward:
To realize its aspirations under the Amritkaal Maritime Vision 2047, India must prioritize investments in infrastructure, streamline regulatory processes, and foster a skilled workforce.
- The path forward requires a concerted effort from all stakeholders to transform these challenges into opportunities for sustainable development in the maritime sector.
- Establish a National Port Grid Authority to coordinate development across major and minor ports, promoting specialization and eliminating inter-port competition.
- Implementing a hub-and-spoke model with mega ports acting as transshipment hubs can optimize cargo movement and efficiency.
- Deploy Smart Port Infrastructure Management Systems (SPIMS) and introduce blockchain-based Port Community Systems to facilitate paperless and IoT based trade.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to employment;
Why in the News?
With the Union Budget now presented, this is the right time to focus on three important types of jobs India needs: climate-friendly jobs, jobs that can adapt to AI, and jobs that match people’s aspirations.
Why must long-term structural reforms in India focus on creating climate-resilient, AI-resilient, and aspiration-centric jobs?
- Economic Stability & Climate Adaptation: Climate change threatens agriculture, infrastructure, and livelihoods. Structural reforms must promote green jobs in renewable energy (e.g., solar panel manufacturing, e-rickshaw deployment) and climate adaptation (e.g., afforestation, water conservation projects) to ensure sustainable economic growth.
- Future-Proofing Against Automation: With AI disrupting traditional jobs, reforms should focus on AI-resilient employment by upskilling workers for roles in healthcare, education, and creative industries (e.g., AI-assisted medical diagnostics, digital marketing). This will help maintain workforce relevance and prevent large-scale job losses.
- Inclusive & Aspirational Workforce: Youth and marginalized groups need jobs that match their ambitions. So, reforms should enhance opportunities in high-growth sectors like tourism, food processing, and local manufacturing (e.g., PM Vishwakarma Yojana for artisans, National Manufacturing Mission in textiles and electronics) to drive social mobility and economic dynamism.
What are the recent allocation of the budget for Jobs creation?
- Skill Development Boost: The budget for the skill development ministry has nearly doubled to ₹6,017 crore for FY26, with ₹3,000 crore allocated for upgrading Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) to enhance vocational training.
- Targeted Job Creation: Over 21 lakh direct and indirect jobs are planned in fisheries, tourism, food processing, textiles, and electronics including 11 lakh under PM Matsya Sampada Yojana and 5.8 lakh under the PM Employment Generation Programme.
- Sector-Specific Focus: Labor-intensive industries like footwear, leather, textiles, and electronics receive significant support, with initiatives like the Footwear Development Programme (₹350 crore) and the National Manufacturing Mission aiming to create 2-3 million jobs.
- Support for Artisans: The PM Vishwakarma Yojana will uplift over 61 lakh artisans, promoting self-employment and economic inclusion for marginalized communities.
- Infrastructure & Innovation: Five National Centres of Excellence for skilling will be established, alongside a ₹200 billion allocation for private sector-led R&D to drive technological advancements and job creation.
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What types of jobs are necessary for achieving Viksit Bharat?
- Manufacturing Jobs: Increasing the contribution of manufacturing to GDP from approximately 16% to 25% by 2030 is crucial. This requires creating jobs in various manufacturing industries, enhancing productivity, and reducing operational costs.
- MSMEs are vital for employment generation. Policies aimed at supporting these enterprises can create millions of jobs by fostering entrepreneurship and innovation within local communities.
- Boosting Rural Demand and Agricultural Reforms: Jobs that focus on modernizing agriculture through technology and sustainable practices can enhance productivity and create employment in rural areas. This includes initiatives that support local farmers and agricultural workers.
- Skill Development Initiatives: With a strong emphasis on skilling the workforce, there is a need for jobs that require specialized training in sectors like technology, healthcare, and renewable energy.
- Climate-Resilient Employment: As India faces significant challenges due to climate change, creating jobs focused on sustainability—such as in renewable energy sectors (solar, wind) and environmental conservation—will be critical for long-term resilience.
- AI and Digital Economy Roles: With the rise of artificial intelligence and digital transformation, there is a growing demand for jobs that leverage technology. This includes roles in IT services, software development, data analysis, and digital marketing.
- Service Sector Jobs: The service sector continues to be a significant contributor to employment in India. Focused efforts on improving service delivery in healthcare, education, and hospitality can create numerous job opportunities.
How can structural reforms in the economy facilitate job creation?
- Enhancing Government Investment: Increased funding in infrastructure, education, and healthcare sectors directly correlates with job creation.
- For instance, investments in rural infrastructure can stimulate local economies and create jobs in construction and services.
- Promoting Industry Participation: Collaborating with industries for training programs ensures that the skills developed align with market needs, thereby improving employability. This approach can help bridge the gap between educational outcomes and industry requirements.
