Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Doctrine of Pith and Substance
Why in the News?
In a landmark ruling, the Supreme Court has reaffirmed the Doctrine of Pith and Substance, holding that the Centre cannot impose service tax on lottery distributors as the power to tax lotteries falls exclusively within the jurisdiction of state governments.
Why did the Supreme Court dismiss the Centre’s Plea?
- Lotteries Are Not a Service but Gambling: The court ruled that the relationship between states and lottery distributors is buyer-seller, not principal-agent, making service tax inapplicable.
- Exclusive Taxing Power of States: The Constitution grants state legislatures the authority to tax betting and gambling, including lotteries.
- Parliament cannot override this through residuary powers (Entry 97 – List I) as taxation on lotteries is already covered under Entry 62 – List II.
- Doctrine of Pith and Substance Applied: The court ruled that the dominant nature of lotteries is gambling, even if marketing and promotion involve service elements.
- Since the primary focus remains within the State List, the Centre cannot impose service tax on it.
- Sikkim High Court Ruling Upheld: The SC upheld the 2012 Sikkim HC decision, which declared Section 65(105) of the Finance Act, 1994 (as amended in 2010) unconstitutional, as it attempted to impose service tax on lottery-related activities.
What is Doctrine of Pith and Substance?
- The Doctrine of Pith and Substance helps determine whether a law’s dominant purpose falls within the legislative competence of the enacting government.
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- Examines the true nature of a law, rather than incidental overlaps.
- Resolves Centre-State conflicts over legislative powers.
- Allows minor encroachments if the primary subject falls within the legislature’s authority.
- Major Supreme Court Cases Applying the Doctrine:
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- State of Bombay v. FN Balsara (1951): Upheld a state alcohol prohibition law, despite minor overlaps with Union subjects.
- Prafulla Kumar Mukherjee v. Bank of Commerce (1947): Allowed incidental encroachment as long as the law’s primary focus was within its jurisdiction.
- Application in Lottery Taxation Case:
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- The Centre’s argument for taxing lotteries under Entry 97 – List I was rejected.
- The dominant purpose of lottery transactions is gambling, which states exclusively regulate and tax.
PYQ:
[2016] The Parliament of India acquires the power to legislate on any item in the State List in the national interest if a resolution to that effect is passed by the:
(a) Lok Sabha by a simple majority of its total membership
(b) Lok Sabha by a majority of not less than two-thirds of its total membership
(c) Rajya Sabha by a simple majority of its total membership
(d) Rajya Sabha by a majority of not less than two thirds of its members present and voting |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) Clean energy is the order of the day.’ Describe briefly India’s changing policy towards climate change in various international fora in the context of geopolitics. (UPSC CSE 2018) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on Climate Change (2017), and COP 26 (2021).
In the Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2025, India ranks among the top 10 climate performers globally, underscoring its commitment to climate action. India has been recognized for its significant role in South-South climate cooperation, reflecting its leadership in fostering collaboration among developing nations to address climate change.
Today’s editorial highlights how South-South cooperation can help achieve climate goals, promote sustainable development, and empower developing countries to meet their climate targets, drawing attention to India’s strategic opportunities and responsibilities in this area. This content would help in substantiation of answers in Mains GS Paper III (Environment and Biodiversity).
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
India’s potential role in fostering climate cooperation between developing nations through South-South cooperation in the context of the Paris Agreement is needed for the global solutions to tackle climate change.
How does Article 6 of the Paris Agreement benefit India in achieving its climate goals?
- Carbon Markets: Under Article 6.2, countries can trade carbon credits to meet their emissions reduction targets. India can participate in these carbon markets, generating revenue by selling surplus carbon credits earned through emission reductions in sectors like renewable energy, energy efficiency, and afforestation.
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- By engaging in carbon trading, India can attract foreign investments from companies in developed countries looking to offset their emissions. This can provide funding for clean energy projects, supporting India’s transition to a low-carbon economy.
- Cooperative Approaches: Article 6.4 establishes a global carbon market mechanism, similar to the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol, but with improvements. India could utilize this mechanism to undertake joint projects with other countries that help reduce emissions while fostering sustainable development.
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- Through cooperative approaches, India can access advanced technologies, practices, and expertise from other countries, enabling its industries to adopt cleaner technologies and improve energy efficiency, contributing to its climate and development goals.
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- Article 6.8 promotes non-market mechanisms, which focus on facilitating actions like capacity-building, finance, and knowledge sharing to address climate change. This can help India strengthen its national capabilities to implement climate policies and adapt to the impacts of climate change, particularly in vulnerable regions.
- India, being highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, can benefit from non-market approaches to enhance its adaptive capacities and resilience, addressing critical sectors like agriculture, water resources, and infrastructure.
- Flexibility in Meeting Targets:
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- The flexibility provided by Article 6 allows India to find the most cost-effective solutions for emission reductions, especially in sectors where technology deployment is expensive or challenging. It provides an opportunity to meet its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in a way that balances economic growth with environmental sustainability.
What are the potential challenges India faces in utilizing ITMOs and engaging in international climate finance?
- Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) Systems: India’s current MRV systems for tracking emissions reductions may not meet the rigorous standards required for ITMOs, which are crucial for ensuring transparency and accountability in carbon markets.
- Inadequate MRV mechanisms could hinder India’s ability to accurately quantify and report emission reductions, limiting its participation in carbon trading and climate finance.
- Accessing Climate Finance: Despite being a major developing country, India faces challenges in accessing sufficient and predictable climate finance from international sources, as the global financing mechanisms often favor smaller or more vulnerable nations.
- Limited access to finance can slow down India’s ability to implement large-scale climate projects, especially in sectors like renewable energy, adaptation, and infrastructure development.
- Ensuring Environmental Integrity: While ITMOs enable carbon trading, there’s a risk of “low-quality” credits or “double counting” (where emissions reductions are claimed by multiple parties), which could undermine the credibility and environmental integrity of the system.
- If India is not careful in ensuring robust methodologies for generating and trading ITMOs, it might face challenges in maintaining the credibility of its climate commitments, affecting its international reputation.
- Domestic Policy and Institutional Coordination: India’s domestic policies on climate change may not be fully aligned with the requirements of international climate finance mechanisms or ITMO systems. There is also a need for better coordination among various ministries and stakeholders to implement and track climate action effectively.
- Misalignment between international climate goals and domestic policies could result in inefficiencies and missed opportunities to access ITMOs and climate finance.
What are the opportunities for India under South-South cooperation via Article 6.2?
- Carbon Trading with Fellow Developing Countries: India can collaborate with neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and others in the South Asian region to work together to reduce emissions through renewable energy, afforestation, or energy efficiency programs.
- India could sell any surplus carbon credits generated through its own emission reduction efforts to other developing countries that need help meeting their own NDCs (Nationally Determined Contributions). This allows India to both achieve its climate goals and potentially generate revenue.
- Technology and Knowledge Transfer: India has already made significant progress in solar energy and can offer valuable lessons and technologies to fellow developing countries.
- India can also help other countries develop adaptation strategies for climate change impacts, such as water management techniques, disaster preparedness, and climate-resilient infrastructure.
- In return, India could receive new technologies, methods, and knowledge to enhance its own climate resilience.
- Joint Ventures for Clean Energy Projects: India can partner with other developing countries to co-develop large-scale renewable energy projects, such as solar, wind, or hydropower. Joint initiatives could be supported by carbon markets, with emission reductions which could attract investments, expertise, and improve access to clean energy technologies.
- By collaborating with other developing countries, India can contribute to the development of affordable, scalable solutions that are tailored to the specific needs of developing nations.
- These solutions could be implemented locally, reducing emissions and improving energy access.
- Strengthening Capacity and Institutional Frameworks: South-South cooperation can help India and other developing countries to assist in establishing frameworks for monitoring, reporting, and verifying (MRV) emissions reductions, benefiting both India and its partner countries.
- India can help south countries in refining its strategies and implementing the best practices that suit their own development contexts.
- Leveraging Climate Finance: India, by engaging in South-South cooperation, could also have access to international financial instruments that make climate action more affordable.
- This would be particularly beneficial in sectors where India faces challenges in scaling up clean technologies, like electric vehicles, or in regions like rural areas that require adaptation interventions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Cyber attack-related issues;
Why in the News?
Kaveri 2.0, a web portal launched in 2023 to make property registrations in Karnataka easier was recently hit by a DDoS attack carried out using AI-powered bots.
What is a DDoS attack?
- A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is a type of cyberattack where multiple computers or bots flood a website or online service with excessive traffic, overwhelming its servers and causing it to slow down or crash.
