Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: First National Gene Bank
Why in the News?
As part of the Union Budget 2025-26, Finance Minister announced the establishment of a second National Gene Bank in India.
About the First National Gene Bank
- Established in 1996 by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBPGR) in New Delhi.
- Functions as India’s primary facility for preserving plant genetic resources (PGRs) to safeguard biodiversity.
- Operates through 12 regional stations across the country for collection and storage of vital crop germplasms.
- Preserves 0.47 million accessions (plant material for breeding and research) as of January 15, 2025.
- Maintains genetic resources using four conservation methods:
- Seed Genebank (-18°C) – Stores seeds for long-term conservation.
- Cryogenebank (-170°C to -196°C) – Preserves plant tissues in liquid nitrogen.
- In-vitro Genebank (25°C) – Maintains plant cultures in controlled environments.
- Field Genebank – Conserves live plants for breeding and research.
- Protects diverse crop groups, including cereals, millets, legumes, oilseeds, and vegetables.
|
About the Second National Gene Bank
- It aims to store over 10 lakh germplasm lines to strengthen food and nutritional security.
- It will complement the first National Gene Bank and expand genetic conservation capacity.
- It is designed to support both public and private sectors in conserving genetic diversity.
- Features and Significance:
- Largest conservation facility in India, expanding germplasm storage capacity beyond the existing 0.47 million accessions in the first gene bank.
- Ensures germplasm accessibility for future generations, preventing genetic erosion due to habitat loss or overexploitation.
- Protects India’s agricultural heritage by preserving native, traditional, and rare plant varieties.
- Aligns with global conservation efforts, including India’s Seed Vault in Chang La (Ladakh) and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault (Norway).
- Promotes ex-situ conservation, ensuring crop diversity for future breeding, research, and sustainable farming.
PYQ:
[2021] What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of society? |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Samudrayaan Project
Why in the News?
In a major boost to India’s Deep Ocean Mission, Finance Minister allocated ₹600 crore for the Samudrayaan project under the Union Budget 2025-26.
About Samudrayaan Project
- Samudrayaan is India’s first manned deep-sea mission, designed for exploring ocean resources and conducting deep-sea research.
- It falls under the Deep Ocean Mission (DOM) of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).
- The project involves sending scientists in a deep-sea submersible to explore mineral resources and biodiversity at depths of up to 6,000 metres.
- With this project, India will join an elite group of nations (USA, Russia, China, Japan, and France) capable of deep-sea manned exploration.
- Aims and Objectives
- Deep-Ocean Exploration: Study deep-sea resources, including minerals, hydrothermal vents, and marine biodiversity.
- Technological Development: Advance underwater robotics, deep-sea mining technology, and manned submersible vehicles.
- Sustainable Resource Utilization: Explore polymetallic nodules, which contain cobalt, nickel, manganese, and copper.
Significant Features:
- Manned Submersible: MATSYA 6000:
- Being developed by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Chennai.
- Developed under Samudrayaan to carry three crew members for up to 12 hours of exploration (extendable to 96 hours in emergencies).
- Designed for operation at a depth of 6,000 metres.
- Equipped with life-support systems and scientific sensors.
- Exploration of India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ):
- Mapping the ocean floor for mineral resources.
- Conducting geological and environmental studies for sustainable deep-sea mining.
PYQ:
[2022] With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements:
- A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baseline determined in accordance with the convention.
- Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.
- The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Mission on Cultural Mapping (NMCM)
Why in the News?
As part of the Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, National Mission on Cultural Mapping (NMCM) introduced the Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar (MGMD) portal in June 2023, facilitating comprehensive documentation of the cultural heritage of 6.5 lakh villages across India.
About National Mission on Cultural Mapping (NMCM):
| Details |
Launched by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India and implemented by Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA). |
| Aims and Objectives |
- Document India’s cultural heritage, including art forms, artists, crafts, and performing arts.
- Mapping of 6.5 lakh villages across India; Initial focus on Bihar.
- IT-enabled platform to store and manage cultural data via a web portal and mobile app (Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar).
|
| Significant Features |
- Database creation for cultural elements like oral traditions, art, customs, festivals, food, and historical landmarks.
- National Register of Artists and Art Practices for cultural preservation.
- Raising awareness about cultural heritage’s role in economic development and national unity.
|
| Initiatives under the Mission |
- Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar (MGMD): Documents villages, focusing on culture, history, and traditions.
