| PYQ Relevance:
Q) What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (UPSC CSE 2020) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on “ Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals” (2020), and the “Russia and Ukraine war” (2022).
In February 2025, the U.S. blamed Ukraine, Germany, and other European countries for not doing enough to end the conflict and for continuing a war with Russia that it sees as unwinnable. However, the U.S. itself has already spent over $110 billion on the Ukraine war, including $65 billion on ammunition—more than what major Western countries combined have provided.
Today’s editorial highlights the double stance of the USA in international relations. This content would help in GS paper 2 (IR).
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The Munich Security Conference in Germany and the recent United Nations General Assembly vote on Ukraine were filled with contradictions and hypocrisy.
What were the key contradictions during the Munich Security Conference and the UN General Assembly vote on Ukraine?
Munich Security Conference
- U.S. Criticism of European Democratic Practices vs. Its Own Actions: U.S. Vice-President J.D. Vance accused Europe of suppressing right-wing parties and curbing free speech. However, the U.S. previously sought to delegitimize its own right-wing movements including the 2021 Capitol riot and Trump’s 2020 election denial further exposed this contradiction.
- U.S. Demand for European Security Responsibility vs. Past Opposition: The U.S. urged Europe to increase defense spending and reduce reliance on NATO. Yet, since the Cold War’s end the U.S. has consistently opposed European efforts to establish independent security frameworks fearing a weakened NATO.
UN General Assembly vote on Ukraine:
- U.S. Opposition to European-Ukrainian Resolution vs. Its Previous Support: Despite previously leading international efforts to support Ukraine against Russia and now the U.S. voted with Russia against a European-Ukrainian draft resolution. This contradicts its long-standing position of backing Ukraine and opposing Russian aggression.
- Europe’s Victory Without U.S. Support: The European-Ukrainian resolution was adopted despite U.S. opposition, highlighting a growing divide between American and European approaches to the Ukraine conflict. However, without sustained U.S. support, Europe’s ability to continue aiding Ukraine effectively is uncertain, making the victory largely symbolic.
How has the U.S.’s stance on the Ukraine war shifted over time?
- Initial Strong Support for Ukraine (2022-2023): The U.S. led global efforts to support Ukraine, providing over $110 billion, including $65 billion for ammunition, and coordinated sanctions against Russia. Example: The U.S. played a key role in mobilizing NATO allies to send advanced weaponry, including Germany’s Leopard tanks.
- Undermining Peace Negotiations (2022): The U.S. discouraged early peace talks between Russia and Ukraine in Türkiye, preferring to prolong the conflict to weaken Russia strategically. Example: In March 2022, a European leader, reportedly at U.S. behest, sabotaged a nearly finalized peace agreement.
- Tensions with European Allies (2023-2024): The U.S. increasingly criticized Europe for not contributing enough financially and militarily while maintaining disproportionate U.S. involvement. Example: Despite urging Europe to take responsibility, the U.S. continued to dominate NATO’s budget (16%) and military commitments.
- Shifting Blame to Europe (2025): By February 2025, the U.S. accused Germany, Ukraine, and other European nations of pursuing an unwinnable war and not doing enough to seek a resolution.
- Voting Against European-Ukrainian Resolution (2025): In a dramatic reversal, the U.S. voted with Russia against a European-Ukrainian draft at the UN General Assembly, signaling a shift toward disengagement. This marked a break from the U.S.’s previous unconditional support and exposed widening trans-Atlantic rifts over Ukraine policy.
Why is the trans-Atlantic partnership between the U.S. and Europe still considered relevant?
- Shared Security Commitments Through NATO: The U.S. and Europe continue to rely on NATO for collective defence, especially in response to Russian aggression and emerging global threats. Example: After Russia’s invasion of Ukraine (2022), the U.S. increased its troop presence in Eastern Europe, while Finland and Sweden joined NATO, reinforcing trans-Atlantic security ties.
