PYQ Relevance:
Q) The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Explain. (UPSC CSE 2021) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on China as a threat to the USA (2021), and China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools (2017).
In mid-January, reports said China blocked its engineers and technicians from working at Foxconn in India and recalled those already there. It also restricted exports of key manufacturing equipment, which China dominates. While Foxconn brought in Taiwanese workers, the lack of equipment is a bigger challenge. This move threatens India’s goal of becoming a global manufacturing hub.
Today’s editorial discusses challenges arising from China’s dominance in the global supply chain. This topic is relevant for GS Paper 2 and GS Paper 3 in the UPSC Mains.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Recently, China has stopped its engineers and technicians from travelling to work at Foxconn’s facilities in India.
How is China using e-supply chains as a strategic tool?
- Monopoly Over Critical Manufacturing Equipment: China dominates the production of high-tech manufacturing equipment required for semiconductor and electronics production. Example: In early 2024, China restricted the export of specialized manufacturing machinery to Foxconn in India, slowing down iPhone assembly and production.
- Control Over Key Raw Materials: China holds a significant share of the global supply of rare earth elements (REEs) essential for electronics, EV batteries, and defense technology. Example: In 2023, China imposed export restrictions on gallium and germanium, two critical metals used in semiconductor and military applications, impacting global supply chains.
- Workforce and Knowledge Transfer Restrictions: By preventing its engineers and skilled technicians from working in foreign manufacturing hubs, China restricts the transfer of tacit knowledge to competitors. Example: Chinese engineers working at Foxconn’s Indian facilities were recalled, creating a skills gap that affected Apple’s production capacity.
- Disrupting Supply Chains to Gain Geopolitical Leverage: China can manipulate logistics, trade policies, and export restrictions to pressure countries and corporations dependent on its supply chains. Example: During the U.S.-China trade war, China imposed export controls on key components for companies like Huawei and Apple, demonstrating its leverage in global electronics production.
- Deep Integration into Global Manufacturing Networks: Through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and heavy investments in industrial zones, China ensures that multinational corporations remain reliant on its supply chains. Example: Despite U.S. sanctions, companies like Tesla and Apple continue significant operations in China due to its well-integrated and cost-effective supply chain ecosystem.
What are the risks and vulnerabilities posed by China’s control over e-supply chains?
- Disruptions to Critical Industries: China’s dominance in semiconductor manufacturing, rare earth metals, and electronics components makes other nations vulnerable to supply chain shocks.
- India depends on China for over 75% of electronic components, affecting smartphone and telecom industries. The 2020 global chip shortage, worsened by China’s export controls, severely impacted industries like automobiles, defence, and consumer electronics.
- Geopolitical and Economic Coercion: China can weaponize supply chains to exert diplomatic pressure or punish countries for political disagreements.
- Post-Galwan clash (2020), India faced delays in customs clearance for Chinese goods, disrupting industries reliant on imports.
- Lithuania faced trade restrictions in 2021 after allowing a Taiwan representative office, showing how China uses supply chains as leverage.
- Vulnerability in Strategic Sectors (Telecom, Defense, Energy): Dependence on Chinese technology in strategic sectors poses risks related to cybersecurity, espionage, and sabotage.
- India banned Huawei and ZTE from 5G trials due to concerns over data security. The U.S. and EU have imposed restrictions on Chinese telecom firms citing national security threats.
- Supply Chain Manipulation and Price Volatility: China’s control over rare earth metals, batteries, and semiconductors allows it to manipulate prices and supply.
- Despite efforts to develop local lithium-ion battery production, India still relies on China for key materials, affecting the EV sector. In 2023, China restricted gallium and germanium exports, leading to price spikes for these critical semiconductor materials.
- Stifling Competitor Growth and Technological Dependence: China restricts the transfer of critical machinery and skilled labor to competitors to maintain its manufacturing edge.
- China’s ban on engineers working in Indian Foxconn plants and export curbs on key equipment have slowed India’s smartphone manufacturing expansion. U.S. firms like Apple, Tesla, and Intel remain dependent on China’s supply chains, despite attempts at diversification.
How can countries and companies safeguard themselves from China’s influence over e-supply chains? (Way Forward)
- Supply Chain Diversification (China Plus One Strategy): Countries and companies should expand production to alternative locations to reduce reliance on China.
- Example: Apple is shifting iPhone production to India, Vietnam, and Mexico to mitigate risks from China. The U.S. has passed the CHIPS Act (2022) to boost domestic semiconductor manufacturing and reduce reliance on Chinese supply chains.
- Strengthening Domestic Manufacturing and R&D: Governments should invest in local industries, incentivize component manufacturing, and build advanced R&D ecosystems.
- Example: India’s Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme supports domestic electronics and semiconductor manufacturing. Japan and South Korea are increasing investments in semiconductor fabs to reduce dependence on China.
- Forming Strategic Trade Alliances and Technology Partnerships: Nations should collaborate on trade agreements and secure alternative sources for critical materials and technology.
- Example: India, the U.S., Japan, and Taiwan are working together under the Chip 4 Alliance to strengthen the semiconductor supply chain. The EU-U.S. Trade and Technology Council (TTC) is securing alternative semiconductor and rare earth suppliers.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Panchayati Raj-related issues;
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Panchayati Raj released a report in Delhi on Thursday about how powers are given to Panchayats in different states. The report ranks states and UTs based on six key areas.
What are the Key Highlights of the Report?
- Devolution Index: The report ranks states and Union Territories (UTs) based on six dimensions: Framework, Functions, Finances, Functionaries, Capacity Enhancement, and Accountability.
- The overall devolution has increased from 39.9% to 43.9% between 2013-14 and 2021-22.
- Top Performing States: The top five states in the devolution ranking are Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh. Notably, Uttar Pradesh improved its rank significantly due to enhanced accountability measures.
- Uttar Pradesh made a significant jump from 15th to 5th place, highlighting governance reforms and accountability measures.
- Capacity Building & Infrastructure Growth: The Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA) played a crucial role in increasing the capacity enhancement index from 44% to 54.6%, along with improved Panchayat infrastructure (office buildings, internet connectivity, etc.).
- Significant Progress in Functionaries: The percentage of functionaries assigned to Panchayats increased from 39.6% to 50.9%, indicating efforts in recruitment and personnel strengthening.
What are the Major concerns in effective Devolution?
- Election Management: State Election Commissions (SECs) sometimes consult with state governments on election dates, leading to potential delays or political manipulation.
- Example: In Maharashtra, Panchayat elections were delayed in 2022 due to the state government’s interference
- Non-centrality of Panchayats: Panchayats operate in subjects designated for them in the eleventh schedule but face challenges that undermine their constitutional mandate.
- Example: In many states, rural development schemes like PMGSY (Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana) are implemented by state departments rather than Gram Panchayats.
- Inadequate devolution of functions, funds, and functionaries: The devolution of functions, funds, and functionaries to PRIs has been inadequate, limiting their ability to effectively discharge their responsibilities.
- Example: In Jharkhand and Odisha, despite having legal provisions for devolution, Panchayats have limited control over education, health, and agriculture schemes.
- Lack of financial autonomy: PRIs don’t have enough financial independence since they mostly depend on irregular and inadequate grants from state governments.
- Example: In Uttar Pradesh, Gram Panchayats rely heavily on state grants for executing local projects.
- Lack of Support Staff: There is a severe lack of support staff and personnel in panchayats, such as secretaries, junior engineers, computer operators, and data entry operators, which affects their functioning and delivery of services by them.
- Example: In Bihar, several Gram Panchayats function with just one Panchayat Secretary managing multiple villages.
What are the recommendations in the report?