- Supporting MSMEs: Strengthening micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) through financial incentives and easier access to credit can drive job creation. MSMEs are crucial for employment as they account for a significant portion of India’s workforce.
What role does government policy play in bridging the gap between formal and informal economies? (Way Forward)
- Implementing Employment Schemes: Programs such as the Employment Linked Incentives (ELI) aim to create jobs through targeted financial support for employers who hire new employees.
- This encourages formal employment while providing a safety net for workers transitioning from informal sectors.
- Facilitating Skill Development: Policies focused on skill development ensure that workers are equipped with relevant skills for emerging sectors like technology and renewable energy.
- This not only helps integrate informal workers into the formal economy but also enhances overall productivity.
- Encouraging Entrepreneurship: By fostering an environment conducive to startups and small businesses through grants, tax incentives, and simplified regulations, the government can stimulate job creation across various sectors, particularly in rural areas where traditional job opportunities may be limited.
Mains PYQ:
Q The nature of economic growth in India in recent times is often described as a jobless growth. Do you agree with this view? Give arguments in favour of your answer. (UPSC IAS/2015)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Mental Health;
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Labour and Employment’s 2024 report indicates that all States and Union Territories must complete harmonization and pre-publication of draft rules for new Labour Codes by March 31, 2025, allowing for mental health provisions.
How does social inequality impact mental health access and outcomes?
- Disparity in Access to Care: Social inequality leads to significant disparities in access to mental health care services. Individuals from lower socio-economic backgrounds, particularly blue-collar workers, often face barriers such as lack of awareness, stigma, and inadequate healthcare infrastructure, resulting in a treatment gap of 70% to 92% for mental disorders in India.
- Workplace Conditions: Blue-collar workers frequently endure demanding jobs with poor working conditions, job insecurity, and inadequate pay, which can exacerbate mental health issues. These conditions contribute to higher rates of stress and mental disorders among this demographic compared to their white-collar counterparts.
- Limited Legislative Protections: The existing labor laws primarily focus on physical safety and do not adequately address mental health concerns. This legislative gap perpetuates the marginalization of blue-collar workers in accessing mental health resources and support.
What legislative and policy changes are necessary to promote inclusivity in mental health care?
- Rights-Based Framework: Establishing a rights and duty-based legislative framework that mandates employers to ensure both physical and mental well-being is crucial. This framework should include clear definitions of occupational diseases that encompass mental health issues arising from work conditions.
- Inclusion of Mental Health in Labor Codes: The upcoming labor codes should explicitly incorporate provisions for mental health, creating a liability-based framework for employers to prioritize the mental well-being of their employees. This includes recognizing stress-related conditions as occupational hazards eligible for compensation.
- Awareness and Accessibility Initiatives: Legislative measures should mandate employers to promote awareness of available mental health resources, such as helplines and support programs like Tele Manas, ensuring that blue-collar workers are informed and encouraged to seek help without stigma.
What are the steps taken by the government?
- Implementation of National Mental Health Policies: The Indian government has implemented policies such as the National Mental Health Policy (2014), which emphasizes the integration of mental health services into primary healthcare.
- Launch of Mental Health Initiatives and Helplines: Initiatives like Tele Manas, a government-run mental health support service, have been introduced to provide confidential telephonic counselling for individuals.
- Increased Mental Health Awareness through Education and Campaigns: Programs like the “Mental Health Awareness Campaign” and partnerships with organizations like WHO have aimed to educate the public about mental health.
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How can societal attitudes towards mental health be transformed to reduce stigma? (Way forward)
- Education and Awareness Campaigns: Raising awareness through national and local campaigns can help normalize mental health discussions. For example, the “It’s Okay to Not Be Okay” campaign in India aimed at addressing mental health issues in the workplace.
- Media Representation and Positive Portrayal: The media plays a significant role in shaping public attitudes. Portraying individuals with mental health issues as strong, resilient, and capable of leading successful lives can help shift negative perceptions. For instance, Bollywood movies like “Dear Zindagi”.
- Involvement of Influential Figures: Public figures such as celebrities, politicians, and community leaders can be instrumental in reducing stigma by sharing their personal mental health stories. When Virat Kohli, an Indian cricketer, spoke openly about struggling with mental health issues, it made a powerful impact and encouraged others.
Mains PYQ:
Q ”Economic growth in the recent past has been led by increase in labour productivity.” Explain this statement. Suggest the growth pattern that will lead to creation of more jobs without compromising labour productivity. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Ethanol production ;
Why in the News?
Union Minister Nitin Gadkari announced that India will reach its goal of blending 20% ethanol with petrol in the next two months, a year earlier than planned. This will require producing about 1,100 crore litres of ethanol in a year.