- 7 Categories of Cultural Data: Arts & Crafts, Ecology, Scholastic Traditions, Epics, History, Architecture, and Unique Features.
- Sanskriti Pratibha Khoj: Identification of traditional artists through cultural mapping.
- National Cultural Work Place and Outreach: Involves newsletters, magazines, booklets, advertisements, media, and content designing.
|
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mosquitofishes
Why in the News?
The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has sought a response from the Central government regarding the use of two highly invasive and alien fish species—Gambusia affinis (Mosquitofish) and Poecilia reticulata (Guppy)—as biological agents for mosquito control in multiple states.
Both species are classified as “invasive and alien” by the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA).
About Gambusia Affinis (Western Mosquitofish)
- It has been widely introduced worldwide as a biological control agent to reduce mosquito populations.
- The mosquitofish primarily feeds on mosquito larvae, small insects, and zooplankton.
- Despite its intended benefits, Gambusia affinis has been identified as one of the world’s most invasive species.
- It is highly aggressive and competes with native fish for resources.
- It also preys on the eggs and juveniles of indigenous fish, amphibians, and invertebrates, leading to a decline in local biodiversity.
- The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) has listed it among the 100 worst invasive species globally due to its harmful ecological impact.
About Poecilia Reticulata (Guppy, Millionfish, Rainbow Fish)
- Poecilia reticulata, commonly known as the Guppy, Millionfish, or Rainbow Fish, is a small freshwater fish native to Northern South America and the Caribbean.
- It is widely recognized for its vibrant colors and adaptability, making it a popular choice for both aquarium enthusiasts and mosquito control programs worldwide.
- It is a highly adaptable species, capable of surviving in a variety of freshwater environments.
- Guppies are omnivorous, feeding on mosquito larvae, small insects, algae, and organic detritus.
- Their feeding habits make them a common choice for mosquito control programs, although their effectiveness is still debated.
- While guppies are less aggressive than mosquitofish, their population growth can still disrupt local ecosystems.
PYQ:
[2023] ‘Wolbachia method’ is sometimes talked about with reference to which one of the following?
(a) Controlling the viral diseases spread by mosquitoes
(b) Converting crop residues into packing material
(c) Producing biodegradable plastics
(d) Producing biochar from thermo-chemical conversion of biomass |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
PYQ Relevance:
Q) One of the intended objectives of Union-Budget 15-18 is to ‘transform, energize and clean India’. Analyze the measures proposed in the Budget 15-18 to achieve the objective. (UPSC CSE 2017)
Q) Distinguish between Capital Budget and Revenue Budget. Explain the components of both these Budgets. (UPSC CSE 2021) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on Sustainable Development (2016, 2017, 2018 and 2022), and Budget Initiatives (2017 and 2021).
The Union Budget 2024-25 presents a strategic framework aimed at fostering economic growth while addressing the needs of various sectors, particularly the middle class, agriculture, and employment. While efforts to streamline tax structures and reduce compliance burdens are positive, they must be accompanied by robust strategies to ensure sustainable growth and equitable distribution of resources.
The editorial emphasizes the urgent need for decisive and equitable action in addressing inclusive and sustained growth. This content can be used to present challenges/criticism for the present Budget 2025-26 in your Mains Answers for Economy and Infrastructure.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The Union Finance Minister presented the Union Budget on February 1, addressing significant economic challenges while outlining an ambitious plan for ‘Viksit Bharat’ that focuses on various sectors, which although requires careful evaluation.
What are the key highlights from Budget 2025 that would raise the questions?
- Fiscal Consolidation Target: This target aims to reduce the fiscal deficit from the previous year’s estimate of 4.9% and reflects the government’s commitment to managing public debt while balancing necessary public expenditures and economic growth challenges.
- The Budget sets a Fiscal Consolidation Target of 4.4% of GDP for FY26, relying on optimistic revenue projections, including 11.2% growth in total tax revenues and 14.4% in income tax revenues, despite significant tax cuts and economic challenges.
- Second Asset Monetisation Plan (2025-30): This plan aims to generate ₹10 lakh crore by monetizing government-owned assets. The proceeds from this monetization will be reinvested into new infrastructure projects.
- Success of Second Asset Monetisation Plan (2025-30) after previous underperformance raises concerns, and ₹11.54 lakh crore in net market borrowings may crowd out private capital amid weak credit demand.