- Economic and Technological Interdependence: The U.S. and Europe maintain deep economic ties through trade, technology collaboration, and joint efforts on climate change and supply chain resilience. Example: The U.S.-EU Trade and Technology Council (TTC) fosters cooperation on critical areas like semiconductors and clean energy, reducing dependence on China.
What lessons should India learn from the USA’s constantly changing policies?
- Need for Policy Consistency and Strategic Autonomy: Frequent shifts in U.S. foreign policy highlight the importance of maintaining stable and long-term strategies to protect national interests.
- Example: The U.S.’s fluctuating stance on Ukraine and Afghanistan shows how unpredictable alliances can be. India should continue pursuing strategic autonomy through initiatives like “Act East” and partnerships with Russia and the Global South to avoid over-reliance on any one nation.
- Diversification of Economic and Defense Partnerships: Rapid policy changes in the U.S. underscore the need to diversify partnerships to reduce vulnerability to external shocks.
- Example: U.S. sanctions on Iran disrupted India’s oil imports. In response, India diversified its energy sources by strengthening ties with Russia and exploring renewable energy investments.
- Investing in Domestic Capabilities: India must strengthen its domestic manufacturing, technology, and defense industries to reduce dependence on unpredictable foreign partners.
- Example: The U.S.’s evolving position on export controls for advanced technologies emphasizes the need for India to accelerate initiatives like “Make in India” and semiconductor manufacturing to ensure technological sovereignty.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Strategic Autonomy: Prioritize independent foreign policy decisions while balancing ties with major powers. Enhance regional leadership through initiatives like “Neighborhood First” and “Act East” to reduce reliance on any single partner.
- Enhance Self-Reliance and Diversification: Invest in domestic capabilities through programs like “Make in India” and “Digital India”, while diversifying economic and defence partnerships to mitigate risks from external policy shifts.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Internet Shutdown; Impact on Fundamental Rights;
Why in the News?
According to the report, there were 296 Internet shutdowns worldwide in 2024, and India accounted for 84 of them, making up 28% of the total.
What percentage of global Internet shutdowns due to communal violence occurred in India?
- High Proportion of Global Communal Violence Shutdowns: 56% of global Internet shutdowns due to communal violence occurred in India in 2024. Example: Out of 41 communal violence-related shutdowns worldwide, 23 were imposed in India, highlighting the frequent use of Internet curbs to control communal tensions.
- Regional Concentration of Shutdowns: Most shutdowns occurred in conflict-prone regions like Manipur (21 shutdowns), Haryana (12 shutdowns), and Jammu & Kashmir (12 shutdowns). Example: During ethnic clashes in Manipur, authorities repeatedly shut down the Internet to curb the spread of misinformation and unrest.
- Pattern of State-led Shutdowns: State governments are the primary enforcers of communal violence-related shutdowns. Example: Haryana imposed shutdowns following communal violence in Nuh district to prevent further escalation and maintain public order.
How have the primary reasons for Internet shutdowns in India evolved between 2016 and 2024?
- From National Security to Protest Control (2016–2024): Initially, Internet shutdowns were mainly enforced for national security and counter-terrorism, particularly in sensitive areas like Jammu & Kashmir. Example: A 213-day shutdown was imposed in 2019 after the abrogation of Article 370 to curb potential unrest.
- Increase in Shutdowns During Protests (2020–2024): Shutdowns have become a frequent measure to suppress protests and prevent misinformation from spreading. Example: Internet services were suspended at Delhi’s borders during the 2020–2021 Farmers’ Protests to limit protest coordination.
- Growing Use of Shutdowns for Communal Violence (2022–2024): There has been a rising trend of using shutdowns to contain communal violence and prevent further escalation. Example: In 2023, Haryana’s Nuh district faced an Internet shutdown following communal riots to restore public order.
- Emergence of Exam-Related Shutdowns (2022–2024): Internet shutdowns are increasingly being used to prevent cheating during competitive examinations, raising concerns over their necessity. Example: Jharkhand imposed a shutdown during the 2024 General Graduate Level Combined Competitive Examination to prevent malpractices.