Does India’s ethanol distillery industry have the capacity to produce large ethanol?
- Current Production Capacity: India’s ethanol distillery capacity has significantly increased to 1,600 crore litres as of 2024-25, up from 423 crore litres in 2019-20. This expansion has been driven by government incentives and a stable market for ethanol.
- Projected Production: To meet the target of 20% blending of ethanol in petrol, approximately 1,100 crore litres of fuel ethanol will be produced annually, with sugarcane expected to contribute around 400 crore litres this ethanol year.
- Diverse Feedstocks: Ethanol production is now utilizing not just sugarcane but also high-grade molasses, broken rice, and maize, indicating a shift towards a more diversified feedstock strategy.
- Government Support: The Indian government has implemented various measures to boost ethanol production, including reducing the Goods & Services Tax on ethanol and encouraging the establishment of grain-based distilleries.
Why have maize imports increased substantially in the past year?
- Rising Demand for Ethanol: The increase in maize imports can be attributed to the government’s restrictions on using sugar and high-quality molasses for ethanol production, leading to a greater reliance on maize as an alternative feedstock for ethanol.
- Import Figures: From April to June 2024, approximately ₹100 crore worth of maize was imported. For the fiscal year 2023-24, maize imports reached about $33 million, with total imports from April to November 2024 valued at $188 million.
- Impact on Domestic Production: As farmers shift towards maize cultivation due to its lucrative potential for ethanol production, maize output is projected to reach around 42 million tonnes for the 2024-25 ethanol year, with an estimated 9 million tonnes available for ethanol production.
- Market Adjustments: The growth in maize cultivation is expected to continue without necessitating further imports due to favourable conditions for Kharif crops this year. Farmers are increasingly diverting maize from traditional uses to meet the demands of the ethanol market.
What are the significance of the ethanol distillery industry?
- Energy Security and Reduced Import Dependence: The ethanol distillery industry plays a crucial role in enhancing India’s energy security by reducing reliance on imported fossil fuels. By blending ethanol with petrol, India aims to substitute a significant portion of its crude oil imports, which account for over 87% of its needs.
- Environmental Benefits: Ethanol production and blending contribute to significant reductions in carbon emissions and urban air pollution. Ethanol’s chemical properties allow for more complete combustion, which lowers harmful emissions such as carbon monoxide and particulate matter.
- Economic Growth and Rural Development: The ethanol industry stimulates economic growth by providing additional income streams for farmers through the cultivation of sugarcane, maize, and other biofuel crops. This has led to increased investments in distilleries and agro-processing industries, creating jobs and revitalizing rural economies.
- The government’s initiatives, such as the PM-JI-VAN Yojana, further incentivize ethanol production, ensuring stable farmer incomes and promoting diversification in agricultural practices.
Way forward:
- Enhancing Domestic Maize Production: Strengthen R&D in high-yield maize varieties, improve irrigation infrastructure, and provide financial incentives to farmers to ensure a stable domestic supply for ethanol production, reducing import dependency.
- Sustainable Feedstock Diversification: Promote second-generation (2G) biofuels using agricultural waste and non-food biomass to minimize food security concerns while maintaining ethanol production growth.
PYQ:
Q With reference to the usefulness of the by-products of sugar industry, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC IAS/2022)
- Bagasse can be used as biomass fuel for the generation of energy.
- Molasses can be used as one of the feed stocks for the production of synthetic chemical fertilizers.
- Molasses can be used for the production of ethanol.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: First National Gene Bank
Why in the News?
As part of the Union Budget 2025-26, Finance Minister announced the establishment of a second National Gene Bank in India.
About the First National Gene Bank
- Established in 1996 by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBPGR) in New Delhi.
- Functions as India’s primary facility for preserving plant genetic resources (PGRs) to safeguard biodiversity.
- Operates through 12 regional stations across the country for collection and storage of vital crop germplasms.
- Preserves 0.47 million accessions (plant material for breeding and research) as of January 15, 2025.
- Maintains genetic resources using four conservation methods:
- Seed Genebank (-18°C) – Stores seeds for long-term conservation.
- Cryogenebank (-170°C to -196°C) – Preserves plant tissues in liquid nitrogen.
- In-vitro Genebank (25°C) – Maintains plant cultures in controlled environments.
- Field Genebank – Conserves live plants for breeding and research.
- Protects diverse crop groups, including cereals, millets, legumes, oilseeds, and vegetables.
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About the Second National Gene Bank
- It aims to store over 10 lakh germplasm lines to strengthen food and nutritional security.
- It will complement the first National Gene Bank and expand genetic conservation capacity.
- It is designed to support both public and private sectors in conserving genetic diversity.
- Features and Significance:
- Largest conservation facility in India, expanding germplasm storage capacity beyond the existing 0.47 million accessions in the first gene bank.