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What are the key issues with Karnataka’s response to cyber attacks, specifically the DDoS attack on Kaveri 2.0?
- Lack of Proactive Cybersecurity Measures: Despite previous cyber incidents like the 2017 WannaCry ransomware attack and the 2019 e-procurement portal hack, the State failed to implement robust preventive measures. The DDoS attack on Kaveri 2.0 in December 2024 – February 2025 exposed the absence of real-time threat monitoring systems.
- Poor Coordination Between Departments: The e-Governance Department did not involve the State cyber crime police until February 7, 2025, despite weeks of disruption. Resistance within departments to share cybersecurity concerns with law enforcement delayed incident response, worsening the crisis.
- Lack of a Dedicated Cybersecurity Infrastructure: Karnataka lacks a Cyber Security Operation Centre like Maharashtra and Odisha. A ₹20 crore cybersecurity centre, proposed in February 2023, was scrapped after the new government took over, leaving critical digital infrastructure vulnerable.
- Government Response and Security Measures: While the government has initiated a police probe and FIR registration under the Information Technology Act, and the Kaveri 2.0 application has been restored with enhanced security measures,
- Karnataka launched a cyber security policy in 2024 to combat rising cybercrime, focusing on awareness, skill building, and industry promotion.
How have past attacks influenced the current state of cyber security?
- Failure to Implement Robust Cybersecurity Measures: Despite the 2017 WannaCry ransomware attack on the Karnataka State Data Centre and the 2019 e-Procurement portal hack (₹11.5 crore stolen), the state did not establish strong preventive mechanisms.
- The lack of a dedicated Cyber Security Operation Centre resulted in inadequate monitoring and delayed responses to threats like the recent DDoS attack on Kaveri 2.0 (2024-25).
- Persistent Coordination Gaps Between Departments: Earlier attacks, such as the 2022 cyber attack on NIMHANS, highlighted poor inter-departmental coordination, yet similar gaps persisted during the Kaveri 2.0 DDoS attack.
- The e-Governance Department handled the crisis alone without informing the cyber crime police, delaying investigative action until February 7, 2025.
- Neglect of Cybersecurity Infrastructure Development: A ₹20 crore Cyber Security Operation Centre, proposed in February 2023, was dropped in the May 2023 budget revision after a change in government.
- Unlike Maharashtra and Odisha, which have dedicated cyber security setups, Karnataka still lacks a real-time threat detection system, leaving it vulnerable to repeated cyber attacks.
Why has the coordination between the e-Governance Department and the State Police been ineffective during cyber incidents?
- Lack of a Unified Cybersecurity Framework: Karnataka’s Cyber Security Committee (2023) is led by bureaucrats without police representation, unlike national-level bodies like I4C (Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre) and NCIIPC (National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre).
- This results in fragmented decision-making, where cybersecurity response remains within the e-Governance Department, sidelining law enforcement agencies.
- Delayed Involvement of the Cyber Crime Police: In the Kaveri 2.0 DDoS attack (2024-25), the e-Governance Department did not inform the State cyber crime police until February 7, 2025—long after the attack began in December 2024.
- Earlier incidents like the 2019 e-Procurement portal hack and 2022 NIMHANS cyber attack also saw delayed police involvement, allowing attackers more time to operate.
- Departmental Hesitation to Engage Law Enforcement: Sources indicate a reluctance within the e-Governance Department to involve the police, possibly due to bureaucratic hurdles or fears of administrative scrutiny.
- This lack of trust and procedural clarity has led to independent firefighting efforts rather than a coordinated response between technical teams and law enforcement.
Why is it crucial for the state to establish a Cyber Security Operation Centre similar to the national model?
- Real-Time Threat Detection and Response: The DDoS attack on Kaveri 2.0 (2024-25) went undetected for weeks, causing major disruptions in property registrations. A Cyber Security Operation Centre (CSOC) would enable 24/7 monitoring and early detection of cyber threats.
- National agencies like I4C (Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre) and NCIIPC (National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre) use AI-driven analytics and real-time threat intelligence to mitigate cyber risks, a model Karnataka must adopt.
- Coordinated and Rapid Incident Response: Karnataka’s e-Governance Department handled the Kaveri 2.0 attack alone, only involving cyber crime police weeks later, delaying mitigation efforts.
- A CSOC would centralize cybersecurity efforts, ensuring immediate coordination between technical experts, government departments, and law enforcement agencies to prevent prolonged disruptions.
Way forward:
- Establish a Cyber Security Operation Centre (CSOC): Revive the ₹20 crore CSOC proposal with real-time threat monitoring, AI-driven analytics, and centralized coordination between government agencies and law enforcement.
- Implement automated response mechanisms to detect and neutralize cyber threats before they escalate.
- Strengthen Inter-Departmental Coordination and Cybersecurity Framework: Mandate immediate police involvement in cyber incidents and integrate law enforcement into cybersecurity governance structures like the Cyber Security Committee.
- Conduct joint cybersecurity drills between the e-Governance Department, State Police, and IT experts to improve incident response efficiency.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the different elements of cyber security? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Women related issues;
Why in the News?
Increasing the number of women in the workforce is not just about equality and it is also essential for economic growth.
What are their challenges in enabling women’s economic participation in India?
- Unpaid Care Work Burden: Women in India spend 7.2 hours per day on unpaid domestic work, compared to 2.8 hours by men (Time Use in India Report, 2019). This leaves them with less time for paid employment.
- Example: Many women drop out of the workforce after marriage due to caregiving responsibilities, particularly in rural areas where childcare facilities are scarce.
- Lack of Formal Part-time Employment: India lacks legally regulated part-time work, unlike OECD countries where part-time work is protected by law and provides benefits.
- Example: According to the NCAER study (2024), 57% of women prefer part-time jobs for flexibility, but due to the absence of formal options, many take low-wage, informal sector jobs without security.
- Gender Discrimination and Wage Gap: Women in India earn only 77% of what men earn for the same work (World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report 2023).
- Example: The STEM sector in India has only 16% female representation, limiting women’s access to high-paying jobs and leadership roles.
- Limited Access to Safe and Affordable Transport: Lack of safe and reliable transport restricts women’s mobility for work, especially in cities with high crime rates against women.
- Example: A study by Ola Mobility Institute (2022) found that over 50% of women in Delhi and Mumbai reject job opportunities due to safety concerns while commuting.
- Low Financial and Digital Literacy: Women in India have lower financial and digital literacy, limiting their participation in modern, high-skilled jobs and entrepreneurship.
- Example: According to the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-21), only 33% of Indian women use the Internet, reducing their access to online job markets and digital banking.
What are the Study and Findings from the LFPR Report?
- Low Female Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) in India: India’s Female LFPR stands at 37%, which is much lower than the global average of 47% and the OECD average of 67%. The primary reasons for this low participation include unpaid care work, lack of formal part-time jobs, gender discrimination, and mobility constraints.
- Impact of Addressing Barriers on LFPR Growth: The study used the McCall-Mortensen job search model to simulate the effects of policy changes. It found that addressing two major barriers (formalizing part-time work and redistributing unpaid care work) could increase women’s LFPR by 6 percentage points, from 37% to 43%.
- Projected Increase in LFPR: The study found that addressing these two barriers could raise India’s female LFPR by six percentage points, increasing it from the current 37% to 43%.
- Formalizing Part-Time Employment: The study highlighted that introducing formally recognized part-time work contracts with pro-rated wages and benefits would offer women the flexibility they need.
- Redistributing Unpaid Care Work: Achieving gender equality in caregiving responsibilities, through policies like paid parental leave and investment in childcare along with cultural changes, is crucial for enabling women’s participation in the labour force.
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What are the steps taken by the government?
- Maternity and Childcare Support – The Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017 increased paid maternity leave to 26 weeks, and schemes like PM Matru Vandana Yojana provide financial aid to pregnant women.
- Skill Development and Entrepreneurship – Programs like PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) train women in various skills, while Mudra Yojana and Stand-Up India provide financial support for women entrepreneurs.
- Workplace Safety and Legal Protections – The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013 ensures safer workplaces and the Working Women’s Hostels Scheme provides secure housing for working women.
Way forward:
- Policy Reforms for Flexible Work and Social Security: Introduce formal part-time work laws with pro-rated wages and benefits, ensuring job security and flexibility for women. Expand paid parental leave and affordable childcare facilities to reduce the unpaid care work burden.
- Improving Safety, Mobility, and Digital Inclusion: Strengthen safe public transport infrastructure and women-only commuting options to enhance workplace accessibility. Promote financial and digital literacy programs, ensuring women’s participation in online job markets and entrepreneurship.