- Targeted Shutdowns in Conflict Zones (Ongoing): Shutdowns continue to be heavily concentrated in conflict-prone regions like Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur, and parts of the Northeast due to ethnic and insurgency-related violence. Example: In 2024, 21 shutdowns were enforced in Manipur during episodes of ethnic violence to curb the spread of inflammatory content.
What are the different types of Internet shutdowns imposed by authorities?
- Complete Internet Blackout: Total suspension of all Internet services, including mobile data, broadband, and Wi-Fi. Example: The 213-day shutdown in Jammu & Kashmir (2019) after the abrogation of Article 370.
- Mobile Internet Shutdown: Suspension of mobile data services while keeping broadband and Wi-Fi operational. Example: Manipur experienced 21 mobile Internet shutdowns in 2024 due to ethnic violence.
- Targeted or Localized Shutdown: Internet suspension in specific geographic areas or for specific services like social media. Example: Haryana’s Nuh district faced a localized shutdown in 2023 following communal riots.
How do Internet shutdowns impact fundamental rights in India?
- Violation of Freedom of Speech and Expression (Article 19(1)(a)): Internet shutdowns restrict individuals from expressing opinions, accessing information, and engaging in public discussions.
Example: During the 2020–21 Farmers’ Protests, Internet services were suspended in Delhi’s border areas, limiting protestors’ ability to communicate and share updates.
- Obstruction of the Right to Practice Any Profession or Business (Article 19(1)(g)): Internet disruptions adversely affect businesses, digital transactions, and online services, hindering the right to earn a livelihood. Example: The 213-day Internet shutdown in Jammu & Kashmir (2019) caused significant economic losses, especially in the tourism and e-commerce sectors.
- Disruption of the Right to Education (Article 21A): Shutdowns impede access to online education, causing academic disruptions and limiting students’ learning opportunities. Example: In Manipur (2023), prolonged Internet suspensions during ethnic violence interrupted online classes and examinations.
- Denial of the Right to Access Information (Implicit under Article 19(1)(a)): Internet curbs block access to crucial information, particularly during emergencies, affecting public safety and awareness.
Example: In Haryana (2023), Internet services were suspended during communal riots, preventing access to emergency services and safety information.
- Violation of the Right to Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21): Shutdowns disrupt essential services like healthcare and emergency communication, posing a threat to life and personal liberty. Example: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Internet restrictions in Jammu & Kashmir limited access to telemedicine and critical health updates.
What is the judiciary’s stance on Internet shutdowns in India?
- Recognition of Internet Access as a Fundamental Right: The Supreme Court of India, in the Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020) case, ruled that access to the Internet is protected under Article 19(1)(a) (freedom of speech and expression) and Article 19(1)(g) (freedom to practice any profession or trade).
- The Court held that indefinite Internet shutdowns are unconstitutional and must be proportionate and temporary.
- Mandate for Procedural Safeguards and Review: The Court emphasized that any Internet suspension under Section 144 of the CrPC or the Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Safety) Rules, 2017 must follow due process.
- The mandate for procedural safeguards and review was established in the Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020) judgment.
- Balancing Security and Fundamental Rights: While recognizing the state’s power to impose Internet shutdowns for public safety and national security, the judiciary has stressed that such measures must balance individual freedoms with legitimate state interests.
- In Faheema Shirin v. State of Kerala (2019), the Kerala High Court affirmed access to the Internet as part of the right to education under Article 21A.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Legal Oversight and Transparency: Implement clear guidelines for Internet shutdowns with mandatory judicial review and public disclosure of orders to prevent arbitrary restrictions and uphold fundamental rights.
- Promote Proportional and Targeted Measures: Encourage the use of less restrictive alternatives, such as content moderation or geofencing, to address public safety concerns while minimizing disruption to essential services and civil liberties.