- Comprehensive Curriculum Development: Implementing a two-year course in Local Public Service Management that covers essential areas such as public systems, financial management, personnel management, law, and e-governance for Panchayat functionaries
- Enhance Capacity Building & Digital Governance: Improve digital infrastructure, training programs, and data-driven governance. Example: Telangana’s success in capacity enhancement highlights the importance of institutional strengthening for effective governance.
- Ensure Greater Transparency & Accountability: Implement real-time financial monitoring, social audits, and grievance redressal systems. Example: Uttar Pradesh’s leap in rankings is attributed to anti-corruption measures and a robust transparency framework.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Institutional Autonomy & Devolution: Ensure full devolution of functions, funds, and functionaries to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) with legal safeguards to prevent state interference. Example: Karnataka’s success in decentralized governance through direct fund transfers to Gram Panchayats.
- Capacity Building & Technology Integration: Expand digital infrastructure, conduct regular training for PRI members, and adopt real-time monitoring for transparency. Example: Telangana’s effective use of digital governance and capacity-building initiatives under the Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA).
Mains PYQ:
Q Assess the importance of the Panchayat system in India as a part of local government. Apart from government grants, what sources the Panchayats can look out for financing developmental projects? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Social Cohesion; Solidarity;
Why in the News?
India participated in the 63rd session of the Commission for Social Development (CSoCD) from February 10 to 14, 2025, in New York, USA. The Indian delegation was led by Smt. Savitri Thakur, Minister of State for Women and Child Development.
What is Social cohesion?
- Social cohesion refers to the strength of relationships, trust, and sense of belonging among individuals and groups within a society.
- It ensures that people work together harmoniously, respect diversity, and actively contribute to the well-being of the community.
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What are the Dimensions of the Social Cohesion?
- Social Inclusion & Equity: Ensures equal access to opportunities, resources, and rights for all individuals, reducing discrimination and marginalization. Example: India’s JAM Trinity (Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, Mobile) has enabled financial inclusion for disadvantaged communities, particularly women and rural populations.
- Trust in Institutions & Social Capital: Building confidence in governance, law enforcement, and civic institutions to enhance cooperation and stability. Example: Sweden’s transparent governance and welfare policies result in high public trust in government institutions.
- Participation & Civic Engagement: Encouraging individuals and communities to actively engage in decision-making and democratic processes. Example: Rwanda’s high female political representation (over 60% in Parliament) fosters inclusive and equitable policymaking.
- Solidarity & Shared Identity: Promoting unity while respecting cultural diversity and fostering a common sense of belonging. Example: Canada’s multicultural policies encourage immigrant integration while maintaining cultural heritage.
- Economic Inclusion & Opportunity: Providing equal access to economic resources, employment, and skill development to ensure upward mobility. Example: Germany’s dual vocational education system equips young people with job-ready skills, reducing unemployment and income inequality.
What is the virtuous cycle?
- A virtuous cycle is a positive, self-reinforcing loop where one beneficial action leads to another, creating a continuous cycle of improvement and progress.
- It is the opposite of a vicious cycle, which perpetuates negative outcomes.
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What are the roles of Social Cohesion in the Virtuous cycle?
- Promotes Inclusive Economic Growth: Social cohesion ensures equal access to economic opportunities, reducing disparities and fostering shared prosperity. Example: In Germany, strong social policies and labor rights have contributed to stable economic growth and low unemployment rates.
- Enhances Trust in Institutions and Governance: When citizens feel included and represented, they trust public institutions, leading to political stability and effective governance. Example: Scandinavian countries like Sweden and Norway have high levels of trust in governance due to inclusive decision-making and welfare policies.
- Encourages Social Mobility and Equal Opportunities: A cohesive society provides fair access to education, healthcare, and social protection, enabling upward mobility for all. Example: Singapore’s education system focuses on meritocracy, ensuring students from all backgrounds have access to quality education and career opportunities.
- Strengthens Community Participation and Civic Engagement: Social cohesion encourages people to engage in local governance, volunteerism, and community development initiatives. Example: Japan’s neighborhood associations play a crucial role in disaster response, fostering collective responsibility and mutual support.
- Reduces Social Conflicts and Crime: By addressing inequalities and fostering a sense of belonging, social cohesion minimizes tensions and crime rates. Example: New Zealand’s restorative justice programs emphasize reconciliation and community involvement, reducing recidivism rates.
What are the Key Recommendations to promote Social Cohesion? (Way forward)
- Inclusive Policies and Equal Opportunities: Ensure access to quality education, healthcare, and employment for all, reducing social and economic disparities. Example: Finland’s education system provides free, high-quality education, ensuring equal opportunities for all children, regardless of socioeconomic background.
- Community Engagement and Trust Building: Promote civic participation, intergroup dialogue, and local governance to strengthen social bonds and mutual respect. Example: South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) helped heal racial divides by addressing historical injustices through public dialogue.
- Economic and Social Safety Nets: Implement strong social protection systems like universal healthcare, unemployment benefits, and targeted welfare programs. Example: Brazil’s Bolsa Família program reduced poverty and inequality by providing conditional cash transfers to low-income families, improving education and health outcomes.
Mains PYQ:
Q An independent and empowered social audit mechanism is an absolute must in every sphere of public service, including judiciary, to ensure performance, accountability and ethical conduct. Elaborate. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dhokra Artwork
Why in the News?
Prime Minister Narendra Modi has gifted a Dhokra (or Dokra) artwork to French President Emmanuel Macron.
About Dhokra Artwork
- Dhokra Art is an ancient metal-casting craft from India, primarily practiced by the Dhokra Damar tribes.
- It uses the lost-wax casting technique, where a wax model is made, coated in clay, and molten metal is poured into the mold after the wax melts.
- This technique has been in use for over 4,000 years, with the earliest known artifact being the dancing girl from Mohenjo-Daro.
- Dhokra is practiced in Odisha, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Telangana, with distinct regional styles.
- In 2018, Adilabad Dokra from Telangana received the GI tag for its distinct style.
Features of Dhokra Art:
- Primitive: The designs are rustic and simplistic, often featuring animals, religious figures, and tribal motifs.
- Seamless: Dhokra pieces are crafted as a single unit without joints, providing a unique and smooth finish.
- Long Crafting Time: Each figurine can take up to a month to complete due to the intricate processes involved.
- Non-ferrous Metal: Brass and copper are mainly used in Dhokra Art due to their strength and malleability.
- Casting Types:
- Solid Casting: Common in Southern India, uses solid wax.
- Hollow Casting: Predominant in Central and Eastern India, uses a clay core.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sṛjanam
Why in the News?
Union Ministry of Science & Technology has launched India’s first indigenous Automated Biomedical Waste Treatment Plant, named “Sṛjanam,” at AIIMS, New Delhi.
About Sṛjanam
- Sṛjanam is India’s first indigenously developed Automated Biomedical Waste Treatment Rig, designed by CSIR-NIIST, Thiruvananthapuram.
- It provides a sustainable, non-incineration-based solution for biomedical waste disposal, aligning with India’s Waste to Wealth vision.
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- Eco-Friendly & Non-Incineration-Based: Eliminates the need for incineration, reducing toxic emissions.
- High-Efficiency Pathogen Elimination: Disinfects blood, urine, sputum, and lab disposables, with third-party validated antimicrobial action.
- Safe & Fully Automated: Minimizes human exposure, reducing the risk of infections and spills.
- Capacity & Scalability: Processes 400 kg of biomedical waste daily, with 10 kg/day degradable waste capacity in phase one.
- Odor Neutralization: Eliminates foul smells, ensuring safer surroundings.
- Supports Circular Economy: Enhances waste segregation and recyclability, reducing landfill burden.
PYQ:
[2019] In India, ‘extended producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following?
(a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
(b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999
(c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011
(d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Einstein Ring
Why in the News?