Mains PYQ:
Q ‘Women’s movement in India has not addressed the issues of women of lower social strata.’ Substantiate your view. (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lymphatic Filariasis (LF)
Why in the News?
Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare has launched the Annual Nationwide Mass Drug Administration (MDA) Campaign to eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (LF).
About Lymphatic Filariasis (LF):
- Lymphatic Filariasis (LF), or “Hathi Paon”, is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori.
- It affects the lymphatic system, leading to swelling of limbs (lymphoedema) and scrotal swelling (hydrocele), causing permanent disability.
- LF spreads through repeated mosquito bites, making it a major public health challenge in tropical regions, including India.
- India aims to eliminate LF by 2027, ahead of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target.
What is Mass Drug Administration (MDA)?
- MDA is a large-scale public health campaign where anti-filarial medicines are administered to all eligible individuals in endemic areas to stop LF transmission.
- Medication Regimens:
- Double Drug Therapy (DA): Diethylcarbamazine Citrate (DEC) + Albendazole
- Triple Drug Therapy (IDA): Ivermectin + DEC + Albendazole
- Key Features of MDA
- Door-to-door supervised drug administration ensures high coverage.
- Drugs are safe, free, and given twice a year in targeted districts.
- MDA is crucial for eliminating LF, as it reduces parasite transmission and protects millions from disability.
- EXCEPTIONS: Children below 2 years, pregnant women, and seriously ill individuals.
PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following statements:
1. In tropical regions, Zika virus disease is transmitted by the same mosquito that transmits dengue.
2. Sexual transmission of Zika virus disease is possible.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise CYCLONE-III
Why in the News?
The 3rd edition of Joint Special Forces Exercise CYCLONE commenced at Mahajan Field Firing Ranges in Rajasthan.
| Note: India and the UAE held the ‘Desert Cyclone 2024’ joint military exercise in Rajasthan in January 2024. One must not get confused with this. |
About Exercise CYCLONE-III
- It is the 3rd edition of the Joint Special Forces Exercise between India and Egypt, aimed at enhancing interoperability, joint tactical operations, and counter-terrorism capabilities.
- The exercise is conducted at Mahajan Field Firing Ranges in Rajasthan from 10th to 23rd February 2025.
- CYCLONE is an annual exercise, held alternately in India and Egypt.
- The previous edition (CYCLONE-II) was conducted in Egypt in January 2024.
- The exercise focuses on high-intensity special forces training in desert and semi-desert terrains.
Features and Significance:
- This exercise involves 25 personnel from each side, focusing on counterterrorism, CQB, hostage rescue, and heliborne operations in desert terrain.
- The 48-hour final validation exercise tests combat strategies in semi-desert conditions, while an Indian defense technology showcase strengthens military ties.
- The exercise enhances India-Egypt defense cooperation, improves joint counter-terrorism capabilities, and builds readiness for future operations.
- It also boosts India’s strategic outreach in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, reinforcing defense collaborations and regional security.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ASPIRE Programme
Why in the News?
The 4th India-UK Energy Dialogue, chaired by the Union Minister of Power and the UK’s Energy Security Secretary, was recently held in New Delhi. The dignitaries launched Phase-2 of the ASPIRE programme to improve power supply, energy efficiency, and renewable energy.
About the ASPIRE Programme
- The ASPIRE (Accelerating Smart Power and Renewable Energy in India) program was officially launched in November 2021 during the India-UK Energy for Growth Partnership.
- It focuses on renewable energy expansion, power distribution reforms, and energy efficiency improvements.
- The program is implemented in collaboration with India’s Ministry of Power (MoP), Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), and the UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO).
Key Features of ASPIRE Phase-2:
- Round-the-Clock (RTC) Power Supply: Ensuring uninterrupted electricity with smart grid integration.
- Renewable Energy Expansion: Scaling up solar, wind, and offshore wind projects with investment support.
- Industrial Energy Efficiency & Decarbonization: Reducing carbon emissions in key industries like steel, aluminum, and cement.
- Power Distribution & Market Reforms: Enhancing smart metering, grid resilience, and regulatory cooperation between CERC (India) and OFGEM (UK).
- Offshore Wind Development: Establishing a UK-India Offshore Wind Taskforce to boost supply chains & financing models.
- Electric Mobility & Green Data Centers: Expanding EV charging infrastructure and sustainable energy solutions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Customs Organization (WCO); HS Code
Why in the News?
India has introduced a Harmonised System (HS) code for geographical indication (GI) recognised rice exports under an amendment to the Customs Tariff Act, 1975 announced by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in the 2025-26 Union Budget on February 1, 2025.
About Harmonised System (HS) Code
- HS Code is an internationally recognized classification system for traded goods, developed by the World Customs Organization (WCO).
- It is used to standardize the identification of products in global trade, ensuring uniformity in customs procedures, tariffs, and trade policies.
- The HS Code is a six-digit numerical code, categorized as follows:
- First two digits: Represent the chapter of goods (e.g., “10” for cereals).
- Next two digits: Indicate the heading (e.g., “06” for rice).
- Last two digits: Define the subheading (e.g., “30” for semi-milled or wholly milled rice).
- Countries can extend the HS Code beyond six digits to accommodate specific national requirements (e.g., India uses an 8-digit system).
Impact of HS Code on GI Rice Exports:
Trade experts believe that the introduction of an HS code will:
- Facilitate GI rice exports, even when general rice exports are restricted.
- Ensure better market access for specialty rice varieties in global markets.
- Differentiate GI-tagged rice from conventional rice exports to prevent mislabelling.
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About the World Customs Organization (WCO):
- The WCO is an intergovernmental organization responsible for overseeing and standardizing global customs regulations.
- It was established in 1952 as the Customs Co-operation Council (CCC) and later renamed the WCO in 1994.
- Key Functions of the WCO:
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- Develops and maintains the HS Code, used by over 200 countries and territories.
- Regulates customs procedures, trade facilitation, and enforcement of trade laws.
- Supports the fight against illegal trade, smuggling, and counterfeit goods.
- The organization works closely with the World Trade Organization (WTO) and United Nations (UN) to promote global trade efficiency.
- India is a member of the WCO and follows its HS classification system for trade regulations.
- The WCO’s Revised Kyoto Convention (RKC) serves as a blueprint for India’s customs modernization efforts.
PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following statements:
- India has ratified the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) of WTO.
- TFA is a part of WTO’s Bali Ministerial Package of 2013.
- TFA came into force in January 2016.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2018)
Q) Consider the following statements: (2023)
Statement I: Israel has established diplomatic relations with some Arab States.
Statement-II: The ‘Arab Peace Initiative’ mediated by Saudi Arabia was signed by Israel and Arab League.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement II is the correct explanation for Statement I
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
(d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on India’s relations with Israel (2018), and the Arab Peace Initiative for Israel and Palestine ( 2023).
On February 4, 2025, Donald Trump proposed relocating Gaza’s 2.3 million residents to Egypt and Jordan, turning the area into a global resort under U.S. control. He hinted at a West Bank plan soon. Alongside Netanyahu, he praised Saudi Crown Prince Mb Salman, who reaffirmed that Saudi-Israel ties depend on a Palestinian state’s creation.
Today’s editorial talks about issues in the Middle East which is always in the news because of the Israel and Palestine conflict. This topic is also the favourite of UPSC in GS Paper2 mains and prelims related to International relations above mentioned in the box (PYQ Relevance). This content would help in substantiation of answers in Mains GS Paper 2.
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Why in the News?
Donald Trump recently proposed an audacious plan to relocate 2.3 million residents of the Gaza Strip to Egypt and Jordan, turning Gaza into a global resort, which has stirred geopolitical tension.
- This suggestion, along with his praise for Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MbS), hints at possible changes in the West Asia region, especially concerning the Israel-Palestine issue and Saudi Arabia’s potential involvement in the Abraham Accords.
What is meant by Trump’s ‘expanding the canvas’ strategy?
- Trump’s “expanding the canvas” strategy refers to his approach of broadening the scope of a negotiation or conflict resolution by introducing bold, often extreme proposals to provoke reaction and stimulate further discussions.
- By presenting an audacious or exaggerated idea, he aims to shift the focus and push opposing parties to consider more realistic and agreeable counter-offers. The idea is that this “shock tactic” can help break a stalemate and create space for new solutions.
- In the context of the Gaza proposal, Trump’s suggestion to depopulate Gaza and turn it into a global resort serves as an example of this strategy—pushing the boundaries of negotiation to force other stakeholders to come up with a more balanced, practical solution.