Mains PYQ:
Q ‘Communalism arises either due to power struggle or relative deprivation.’ Argue by giving suitable illustrations. (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Education Policy; Issues related to language;
Why in the News?
The Central government and the Tamil Nadu government are disagreeing over the three-language rule in schools under the New Education Policy (NEP), 2020.
Why is the Union government withholding funds under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan from Tamil Nadu?
- Non-compliance with the three-language formula: The Union government has linked the release of funds under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan to the implementation of the three-language formula outlined in the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. Tamil Nadu’s refusal to adopt this formula has led to a standoff.
- Policy disagreement: The Tamil Nadu government views the three-language policy as a tool for Hindi imposition and insists on continuing with its two-language policy (Tamil and English).
- Financial leverage: The Centre is using financial incentives to push for uniform adoption of the NEP guidelines across States, causing friction with Tamil Nadu.
When was the three-language policy first introduced, and what were its key mandates?
- The three-language policy was first introduced in the National Policy on Education (NPE), 1968 to promote multilingualism and foster national unity.
Key Mandates of the Three-Language Policy:
- First Language – Mother Tongue/Regional Language: Students must learn their mother tongue or the regional language of the state. Example: Kannada is the first language in Karnataka, while Tamil is the first language in Tamil Nadu.
- Second Language – Hindi or English: In Hindi-speaking states, students must learn English or another modern Indian language. In non-Hindi-speaking states, Hindi is taught as the second language. Example: Hindi is the second language in Kerala, while English is the second language in Uttar Pradesh.
- Third Language – Another Indian Language or English: In Hindi-speaking states, students must learn a non-Hindi Indian language or Sanskrit. In non-Hindi-speaking states, English is usually taught as the third language. Example: Sanskrit as a third language in Madhya Pradesh, while English is the third language in Tamil Nadu.
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What difficulties do government schools face in implementing additional language courses?
- Shortage of Qualified Language Teachers: Many government schools lack trained teachers for third-language instruction. Example: In rural Odisha, schools often struggle to find Hindi teachers, affecting the implementation of the three-language formula.
- Limited Resources and Infrastructure: Schools lack textbooks, teaching aids, and language labs, making it difficult to provide quality language education. Example: Government schools in Bihar face a shortage of English textbooks, leading to poor learning outcomes.
- Burden on Students and Poor Learning Outcomes: Many students struggle to grasp multiple languages simultaneously, especially those from economically weaker backgrounds. Example: In Tamil Nadu, students from rural areas find it difficult to learn Hindi as a third language due to limited exposure and practice opportunities.
What are the basic issues in Schools?
- Poor Learning Outcomes: ASER 2022 found 60% of Class V students unable to read a Class II-level text. Similarly, ASER 2023 revealed 25% of youth (14-18 years) cannot fluently read basic texts in their regional language, highlighting foundational literacy gaps.
- Inadequate Public Investment in Education: Despite the NEP 2020 target of 6% of GDP, actual spending on education remains at 4-4.5% of GDP. This underfunding restricts access to quality resources, affecting learning outcomes, especially in rural areas.
- Disparity in Funding Allocation: 85% of elementary education costs are borne by States, while the Centre contributes only 15%. This fiscal imbalance creates unequal resource distribution, impacting teacher availability and infrastructure quality in less-developed regions.
What are the constitutional provisions regarding the official languages of the Union and the States in India?
- Official Language of the Union (Article 343): Hindi in Devanagari script is the official language of the Union.
- English was to be used for official purposes for 15 years after the Constitution came into effect (until 1965), but the Official Languages Act, 1963 extended its use indefinitely alongside Hindi.
- Language of the States (Article 345): State legislatures can adopt one or more languages in use in the State or Hindi as the official language for State administration. Example: Tamil Nadu uses Tamil, Punjab uses Punjabi, and Maharashtra uses Marathi as their official languages.
- Promotion of Hindi (Article 351): It is the Union’s duty to promote the spread of Hindi to serve as a medium for all elements of India’s composite culture while drawing from Sanskrit and other Indian languages.