The European Space Agency’s (ESA) Euclid Space Telescope has captured a rare Einstein Ring around a galaxy nearly 590 million light-years away from Earth.
What is an Einstein Ring?
- An Einstein Ring is a circular ring of light caused by gravitational lensing, a phenomenon predicted by Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity.
- It occurs when a massive celestial object (like a galaxy) bends and magnifies light from a more distant background galaxy that lies directly behind it.
- The recent discovery by ESA’s Euclid telescope identified an Einstein Ring around NGC 6505, located 590 million light-years away, acting as a lens for a distant galaxy 4.42 billion light-years away.
- Features of an Einstein Ring:
- Perfect circular shape (only if source, lens, and observer align precisely).
- Example of strong gravitational lensing, distorting background light.
- Extremely rare (found in less than 1% of galaxies).
- Not visible to the naked eye, observed only with advanced space telescopes like Euclid or Hubble.
Significance of the Discovery:
- Reveals Dark Matter: Helps indirectly map dark matter, which makes up 85% of the universe.
- Magnifies Hidden Galaxies: Makes faint, distant galaxies visible for study.
- Measures Universe’s Expansion: Tracks how light stretches over time, refining cosmological models.
- Confirms Einstein’s Theory: Proves light bends in curved space-time, supporting gravitational lensing theory.
- Demonstrates Euclid’s Capabilities: Shows Euclid’s high-resolution potential, promising more discoveries.
PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following phenomena:
- Light is affected by gravity.
- The Universe is constantly expanding.
- Matter warps its surrounding space-time.
Which of the above is/are the prediction/predictions of Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, often discussed in media?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDKY)
Why in the News?
Finance Minister while presenting the Union Budget announced the launch of the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDKY).
About the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDKY):
- The PMDKY aims to enhance agricultural productivity, crop diversification, storage infrastructure, irrigation, and credit access.
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- Identifies 100 districts with low productivity, moderate cropping intensity, and below-average credit access.
- Develops panchayat/block-level storage and expands irrigation coverage.
- Ensures affordable short-term & long-term loans for farmers.
- Uses data-driven governance & district rankings.
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- Implementation: Jointly executed by Central & State Governments.
- Funding: Drawn from existing schemes under the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare and the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying.
- Evaluation: Assessed based on yield improvements, credit flow, and irrigation expansion.
PYQ:
[2015] ‘Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana’ has been launched for:
(a) providing housing loan to poor people at cheaper interest rates
(b) promoting women’s Self-Help Groups in backward areas
(c) promoting financial inclusion in the country
(d) providing financial help to the marginalized communities |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) Public health system has limitation in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that private sector can help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest? (UPSC CSE 2015) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the Public health system (2015), and the Health for All’ in India (2018).
Medical education is changing in unusual ways. There is a shortage of doctors, yet governments and medical professionals limit access to medical studies. As a result, more students from different countries travel abroad to study medicine. In the past, medical education was international, but now each country controls it while it still becomes more global. This trend is important because of healthcare needs. The exact number of students studying medicine abroad is unknown, but it is estimated to be over 200,000, often in low-quality institutions. Before the Russian invasion, Ukraine had 24,000 foreign medical students, mostly from India.
Today’s editorial talks about issues in the Medical sector. This content would help in GS Papers 1, 2 and 3 to substantiate your answer.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Studying medicine abroad is common, but it is largely unnoticed and lacks proper regulation.
How does the globalization of medical education impact the quality and accessibility of healthcare?
- Increased Access to Medical Education but Quality Concerns Persist: India has only 1 medical seat for every 22 applicants, with 2.3 million students appearing for NEET annually.
- As a result, over 20,000 Indian students go abroad for medical studies each year. While foreign education provides an alternative, some countries have lax regulatory frameworks, leading to concerns over clinical training standards.
- Low Licensing Exam Pass Rates for Foreign Medical Graduates: India’s Foreign Medical Graduate Examination (FMGE) pass rate has historically been below 20%.
- In 2022, only 10,500 out of 41,349 candidates (25.4%) cleared the exam. Many foreign-trained doctors struggle to meet national standards, delaying their entry into the healthcare system.
- Disproportionate Dependence on Foreign-trained Doctors in Some Countries: In the US, 25% of physicians are international medical graduates (IMGs), while in the UK, 37% of doctors in the NHS come from abroad.
- While globalization helps address doctor shortages in developed countries, it exacerbates the “brain drain” in source countries like India, Nigeria, and Pakistan.
- Growth of For-profit Medical Schools with Limited Oversight: The Caribbean region alone has over 50 private medical schools, many catering exclusively to international students from the US and Canada.
- These institutions charge high tuition fees but often lack sufficient clinical training infrastructure, raising concerns about graduate competence.
- Shortage of Trained Doctors in Source Countries: The WHO estimates a global shortfall of 10 million healthcare workers by 2030, with Africa facing a deficit of 6 million doctors and nurses.
- Many doctors trained abroad do not return home, worsening healthcare shortages in low-income countries while benefiting high-income nations.
What are the consequences of medical degrees that are obtained abroad, especially from countries with lower academic standards?
- High Failure Rates in Licensing Exams: Foreign-trained doctors often struggle to meet national medical standards, leading to low pass rates in licensing exams.
- Example: In India, the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination (FMGE) pass rate has historically been below 20%. In 2022, only 10,500 out of 41,349 candidates (25.4%) cleared the exam, delaying their entry into the healthcare system.
- Limited Clinical Exposure and Skill Gaps: Some foreign medical colleges lack proper clinical training, affecting students’ hands-on experience in diagnosing and treating patients.
- Example: Several Caribbean medical schools, catering to US and Canadian students, have faced criticism for their limited hospital affiliations, forcing students to complete clinical rotations in different countries.
- Difficulty in Securing Residency and Employment: Graduates from lesser-known foreign institutions often struggle to secure postgraduate training and jobs in competitive healthcare markets.
- Example: In the United States, international medical graduates (IMGs) face higher rejection rates for medical residencies, with only about 60% of non-US IMGs matching into residency programs in 2023, compared to 93% of US medical graduates.
Is the global mobility of medical education sustainable, and how does it affect local health systems?
- Brain Drain Weakens Healthcare in Source Countries: Many doctors trained abroad do not return, leading to a shortage of medical professionals in their home countries.
- Example: Nigeria loses over 2,000 doctors annually to migration, worsening its doctor-to-patient ratio, which stands at 1:5,000, far below the WHO-recommended 1:1,000.
- Unequal Distribution of Healthcare Professionals: High-income countries attract foreign-trained doctors, leaving rural and underserved regions in low- and middle-income nations critically short-staffed.
- Example: In India, only 20% of doctors serve in rural areas, even though 65% of the population resides there, leading to severe healthcare disparities.
- Reliance on Foreign-trained Doctors in Host Countries: Developed nations depend on foreign medical graduates to fill workforce gaps, making their healthcare systems vulnerable to changing immigration policies.
- Example: The UK’s NHS workforce includes 37% foreign-trained doctors, with a significant number from India and Pakistan.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Domestic Medical Education Infrastructure: Increase the number of medical seats and improve the quality of training in home countries to reduce dependence on foreign institutions. Example: India has added over 100 new medical colleges since 2019 to expand access to medical education.
- Stricter Accreditation and Recognition of Foreign Medical Degrees: Establish global accreditation standards and bilateral agreements to ensure only high-quality foreign medical degrees are recognized. Example: The National Exit Test (NExT) in India will standardize assessment for both domestic and foreign medical graduates.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Ethics and Morality issues;
Why in the News?
The Maharashtra cyber police have denied YouTuber Samay Raina’s request for more time to join the investigation into a case against him, podcaster Ranveer Allahbadia, and others. The case was filed over an “obscene joke” made by Allahbadia on Raina’s show, India’s Got Latent.