- Additionally, the government has proposed ₹1.5 lakh crore in interest-free loans to states to further support capital expenditure and infrastructure reforms.
- Personal Income Tax: The revisions in income tax rates that exempt incomes up to ₹12 lakh can lead to a loss of ₹1 lakh crore in direct tax revenue due to the following reasons:
- Increased Exemptions: By exempting incomes up to ₹12 lakh, more individuals will not be liable to pay income tax, significantly reducing the overall tax base.
- Reduced Tax Rates: The new tax regime includes lower tax rates for various income brackets, which means that even those who do pay taxes will contribute less than they would under the previous regime.
- Impact on Government Revenue: The expected loss of ₹1 lakh crore in direct tax revenue will limit the government’s financial resources, constraining its ability to fund developmental initiatives and public services.
- Declining Household Savings: As the government foregoes this revenue, it may struggle to maintain or increase public investments, which could exacerbate the already declining household savings rate, impacting long-term economic stability.
- India’s Manufacturing Sector: The Budget aims to bolster India’s manufacturing sector, which currently contributes only 17% to the GDP, through various initiatives. However, significant challenges remain that could hinder the sector’s growth and competitiveness.
- Regulatory Inefficiencies: By enhancing access to credit for MSMEs, the government aims to foster growth, but the existing regulatory framework often hampers business operations, leading to delays and increased costs that undermine competitiveness.
- Low Innovation Capacity: The government has introduced PLIs targeting various sectors to encourage domestic production and attract foreign investment. However, the investment in R&D is critically low, currently at just 0.64% of GDP. This lack of focus on innovation limits the ability of Indian manufacturers to compete effectively.
- Structural Weaknesses: The manufacturing sector has been plagued by structural weaknesses such as high costs of raw materials and logistics, which make it less competitive compared to other nations.
- For example, steel prices in India are reported to be 20-30% higher than those in China.
What are the gaps highlighted by the budget that need to be recognized in the Agricultural Sector?
Significant Agricultural Initiatives taken by the Government in Budget 2025-26:
1. Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana:
- Objective: To enhance agricultural productivity and promote sustainable farming practices in 100 districts characterized by low productivity, moderate crop intensity, and below-average credit access.
- The initiative is expected to benefit approximately 1.7 crore farmers by providing them with better financial support and resources. The program will be executed in partnership with state governments, leveraging existing schemes and specialized measures to drive focused reforms.
- Key Focus Areas:
-
- Introduce advanced farming techniques and modern equipment.
- Encourage farmers to grow a variety of crops instead of relying on a single crop.
- Develop storage facilities at the panchayat and block levels to reduce crop wastage.
- Enhance irrigation infrastructure to increase agricultural output.
- Facilitate easier access to both short-term and long-term credit for farmers.
2. National Mission on High-Yielding Seeds:
- Objective: This mission aims to improve the availability and use of high-yielding seed varieties to boost agricultural productivity across the country.
- The mission emphasizes research and development in seed technology, ensuring that farmers have access to superior quality seeds that can lead to better crop yields.
- It will work in conjunction with other agricultural programs, such as the Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana, to maximize the impact on food security and farmer income.
3. Increased Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Limit:
- The loan limit for KCC has been raised from ₹3 lakh to ₹5 lakh, along with targeted support in 100 low-productivity districts, indicating a shift from blanket subsidies to more precise financial assistance for farmers.
|
- Short-Term Loan Focus: The emphasis on credit enhancements primarily through short-term loans may perpetuate farmers’ dependency on debt without resolving underlying issues.
- Systemic inefficiencies in agricultural markets remain unaddressed, particularly regarding price volatility and market access.
- Missed Export Opportunities: The lack of concrete measures to promote agricultural exports, especially as India aims to lead in millets and natural farming, represents a significant missed opportunity.
- Services exports, particularly in IT and business process outsourcing, are growing robustly at a 10.5% CAGR, but efforts to diversify the export portfolio are lacking.
- While initiatives like Bharat Trade Net (BTN) and export credit support for MSMEs are positive, they lack the scale necessary to effectively address India’s ongoing trade deficits.
- The depreciation of the rupee and declining foreign exchange reserves highlight the need for a more ambitious export strategy.
- A fiscal push toward value-added sectors such as pharmaceuticals, electronics, renewable energy, and high-value agricultural products could enhance India’s position in global supply chains and improve export competitiveness.