- Ensures germplasm accessibility for future generations, preventing genetic erosion due to habitat loss or overexploitation.
- Protects India’s agricultural heritage by preserving native, traditional, and rare plant varieties.
- Aligns with global conservation efforts, including India’s Seed Vault in Chang La (Ladakh) and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault (Norway).
- Promotes ex-situ conservation, ensuring crop diversity for future breeding, research, and sustainable farming.
PYQ:
[2021] What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of society? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Samudrayaan Project
Why in the News?
In a major boost to India’s Deep Ocean Mission, Finance Minister allocated ₹600 crore for the Samudrayaan project under the Union Budget 2025-26.
About Samudrayaan Project
- Samudrayaan is India’s first manned deep-sea mission, designed for exploring ocean resources and conducting deep-sea research.
- It falls under the Deep Ocean Mission (DOM) of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).
- The project involves sending scientists in a deep-sea submersible to explore mineral resources and biodiversity at depths of up to 6,000 metres.
- With this project, India will join an elite group of nations (USA, Russia, China, Japan, and France) capable of deep-sea manned exploration.
- Aims and Objectives
- Deep-Ocean Exploration: Study deep-sea resources, including minerals, hydrothermal vents, and marine biodiversity.
- Technological Development: Advance underwater robotics, deep-sea mining technology, and manned submersible vehicles.
- Sustainable Resource Utilization: Explore polymetallic nodules, which contain cobalt, nickel, manganese, and copper.
Significant Features:
- Manned Submersible: MATSYA 6000:
- Being developed by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Chennai.
- Developed under Samudrayaan to carry three crew members for up to 12 hours of exploration (extendable to 96 hours in emergencies).
- Designed for operation at a depth of 6,000 metres.
- Equipped with life-support systems and scientific sensors.
- Exploration of India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ):
- Mapping the ocean floor for mineral resources.
- Conducting geological and environmental studies for sustainable deep-sea mining.
PYQ:
[2022] With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements:
- A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baseline determined in accordance with the convention.
- Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.
- The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Mission on Cultural Mapping (NMCM)
Why in the News?
As part of the Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, National Mission on Cultural Mapping (NMCM) introduced the Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar (MGMD) portal in June 2023, facilitating comprehensive documentation of the cultural heritage of 6.5 lakh villages across India.
About National Mission on Cultural Mapping (NMCM):
| Details |
Launched by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India and implemented by Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA). |
| Aims and Objectives |
- Document India’s cultural heritage, including art forms, artists, crafts, and performing arts.
- Mapping of 6.5 lakh villages across India; Initial focus on Bihar.
- IT-enabled platform to store and manage cultural data via a web portal and mobile app (Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar).
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| Significant Features |
- Database creation for cultural elements like oral traditions, art, customs, festivals, food, and historical landmarks.
- National Register of Artists and Art Practices for cultural preservation.
- Raising awareness about cultural heritage’s role in economic development and national unity.
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| Initiatives under the Mission |
- Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar (MGMD): Documents villages, focusing on culture, history, and traditions.
- 7 Categories of Cultural Data: Arts & Crafts, Ecology, Scholastic Traditions, Epics, History, Architecture, and Unique Features.
- Sanskriti Pratibha Khoj: Identification of traditional artists through cultural mapping.
- National Cultural Work Place and Outreach: Involves newsletters, magazines, booklets, advertisements, media, and content designing.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mosquitofishes
Why in the News?
The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has sought a response from the Central government regarding the use of two highly invasive and alien fish species—Gambusia affinis (Mosquitofish) and Poecilia reticulata (Guppy)—as biological agents for mosquito control in multiple states.
Both species are classified as “invasive and alien” by the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA).
About Gambusia Affinis (Western Mosquitofish)
- It has been widely introduced worldwide as a biological control agent to reduce mosquito populations.
- The mosquitofish primarily feeds on mosquito larvae, small insects, and zooplankton.
- Despite its intended benefits, Gambusia affinis has been identified as one of the world’s most invasive species.
- It is highly aggressive and competes with native fish for resources.
- It also preys on the eggs and juveniles of indigenous fish, amphibians, and invertebrates, leading to a decline in local biodiversity.
- The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) has listed it among the 100 worst invasive species globally due to its harmful ecological impact.
About Poecilia Reticulata (Guppy, Millionfish, Rainbow Fish)
- Poecilia reticulata, commonly known as the Guppy, Millionfish, or Rainbow Fish, is a small freshwater fish native to Northern South America and the Caribbean.
- It is widely recognized for its vibrant colors and adaptability, making it a popular choice for both aquarium enthusiasts and mosquito control programs worldwide.
- It is a highly adaptable species, capable of surviving in a variety of freshwater environments.