What is an “obscene joke”?
- An “obscene joke” is a joke that contains sexually explicit, vulgar, or offensive content that may be considered inappropriate, indecent, or immoral by societal standards.
What are the Ethical Issues Surrounding Obscenity?
- Freedom of Expression vs. Public Morality: Content creators often push boundaries in comedy, art, and media, but their work may conflict with societal norms and moral values. Example: A stand-up comedian making jokes about religious figures or sexual themes faces backlash from communities who find it offensive.
- Cultural Sensitivities and Perception: What is considered obscene varies across cultures, making content regulation complex. Example: Nudity in Western films may be viewed as artistic, whereas in India, it often faces censorship under decency laws.
- Impact on Vulnerable Audiences: Children and adolescents may be influenced by explicit content, shaping their attitudes toward relationships, gender roles, and social behaviour.Example: Music videos with sexually suggestive lyrics and visuals can promote unrealistic or unhealthy perceptions of relationships.
- Exploitation and Objectification: Media and advertisements sometimes use sexually provocative imagery, reinforcing harmful gender stereotypes.Example: Advertisements that use hypersexualized images of women to sell products contribute to the objectification of women.
- Accountability of Content Creators and Platforms: Digital platforms and influencers have a responsibility to regulate content while ensuring free speech is not misused. Example: A YouTube influencer posting explicit prank videos that go viral raises concerns about platform moderation and ethical responsibility.
What are the legal provisions related to Obscenity?
- Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860
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- Section 292: Prohibits the sale, distribution, and public exhibition of obscene materials, including books, paintings, and electronic content.
- Section 293: Increases punishment for selling obscene materials to minors.
- Section 294: Penalizes obscene acts and songs in public places.
- Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000
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- Section 67: Prohibits the publication, transmission, and distribution of obscene electronic content, including on social media and online platforms.
- Section 67A: Imposes stricter penalties for publishing sexually explicit material in electronic form.
- Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986: Restricts the depiction of women in an indecent or derogatory manner in advertisements, publications, and other media.
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What can be the Key Recommendations for Obscenity?
- Clear Legal Definitions and Guidelines: Laws should define “obscenity” more precisely to avoid subjective interpretations and misuse. Example: Updating Section 292 of the IPC to distinguish between artistic expression and truly obscene content.
- Stronger Content Moderation on Digital Platforms: Social media and streaming services should implement stricter policies to regulate obscene content. Example: YouTube and Instagram enforce AI-based content moderation to flag and remove explicit material.
- Public Awareness and Media Literacy: Educating audiences, especially minors, about responsible content consumption and the impact of obscene materials. Example: Schools include media literacy programs to help students critically analyze digital content.
- Balanced Regulation Without Censorship: Authorities should ensure that restrictions on obscenity do not infringe on creative freedom and free speech. Example: Allowing adult-rated films and stand-up comedy with proper disclaimers instead of outright bans.
- Stronger Accountability for Content Creators and Influencers: Creators should adhere to ethical guidelines and be held accountable for promoting obscene or harmful content. Example: Social media influencers issue public apologies and remove controversial videos after backlash.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Regulatory Mechanisms: Implement a balanced framework that ensures accountability without suppressing creative freedom. Example: Establishing independent review bodies to assess content complaints objectively.
- Promoting Ethical Digital Responsibility: Encourage responsible content creation and consumption through self-regulation and industry guidelines.Example: Platforms introducing stricter age-restriction features and user awareness campaigns.
Mains PYQ:
Q State the three basic values, universal in nature, in the context of civil services and bring out their importance. (150 words) (UPSC IAS/2016)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Clash between Delhi and Central Government;
Why in the News?
Over the past decade, the Aam Aadmi Party’s government in Delhi has been in a constant legal battle with the Centre over the city’s special constitutional status and how it should be governed.
What is the Constitutional status of Delhi?
- Union Territory with Special Status – Delhi is a Union Territory (UT) but has a legislative assembly and council of ministers, unlike most other UTs. It is governed under Article 239 and Article 239AA of the Indian Constitution.
- Limited Legislative Powers – The Delhi Legislative Assembly can make laws on subjects in the State List and Concurrent List, except for police, public order, and land, which remain under the control of the Central Government (Article 239AA(3)(a)).
- Three Power Centers – Governance in Delhi is divided among:
- Chief Minister and Council of Ministers (elected government)
- Lieutenant Governor (L-G) (appointed by the President)
- Union Home Ministry (exercises control over law, order, and services).
- L-G’s Role and Discretionary Powers – While the L-G is bound by the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, they can refer matters to the President in case of disagreements, giving the Centre overriding authority (Article 239AA(4)).
- Sui Generis (Unique) Model – The Supreme Court has ruled that Delhi’s governance model is neither like a full-fledged state nor like a regular Union Territory, making it a special case within India’s federal structure.
How does Delhi differ from other Union Territories and States?
| Feature |
Delhi (NCT) |
Full-Fledged State |
Other Union Territories (UTs) |
| Legislative Assembly |
Yes (since 1991) |
Yes |
No (except J&K, Puducherry) |
| Elected Government |
Yes |
Yes |
No (except J&K, Puducherry) |
| Control Over Public Order |
No |
Yes |
No |
| Control Over Land |
No |
Yes |
No |
| Lieutenant Governor (L-G) |
Yes, has special powers |
No (Governor acts as ceremonial head) |
Yes (UTs are directly administered by L-G/Administrator) |
| Power Over Services (Bureaucracy) |
Limited (Disputed between Delhi Govt. & Centre) |
Yes (State Govt. controls) |
No (Centre controls) |
| Special Constitutional Provisions |
Yes (Article 239AA) |
No (Governed under normal state rules) |
No (UTs are governed under Article 239) |
What are the legal battles between Delhi and the central Government?
- Control Over Bureaucracy (Services Department Dispute): The Centre transferred control of Delhi’s bureaucracy (services) to the Lieutenant Governor (L-G) through a 2015 notification. The Supreme Court (2023) ruled in favor of the Delhi government, giving it power over services except police, land, and public order. However, the Centre later amended the GNCTD Act (2023) to override this decision, restoring L-G’s power over services.
- Example: The Delhi government’s attempt to appoint bureaucrats without L-G’s approval was blocked.
- Lieutenant Governor’s Special Powers (Interpretation of Article 239AA): The Centre argued that the L-G has overriding authority over all governance matters, while the Delhi government maintained that L-G must act on the aid and advice of the elected government. In 2018, the Supreme Court ruled that the L-G must follow the advice of the Delhi government, except in matters explicitly under the Centre’s control.
- Example: The L-G blocked multiple decisions of the Delhi Cabinet, including the ‘Doorstep Ration Delivery’ scheme, citing procedural issues.
- Control Over Law and Order (Police and Land Disputes): Delhi’s elected government has no control over law and order (including Delhi Police and land administration), leading to governance challenges. The Supreme Court has repeatedly upheld Centre’s control over these subjects as per Article 239AA.
- Example: The Delhi government sought control over Delhi Police after riots in 2020, but the Centre refused, citing law and order as a central subject.
What are the implications due to Governance Crisis and Political Fallout?
- Administrative Paralysis and Policy Delays: Frequent clashes between the Delhi government and the L-G have stalled decision-making, leading to delays in key projects and governance paralysis.
- Example: The Mohalla Clinics initiative for public healthcare faced repeated delays due to bureaucratic approvals and interference by the L-G’s office.
- Reduced Accountability and Bureaucratic Resistance: With dual control over administration, bureaucrats often face conflicting orders from the elected government and the Centre, leading to inefficiency.
- Example: The Delhi Jal Board’s water supply projects were disrupted as officers refused to follow the Delhi government’s directives, citing L-G’s authority.