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What are the implications of the proposed strategy for the Gaza conflict, and how might it reshape the geopolitical landscape in West Asia?
- Geopolitical Tensions and Pushback: This proposal would likely anger Palestinians and Arab nations, as it bypasses the core issue of Palestinian statehood and self-determination. It could worsen tensions between Israel, Palestinians, and neighboring Arab countries.
- The suggestion might also be viewed as a land grab or colonial move, particularly because it disregards the established claim of Palestinians to their land, creating significant backlash in the region and beyond.
- Impact on Palestinian Statehood: Trump’s plan shifts focus away from the two-state solution (Israel and Palestine coexisting as separate states), which many international actors, including the U.S. and the UN, support.
- The proposal undermines the push for Palestinian independence and could derail efforts to achieve a lasting peace settlement.
- Saudi Arabia and Other Arab Nations’ Involvement: Trump’s proposal could alter the balance in Arab-Israeli relations. Saudi Arabia, which is being courted for inclusion in the Abraham Accords, might find it difficult to reconcile such a plan with its own stance on Palestinian rights, especially since Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has linked normalization with Israel to the creation of a Palestinian state.
- It could either push Saudi Arabia and other Arab states further toward Israel or create more division, depending on how the proposal is received by the region’s leaders.
- Shifting Regional Alliances: If Saudi Arabia were to move toward accepting the proposal, it could signal a significant shift in Middle Eastern alliances, possibly leading to greater cooperation between Arab states and Israel, while sidelining Palestinian aspirations for statehood.
- On the other hand, if the plan fails, it could deepen regional divisions, particularly between Israel and the Arab world, and intensify the existing geopolitical instability in the region.
How are the ongoing conflicts and economic challenges in West Asia affecting the region’s future?
Political Impact of Conflicts: The wars and conflicts in places like Gaza, Syria, Yemen, and Lebanon have created deep divisions and instability. The region has been repolarized, leading to less cooperation and more distrust between nations.
- Issues such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Iran’s nuclear ambitions, and Kurdish national aspirations remain unresolved, keeping tensions high and preventing lasting peace.
Economic Challenges: The conflicts have caused massive destruction, with the rebuilding costs in places like Gaza, Lebanon, and Syria. However, economic recovery is impossible without resolving the political issues first.
- The region’s economy is also heavily dependent on oil, which is a vulnerable resource. The global push to move away from fossil fuels and the volatility of oil prices make the region’s future uncertain.
- Countries like Saudi Arabia are aware of this and are trying to diversify their economies, but this process is slow.
What are the Abraham Accords?
The Abraham Accords refer to a series of normalization agreements between Israel and several Arab countries, aimed at establishing diplomatic, economic, and cultural relations. These agreements were brokered by the USA, and they marked a significant shift in Middle Eastern geopolitics.
Here are the four major features of the Abraham Accords:
- Normalization of Relations: Israel established diplomatic ties with Arab countries like UAE, Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco.
- Economic Collaboration: The signatories are working together to enhance trade relations, investment opportunities, and economic partnerships. Israel’s advanced technology sector, including cybersecurity and innovation, is seen as a valuable area for collaboration with the Arab countries.
- Security Cooperation: Enhances defense and intelligence sharing, especially to address regional threats like Iran. As part of the normalization, the Accords encourage cultural exchange programs, tourism, and people-to-people connections.
- Exclusion of the Palestinian Issue: One of the most notable features—and points of controversy—of the Abraham Accords is that the agreements were made without resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
- While Palestinian leaders and many in the Arab world have opposed the Accords, claiming they betray the Palestinian cause, the agreements were framed as separate tracks that do not require the resolution of Palestinian statehood for Arab-Israeli relations to normalize.
Saudi Arabia’s Role in Shaping Stability:
- Economic Influence: Saudi Arabia, as the largest economy in the region, plays a major role in the economic stability of West Asia. It has massive reserves of wealth, particularly from its oil exports, and is using this to invest in rebuilding and diversifying the region’s economy. The Saudi Public Investment Fund, for example, is helping to fuel new development projects.
- Diplomatic Influence: Saudi Arabia’s political influence is also crucial. Under Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MbS), the country has made efforts to mediate regional conflicts, like the war in Yemen and tensions with Iran. It has also sought to balance relationships with global powers, including the U.S., China, and Russia, while maintaining its leadership role in the Arab and Islamic world.
- Potential to Guide Regional Stability: Despite the conflicts around it, Saudi Arabia has largely avoided direct involvement in the region’s major wars. It can use its wealth and diplomatic leverage to fund reconstruction efforts and push for more peaceful, negotiated solutions to ongoing conflicts. It also holds significant sway over organizations like OPEC, which can affect the global oil market and, by extension, the region’s economy.
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What are the challenges the US faces in advancing the Abraham Accords, and how does it complicate vision for broader Arab-Israeli normalization?
- Palestinian Statehood and the Core Issue of the Conflict: The Palestinian issue is a major barrier to Arab-Israeli normalization, with many Arab nations, including Saudi Arabia, insisting on a Palestinian state as a prerequisite.
- Trump’s focus on individual peace deals with Arab states bypasses this issue, making it difficult for countries like Saudi Arabia to fully normalize relations with Israel.
- Opposition from Palestinian Leaders and Supporters: The Palestinian leadership has consistently rejected the Abraham Accords, seeing them as a betrayal of their cause. They argue that normalizing relations with Israel without addressing Palestinian rights and the establishment of a Palestinian state undermines their struggle for sovereignty and independence.
- This complicates the situation. As long as Palestinians feel excluded from peace processes or see no meaningful progress toward a state of their own, it will be difficult to secure broad Arab-Israeli normalization.
- Resistance from Ultra-Religious Israeli Groups: Within Israel, the growing influence of ultra-religious Jewish groups also complicates Trump’s plans. These groups often oppose any peace deal and their influence makes it harder for the Israeli government to adopt policies that could lead to broader peace agreements, even with Arab states.
- Competing Interests Among Arab States: While some Arab states like the UAE and Bahrain have embraced the Abraham Accords, others, particularly in the Gulf, have been more cautious.
- Saudi Arabia, for example, has signaled interest in normalizing relations with Israel, but only on the condition that Palestinian statehood is part of the deal.
- This puts Trump in a difficult position, as he must balance the desire to expand the Accords with the realities of Arab and Palestinian demands.
Way Forward:
- Need for Revised Diplomacy: A lasting solution must address Palestinian statehood, with a two-state solution being central to gaining support from Arab nations and Palestinian leaders. Direct negotiations, backed by international mediators, are crucial.
- Arab states, Israel, and global powers must work together through multilateral platforms, with Saudi Arabia playing a key role in fostering peace and stability in the region.
- Humanitarian Focus: Immediate efforts are needed to address the humanitarian crisis in Gaza and surrounding areas, with international aid supporting reconstruction and stability.
- Economic Diversification: The region must move beyond oil dependency by investing in other industries, with collaboration between the U.S. and Gulf states to promote long-term economic stability.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to Global South; Role of India;
Why in the News?
At the 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (2025) and the 3rd Voice of Global South Summit (2024), PM of India emphasised India’s leadership in advocating inclusive global governance and amplifying the Global South’s voice.
How can India effectively bridge the divide between the Global North and South?
- Alternate Paradigm of Development Cooperation: India needs to reinforce its call for an alternative development cooperation model that is not solely top-down and dictated by the Global North. It should focus on equal partnerships, but avoid an “India-first” approach, being open to learning from other Global South countries to address domestic challenges.
- Human-Centric Approach: India has partnered with countries like UAE, Japan, and Saudi Arabia under agreements like the India-UAE Skill Harmonization Initiative, ensuring Indian workers are trained to meet global skill standards. This model can be expanded to Global South nations, helping them create skilled labour forces for industrial growth.
- Advocating for Inclusive Global Governance: India can push for reforms in international institutions like the UN, WTO, IMF, and World Bank to better represent Global South interests. Example: India championed the inclusion of the African Union in the G20 during its presidency in 2023, making the grouping more representative.
- Learning and Listening: India needs to listen to the Global South to be a good leader, using trilateral partnerships and increased engagement with new partners as a learning process to scale up India-led global initiatives.
What are the key priorities and concerns of the Global South that India can champion?
- Debt Relief and Fair Financial Structures: Many developing nations are burdened by unsustainable debt, often due to high-interest loans from global financial institutions and major lenders like China. Example: India has advocated for debt restructuring in international forums like the G20 and supports initiatives like the Common Framework for Debt Treatment to assist Global South nations.