- Guppies are omnivorous, feeding on mosquito larvae, small insects, algae, and organic detritus.
- Their feeding habits make them a common choice for mosquito control programs, although their effectiveness is still debated.
- While guppies are less aggressive than mosquitofish, their population growth can still disrupt local ecosystems.
PYQ:
[2023] ‘Wolbachia method’ is sometimes talked about with reference to which one of the following?
(a) Controlling the viral diseases spread by mosquitoes
(b) Converting crop residues into packing material
(c) Producing biodegradable plastics
(d) Producing biochar from thermo-chemical conversion of biomass |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) One of the intended objectives of Union-Budget 15-18 is to ‘transform, energize and clean India’. Analyze the measures proposed in the Budget 15-18 to achieve the objective. (UPSC CSE 2017)
Q) Distinguish between Capital Budget and Revenue Budget. Explain the components of both these Budgets. (UPSC CSE 2021) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on Sustainable Development (2016, 2017, 2018 and 2022), and Budget Initiatives (2017 and 2021).
The Union Budget 2024-25 presents a strategic framework aimed at fostering economic growth while addressing the needs of various sectors, particularly the middle class, agriculture, and employment. While efforts to streamline tax structures and reduce compliance burdens are positive, they must be accompanied by robust strategies to ensure sustainable growth and equitable distribution of resources.
The editorial emphasizes the urgent need for decisive and equitable action in addressing inclusive and sustained growth. This content can be used to present challenges/criticism for the present Budget 2025-26 in your Mains Answers for Economy and Infrastructure.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The Union Finance Minister presented the Union Budget on February 1, addressing significant economic challenges while outlining an ambitious plan for ‘Viksit Bharat’ that focuses on various sectors, which although requires careful evaluation.
What are the key highlights from Budget 2025 that would raise the questions?
- Fiscal Consolidation Target: This target aims to reduce the fiscal deficit from the previous year’s estimate of 4.9% and reflects the government’s commitment to managing public debt while balancing necessary public expenditures and economic growth challenges.
- The Budget sets a Fiscal Consolidation Target of 4.4% of GDP for FY26, relying on optimistic revenue projections, including 11.2% growth in total tax revenues and 14.4% in income tax revenues, despite significant tax cuts and economic challenges.
- Second Asset Monetisation Plan (2025-30): This plan aims to generate ₹10 lakh crore by monetizing government-owned assets. The proceeds from this monetization will be reinvested into new infrastructure projects.
- Success of Second Asset Monetisation Plan (2025-30) after previous underperformance raises concerns, and ₹11.54 lakh crore in net market borrowings may crowd out private capital amid weak credit demand.
- Additionally, the government has proposed ₹1.5 lakh crore in interest-free loans to states to further support capital expenditure and infrastructure reforms.
- Personal Income Tax: The revisions in income tax rates that exempt incomes up to ₹12 lakh can lead to a loss of ₹1 lakh crore in direct tax revenue due to the following reasons:
- Increased Exemptions: By exempting incomes up to ₹12 lakh, more individuals will not be liable to pay income tax, significantly reducing the overall tax base.
- Reduced Tax Rates: The new tax regime includes lower tax rates for various income brackets, which means that even those who do pay taxes will contribute less than they would under the previous regime.
- Impact on Government Revenue: The expected loss of ₹1 lakh crore in direct tax revenue will limit the government’s financial resources, constraining its ability to fund developmental initiatives and public services.
- Declining Household Savings: As the government foregoes this revenue, it may struggle to maintain or increase public investments, which could exacerbate the already declining household savings rate, impacting long-term economic stability.
- India’s Manufacturing Sector: The Budget aims to bolster India’s manufacturing sector, which currently contributes only 17% to the GDP, through various initiatives. However, significant challenges remain that could hinder the sector’s growth and competitiveness.
- Regulatory Inefficiencies: By enhancing access to credit for MSMEs, the government aims to foster growth, but the existing regulatory framework often hampers business operations, leading to delays and increased costs that undermine competitiveness.
- Low Innovation Capacity: The government has introduced PLIs targeting various sectors to encourage domestic production and attract foreign investment. However, the investment in R&D is critically low, currently at just 0.64% of GDP. This lack of focus on innovation limits the ability of Indian manufacturers to compete effectively.
- Structural Weaknesses: The manufacturing sector has been plagued by structural weaknesses such as high costs of raw materials and logistics, which make it less competitive compared to other nations.
- For example, steel prices in India are reported to be 20-30% higher than those in China.
What are the gaps highlighted by the budget that need to be recognized in the Agricultural Sector?
Significant Agricultural Initiatives taken by the Government in Budget 2025-26:
1. Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana:
- Objective: To enhance agricultural productivity and promote sustainable farming practices in 100 districts characterized by low productivity, moderate crop intensity, and below-average credit access.