What are the questions raised on other transformative and sustainable pushes?
- Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling: Ace Green Recycling plans to establish India’s largest lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery recycling facility in Gujarat, with a capacity of 10,000 metric tons per year by 2026.
- Incentives for Clean Tech Manufacturing: The Budget introduces tax benefits and policy extensions aimed at supporting electric vehicle (EV) startups and clean tech manufacturing. This includes exemptions on cobalt powder and lithium-ion battery scrap from basic Customs Duty, which is expected to strengthen India’s battery recycling ecosystem.
|
- Despite these initiatives, the transition to a low-carbon economy remains fragmented due to insufficient investment in essential areas like grid modernization and energy storage.
- To achieve a successful transition to a low-carbon economy, India needs a more integrated approach that includes substantial investments in energy infrastructure alongside the current recycling initiatives.
- For example, enhancing energy storage capabilities is crucial for managing the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources like solar and wind power.
Way Forward:
- While the Budget lays a promising foundation for economic progress, it requires a comprehensive approach that not only focuses on immediate tax relief but also addresses long-term challenges in productivity, innovation, and market access.
- The success of these initiatives will be measured by their ability to create lasting benefits for all segments of society, driving India toward its vision of a prosperous and inclusive economy.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Uniform Civil Code;
Why in the News?
Recently, the Uttarakhand government introduced new rules under the Uniform Civil Code to regulate live-in relationships. These rules require couples to complete a 16-page form and, if they wish to marry, obtain a certificate from a religious leader confirming their eligibility.
What has Uttarakhand’s Uniform Civil Code mandated with respect to the registration of live-in relationships?
- Mandatory Registration: Couples in live-in relationships must register their relationship with the government within 30 days of entering into it. This requirement applies to all residents of Uttarakhand, including those living outside the state.
- Documentation Required: Couples must complete a 16-page registration form and provide various documents, which include: Proof of age, Proof of residency, Details of any previous relationships (marital or live-in) and a certificate from a religious leader confirming eligibility to marry if they choose to do so.
Should the parents of the individuals be notified by the registrar?
- Yes, under Uttarakhand’s Uniform Civil Code (UCC), the registrar is required to notify the parents of individuals in live-in relationships if either partner is under 21 years of age.
- This notification is part of the registration process aimed at ensuring parental awareness and consent for younger individuals entering such relationships. For those above 21, their information will be kept confidential, and parents will not be notified.
Are there penalties for concealing the relationship?
- Failure to Register: Couples who do not register their live-in relationship within the specified time frame may face penalties, including:
- A jail term of up to three months or a fine up to ₹10,000 for failing to register within 30 days.
- If a notice is issued by the registrar and the individual fails to comply, they could face a jail term of up to six months or a fine up to ₹25,000.
- False Information: Providing false information during registration can also lead to penalties, including imprisonment and fines.
What about privacy?
- Intrusive Registration Process: The UCC requires couples to provide extensive personal information during the registration of their live-in relationships, which many individuals find intrusive. Critics argue that this process compromises their privacy by mandating the disclosure of sensitive details about their relationships, including previous partnerships and eligibility for marriage.
- Parental Notification: The requirement to notify parents if either partner is under 21 years old adds another layer of intrusion into personal lives. This provision can lead to unwanted scrutiny from family members, particularly for couples seeking to maintain privacy from their families.
- Potential for Misuse: The UCC allows third parties to raise complaints about live-in relationships, which could lead to moral policing and harassment. This aspect raises fears of social scrutiny and the possibility of individuals facing backlash or pressure from their communities or families based on their relationship status.
- Data Security Risks: Concerns have been voiced about the security of the data collected through the UCC’s online registration portal, especially in light of recent cyberattacks that have impacted Uttarakhand’s IT infrastructure. Residents question how their personal information will be protected and what measures are in place to prevent unauthorized access or breaches.
Way forward:
- Safeguard Privacy & Data Protection – The government should implement stringent data security measures and ensure that personal details remain confidential, limiting access only to authorized personnel. The provision of parental notification for those under 21 should be reconsidered to balance individual rights with social concerns.
- Simplify Registration & Reduce Intrusiveness – The registration process should be streamlined with minimal documentation requirements, avoiding unnecessary personal disclosures. Instead of a blanket mandate, an opt-in registration system or voluntary declaration could be considered to respect personal choices.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizen a uniform civil code as provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy. (UPSC IAS/2017)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Citizenship; Indian and US Constitution;
Why in the News?