- Safeguard for Linguistic Minorities (Article 350A & 350B)
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- 350A: The State must provide primary education in the mother tongue of linguistic minority groups.
- 350B: Establishment of a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities to investigate and report on their safeguards.
What steps can be taken to resolve the conflict between the Centre and the Tamil Nadu government? (Way forward)
- Promote Cooperative Federalism through Dialogue: Establish a joint consultative body to discuss language policies and ensure that both regional concerns and national goals are addressed. Example: Regular Centre-State meetings under the Inter-State Council could facilitate consensus on the language policy without coercion.
- Grant Flexibility in Implementing Language Policies: Allow States to adapt the three-language policy based on their linguistic diversity and educational capacity while ensuring basic proficiency in major languages. Example: Tamil Nadu could continue its two-language policy while introducing optional third-language courses without affecting funding under Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan.
Mains PYQ:
Q National Education Policy 2020 isin conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cali Fund
Why in the News?
A new international biodiversity fund, the ‘Cali Fund’, was launched at the 16th Conference of Parties (COP16) to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in Rome.
What is the Cali Fund?
- The Cali Fund is an international biodiversity financing mechanism launched on February 25, 2025, at COP16 of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in Rome.
- It collects funds from private companies that utilize Digital Sequence Information (DSI) from nature in their businesses.
- The fund supports biodiversity conservation, scientific research, and indigenous communities.
Key Features of the Cali Fund:
- Funding Source: Businesses using genetic data (DSI) from plants, animals, and microorganisms will contribute financially.
- Utilization of Funds:
- 50% allocated to indigenous and local biodiversity projects.
- Supports scientific research and developing nations’ biodiversity action plans.
- Global Management: Managed by UNDP and UNEP, with MPTFO handling finances.
- Alignment with Global Goals: Supports Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) to reverse biodiversity loss by 2030.
- First-of-Its-Kind: Direct private sector contributions to a global UN biodiversity fund.
What is Digital Sequence Information (DSI)?
- DSI refers to genetic data extracted from plants, animals, and microorganisms.
- Used extensively in industries such as:
- Pharmaceuticals (medicine development).
- Cosmetics (natural ingredient research).
- Agriculture (crop improvement, pest resistance).
- Biotechnology (genetic engineering, bioinformatics).
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About the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD):
- The CBD, with 196 contracting parties, stands as the most comprehensive international agreement focused on nature conservation and the sustainable use of natural resources.
- It was opened for signing at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro.
- The CBD has 3 main objectives:
- Conservation of biological diversity (including genetic, species, and habitat diversity).
- Sustainable use of biological diversity.
- Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources.
- It addresses biodiversity at all levels: ecosystems, species, and genetic resources.
- The Conference of the Parties (COP) is the CBD’s governing body, and it meets biennially to assess progress, set priorities, and develop action plans.
- The Secretariat of the CBD is located in Montreal, Canada.
- To further its goals, the CBD includes two binding protocols:
- The Cartagena Protocol (2000), which regulates the transboundary movement of living modified organisms (LMOs) and came into force in 2003.
- The Nagoya Protocol (2010), which provides a legal framework for the access to genetic resources and the fair sharing of benefits from their use.
PYQ:
[2014] With reference to ‘Global Environment Facility’, which of the following statements is/are correct?
(a) It serves as financial mechanism for ‘Convention on Biological Diversity’ and ‘United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’
(b) It undertakes scientific research on environmental issues at global level
(c) It is an agency under OECD to facilitate the transfer of technology and funds to underdeveloped countries with specific aim to protect their environment.
(d) Both A and B |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gharial
Why in the News?
Madhya Pradesh CM released 10 gharials into the Chambal River at the National Chambal Gharial Sanctuary in Morena.
About Gharial
- The gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) is a unique species of crocodilian, characterized by its long, slender snout, which is perfectly adapted for catching fish.