- Climate Justice and Sustainable Development: The Global South demands climate finance, technology transfer, and a fair transition to clean energy without compromising growth. Example: India spearheaded the International Solar Alliance (ISA) to help developing nations access affordable solar energy and pushed for climate finance commitments at COP summits.
- Equitable Global Trade and Market Access: Many Global South nations struggle with restricted market access, unfair subsidies in developed countries, and dependence on primary commodity exports. Example: India has advocated for WTO reforms, sought duty-free access for developing countries’ exports, and promoted initiatives like ‘Make in Africa’ to reduce dependency on Western economies.
- Food and Energy Security: Rising food and fuel prices disproportionately impact Global South nations, making self-sufficiency in agriculture and energy a key concern. Example: India’s export of wheat and rice during global food crises and partnerships in biofuel development, such as the Global Biofuels Alliance (GBA), help address these concerns.
- Technology and Digital Inclusion: The digital divide limits economic opportunities in many developing nations, making access to digital infrastructure and AI-driven solutions crucial. Example: India’s Aadhaar-based digital public infrastructure and UPI payment system have been shared with countries like Sri Lanka and Mauritius, promoting financial inclusion and governance reforms.
How can India balance its relationships with both to foster unified solutions? (Way forward)
- Strategic Multi-Alignment: India follows a multi-aligned foreign policy, maintaining strong ties with the U.S. and Europe while deepening its engagement with Global South nations. Example: India’s participation in the Quad (with the U.S., Japan, and Australia) while simultaneously leading the Voice of Global South Summits showcases its balancing act.
- Leveraging Common Agendas: India identifies shared global challenges like climate change, digital transformation, and healthcare to foster collaboration between developed and developing nations. Example: India played a key role in securing climate finance commitments for developing countries during its G20 presidency in 2023, aligning Global South needs with Global North priorities.
- Soft Power and Cultural Diplomacy: India uses its democratic values, historical non-alignment stance, and rich cultural heritage to maintain trust across geopolitical divides. Example: India’s expansion of diplomatic missions in Africa, the International Solar Alliance (ISA), and Yoga Diplomacy have helped strengthen relationships across both blocs.
- Promoting Fair Investment Practices: Unlike China’s debt-driven infrastructure projects, India focuses on sustainable and transparent investment models that ensure local benefits. Example: India’s development assistance to Africa through concessional credit lines and capacity-building programs, such as the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC), contrasts with China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
- Institutionalizing Global Development Initiatives: India is working towards creating its own robust mechanisms for international development cooperation while collaborating with established institutions. Example: India’s push for the African Union’s inclusion in G20 and engagement in trilateral cooperation with France and the UAE for African development reflects its long-term vision of bridging the Global North-South divide.
Mains PYQ:
Q The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same. (UPSC IAS/2018)
Q The long-sustained image of India as a leader of the oppressed and marginalised nations has disappeared on account of its new found role in the emerging global order.’ Elaborate. (2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Budget related RD;
Why in the News?
The Union Budget highlights science, technology, and innovation (STI) as important drivers of the country’s progress, supporting CSIR’s goal of making India more self-reliant and globally competitive.
How will the 2025 budget impact scientific research funding?
- Increased Funding for R&D: The Ministry of Science and Technology’s allocation sees a major boost due to a Rs 20,000 crore allocation for the R&D fund, increasing the total allocation from Rs 8,029 crore to Rs 28,508 crore.
- Support for Deeptech Startups: An additional Rs 10,000 crore will be allocated to the Small Industries Development Bank of India Fund for Startups, aimed at enhancing the “deep tech ecosystem,” particularly for startups focusing on AI, biotech, and space technology.
- Focus on Mission-Mode Projects: Funding is heavily directed towards specific mission-mode programs such as nuclear energy, AI, and the Jal Jeevan Mission, potentially at the expense of curiosity-driven research.
- CSIR’s Role in National Missions: The budget aligns CSIR’s various missions (Aroma, Floriculture, Millets, Cotton, Green Hydrogen, etc.) with national initiatives, emphasizing value-added farming, self-reliance, and sustainable development.
- Concerns Regarding Basic Science and Education: Concerns exist regarding reduced funding for institutions like IISc and IISERs, a lower percentage increase in funding for Central Universities compared to IITs, and the overall low allocation for education as a percentage of GDP.
What specific allocations are being made for science and technology in the 2025 budget?
- Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) Funding Increase: The budget for MeitY has been increased by 48%, totalling over ₹26,000 crores. This substantial boost is directed towards initiatives such as the IndiaAI Mission and expanded Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes for semiconductors, large-scale electronics, and IT hardware.
- IndiaAI Mission: The IndiaAI Mission has received an allocation of ₹2,000 crore for FY25, marking an almost 11-fold increase from the previous year’s revised estimate of ₹173 crore. This funding aims to enhance artificial intelligence research and development across various sectors.
- Semiconductor and Electronics Manufacturing Support: Allocations for the modified scheme to establish compound semiconductors, silicon photonics, sensor fabs, and semiconductor assembly and testing facilities have risen from ₹2,500 crore to ₹3,900 crore. Additionally, the scheme for setting up semiconductor fabs has seen an increase from ₹1,200 crore to ₹2,499.96 crore.
- Research and Development Fund: A dedicated fund of ₹20,000 crore has been established to promote research, development, and innovation, particularly supporting private-sector-led initiatives. This fund underscores the government’s commitment to advancing technological progress and fostering innovation.
- Research Fellowships and Deep Tech Support: The government plans to offer 10,000 research fellowships over the next five years under the Prime Minister’s Research Fellowship scheme, focusing on advancing research in technology at premier institutions like IITs and IISc.
Are there any new initiatives for scientific research in the 2025 budget?
- Increased Focus on Health Research: There’s a greater emphasis on health research and biomedical devices, driven by concerns identified in the Economic Survey regarding the harms of ultra-processed foods. This suggests new initiatives and funding to address these health challenges through scientific research.
- Deeptech Startup Boost: The expansion of the SIDBI Fund for Startups with an additional Rs 10,000 crore specifically targets deeptech startups in AI, biotech, and space technology. This indicates a new initiative to foster innovation and entrepreneurship in these advanced technology areas.
- AI Education Push: The allocation of funds towards a Centre of Excellence in AI education signifies a new initiative to develop expertise and talent in artificial intelligence. The hope is that this center will also set benchmarks for the beneficial adoption of AI in Indian society.
- Green Hydrogen Mission: Spearheaded by CSIR, this mission supports research and development towards clean energy transition.
- Alignment of CSIR Missions: While not entirely new initiatives, the strategic alignment and emphasis on CSIR’s existing missions (like Aroma, Floriculture, Millets, Cotton, etc.) with national goals represents a renewed focus and coordinated effort that will likely drive scientific research in those specific areas.
Way forward:
- Balanced Research Funding: Ensure a more balanced allocation between mission-driven projects and fundamental research to sustain long-term scientific innovation and discovery.
- Strengthening Scientific Workforce: Expand research fellowships, enhance funding for premier institutions, and create stronger industry-academia collaborations to develop a skilled workforce in emerging technologies.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: TROPEX-25
Why in the News?
The 2025 edition of TROPEX is currently underway in the Indian Ocean Region, involving all operational Indian Naval units along with significant participation from the Indian Army, Indian Air Force (IAF), and the Indian Coast Guard (ICG).
About Theatre Level Operational Exercise (TROPEX)
- TROPEX is the Indian Navy’s flagship biennial operational-level exercise, designed to test and enhance India’s maritime defense capabilities.
- It is conducted in the Indian Ocean Region with participation from the Indian Navy, Indian Army, Indian Air Force (IAF), and Indian Coast Guard (ICG).
- It was first held in April 2005.
- TROPEX-25 is being conducted over a three-month period from January to March 2025 in multiple phases:
- Harbour Phase: Focuses on strategic planning, joint training, and coordination before moving to sea operations.
- Sea Phase: Simulates real-time combat scenarios to assess the Navy’s operational readiness.
- Cyber and Electronic Warfare Operations: Integrates modern cybersecurity and electronic warfare tactics to counter digital threats.
- Live Weapon Firings: Includes real-world missile and torpedo firings to test combat effectiveness.
- Amphibious Exercise (AMPHEX): Conducts joint land-sea operations, involving amphibious landings and coastal defence drills.
Mandate and Significance of TROPEX-25
TROPEX-25 plays a pivotal role in:
- Strengthening India’s maritime dominance in the Indian Ocean Region.