- The initiative is expected to benefit approximately 1.7 crore farmers by providing them with better financial support and resources. The program will be executed in partnership with state governments, leveraging existing schemes and specialized measures to drive focused reforms.
- Key Focus Areas:
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- Introduce advanced farming techniques and modern equipment.
- Encourage farmers to grow a variety of crops instead of relying on a single crop.
- Develop storage facilities at the panchayat and block levels to reduce crop wastage.
- Enhance irrigation infrastructure to increase agricultural output.
- Facilitate easier access to both short-term and long-term credit for farmers.
2. National Mission on High-Yielding Seeds:
- Objective: This mission aims to improve the availability and use of high-yielding seed varieties to boost agricultural productivity across the country.
- The mission emphasizes research and development in seed technology, ensuring that farmers have access to superior quality seeds that can lead to better crop yields.
- It will work in conjunction with other agricultural programs, such as the Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana, to maximize the impact on food security and farmer income.
3. Increased Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Limit:
- The loan limit for KCC has been raised from ₹3 lakh to ₹5 lakh, along with targeted support in 100 low-productivity districts, indicating a shift from blanket subsidies to more precise financial assistance for farmers.
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- Short-Term Loan Focus: The emphasis on credit enhancements primarily through short-term loans may perpetuate farmers’ dependency on debt without resolving underlying issues.
- Systemic inefficiencies in agricultural markets remain unaddressed, particularly regarding price volatility and market access.
- Missed Export Opportunities: The lack of concrete measures to promote agricultural exports, especially as India aims to lead in millets and natural farming, represents a significant missed opportunity.
- Services exports, particularly in IT and business process outsourcing, are growing robustly at a 10.5% CAGR, but efforts to diversify the export portfolio are lacking.
- While initiatives like Bharat Trade Net (BTN) and export credit support for MSMEs are positive, they lack the scale necessary to effectively address India’s ongoing trade deficits.
- The depreciation of the rupee and declining foreign exchange reserves highlight the need for a more ambitious export strategy.
- A fiscal push toward value-added sectors such as pharmaceuticals, electronics, renewable energy, and high-value agricultural products could enhance India’s position in global supply chains and improve export competitiveness.
What are the questions raised on other transformative and sustainable pushes?
- Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling: Ace Green Recycling plans to establish India’s largest lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery recycling facility in Gujarat, with a capacity of 10,000 metric tons per year by 2026.
- Incentives for Clean Tech Manufacturing: The Budget introduces tax benefits and policy extensions aimed at supporting electric vehicle (EV) startups and clean tech manufacturing. This includes exemptions on cobalt powder and lithium-ion battery scrap from basic Customs Duty, which is expected to strengthen India’s battery recycling ecosystem.
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- Despite these initiatives, the transition to a low-carbon economy remains fragmented due to insufficient investment in essential areas like grid modernization and energy storage.
- To achieve a successful transition to a low-carbon economy, India needs a more integrated approach that includes substantial investments in energy infrastructure alongside the current recycling initiatives.
- For example, enhancing energy storage capabilities is crucial for managing the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources like solar and wind power.
Way Forward:
- While the Budget lays a promising foundation for economic progress, it requires a comprehensive approach that not only focuses on immediate tax relief but also addresses long-term challenges in productivity, innovation, and market access.
- The success of these initiatives will be measured by their ability to create lasting benefits for all segments of society, driving India toward its vision of a prosperous and inclusive economy.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Uniform Civil Code;
Why in the News?
Recently, the Uttarakhand government introduced new rules under the Uniform Civil Code to regulate live-in relationships. These rules require couples to complete a 16-page form and, if they wish to marry, obtain a certificate from a religious leader confirming their eligibility.
What has Uttarakhand’s Uniform Civil Code mandated with respect to the registration of live-in relationships?
- Mandatory Registration: Couples in live-in relationships must register their relationship with the government within 30 days of entering into it. This requirement applies to all residents of Uttarakhand, including those living outside the state.
- Documentation Required: Couples must complete a 16-page registration form and provide various documents, which include: Proof of age, Proof of residency, Details of any previous relationships (marital or live-in) and a certificate from a religious leader confirming eligibility to marry if they choose to do so.
Should the parents of the individuals be notified by the registrar?
- Yes, under Uttarakhand’s Uniform Civil Code (UCC), the registrar is required to notify the parents of individuals in live-in relationships if either partner is under 21 years of age.
- This notification is part of the registration process aimed at ensuring parental awareness and consent for younger individuals entering such relationships. For those above 21, their information will be kept confidential, and parents will not be notified.
Are there penalties for concealing the relationship?