- Political Tensions and Electoral Ramifications: The governance crisis has deepened political rivalries, with the Delhi government accusing the Centre of undermining democracy, while the Centre claims Delhi needs central oversight due to its national capital status.
- Example: The arrest of CM Arvind Kejriwal and Deputy CM Manish Sisodia in the excise policy case led to political instability and weakened AAP’s governance.
What could happen after the election result in future?
- Stronger Central Control and Policy Alignment: With the BJP in power in both the Centre and Delhi, governance could become more streamlined as there would be no friction over administrative control.
- Example: The L-G’s role in decision-making would likely diminish in practice, as seen in BJP-ruled Puducherry, where Centre-state coordination improved after a BJP-backed government took over.
- Reversal of AAP’s Key Policies: The BJP might roll back or modify key AAP policies, such as free electricity, water subsidies, and education reforms, aligning governance with its national agenda.
- Example: Similar to how the BJP government in Madhya Pradesh altered welfare schemes after replacing the Congress government, a BJP-led Delhi might review or discontinue AAP’s flagship initiatives.
Way forward:
- Clearer Division of Powers – Amendments to Article 239AA or a judicial clarification can establish a more balanced framework, ensuring smooth governance without frequent conflicts between the Centre and the Delhi government.
- Strengthening Cooperative Federalism – A structured dialogue mechanism between the Centre, L-G, and the elected government can improve coordination.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the essentials of the 69th Constitutional Amendment Act and anomalies, if any that have led to recent reported conflicts between the elected representatives and the institution of the Lieutenant Governor in the administration of Delhi. Do you think that this will give rise to a new trend in the functioning of the Indian federal politics? (UPSC IAS/2016)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PARAS-2 Spectrograph
Why in the News?
Scientists at PRL, Ahmedabad, discovered the exoplanet TOI-6038A b, a dense sub-Saturn-sized planet with a mass of 78.5 Earth masses and a radius of 6.41 Earth radii, using the PARAS-2 spectrograph at Mount Abu Observatory.
About TOI-6038A b
- TOI-6038A b is a dense sub-Saturn-sized planet with a mass of 78.5 Earth masses and a radius of 6.41 Earth radii, orbiting a bright, metal-rich F-type star every 5.83 days in a circular orbit.
- This is the 2nd exoplanet discovery using the PARAS-2 spectrograph.
- It is also the 5th exoplanet detection combining efforts of PARAS-1 and PARAS-2, showcasing India’s growing expertise in astronomical instrumentation.
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About PARAS-2 Spectrograph:
- PARAS-2 (PRL Advanced Radial-velocity All-sky Search-2) is a state-of-the-art high-resolution spectrograph designed for exoplanet detection.
- The development of PARAS-2 began in mid-2018 and was successfully installed at the telescope site in mid-2022.
- It is the highest-resolution stabilized radial velocity (RV) spectrograph in Asia, operating at a precision level of 30 cm/s.
- It is installed at PRL’s 2.5-meter telescope at the Mount Abu Observatory, benefiting from high-altitude, clear sky conditions.
- Key Features of PARAS-2:
-
- Operates in the 380-690 nm waveband, making it suitable for studying a wide range of celestial objects.
- Resolution of ~107,000, the highest in Asia, enabling ultra-precise exoplanetary studies.
- Ultra-stable temperature and pressure environment: Maintained at 24 ± 0.001 °C and 0.005 ± 0.0005 mbar, ensuring minimal instrumental drift.
- Uses a Uranium Argon Hollow Cathode Lamp (UAr HCL) for calibration, achieving a velocity precision of better than 2 m/s.
- Advanced optical fiber system for capturing stellar light and spectral calibration data simultaneously.
- It uses the radial velocity method, which detects tiny wobbles in a star’s motion caused by the gravitational pull of an orbiting planet.
- These wobbles cause shifts in the star’s light spectrum, allowing scientists to determine a planet’s presence, mass, and orbital period.
- It can detect minute stellar movements, making it ideal for finding low-mass exoplanets like super-Earths.
PYQ:
[2015] The term ‘Goldilocks Zone’ is often seen in the news in the context of:
(a) the limits of habitable zone above the surface of the Earth
(b) regions inside the Earth where shale gas is available
(c) search for the Earth-like planets in outer space
(d) search for meteorites containing precious metals |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fishery Survey of India (FSI)
Why in the News?
A deep-sea fishing expedition conducted by the Fishery Survey of India (FSI) has uncovered several highly productive and previously unexplored fishing grounds in the Arabian Sea.
Key Findings of the Deep-Sea Survey:
- Fishing was conducted at depths between 300-540 meters using deep-sea trawlers.
- The survey was funded under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY).
- It mapped potential deep-sea fishing zones 100-120 nautical miles off India’s western coast, stretching from Kollam in Kerala to Goa.
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About Fishery Survey of India (FSI)
- FSI was established in 1983, under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying.
- It conducts fisheries research, resource surveys, and sustainable fishing assessments.
- It operates annual Fishery Resource Surveys to guide:
- Traditional fishermen
- Small and medium boat operators
- Deep-sea longlining tuna fleet
- History of FSI:
- Originated from the “Deep Sea Fishing Station” project (1946).
- Renamed “Exploratory Fisheries Project” (1974) and later “Fishery Survey of India” (1983).
- In 2005, Marine Engineering Division was integrated into FSI.
- In 2017, PM Narendra Modi launched the Deep-Sea Fishing Project to promote sustainable fishing practices.
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- Operates 11 ocean survey vessels across six major Indian ports.
- Employs 752 personnel, conducting deep-sea research and data collection.
India’s Marine Fishing Industry
- India ranks second in global fish production after China.
- Contributes 9.58 million tonnes of total fish production, with:
- 70% from the west coast
- 30% from the east coast
- Major fish-producing states: Andhra Pradesh (20%), West Bengal (15%), Gujarat (8%), Kerala (7%), Maharashtra (6%), Tamil Nadu (6%).
- Exports and Global Trade:
- India exports 1.05 million tonnes of marine fish, generating ₹334.4 billion ($5.57 billion) in revenue.
- Major export markets: USA (26%), ASEAN nations (26%), EU (20%), Japan (9%), Middle East (6%), China (4%).
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PYQ:
[2018] Defining blue revolution, explain the problems and strategies for pisciculture development in India.
[2022] What is Integrated Farming System? How is it helpful to small and marginal farmers in India? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Arab League
Why in the News?
The Arab League has strongly rejected US President Donald Trump’s proposal for Gaza relocation, calling it unacceptable.
About the Arab League
- The Arab League was founded on March 22, 1945, in Cairo, Egypt.
- Its founding members included Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria.
- The primary goals of the Arab League include:
- Promoting economic, cultural, political, and military cooperation among Arab states.
- Safeguarding the independence and sovereignty of its members.
- Addressing regional conflicts through diplomatic engagement and coordination.
- The League operates on consensus-based decision-making, meaning all member states must agree on major resolutions.
- It holds regular summits and meetings where Arab leaders discuss and formulate policies.
- Specialized councils and committees focus on key areas like economic affairs, defense, social welfare, and education.
-
- Today, it has 22 member states and several observer nations.
- Members: Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Kuwait, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Somalia, Sudan, UAE, and Yemen.
- Observer Nations: Several non-Arab nations, including Brazil, Eritrea, India, and Venezuela, hold observer status but do not have voting rights.
Key Achievements of the Arab League:
- Arab Peace Initiative (2002): Proposed a two-state solution to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
- Military Coordination: Facilitated joint military efforts in various regional conflicts.
- Economic Integration: Established the Arab Free Trade Area to promote intra-regional trade.
- Cultural and Educational Exchange Programs: Strengthened cooperation in education, research, and cultural preservation.
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PYQ:
[2023] Consider the following statements :
Statement-I: Israel has established diplomatic relations with some Arab States.