Recently, U.S. President Donald Trump issued an order stating that, in the future, only children whose parents are U.S. citizens or green card holders will be eligible for U.S. citizenship.
What are the two different principles which govern citizenship laws in various countries?
- Jus Soli (Right of Soil): This principle grants citizenship based on the place of birth. A child born within the territory of a country automatically acquires citizenship, regardless of the nationality of their parents.
-
- Countries such as the United States, Canada, and many Latin American nations follow this principle, allowing for what is often referred to as birthright citizenship.
- Jus Sanguinis (Right of Blood): Under this principle, citizenship is determined by the nationality or citizenship of one or both parents. A child inherits citizenship from their parents, irrespective of where they are born.
-
- Many countries in Europe, Africa, and Asia, including Germany, India, and Egypt, adopt this principle, meaning that a child’s citizenship is based on their parents’ nationality rather than their birthplace.
|
What was the system in the U.S.?
- Historically, the United States has operated under the jus soli principle, as established by the 14th Amendment to the Constitution in 1868. This amendment states that “all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States”. The U.S. Supreme Court reaffirmed this interpretation in 1898, confirming that all children born on U.S. soil are entitled to citizenship regardless of their parents’ immigration status.
- However, President Trump’s recent executive order seeks to alter this long-standing practice by restricting citizenship to children born in the U.S. only if at least one parent is a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident (green card holder).
- This order has faced legal challenges, with critics arguing it contradicts constitutional protections established over a century ago.
How are India’s citizenship laws different?
| Aspect |
U.S. Citizenship |
Indian Citizenship |
| Principle |
Jus Soli (by birth) |
Jus Sanguinis (by descent) since 1987 |
| Law |
14th Amendment (1868) |
Citizenship Act, 1955 (Amended in 1987, 2004, and 2019) |
| Recent Changes |
Attempt to limit birthright citizenship (stayed by court) |
Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), 2019 grants selective citizenship |
| Religious Criteria |
No religious discrimination |
CAA 2019 excludes Muslims from fast-track citizenship |
What would be the impact on India?
- The executive order creates uncertainty for many families within the Indian-American community, especially those on temporary visas such as H-1B. Children born in the U.S. to these parents have traditionally been granted citizenship automatically.
- This change could potentially affect thousands of Indian families who may now face challenges regarding their children’s citizenship status if they are born in the U.S.
What are the challenges for the executive order of the president?
- Legal Challenges: A coalition of four states—Washington, Arizona, Illinois, and Oregon—has filed a lawsuit seeking to temporarily suspend the executive order while the court examines its legality.
- This request is part of a broader legal challenge involving 18 Democratic-led states and various civil rights organizations, including the ACLU, which argue that the order violates the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution that guarantees citizenship to anyone born on U.S. soil.
- Judicial Response: A federal judge in Seattle has already issued a temporary restraining order against Trump’s executive order, labelling it “blatantly unconstitutional.”
Way forward:
- Judicial Review & Constitutional Adherence: The U.S. judiciary should ensure that any changes to citizenship laws align with the 14th Amendment and established Supreme Court precedents, preventing unconstitutional restrictions on birthright citizenship.
- Policy Reforms & Legislative Clarity: Instead of executive orders, any significant change to citizenship laws should go through Congress with bipartisan consultation, ensuring legal stability and safeguarding the rights of affected families.
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to India, consider the following statements :
- There is only one citizenship and one domicile.
- A citizen by birth only can become the Head of State.
- A foreigner once granted the citizenship cannot be deprived of it under any circumstances.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 only
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Indian Agriculture;
Why in the News?
A budget reflects how a government addresses the challenges in the economy. The Economic Survey 2024-25 tried to present a positive view of Indian agriculture’s situation.
What are the specific budget allocations for agriculture?
- Total Allocation: The Union Budget for 2025-26 has allocated ₹1.71 lakh crore for agriculture and allied activities, an increase from ₹1.51 lakh crore in the previous fiscal year.
- Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana: This new initiative aims to enhance agricultural productivity in 100 districts with low productivity, targeting 1.7 crore farmers through sustainable practices and improved irrigation facilities.
- Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Expansion: The loan limit under the Modified Interest Subvention Scheme for KCCs will be raised from ₹3 lakh to ₹5 lakh, facilitating better access to credit for farmers.
- PM-Kisan Scheme: The allocation for the PM-Kisan scheme remains at ₹63,500 crore, consistent with the revised estimates from the previous year, aimed at providing direct income support to farmers.
- The PM-Kisan scheme provides annual income support of ₹6,000 to eligible farmers, distributed in three instalments, which is crucial for enhancing their financial stability.
- Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana: This crop insurance scheme has seen a significant reduction in funding, with allocations decreasing from ₹14,600 crore in previous estimates to ₹12,242.27 crore for 2025-26.
- Makhana Board: A new Makhana Board in Bihar has been allocated ₹100 crore, while other missions include ₹100 crore for hybrid seeds and ₹500 crore for cotton technology.
- National Mission on Natural Farming: The mission received a significant allocation of ₹516 crore, emphasizing sustainable agricultural practices and increasing the adoption of natural farming methods.
- Support for Pulses and Oilseeds: The government is launching a six-year mission focused on self-sufficiency in pulses and edible oils, with procurement support from agencies like NAFED and NCCF, aiming to enhance domestic production.
What measures are being proposed to support farmers and enhance agricultural productivity?
- Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana: This new scheme aims to target 100 districts with low productivity, focusing on improving crop intensity and credit parameters. However, concerns exist regarding its centralized governance approach.
- Investment in Sustainable Practices: The government emphasizes sustainable agriculture practices through initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayi Yojana (PMKSY) aimed at enhancing irrigation efficiency.
- Post-Harvest Infrastructure Investment: The Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) is highlighted as a mechanism to improve post-harvest infrastructure, although specific allocations remain unclear.
Does the budget reflect the broader economic context and challenges?
- Addressing Farmer Distress: The budget reflects the urgent need to address farmer distress by extending support measures such as lower loan interest rates and increased PM-KISAN assistance.
- Investment in Sustainable Practices: The budget emphasizes the importance of sustainable agriculture, with recommendations for increased investment in climate-resilient seeds and agricultural research.
- Post-Harvest Management Improvements: Recognizing significant post-harvest losses, the budget allocates funds to improve cold storage and processing facilities. This investment is crucial for reducing waste and enhancing the value chain, which is vital for improving farmers’ profitability and food security.
- Focus on Technological Adoption: There is a push for greater adoption of agri-tech solutions to tackle issues like low mechanization and inadequate access to quality seeds. This reflects an understanding that modernizing agriculture is essential for boosting productivity and competitiveness in a challenging economic environment.
- Long-Term Structural Reforms: The budget indicates a need for transformational changes rather than incremental adjustments, advocating for a shift from subsidy-heavy approaches to investment-driven growth.
- This strategic direction aims to make Indian agriculture more resilient and globally competitive by 2047.
Way forward:
- Increased Investment in Agricultural R&D and Infrastructure – The government should prioritize higher allocations for agricultural research, modern irrigation techniques, and post-harvest infrastructure to enhance productivity and climate resilience.
- Targeted Financial Support and Market Reforms – Strengthening direct income support, improving crop insurance schemes, and ensuring better price realization through MSP reforms and enhanced market linkages will help stabilize farmers’ incomes and boost rural demand.
Mains PYQ:
Q Explain various types of revolutions, took place in Agriculture after Independence in India. How these revolutions have helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India? (UPSC IAS/2017)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Inland Mangrove of Guneri
Why in the News?
The Gujarat government has declared the Guneri Inland Mangrove in Kutch as the state’s first Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS) under The Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
Quick Facts about Mangroves in India:
- “Red List of Mangrove Ecosystems” report released on May 22 (International Day for Biodiversity), 2024.
- India holds 3% of South Asia’s total mangrove cover.
- Mangrove cover increased by 54 sq km (1.10%), reaching 4,975 sq km (0.15% of India’s total area).
- West Bengal leads (42.45%), followed by Gujarat (23.66%) and Andaman & Nicobar Islands (12.39%).
- South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, alone contributes 41.85% of India’s mangrove cover, including Sundarbans National Park.
- Gujarat recorded the highest increase, adding 37 sq km of mangrove cover.
|
About Guneri Inland Mangroves:
- Guneri Inland Mangroves (32.78 hectares) are a rare and unique mangrove ecosystem located in Kutch district, Gujarat.