- Enhancing interoperability and joint warfighting capabilities among the Navy, Army, Air Force, and Coast Guard.
- Testing real-world combat readiness in dynamic operational environments.
- Securing national maritime interests through proactive military preparedness.
- Projecting India’s naval power to safeguard maritime trade routes and counter emerging threats.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fort William
Why in the News?
In a move to eliminate colonial practices and symbols from the Indian Armed Forces, Fort William in Kolkata, the headquarters of the Eastern Army Command, has been renamed Vijay Durg.
About the Vijay Durg (Fort William)
- It was originally built by the British in 1773, Fort William was named after King William III of England.
- It is located on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River in Kolkata, West Bengal.
- It served as a key British military stronghold during colonial rule.
- The first version of Fort William was built by the English East India Company in 1696.
- It had an inner bastion used as a prison, leading to the term “Black Hole of Calcutta”.
- The Black Hole of Calcutta Incident (1756) refers to the alleged imprisonment of British prisoners by Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah, where many reportedly suffocated to death due to overcrowding and lack of ventilation.
- After the Battle of Plassey in 1757, Robert Clive ordered its demolition, and a new fort was built, completed in 1773.
- Fort William College was established by Lord Wellesley in 1800 to train Company civil servants in Indian languages and customs, but it was closed in 1802.
- The present-day fort is octagonal in shape, made of brick and mortar, covering 70.9 acres.
- It is now owned by the Indian Army and serves as the headquarters of the Eastern Command.
Do you know?
Fort St. George (Chennai, Tamil Nadu)
- It was the first fort built by the British in 1644, marking the beginning of British rule.
- It served as the headquarters of the Madras Presidency.
- It included St. Mary’s Church, the oldest Anglican Church in India.
- Current Use: Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly & Secretariat.
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Significance of Renaming
- The new name is inspired by Vijay Durg Fort in Maharashtra, one of the oldest and most significant naval forts under Chhatrapati Shivaji.
- Vijay Durg served as a naval base for the Marathas, highlighting India’s indigenous military history.
- The renaming aligns with India’s broader initiative to remove colonial influences and promote native military traditions.
- In September 2022, the Indian Navy replaced its British-era ensign with a new octagonal design inspired by Chhatrapati Shivaji’s royal seal.
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to educational institutions during colonial rule in India, consider the following pairs:
Institution: Founder
- Sanskrit College at Benaras: William Jones
- Calcutta Madarsa: Warren Hastings
- Fort William College: Arthur Wellesley
Which of the pairs given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 22 of the Indian Constitution
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court ruled that informing an arrested person of the grounds of arrest is a mandatory constitutional obligation, not a mere formality. Failure to comply makes the arrest illegal, violating Articles 22(1) and 21, which protect fundamental rights and personal liberty.
About Article 22 of the Indian Constitution:
- Article 22 of the Indian Constitution ensures protection to individuals against arbitrary arrest and preventive detention.
- It has two parts:
1. Article 22(1) & 22(2) – Protection in Ordinary Arrests:
- The arrested person must be informed of the grounds of arrest as soon as possible.
- The person has the right to consult and be defended by a lawyer of their choice.
- They must be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours.
2. Article 22(3) to 22(7) – Preventive Detention Provisions:
- Preventive detention without trial cannot exceed 3 months, unless approved by an Advisory Board.
- The government may deny disclosure of reasons if it affects public interest.
- Parliament can extend detention beyond 3 months in special cases.
Key Highlights of Supreme Court’s Recent Judgment:
- The Supreme Court ruled that informing an arrested person of the grounds of arrest is a fundamental right.
- Non-compliance violates both Articles 22(1) and 21 (Right to Liberty), rendering the arrest invalid.
- Grounds of arrest must be clearly conveyed in an effective manner.
- Providing the grounds in writing is the best practice (as suggested in Pankaj Bansal vs Union of India).
- As per Section 50A of CrPC, the accused’s family or nominated person must also be informed to allow legal representation.
- Magistrates must ensure compliance. If Article 22(1) is not followed, the arrest is illegal, and the accused must be released.
- Violation of Article 22(1) is a ground for Bail. Even if statutory restrictions on bail exist, courts can grant bail if fundamental rights are violated.
- If the accused claims non-compliance, the Investigating Officer must prove that Article 22(1) was followed.
Relevant Supreme Court Judgments:
- Pankaj Bansal vs Union of India (2023): SC advised that grounds of arrest should ideally be provided in writing.
- Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India (1978): “Procedure established by law” must be fair, just, and reasonable.
- DK Basu vs State of West Bengal (1997): Established guidelines to prevent custodial abuse and ensure due process.
- Ram Manohar Lohia vs State of Bihar (1965): Distinguished between law and order (individual impact) and public order (societal impact).
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PYQ:
[2021] With reference to India, consider the following statements:
- Judicial custody means an accused is in the custody of the concerned magistrate and such an accused is locked up in a police station, not in jail.
- During judicial custody, the police officer in charge of the case is not allowed to interrogate the suspect without the approval of the court.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Economic Capital Framework (ECF) of the RBI
Why in the News?
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has initiated an internal review of its Economic Capital Framework (ECF) to assess the contingency risk buffer (CRB) and overall capital reserves.
What is Economic Capital Framework (ECF)?
- The ECF is the risk management policy used by the RBI to determine:
- How much capital and reserves the central bank should maintain for financial stability.
- How much surplus the RBI can transfer to the government under Section 47 of the RBI Act, 1934.
- Contingency Risk Buffer (CRB): A financial safeguard for monetary, fiscal, credit, and operational risks.
- Total Economic Capital: Includes capital, reserves, risk provisions, and revaluation balances.
- Surplus Transfers:
- FY24: ₹2.11 lakh crore (highest-ever surplus).
- FY23: ₹87,416 crore | FY22: ₹30,307 crore | FY21: ₹99,122 crore.
Review of ECF and Its Significance
- The Bimal Jalan Committee’s recommendations (valid till June 2024) required a periodic reassessment.
- As of March 31, 2024, the CRB stands at 6.5%, and the RBI is evaluating whether changes are needed.
- Potential Impact
- Higher CRB → More financial stability, but lower surplus transfers to the government.
- Lower CRB → More funds available for government spending, but with potential financial risks.
- Impact on Budget: RBI’s surplus plays a major role in fiscal planning for infrastructure & welfare programs.
- The RBI must ensure financial resilience while also supporting economic development.
About Bimal Jalan Committee (2018)
- Objective: To review RBI’s reserve management and surplus transfer policy.
- Key Recommendations:
- CRB should be between 5.5% – 6.5% of the balance sheet.
- Periodic ECF review every 5 years.
- Only realized surplus (net income) should be transferred to the government.
- Revaluation reserves should not be used for operational losses.
- Impact:
- Led to higher surplus transfers and a structured capital policy.
- Strengthened transparency & financial governance in RBI’s operations.
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PYQ:
[2017] Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)?
- It decides the RBI’s benchmark interest rates.
- It is a 12-member body including the Governor of RBI and is reconstituted every year.
- It functions under the chairmanship of the Union Finance Minister.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SASCI Scheme
Why in the News?
The Government of India has sanctioned 40 projects across 23 states, allocating ₹3295.76 crore under the ‘Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment (SASCI) Scheme for the Financial Year 2024-25.
What is the SASCI Scheme?
- The SASCI Scheme was launched in FY 2020-21 to support state capital expenditure and drive economic growth.
- Initially introduced as a post-COVID recovery measure, it has been expanded in FY 2023-24 with an allocation of ₹1.3 lakh crore.
- The scheme funds infrastructure projects, urban reforms, tourism development, and sustainability initiatives.
- Structural Mandate: The scheme has eight parts based on states’ share of central taxes:
- General Capital Assistance (₹1 lakh crore): Allocated based on states’ share of central taxes.
- Vehicle Scrappage & Testing Facilities: Incentives for phasing out old vehicles & setting up automated testing centers.
- Urban Planning Reforms: Encourages modern land-use planning & governance improvements.
- Urban Finance Reforms: Strengthens municipal revenue models & financial sustainability.
- Housing for Police Personnel: Funds residential units for police & their families.
- Cultural & Economic Development (Unity Malls): Promotes One District One Product (ODOP), Make in India & local entrepreneurship.
- Digital Libraries at Panchayat/Ward Levels: ₹5,000 crore for library infrastructure & digital learning access.
- Development of Iconic Tourist Centres: Global-scale branding & infrastructure for major tourism hubs.
Features & Significance:
- Boosts capital investment to stimulate demand and job creation.
- Encourages reforms in urban governance, infrastructure, and sustainability.