- The species derives its name from the “ghara”, a bulbous growth found on the snouts of adult males, which aids in vocalization and mating displays.
- It is a fish-eating crocodile native to the Indian subcontinent.
- They are a crucial indicator of clean river water.
Conservation Status:
- Recognizing the rapid decline in gharial populations, India launched captive breeding and release programs in the late 1970s.
- Between 1975 and 1982, the country established 16 captive breeding centers and 5 protected sanctuaries to ensure the survival of the species.
- Gharials are ‘Critically Endangered’ in the IUCN Red List of Species.
- The species is also listed under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
- Today, gharials primarily survive in 5 major refuges:
- National Chambal Sanctuary (NCS) – The largest stronghold of gharials.
- Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary in Uttar Pradesh.
- Chitwan National Park in Nepal.
- Son River Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh.
- Satkosia Gorge Sanctuary in Odisha.
PYQ:
[2013] Consider the following fauna of India:
1. Gharial
2. Leatherback turtle
3. Swamp deer
Which of the above is/are endangered?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) None |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Black Plastic
Why in the News?
A recent study suggested that black plastic contains harmful flame retardants, which may leach into food at hazardous levels.
What is Black Plastic?
- Black plastic is often made from recycled electronic waste like old computers, TVs, and appliances.
- These electronics contain flame retardants (such as bromine-based compounds), heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury), and other hazardous chemicals.
- Flame retardants are added to prevent fire hazards, but they can persist in recycled plastics.
- Many of these chemicals are now banned in several countries due to their toxicity.
- However, legacy plastics containing these substances continue to enter the recycling stream, leading to contamination of household products.
Threats Posed by Black Plastic:
- Contains Toxic Chemicals: Made from recycled e-waste, it may have flame retardants, heavy metals, and antimony.
- Food Contamination: Heat and acidic foods can leach harmful chemicals into meals.
- Environmental Impact: Difficult to recycle, it pollutes landfills and groundwater.
- Health Risks: Linked to hormonal issues, neurological damage, and cancer.
PYQ:
[2019] Why is there a great concern about the ‘microbeads’ that are released into environment?
(a) They are considered harmful to marine ecosystems.
(b) They are considered to cause skin cancer in children.
(c) They are small enough to be absorbed by crop plants in irrigated fields.
(d) They are often found to be used as food adulterants. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Quantum Gravity
Why in the News?
A new proposal published on October 29, 2024, suggests an experiment that could provide direct evidence for quantum gravity, unifying general relativity and quantum mechanics. A new experiment proposes testing weak gravitational fields at the quantum level, a historic breakthrough in physics if successful.
What is Quantum Gravity?
- Quantum Gravity is a theoretical framework that aims to unify general relativity (which explains gravity at large scales) and quantum mechanics (which governs subatomic particles).
- Since gravity behaves differently from the other fundamental forces in quantum mechanics, physicists have been searching for a theory that integrates gravity into the quantum world.
- General relativity treats gravity as the curvature of spacetime, while quantum mechanics describes forces through particle interactions.
- Gravity has never been directly observed in quantum form, unlike the other fundamental forces.
- Theories like String Theory and Loop Quantum Gravity attempt to explain quantum gravity but lack experimental validation.
Significance of the Experiment
- First Realistic Test for Quantum Gravity: Most quantum gravity theories rely on extreme conditions (e.g., black holes), making them impossible to test. This experiment provides a lab-based alternative.
- Testing Gravity at the Quantum Level: If a small mass in quantum superposition is influenced by gravity, it could prove gravity itself is quantum in nature.
- Weak Gravity Instead of Strong Gravity: Unlike previous studies focused on black holes, this experiment explores weak gravitational interactions, making it more feasible.
- Towards a Unified Theory of Physics: Proving quantum gravity could merge general relativity and quantum mechanics, solving a major gap in modern physics.
- Challenging Existing Theories: If results differ from both classical and quantum predictions, it could suggest a new force or a modified gravity theory.
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