Statement-II: The ‘Arab Peace Initiative’ mediated by Saudi Arabia was signed by Israel and Arab League.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
(d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary
Why in the News?
The Karnataka government’s move to build a tribal village in Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary’s buffer zone has sparked debates on environmental conservation, tribal rights, and human-wildlife conflict.
About Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary:
- The Brahmagiri WLS is located in Kodagu District, Karnataka, within the Western Ghats.
- It serves as a crucial ecological corridor, facilitating wildlife movement between Nagarhole National Park and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary.
- Geographical Location and Features
-
- It is situated approximately 250 km from Bengaluru and derives its name from the Brahmagiri Peak, the highest point in the region.
- The sanctuary was declared a protected area on June 5, 1974, to conserve its unique flora and fauna.
- The terrain consists of evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, grasslands, and shola forests, which provide a habitat for various species.
-
- Bamboo species are widely spread across the region, providing food for herbivores like elephants and deer.
- The diverse vegetation supports a wide range of faunal species by offering food, shelter, and nesting sites.
-
- Carnivores: Tigers, jungle cats, leopard cats, wild dogs, and sloth bears.
- Herbivores: Indian elephants, gaurs, sambars, spotted deer, barking deer, mouse deer, and wild pigs.
- Primates: Lion-tailed macaques, Nilgiri langurs, slender loris, bonnet macaques, and common langurs.
- Small Mammals & Rodents: Malabar giant squirrels, giant flying squirrels, Nilgiri martens, common otters, brown mongooses, civets, porcupines, and pangolins.
- Reptiles: King cobras, Indian cobras, pythons, Malabar pit vipers.
- Birds: Emerald doves, square-tailed bulbuls, and Malabar trogons.
PYQ:
[2020] Which one of the following protected areas is well-known for the conservation of a sub-species of the Indian swamp deer (Barasingha) that thrives well on hard ground and is exclusively graminivorous?
(a) Kanha National Park
(b) Manas National Park
(c) Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary
(d) Tal Chhapar Wildlife Sanctuary |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) Give an account of the growth and development of nuclear science and technology in India. What is the advantage of a fast breeder reactor programme in India? (UPSC CSE 2017) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on nuclear science and technology (2017), and atomic energy (2013).
In the Union Budget speech on February 1, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced plans to amend the Atomic Energy Act and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act. This move is likely to be welcomed by the U.S., where past governments have opposed India’s law because it holds nuclear manufacturers partly responsible for accidents. However, in India, removing supplier liability could be a major concern, as it might weaken nuclear safety measures.
Today’s editorial talks about the Atomic Energy Act and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act. This content will help in GS papers 2 and 3 in mains answer writing.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The mention of plans to amend the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act in the Union Budget is a serious issue that needs attention.
What is the Atomic Energy Act?
- The Atomic Energy Act, 1962 is an Indian law that regulates the development, production, and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes while ensuring national security. It gives the government exclusive control over nuclear materials, plants, and research and allows the establishment of nuclear power projects. The Act also covers radiation safety, uranium mining, reactor operations, and waste disposal to prevent misuse and ensure public safety.
What is the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act?
- The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act, 2010 is an Indian law that defines liability in case of a nuclear accident. It ensures compensation for victims while holding nuclear plant operators accountable.
Key Features:
- Operator Liability: The primary financial responsibility for any nuclear accident rests with the plant operator (NPCIL in India), not the supplier.
- Right of Recourse: Unlike many other countries, India allows operators to seek compensation from suppliers if defective equipment or services cause an accident (Section 17).
- Liability Cap: Operator liability is capped at ₹1,500 crore (~$180 million), with the government covering additional costs if needed.
- Exclusion from Global Regimes: India has not joined international nuclear liability agreements like the Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC), meaning financial responsibility remains domestic.
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What are the safety and liability concerns related to nuclear energy?
- Risk of Catastrophic Accidents: Nuclear plant failures can lead to massive radiation leaks, environmental destruction, and long-term health impacts.Example: The Fukushima Daiichi disaster (2011, Japan) resulted from a tsunami, causing multiple reactor meltdowns and widespread radioactive contamination.
- Design Flaws and Negligence: Suppliers may overlook or downplay safety risks in reactor designs, leading to vulnerabilities. Example: The Three Mile Island accident (1979, USA) occurred due to a known reactor design flaw that the supplier failed to address.
- Limited Liability for Suppliers: In many countries, nuclear suppliers are indemnified, placing financial liability entirely on plant operators and governments.Example: General Electric (GE), which designed the Fukushima reactors, faced no financial consequences due to Japan’s liability laws.
- Insufficient Compensation for Victims: Liability caps limit compensation for victims, despite the high costs of nuclear disasters. Example: India’s Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act caps liability at ₹1,500 crore, whereas Fukushima’s cleanup costs are estimated at ₹20-46 lakh crore.
- Radioactive Waste and Long-Term Risks: Safe disposal of nuclear waste remains a major challenge, with risks of leaks and contamination lasting thousands of years.Example: The Chernobyl disaster (1986, USSR) left a radioactive exclusion zone that remains uninhabitable nearly 40 years later.
How does India’s approach to nuclear liability differ from global standards?
- Operator Liability with Limited Supplier Responsibility: India’s Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act, 2010, places primary liability on the operator (NPCIL), but allows it to seek compensation from suppliers in case of defective equipment or services (Right of Recourse, Section 17).
- Global Standard: Most countries fully indemnify suppliers, meaning they bear no financial responsibility after supplying reactors.
- Example: In Japan, General Electric (GE) faced no liability for the Fukushima disaster (2011), while in India, foreign suppliers fear financial risks if an accident occurs.
- Liability Cap vs. Unlimited Liability in Some Countries: India caps operator liability at ₹1,500 crore (~$180 million), with additional compensation coming from the government if needed.
- Global Standard: Some countries, like Germany, impose unlimited liability on operators to ensure full compensation. The U.S. Price-Anderson Act establishes a large industry-backed fund for damages beyond a certain limit.
- Example: After the Chernobyl disaster (1986, USSR), the Soviet government bore the entire cost (~$235 billion), whereas an Indian accident beyond ₹1,500 crore would shift the financial burden to taxpayers.
- India is Not Part of Global Nuclear Liability Regimes: India has not signed the Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage (CSC), which standardizes liability norms and creates an international compensation pool.
- Global Standard: Most nuclear-powered nations, including the U.S. and Japan, are CSC members, ensuring global financial support for nuclear accidents.
- Example: If a nuclear accident occurs in France, CSC members contribute to compensation, but in India, all financial burdens remain domestic.
What are the reasons behind the government’s plan to amend the Atomic Energy Act and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act?
- Attracting Foreign Investment and Suppliers – The existing CLND Act allows India’s nuclear operator (NPCIL) to seek compensation from foreign suppliers in case of faulty equipment, discouraging companies from supplying reactors. Amendments could limit supplier liability, making India a more attractive market for nuclear investments from countries like the U.S., France, and Russia.
- Expanding Nuclear Energy Capacity – India aims to increase its nuclear power generation to meet rising energy demands and climate goals. Simplifying liability laws could accelerate agreements with international partners and facilitate the construction of new nuclear plants under deals such as the India-U.S. Civil Nuclear Agreement.
What are the other implications of increasing nuclear energy reliance?
- High Economic Costs and Project Delays: Nuclear power plants require massive upfront investments, long construction periods, and frequent cost overruns.
- Example: The AP1000 reactors in Georgia, USA, were initially estimated at $14 billion but were completed at $36.8 billion—a 250% cost overrun. Similarly, India’s Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant faced significant delays and cost escalations.
- Nuclear Waste Management and Environmental Risks: Nuclear energy produces radioactive waste that remains hazardous for thousands of years, requiring secure disposal and long-term monitoring.