- Promotes responsible tourism and global branding of iconic destinations.
- Strengthens local industries through One District One Product (ODOP).
- Improves public services like policing, water supply, and rural roads.
PYQ:
[2016] Which of the following is/are included in the capital budget of the Government of India?
- Expenditure on acquisition of assets like roads, buildings, machinery, etc.
- Loans received from foreign governments
- Loans and advances granted to the States and Union Territories
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q. The scourge of terrorism is a grave challenge to national security. What solutions do you suggest to curb this growing menace? What are the major sources of terrorist funding? (2017)
Q. Discuss the impediments India is facing in its pursuit of a permanent seat in the UN Security Council. (2015) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on grave challenge to national security (2017), and ‘pursuit of a permanent seat in the UN Security Council ’ (2015)
Wars are raging, global institutions are failing, and terrorism is evolving in new, digital, and decentralized forms. While conflicts like the Ukraine war and Gaza crisis dominate headlines, subterranean threats such as radicalization and lone-wolf terrorism are quietly reshaping global security risks.
Today’s editorial highlights why the world is in a volatile state, how extremist groups are adapting, and why counterterrorism efforts must evolve to meet these new challenges. This content will help in GS paper 2 (Security issues).
Why in the News?
The world is going through an unpredictable phase, with wars, conflicts, and terrorism on the rise. The post-1945 global order has collapsed, and international institutions like the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) and the International Court of Justice (ICJ) are failing to prevent violence. At the same time, terrorism is evolving, using digital tools and decentralized networks to survive and grow.
Why is the Present Period Unpredictable?
- Wars in Europe and West Asia:
- The Ukraine war continues with no clear end in sight.
- The Gaza conflict and tensions in Lebanon have led to large-scale civilian casualties.
- Failure of Global Institutions:
- The UNSC and ICJ have become powerless observers, unable to stop wars.
- The principles of international law are now ignored by major powers.
- Moral and Political Decline:
- Nations are acting in self-interest, with no common moral framework.
- Peace efforts are temporary and do not address the root causes of conflicts.
What are the Recent Subterranean Activities?
- False Sense of Stability in West Asia:
- Some believe that Israeli military actions have weakened Iran’s regional influence.
- However, underground resistance movements are growing, keeping tensions high.
- Resurgence of Islamist Extremism:
- Jihadist groups are reorganizing, using online radicalization.
- “Lone wolf” attacks are increasing, making them harder to predict.
- Digital Radicalization:
- Terrorist groups are recruiting and training people online.
- Social media and encrypted messaging apps are used to spread extremist ideologies.
How Terrorism is Witnessing a Revival?
- Terrorism is Adapting:
- Since 1979, terrorist networks have evolved.
- Al-Qaeda and ISIS have used both military and digital strategies to stay active.
- Now, terrorism is shifting towards smaller, more frequent attacks.
- Al-Qaeda and ISIS Regrouping:
- Al-Qaeda is training militants in Afghanistan, under Taliban rule.
- ISIS-Khorasan (ISKP) is expanding its operations beyond Afghanistan and Pakistan.
- Attacks have been reported in Moscow, Türkiye, and Iran.
- More Small-Scale Attacks:
- Instead of large bombings, modern terrorism relies on:
- Lone-wolf attacks (one person acting alone).
- Vehicle attacks, knives, or simple explosives.
- AI-driven propaganda to recruit supporters.
- Recent Terror Attacks in the U.S.:
- Las Vegas Cyber Truck Explosion: A Tesla exploded outside a hotel where President-elect Donald Trump was staying.
- New Orleans Vehicle Attack: A former soldier drove a truck into a crowd, killing 14 people while displaying an ISIS flag.
- Virginia Terror Plot: Authorities foiled a planned attack in early 2025.
- Warnings for the Future:
- Experts warn of a new wave of terror attacks using digital tools.
- Security agencies worldwide are on high alert to prevent further incidents.
Conclusion
A technology-driven and cooperative global approach is essential to counter rising conflicts and terrorism. Nations must strengthen international institutions, use AI for surveillance, and enforce stricter digital regulations to prevent online radicalization. Community engagement and de-radicalization programs can help address extremism at its roots. Stronger border security, cyber-tracking, and intelligence-sharing will be key to preventing future attacks. As threats become more decentralized and digital, proactive measures and global collaboration are the only paths to lasting peace.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Illegal Immigration;
Why in the News?
A U.S. Air Force C-17 plane landed at Amritsar’s Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport on February 5, 2025, carrying around 100 Indian nationals. These individuals were suspected of trying to enter the U.S. illegally.
What are the Hotspots states of Illegal Immigration in India?
- Gujarat: North Gujarat, including the districts of Mehsana, Gandhinagar, Patan, and Banaskantha, is a major hotspot. Specific illegal immigration hotspots within these districts include Dingucha, Khalva, Nardipur, and Limdivas in Kalol taluka of Gandhinagar district; Vijapur, Andudar, Tundali, Bhadol, and Dhanali in Mehsana district; and Sola Science City Road and Bhadaj in Ahmedabad city.
- Punjab: Punjab is also a significant hotspot for illegal immigration.
- Haryana: Haryana is another state identified as a hotspot.
Andhra Pradesh tops the list of agents engaged in illegal manpower migration overseas. As of Oct 30, 2023, a total of 2925 such agents have been identified.
What are the most common methods used?
- Forged Documents: Agents create fake passports, visas, and other documents to facilitate illegal migration. This includes fake departure/arrival stamps, work permits, and educational or corporate papers.
- “Donkey Routes”: Agents organize travel through multiple countries to exploit visa loopholes and enable illegal border crossings into the desired destination. This often involves routing individuals through countries with visa-on-arrival options for Indian nationals.
- Exploiting Loopholes: Agents exploit student visas and family immigration categories, as well as sham marriages and adoptions, to facilitate illegal immigration.
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What are the Reasons for Illegal Migration?
- Economic Factors: Poverty, lack of economic opportunities, and the desire for a better standard of living push individuals to seek opportunities in other countries. The promise of opportunities, like the “American Dream,” attracts migrants.
- Political and Religious Persecution: Individuals flee their home countries due to political and religious persecution, seeking refuge in other nations.
- Overpopulation and Natural Disasters: Overpopulation leading to a crisis of living space and natural disasters can force people to migrate for survival and better living conditions.
- Existing Social Networks: Established social networks attract more migrants from similar communities, often resulting in migration through illegal routes when other options are unavailable.
- Violence and Instability: Violence, exacerbated by gangs and the drug trade, and gender-based violence, such as honour crimes or forced marriage, drive individuals to seek safety elsewhere.
What are the consequences of such Migration?
- Clashes and Political Instability: Illegal migration can lead to clashes between locals and migrants due to competition over scarce resources, economic opportunities, and cultural dominance, resulting in political instability.
- Economic Exploitation: Undocumented migrants are vulnerable to economic exploitation, often facing informal, temporary, or unprotected jobs and even forced labour due to a lack of legal safeguards. Illegal immigration can also increase the labour supply, impacting the wages and employment of some domestic workers.
- Strain on Resources and Infrastructure: The influx of undocumented settlers can strain public services like healthcare, education, and transportation, while unregulated settlements may emerge with hazardous living conditions. A massive influx of immigrants can lead to increased consumption, creating crises as authorities struggle to maintain living conditions and provide housing and services.
- Increased Crime and Security Concerns: Illegal migrants may engage in illegal and anti-national activities, such as fraudulently acquiring identity cards, participating in trans-border smuggling, and other crimes, undermining the rule of law. Organized criminal groups may also be involved in smuggling migrants across borders.
- Violation of Human Rights: Illegal migrants are vulnerable to inhumane conditions and criminal offences like assault, rape, or extortion during their journeys or in destination regions2. They also face the risk of detention and deportation and may be mistreated during detention, such as having poor living conditions.
- Social Tensions: Large-scale illegal migration can distort existing demographics and pose a threat to existing socio-cultural identity, potentially leading to xenophobic, ultranationalist, and racial manifestations.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Border and Immigration Controls – Enhance surveillance, biometric tracking, and cooperation with international agencies to curb illegal entry and human smuggling networks.
- Regulating Migration Pathways – Streamline legal migration channels, enforce stricter penalties on fraudulent agents, and promote awareness campaigns to educate potential migrants on legal and safe alternatives.
Mains PYQ:
Q How does illegal transborder migration pose a threat to India’s security? Discuss the strategies to curb this, bringing out the factors which give impetus to such migration. (UPSC IAS/2014)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Infrastructure; Railways;
Why in the News?