- It is India’s last remaining inland mangrove site and one of only eight such sites globally.
- Unlike coastal mangroves, which thrive in tidal zones, Guneri mangroves exist inland without direct seawater contact.
- These mangroves have historical and ecological significance, possibly originating after the Miocene marine transgression or forming along the banks of the ancient Saraswati River in the Great Rann of Kutch.
Geographical Features:
- It is located about 45 km from the Arabian Sea and 4 km from Kori Creek.
- Terrain:
- Flat land, unlike coastal mangroves that grow in muddy, tidal zones.
- Devoid of sludge, making it resemble a forest rather than a typical mangrove swamp.
- Water Source:
- Thrives on limestone deposits, which help retain groundwater to sustain the mangroves.
- No direct tidal water influx, relying entirely on underground water connectivity.
- Biodiversity:
- Home to 20 migratory bird species and 25 resident migratory avifaunal species.
- Functions as a vital habitat for local and seasonal wildlife.
PYQ:
[2015] Which one of the following regions of India has a combination of mangrove forest, evergreen forest and deciduous forest?
(a) North Coastal Andhra Pradesh
(b) South-West Bengal
(c) Southern Saurashtra
(d) Andaman and Nicobar Islands |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Manufacturing Mission (NMM)
Why in the News?
The Union Finance Minister, while presenting the Union Budget 2025-26, announced the launch of the National Manufacturing Mission (NMM) to boost India’s manufacturing sector under the Make in India initiative.
What is the National Manufacturing Mission?
- The NMM was announced in Union Budget 2025-26 to boost India’s manufacturing sector under the Make in India initiative.
- It covers small, medium, and large industries and aims to strengthen domestic production capabilities, enhance competitiveness, and create jobs.
- The mission provides policy support, execution roadmaps, and governance frameworks for both central ministries and state governments.
- It promotes Clean Tech manufacturing and focuses on developing an ecosystem for critical industrial components such as solar PV cells, EV batteries, wind turbines, and high-voltage transmission equipment.
- Aims and Objectives:
- Boost domestic production to reduce import dependence.
- Enhance MSME sector growth with credit expansion (₹10 crore from ₹5 crore).
Key Features & Significance:
- Infrastructure & Industrial Clusters to strengthen supply chains.
- National Action Plan for Toys to make India a global toy hub.
- New footwear & leather industry scheme to create 22 lakh jobs and boost exports.
- National Institute of Food Technology in Bihar to increase farmer incomes through food processing.
Back2Basics: National Manufacturing Policy (NMP)
- Launched in 2011 to boost India’s manufacturing sector.
- Aims to increase GDP share to 25% and create 100 million jobs in a decade.
- Focuses on National Investment and Manufacturing Zones (NIMZs) to attract investment and enhance productivity.
- Promotes technology advancement, skill development, and sustainable growth with fiscal & infrastructure incentives.
- Key areas: Ease of doing business, labor law reforms, export growth, and global competitiveness.
|
PYQ:
[2012] What is/are the recent policy initiative(s) of Government of India to promote the growth of manufacturing sector?
1. Setting up of National Investment and Manufacturing Zones
2. Providing the benefit of ‘single window clearance’
3. Establishing the Technology Acquisition and Development Fund
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bharatiya Bhasha Pustak Scheme
Why in the News?
In the Union Budget 2025-26, Finance Minister, has introduced the Bharatiya Bhasha Pustak Scheme to provide digital textbooks in Indian languages.
What is Bharatiya Bhasha Pustak Scheme?
- Aims and Objectives:
- It will provide digital textbooks and study resources for students at the school and university levels, promoting regional languages in the education system.
- The scheme aims to bridge the language gap by providing digital textbooks and study materials in multiple Indian languages.
- It ensures that students from diverse linguistic backgrounds can study subjects in their mother tongue, improving comprehension and retention.
- It aligns with the NEP 2020 vision to promote multilingualism in education.
- It complements the ASMITA (Augmenting Study Materials in Indian Languages through Translation and Academic Writing) initiative.
- 22,000 books in Indian languages will be developed in the next five years under ASMITA.
Criteria and Provisions:
- The scheme will be implemented in schools, colleges, and universities across India.
- Institutions affiliated with UGC, AICTE, and other regulatory bodies will be part of the initiative.
- The scheme will focus on STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics), Social Sciences, Commerce, and Humanities.