- Example: The Fukushima disaster (2011) led to the release of radioactive material, contaminating land and water, with cleanup costs estimated between ¥35-80 trillion (~₹20-46 lakh crore). India lacks permanent storage facilities for high-level nuclear waste.
- Geopolitical and Security Concerns: Expanding nuclear energy means higher dependence on foreign suppliers, leading to strategic vulnerabilities and potential external influence.
- Example: India’s civil nuclear deal with the U.S. (2008) opened doors for technology transfer, but suppliers now demand liability protection before delivering reactors, creating diplomatic pressure.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Liability and Safety Frameworks: The government should Amend the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act to ensure fair risk-sharing between operators and suppliers.
- Need to invest in advanced reactor safety technologies (e.g., Small Modular Reactors – SMRs) and strengthen independent regulatory oversight.
- Develop Robust Waste Management and Indigenous Capabilities: The government should establish permanent disposal sites for high-level nuclear waste with stringent monitoring.
- Need to enhance domestic nuclear technology (e.g., Thorium-based reactors) to reduce reliance on foreign suppliers and improve energy security.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to election; RPA, 1951;
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court is reviewing petitions by Ashwin Upadhyay and others, asking for a lifetime ban on convicted people from contesting elections.
What does the RPA, 1951 stipulate with respect to electoral candidates convicted of criminal offences?
- Section 8(3): Disqualifies a person convicted of a criminal offence and sentenced to at least two years of imprisonment. The disqualification extends for six years after their release.
- Section 8(1): Provides for automatic disqualification for convictions under specific laws (e.g., IPC for heinous crimes like rape, Prevention of Corruption Act, UAPA) regardless of sentence length, plus six years after release.
- Section 8(4) (Struck Down in 2013): Previously allowed sitting legislators to continue in office despite conviction if they appealed—declared unconstitutional in Lily Thomas (2013).
- Section 11: Empowers the Election Commission (EC) to remove or reduce the period of disqualification. Used controversially in 2019 to allow Prem Singh Tamang to contest elections.
What are the various judgments of the SC which favour the decriminalisation of politics?
- Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) case (2002): Mandated the disclosure of criminal records by all candidates.
- CEC vs. Jan Chaukidar case (2013): Upheld that individuals in jail cease to be ‘electors’ and are therefore not qualified to contest elections. However, this was overturned by a parliamentary amendment in 2013, allowing under-trial prisoners to contest elections.
- Lily Thomas (2013): Struck down Section 8(4) of the RP Act, 1951, thereby disqualifying sitting legislators immediately upon conviction.
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What is the case for a lifetime ban on convicted individuals standing for office?
- Upholding Integrity & Public Trust: Lawmakers must adhere to the highest ethical standards as they create and enforce laws.
- Example: The Lily Thomas (2013) judgment disqualified convicted legislators immediately, reinforcing the need for clean governance.
- Parity with Government Jobs: A convicted person is ineligible for even a junior government job, yet they can contest elections after six years.Example: A person convicted under the Prevention of Corruption Act cannot work in government but can become an MP/MLA.
- Curbing Criminalisation of Politics: 46% of MPs in 2024 have criminal cases, and 31% face serious charges like rape, murder, and kidnapping. Example: Mohammad Shahabuddin, a former MP from Bihar, had multiple murder cases but was elected to office multiple times.
- Judicial & Expert Recommendations: The Supreme Court, Law Commission (1999, 2014), and Election Commission have all recommended stricter disqualification norms. Example: The Law Commission recommended barring individuals from contesting elections once charges are framed for serious offences.
- Strengthening Democracy & Rule of Law: A lifetime ban for heinous crimes and corruption would prevent criminals from misusing political power.Example: Lalu Prasad Yadav was convicted in the fodder scam but continued to influence politics despite being disqualified.
Should convicted persons be allowed to contest elections?
Arguments in Favour:
- Rehabilitation & Second Chance: A convict who has served their sentence should not be permanently barred from participating in democracy. Example: Nelson Mandela was convicted and imprisoned for 27 years but later became South Africa’s President, leading the country to democracy.
- Potential for Political Misuse: Opponents may misuse legal provisions by filing false cases to prevent strong candidates from contesting elections. Example: Political leaders in India, like Arvind Kejriwal, have faced multiple cases, some of which were later dismissed as politically motivated.
- Disproportionate Punishment: Not all convictions involve moral turpitude or crimes against society. A blanket ban would be excessive in certain cases. Example: A person convicted for protesting against an unjust law (civil disobedience) should not be equated with someone convicted of corruption or murder.
Arguments Against:
- Ensuring Clean Politics: Public representatives should maintain high ethical standards, and allowing convicts to contest elections erodes trust in governance. Example: Mohammad Shahabuddin, a convicted criminal, was elected multiple times despite serious charges, highlighting flaws in the system.
- Parity with Government Jobs: If convicted individuals are ineligible for government employment, they should also be barred from lawmaking positions. Example: A person convicted under the Prevention of Corruption Act cannot hold a bureaucratic post but can become an MP or MLA, which is inconsistent.
- Threat to Democratic Institutions: Criminally convicted politicians can misuse their power to influence investigations, intimidate witnesses, and weaken democratic institutions. Example: Politicians with serious criminal cases often manipulate legal loopholes and delay proceedings to continue contesting elections.
Way forward:
- Stricter Disqualification Norms: Implement a lifetime ban on candidates convicted of heinous crimes (murder, rape, corruption) while allowing judicial review for politically motivated cases. Strengthen laws to bar individuals from contesting elections once charges are framed for serious offences, as recommended by the Law Commission.
- Electoral & Judicial Reforms: Fast-track trials of politicians facing criminal cases through special courts, ensuring timely justice. Strengthen the Election Commission’s authority to scrutinize candidates and enforce stricter disclosure norms on criminal records.
Mains PYQ:
Q There is a need for simplification of procedure for disqualification of persons found guilty of corrupt practices under the Representation of Peoples Act”. Comment. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Reservation in India; Fundamental Right;
Why in the News?
Recently, the Supreme Court stated that reservation is not a fundamental right. Articles 16(4) and 16(4-A) of the Constitution allow the government to provide reservations, but they do not make it mandatory. However, if the government decides not to give reservations, it must have valid reasons and supporting data to justify its decision.
What is the legal status of reservation in India?
Constitutional provisions:
- Article 15(4) allows the state to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes, Scheduled Castes (SCs), and Scheduled Tribes (STs).
- Article 16(4) enables the State and Central Governments to reserve seats in government services for SCs and STs.
- Article 16(4A), introduced via the 77th Constitutional Amendment in 1995, empowers the government to provide reservations in promotions for SCs and STs if they are not adequately represented in public services. This was later modified by the 85th Amendment in 2001 to include consequential seniority.
- Article 338B gives constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC).
- Article 342A empowers the President to notify the list of Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC) for any state or union territory, which can only be amended by Parliament.
- Article 46 states that the State shall promote the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections, particularly SCs and STs, and protect them from social injustice and exploitation.
Judicial precedence:
- Champakam Dorairajan vs. State of Madras (1951): The Supreme Court ruled against communal reservations, leading to the First Constitutional Amendment, which introduced Article 15(4).
- Indra Sawhney vs. Union of India (1992): The Supreme Court capped caste-based reservations at 50%, ruling that reservations should not destroy the concept of equality. It also mandated the exclusion of the “creamy layer” among Other Backward Classes (OBCs) from reservation benefits and stated that there should not be reservation in promotions.
- M. Nagaraj v. Union of India (2006): The Supreme Court upheld the constitutional validity of Article 16(4A) but stated that any reservation policy must ensure the SC/ST community is socially and educationally backward, not adequately represented in public employment, and that such policy shall not affect the overall efficiency in the administration.