The Railway Budget was once a major event before the Union Budget. Since merging with the general Budget in 2017, Indian Railways has lost prominence, with no mention in the July 2024 or February 2025 Budgets.
What specific safety measures are planned for the Railways?
- Enhanced Safety Budget – ₹1,16,514 crore allocated for safety-related initiatives, including infrastructure upgrades and accident prevention.
- Kavach Train Protection System – No new expansion beyond the initial 1,465 km; implementation delays remain a concern.
- Grade Separation & Track Upgrades – Elimination of level crossings, doubling of railway lines, and gauge conversion to reduce congestion and accidents.
- Modern Signaling & Electrification – Upgrading signaling systems and achieving 95% electrification to improve train control and safety.
- Station & Train Modernization – Redevelopment of key stations and introduction of new Vande Bharat and Amrit Bharat trains with better safety features.
Which states will benefit the most from the railway budget allocations?
- Uttar Pradesh – Major railway station redevelopments (e.g., Ayodhya, Varanasi), new Vande Bharat trains, and increased connectivity through high-speed rail projects.
- Maharashtra – Mumbai-Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail (Bullet Train), Western Dedicated Freight Corridor, and urban railway modernization projects.
- Gujarat – High investment in freight corridors, bullet train project, and Amrit Bharat station redevelopment.
- West Bengal – Expansion of railway network, doubling of tracks, electrification, and modernization of key stations like Howrah and Sealdah.
- Tamil Nadu – Focus on gauge conversion, station redevelopment (e.g., Chennai), and enhanced connectivity with new semi-high-speed trains.
- Bihar & Jharkhand – Increased railway line expansion and connectivity improvements, particularly for freight movement and passenger services.
- Rajasthan & Madhya Pradesh – Dedicated freight corridor benefits, track doubling, and station upgrades for better passenger services.
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How will the new Amrit Bharat trains improve connectivity?
- Infrastructure Development & New Tracks: Expansion of railway lines to extend connectivity to new areas to ensure broader access to transportation. Example: Increased track laying to enhance regional rail access.
- Modernization of Stations: Upgrading stations to improve passenger experience and integrate different modes of transport. Example: Redevelopment projects enhancing station facilities and efficiency.
- Expansion of Rail Network to Underserved Areas: The introduction of Amrit Bharat trains will improve connectivity to tier-2 and tier-3 cities, bridging gaps in regional transportation. Example: Faster and more frequent services to cities like Hubli, Gorakhpur, and Siliguri.
- Faster Travel Between Major Economic Hubs: These trains will operate at semi-high speeds, reducing travel time between key business and industrial centers. Example: Quicker connectivity between Mumbai–Surat and Bengaluru–Hyderabad, supporting trade and commerce.
- Boost to Religious & Tourism Circuits: The new trains will enhance access to religious and tourist destinations, promoting cultural and economic growth. Example: Improved rail access to Ayodhya, Varanasi, Puri, and Rameswaram for pilgrimage travelers.
- Better Regional Connectivity in the Northeast & Border Areas: Amrit Bharat trains will strengthen rail links in remote and border regions, enhancing security and development. Example: Enhanced rail connectivity in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, and Mizoram to integrate them with the national rail network.
What are the challenges?
- Underwhelming Returns on Investment: Despite a ₹13 lakh crore investment in modernization and freight traffic is growing at just over 2%, failing to match India’s economic growth.
- Passenger revenue is increasing, but ridership remains below pre-COVID levels, limiting overall gains.
- Slow Implementation & Execution: Major projects like the New Delhi station redevelopment have been delayed for nearly a decade due to repeated re-tendering.
- Safety initiatives like Kavach have seen no expansion beyond the initial 1,465 km rollout near Secunderabad.
- Financial and Sustainability Concerns: Expenses are exceeding earnings, raising doubts about maintaining new infrastructure under the EPC model.
- The aggressive electrification push has left 5,000 diesel locomotives worth ₹30,000 crore idle or underutilized, questioning cost-effectiveness.
Way forward:
- Prioritize Efficient Implementation & Safety Expansion – Expedite key infrastructure projects, expand Kavach beyond the initial 1,465 km, and streamline bureaucratic approvals to prevent further delays.
- Enhance Financial Sustainability & Asset Utilization – Optimize freight revenue growth, repurpose idle diesel locomotives strategically, and adopt a phased electrification approach to balance costs and efficiency.
Mains PYQ:
Q Why is Public Private Partnership (PPP) required in infrastructural projects? Examine the role of PPP model in the redevelopment of Railway Stations in India. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Infrastructure related to urban;
Why in the News?
The 2025 Budget has set up a ₹1 lakh crore Urban Challenge Fund to help cities grow and develop.
What was the allocation for urban India?
- Increased Allocation but Underutilization: The Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry received ₹96,777 crore for FY 2025-26, a 17% increase from the previous year. However, the Revised Estimate for 2024-25 stood at ₹63,669.93 crore, indicating significant underutilization of funds.
- Urban Challenge Fund and PMAY Focus: A ₹1 lakh crore Urban Challenge Fund has been proposed for city redevelopment and water & sanitation projects, with ₹10,000 crore allocated for FY 2025-26. Additionally, ₹78,126 crore has been allocated to both rural and urban PMAY for housing development.
- Support for Urban Workers and Street Vendors: The government aims to uplift urban workers through PM SVANidhi, which has benefited 68 lakh street vendors. The scheme will be revamped with enhanced bank loans, UPI-linked credit cards (₹30,000 limit), and capacity-building support to reduce reliance on informal sector loans.
How has the reduction happened?
- Decline in Direct Transfers to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs): With the abolition of octroi and the implementation of GST, ULBs lost a key revenue source, expecting compensation through central devolution. However, the central share for ULBs declined from ₹26,653 crore (last year) to ₹26,158 crore in 2025-26, increasing financial pressure on local bodies.
- Cuts in Key Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS):
- PMAY (Urban) faced a drastic cut, with its allocation reduced from ₹30,170.61 crore to ₹13,670 crore in the Revised Estimate (RE) for 2024-25.
- AMRUT and Smart Cities Mission allocations fell below ₹10,400 crore, with almost no new funds for the Smart Cities Mission.
- Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) retained ₹5,000 crore, but RE shows only ₹2,159 crore was spent—a 56% underutilization.
- Shift in Priorities Toward Capital-Intensive Metro Projects: While many urban development schemes saw cuts, metro rail projects received increased funding.
- Metro projects’ allocation rose from ₹21,335.98 crore to ₹24,691.47 crore in RE (2024-25) and is further proposed to increase by 46% to ₹31,239.28 crore in 2025-26.
- This shift prioritizes large infrastructure over comprehensive urban mobility, employment generation, and local governance funding.
Does the Union Budget focus on capital-intensive projects?
- Priority to Large Infrastructure Projects: The budget significantly increases funding for metro rail projects (₹31,239.28 crore, up 46%), while allocations for urban schemes like PMAY (Urban), AMRUT, and Smart Cities Mission have been reduced or underutilized.
- Reliance on Private Investment for Urban Development: The ₹1 lakh crore Urban Challenge Fund requires 50% private sector participation, which may slow implementation, shifting focus from government-driven urban welfare programs to capital-intensive projects.
What next?
- Urban Challenge Fund Implementation Risks: The government has introduced a ₹1 lakh crore Urban Challenge Fund, but 50% of the funding is expected from private investments.
- Given the limited private sector participation in past urban initiatives like the Smart Cities Mission, relying on private funding could slow implementation.
- Balancing Infrastructure with Livability and Sustainability: The budget favors metro expansion but lacks a broader focus on comprehensive urban mobility, employment generation, and sustainable urban planning.
- Future policies must integrate green jobs, affordable housing, and local governance empowerment to create more inclusive cities.
- Strengthening Financial Autonomy for Urban Local Bodies (ULBs): The decline in direct transfers and devolution post-GST has weakened ULB finances, forcing cities to raise taxes or cut essential services.
- Strengthening municipal revenue sources, revising property tax frameworks, and ensuring timely fund disbursal can help cities plan better for growth.
Conclusion: Need to Strengthen municipal revenue sources through property tax reforms, land monetization, and timely fund transfers, reducing dependency on central allocations. The government should ensure equitable investment in metro expansion, affordable housing, sanitation, and employment generation, fostering livable, sustainable, and inclusive urban growth.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are ‘Smart Cities’? examine their relevance for urban development in India. Will it increase rural-urban differences? Give arguments for ‘Smart Villages’ in the light of PURA and RURBAN Mission. (UPSC IAS/2018)
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