- Failure to Register: Couples who do not register their live-in relationship within the specified time frame may face penalties, including:
- A jail term of up to three months or a fine up to ₹10,000 for failing to register within 30 days.
- If a notice is issued by the registrar and the individual fails to comply, they could face a jail term of up to six months or a fine up to ₹25,000.
- False Information: Providing false information during registration can also lead to penalties, including imprisonment and fines.
What about privacy?
- Intrusive Registration Process: The UCC requires couples to provide extensive personal information during the registration of their live-in relationships, which many individuals find intrusive. Critics argue that this process compromises their privacy by mandating the disclosure of sensitive details about their relationships, including previous partnerships and eligibility for marriage.
- Parental Notification: The requirement to notify parents if either partner is under 21 years old adds another layer of intrusion into personal lives. This provision can lead to unwanted scrutiny from family members, particularly for couples seeking to maintain privacy from their families.
- Potential for Misuse: The UCC allows third parties to raise complaints about live-in relationships, which could lead to moral policing and harassment. This aspect raises fears of social scrutiny and the possibility of individuals facing backlash or pressure from their communities or families based on their relationship status.
- Data Security Risks: Concerns have been voiced about the security of the data collected through the UCC’s online registration portal, especially in light of recent cyberattacks that have impacted Uttarakhand’s IT infrastructure. Residents question how their personal information will be protected and what measures are in place to prevent unauthorized access or breaches.
Way forward:
- Safeguard Privacy & Data Protection – The government should implement stringent data security measures and ensure that personal details remain confidential, limiting access only to authorized personnel. The provision of parental notification for those under 21 should be reconsidered to balance individual rights with social concerns.
- Simplify Registration & Reduce Intrusiveness – The registration process should be streamlined with minimal documentation requirements, avoiding unnecessary personal disclosures. Instead of a blanket mandate, an opt-in registration system or voluntary declaration could be considered to respect personal choices.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizen a uniform civil code as provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy. (UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Citizenship; Indian and US Constitution;
Why in the News?
Recently, U.S. President Donald Trump issued an order stating that, in the future, only children whose parents are U.S. citizens or green card holders will be eligible for U.S. citizenship.
What are the two different principles which govern citizenship laws in various countries?
- Jus Soli (Right of Soil): This principle grants citizenship based on the place of birth. A child born within the territory of a country automatically acquires citizenship, regardless of the nationality of their parents.
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- Countries such as the United States, Canada, and many Latin American nations follow this principle, allowing for what is often referred to as birthright citizenship.
- Jus Sanguinis (Right of Blood): Under this principle, citizenship is determined by the nationality or citizenship of one or both parents. A child inherits citizenship from their parents, irrespective of where they are born.
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- Many countries in Europe, Africa, and Asia, including Germany, India, and Egypt, adopt this principle, meaning that a child’s citizenship is based on their parents’ nationality rather than their birthplace.
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What was the system in the U.S.?
- Historically, the United States has operated under the jus soli principle, as established by the 14th Amendment to the Constitution in 1868. This amendment states that “all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States”. The U.S. Supreme Court reaffirmed this interpretation in 1898, confirming that all children born on U.S. soil are entitled to citizenship regardless of their parents’ immigration status.
- However, President Trump’s recent executive order seeks to alter this long-standing practice by restricting citizenship to children born in the U.S. only if at least one parent is a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident (green card holder).
- This order has faced legal challenges, with critics arguing it contradicts constitutional protections established over a century ago.
How are India’s citizenship laws different?
| Aspect |
U.S. Citizenship |
Indian Citizenship |
| Principle |
Jus Soli (by birth) |
Jus Sanguinis (by descent) since 1987 |
| Law |
14th Amendment (1868) |
Citizenship Act, 1955 (Amended in 1987, 2004, and 2019) |
| Recent Changes |
Attempt to limit birthright citizenship (stayed by court) |
Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), 2019 grants selective citizenship |
| Religious Criteria |
No religious discrimination |
CAA 2019 excludes Muslims from fast-track citizenship |
What would be the impact on India?
- The executive order creates uncertainty for many families within the Indian-American community, especially those on temporary visas such as H-1B. Children born in the U.S. to these parents have traditionally been granted citizenship automatically.
- This change could potentially affect thousands of Indian families who may now face challenges regarding their children’s citizenship status if they are born in the U.S.
What are the challenges for the executive order of the president?
- Legal Challenges: A coalition of four states—Washington, Arizona, Illinois, and Oregon—has filed a lawsuit seeking to temporarily suspend the executive order while the court examines its legality.
- This request is part of a broader legal challenge involving 18 Democratic-led states and various civil rights organizations, including the ACLU, which argue that the order violates the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution that guarantees citizenship to anyone born on U.S. soil.
- Judicial Response: A federal judge in Seattle has already issued a temporary restraining order against Trump’s executive order, labelling it “blatantly unconstitutional.”