- Janhit Abhiyan vs Union Of India (2022): The Supreme Court upheld the 103rd Constitutional Amendment, which introduced 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) from unreserved classes, even if it exceeds the 50% limit on total reservations.
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Under what conditions can the state deny or grant reservations?
- Based on Quantifiable Data: The State must collect quantifiable data to assess the underrepresentation of backward classes before granting reservations. Example: M. Nagaraj v. Union of India (2006) required the government to prove inadequate representation before providing reservations in promotions.
- No Arbitrary Decisions: Reservations cannot be granted or denied arbitrarily and they must be backed by valid reasoning and legal justification. Example: The Supreme Court ruled in State of Kerala v. N.M. Thomas (1976) that reservation policies should be rational and not violate the right to equality.
- Transparency in Public Employment: The government must clearly specify reservation details (total posts, reserved/unreserved categories) in job advertisements. If no reservation is provided, it must be justified. Example: The Supreme Court struck down a 2010 recruitment process in Palamu, Jharkhand for failing to mention reservation details, deeming it non-transparent.
How does the Supreme Court balance reservation with equality and fairness?
- Reservations Are Enabling, Not Mandatory: The Court clarifies that Articles 16(4) and 16(4-A) are enabling provisions, meaning the State may grant reservations but is not obligated to do so.
- Ensuring No Arbitrary Decisions: The State must base its decision on quantifiable data regarding underrepresentation. Arbitrary refusal or granting of reservations is unconstitutional.
- 50% Ceiling on Reservations: As per the Indra Sawhney judgment (1992), reservations should not exceed 50%, ensuring fair opportunities for all, unless exceptional circumstances justify exceeding the limit.
- Merit and Social Justice Balance: The Court emphasizes that reservation should uplift disadvantaged groups without compromising meritocracy in public employment and education.
- Judicial Scrutiny to Prevent Abuse: Courts can strike down reservation policies if they are found to be politically motivated, lacking empirical justification, or violating Articles 14 and 16 (equality in public employment).
Way forward:
- Data-Driven Reservation Policies: The government should ensure periodic empirical assessment of backwardness and representation to justify reservations, preventing misuse and ensuring targeted benefits.
- Balancing Merit and Affirmative Action: Strengthen skill development, education, and economic empowerment programs to reduce long-term reliance on reservations while ensuring fair representation in public employment and education.
Mains PYQ:
Q Why are the tribals in India referred to as ‘the Scheduled Tribes’? Indicate the major provisions enshrined in the Constitution of India for their upliftment. (UPSC IAS/2016)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) Countries
Why in the News?
Prime Minister Modi met Estonian President Alar Karis at the AI Action Summit in Paris to discuss trade, technology, cybersecurity, and stronger ties between India, Estonia, and the Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8).
Key Highlights of the Recent Visit to Estonia:
- First Bilateral Meeting: Held at the AI Action Summit in Paris, focusing on trade, digital ties, and cybersecurity.
- Economic Cooperation: PM Modi invited Estonian businesses to invest in IT and cybersecurity in India.
- Cybersecurity & Security Issues: Discussed digital governance, cybersecurity collaboration, and the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
- Multilateral Ties: Emphasized India-Nordic-Baltic (NB-8) cooperation and India’s role in EU & UN diplomacy.
- Cultural Exchange: PM Modi appreciated Estonia’s interest in yoga and strengthened people-to-people ties.
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About Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) Countries
- The Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) is a regional cooperation platform that includes:
- Nordic Countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden
- Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
- NB cooperation dates to the 1990s, following the Baltic states’ independence from Soviet rule.
- The Nordic Council began engaging with Baltic leaders in 1989, leading to official cooperation in 1991.
- The NB-8 framework was formally established in 2000 as a regional diplomatic and economic initiative.
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- Trade and Economic Growth: Strengthening business and investment partnerships.
- Technology and Innovation: Collaborating on digital governance, AI, and cybersecurity.
- Security and Defense: Enhancing NATO and EU-led security cooperation.
- Climate and Energy Policy: Advancing sustainability and energy security initiatives.
- NB-8 Leadership and Coordination:
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- Each year, one NB-8 country assumes the role of coordinator, hosting diplomatic meetings and leading regional initiatives.
- Denmark will chair NB-8 in 2025, following Sweden in 2024 and Latvia in 2023.
PYQ:
[2014] Consider the following countries:
- Denmark
- Japan
- Russian Federation
- United Kingdom
- United States of America
Which of the above are the members of the ‘Arctic Council ‘?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 4 and 5
(d) 1, 3 and 5 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Reimei
Why in the News?
Japan has officially launched the world’s first hybrid quantum supercomputer, integrating a 20-qubit quantum processor, Reimei, into Fugaku, the world’s sixth-fastest supercomputer.
About Reimei
- Reimei is a 20-qubit trapped-ion quantum computer developed by Quantinuum and integrated into Fugaku, the world’s sixth-fastest supercomputer, at Riken, Japan.
- It is the first fully operational hybrid quantum supercomputer, combining quantum and classical computing for advanced problem-solving.
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- Trapped-Ion Qubits: Unlike superconducting qubits, Reimei uses trapped-ion technology, offering higher stability, longer coherence times, and stronger qubit connectivity.
- Hybrid Integration: Works alongside Fugaku to solve complex calculations faster than classical supercomputers.
- Ion Shuttling: Enables physical movement of qubits, allowing for more complex quantum algorithms.
- Error Correction: Uses logical qubits, reducing error rates 800 times lower than standard qubits.
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- Physics & Chemistry Research: Used for molecular simulations, material science, and high-energy physics.
- Quantum Cryptography & AI: Enhances cybersecurity and artificial intelligence models.
- Optimization & Machine Learning: Solves large-scale optimization problems.
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- Bridges classical and quantum computing, serving as a transition to fully scalable quantum systems.
- Paves the way for real-world quantum applications, accelerating scientific and technological advancements.
PYQ:
[2022] Which one of the following is the context in which the term “qubit” is mentioned?
(a) Cloud Services
(b) Quantum Computing
(c) Visible Light Communication Technologies
(d) Wireless Communication Technologies |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sant Guru Ravidas
Why in the News?
The birth anniversary of Sant Guru Ravidas, a prominent figure in the Bhakti movement during the 15th and 16th centuries, is celebrated every year on 12th February.
Who was Sant Guru Ravidas?
- Guru Ravidas, also known as Bhagat Ravidas, was a prominent saint, poet, and social reformer of the Bhakti movement in 15th-century India.
- Born in 1377 CE in Seer Govardhanpur, Uttar Pradesh, he dedicated his life to eradicating social discrimination and promoting equality.
- Despite facing caste-based oppression, Guru Ravidas rose to prominence through his wisdom, humility, and devotion to God.
- He was a contemporary of Sant Kabir and is believed to have met Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikh religion.
- His hymns are included in the Guru Granth Sahib, reflecting his significant influence in Sikhism and Bhakti traditions.
Key Contributions of Guru Ravidas
- Equality & Social Justice: Opposed caste discrimination and untouchability.
- Bhakti Movement: Advocated devotion over rituals for spiritual enlightenment.
- Begumpura Concept: Envisioned a society free from oppression and sorrow.
- Literary Contributions: Composed over 40 devotional hymns in Guru Granth Sahib.
- Spiritual Influence: Guided Meera Bai in her devotion to Lord Krishna.
- Universal Brotherhood: Taught that God is for all, beyond religion or caste.
- Impact on Sikhism: Influenced Guru Nanak and Sikh teachings on equality and devotion.
PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following Bhakti Saints:
1. Dadu Dayal
2. Guru Nanak
3. Tyagaraja
Who among the above was/were preaching when the Lodi dynasty fell and Babur took over?
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1 and 2 |
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