Way forward:
- Judicial Review & Constitutional Adherence: The U.S. judiciary should ensure that any changes to citizenship laws align with the 14th Amendment and established Supreme Court precedents, preventing unconstitutional restrictions on birthright citizenship.
- Policy Reforms & Legislative Clarity: Instead of executive orders, any significant change to citizenship laws should go through Congress with bipartisan consultation, ensuring legal stability and safeguarding the rights of affected families.
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to India, consider the following statements :
- There is only one citizenship and one domicile.
- A citizen by birth only can become the Head of State.
- A foreigner once granted the citizenship cannot be deprived of it under any circumstances.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 only
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Indian Agriculture;
Why in the News?
A budget reflects how a government addresses the challenges in the economy. The Economic Survey 2024-25 tried to present a positive view of Indian agriculture’s situation.
What are the specific budget allocations for agriculture?
- Total Allocation: The Union Budget for 2025-26 has allocated ₹1.71 lakh crore for agriculture and allied activities, an increase from ₹1.51 lakh crore in the previous fiscal year.
- Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana: This new initiative aims to enhance agricultural productivity in 100 districts with low productivity, targeting 1.7 crore farmers through sustainable practices and improved irrigation facilities.
- Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Expansion: The loan limit under the Modified Interest Subvention Scheme for KCCs will be raised from ₹3 lakh to ₹5 lakh, facilitating better access to credit for farmers.
- PM-Kisan Scheme: The allocation for the PM-Kisan scheme remains at ₹63,500 crore, consistent with the revised estimates from the previous year, aimed at providing direct income support to farmers.
- The PM-Kisan scheme provides annual income support of ₹6,000 to eligible farmers, distributed in three instalments, which is crucial for enhancing their financial stability.
- Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana: This crop insurance scheme has seen a significant reduction in funding, with allocations decreasing from ₹14,600 crore in previous estimates to ₹12,242.27 crore for 2025-26.
- Makhana Board: A new Makhana Board in Bihar has been allocated ₹100 crore, while other missions include ₹100 crore for hybrid seeds and ₹500 crore for cotton technology.
- National Mission on Natural Farming: The mission received a significant allocation of ₹516 crore, emphasizing sustainable agricultural practices and increasing the adoption of natural farming methods.
- Support for Pulses and Oilseeds: The government is launching a six-year mission focused on self-sufficiency in pulses and edible oils, with procurement support from agencies like NAFED and NCCF, aiming to enhance domestic production.
What measures are being proposed to support farmers and enhance agricultural productivity?
- Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana: This new scheme aims to target 100 districts with low productivity, focusing on improving crop intensity and credit parameters. However, concerns exist regarding its centralized governance approach.
- Investment in Sustainable Practices: The government emphasizes sustainable agriculture practices through initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayi Yojana (PMKSY) aimed at enhancing irrigation efficiency.
- Post-Harvest Infrastructure Investment: The Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) is highlighted as a mechanism to improve post-harvest infrastructure, although specific allocations remain unclear.
Does the budget reflect the broader economic context and challenges?
- Addressing Farmer Distress: The budget reflects the urgent need to address farmer distress by extending support measures such as lower loan interest rates and increased PM-KISAN assistance.
- Investment in Sustainable Practices: The budget emphasizes the importance of sustainable agriculture, with recommendations for increased investment in climate-resilient seeds and agricultural research.
- Post-Harvest Management Improvements: Recognizing significant post-harvest losses, the budget allocates funds to improve cold storage and processing facilities. This investment is crucial for reducing waste and enhancing the value chain, which is vital for improving farmers’ profitability and food security.
- Focus on Technological Adoption: There is a push for greater adoption of agri-tech solutions to tackle issues like low mechanization and inadequate access to quality seeds. This reflects an understanding that modernizing agriculture is essential for boosting productivity and competitiveness in a challenging economic environment.
- Long-Term Structural Reforms: The budget indicates a need for transformational changes rather than incremental adjustments, advocating for a shift from subsidy-heavy approaches to investment-driven growth.
- This strategic direction aims to make Indian agriculture more resilient and globally competitive by 2047.
Way forward:
- Increased Investment in Agricultural R&D and Infrastructure – The government should prioritize higher allocations for agricultural research, modern irrigation techniques, and post-harvest infrastructure to enhance productivity and climate resilience.
- Targeted Financial Support and Market Reforms – Strengthening direct income support, improving crop insurance schemes, and ensuring better price realization through MSP reforms and enhanced market linkages will help stabilize farmers’ incomes and boost rural demand.
Mains PYQ:
Q Explain various types of revolutions, took place in Agriculture after Independence in India. How these revolutions have helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India? (UPSC IAS/2017)
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