- Special emphasis on technical education in Indian languages.
- The digital books will be available on government-supported e-learning platforms like DIKSHA, e-PG Pathshala, and National Digital Library of India.
- AI-based tools will be used to facilitate translations, voice-assisted learning, and personalized study materials.
PYQ:
[2016] ‘SWAYAM’, an initiative of the Government of India, aims at:
(a) Promoting the Self Help Groups in rural areas
(b) Providing financial and technical assistance to young start-up entrepreneurs
(c) Promoting the education and health of adolescent girls
(d) Providing affordable and quality education to the citizens for free |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Geo-Economic Fragmentation
Why in the News?
The Economic Survey 2024-25 highlights the shift from globalization to geo-economic fragmentation (GEF). Countries are now forming economic blocs, with concepts like “friend-shoring” gaining prominence.
What is Geo-Economic Fragmentation (GEF)?
- GEF refers to the breakdown of global economic integration, caused by strategic national policies.
- It involves disruptions in trade, capital flows, foreign direct investment (FDI), and migration.
- The shift resembles the Cold War era, with countries aligning into economic blocs.
- Western nations’ imposition of uniform environmental, labor, and social standards has fueled economic divisions.
- The World Trade Organization (WTO) Trade Monitoring Report (October 2024) recorded:
- 169 new trade-restrictive measures, affecting $887.7 billion worth of trade.
- A sharp rise from $337.1 billion in 2023, reflecting escalating protectionism.
- The IMF notes that trade fragmentation today is costlier than during the Cold War, when global trade was just 16% of GDP.
- Today, it is 45%, making economic isolation riskier.
Significance and Impacts of GEF:
- Decline of Global Trade: WTO reported 169 new trade restrictions covering $887.7 billion in 2023-24, making trade costlier.
- FDI Relocation: Friend-shoring is concentrating FDI among geopolitically aligned nations, reducing capital for emerging economies.
- China’s Economic Dominance: Controls 80% of solar panels, 80% of batteries, and 60% of wind energy, reshaping supply chains.
- Supply Chain Disruptions: Firms are shifting from China to India, Vietnam, and Mexico to diversify risks.
- Emerging Market Challenges: Increased trade barriers, inflation, and tech restrictions slow down growth.
- Rise in Economic Nationalism: Nations are prioritizing domestic industries, energy security, and localized production over global collaboration.
PYQ:
[2022] Elucidate the relationship between globalization and new technology in a world of scarce resources, with special reference to India.
[2017] Which of the following has/have occurred in India after its liberalization of economic policies in 1991?
1. Share of agriculture in GDP increased enormously.
2. Share of India’s exports in world trade increased.
3. FDI inflows increased.
4. India’s foreign exchange reserves increased enormously.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 4 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
PYQ Relevance:
Q) Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (UPSC CSE 2020)
Q) ‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement. (UPSC CSE 2022) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on Crossborder insurgency (2019), and Role of India in Southeast Asia (2017).
The ongoing violence in Myanmar, human rights abuses, and political repression have left millions in dire conditions, with over 6,000 civilians killed and 3.5 million displaced. According to the World Bank, by 2025, around 19.9 million people—one-third of the population—are expected to require humanitarian aid, including 6.3 million children in Myanmar.
As Myanmar marks four years since the military coup, today’s editorial highlights the urgent need for global attention and action. The international community’s response has been inadequate, failing to effectively challenge the junta’s grip on power. This content can be used to present Neighbourhood Policy or South Asian Democratic Crises in your Mains Answers.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
There are several significant developments surrounding the ongoing crisis in Myanmar as it marks the fourth anniversary of the military coup.
![[1st February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Four years on, Myanmar and its continuing nightmare](https://d18x2uyjeekruj.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/myn.jpg)
What has been the impact of the military coup on Myanmar’s political landscape?
The military coup in Myanmar on February 1, 2021, has drastically altered the political landscape, leading to instability and conflict.
- Return to Military Rule: The coup reversed a decade-long democratic transition by overthrowing the elected government of Aung San Suu Kyi’s National League for Democracy (NLD), resulting in widespread protests and civil unrest against the junta.
- Rise in Civil Unrest and Resistance: The coup sparked massive protests and a civil disobedience movement, leading to the formation of a shadow government, the National Unity Government (NUG), by ousted lawmakers.
- This has resulted in armed conflict with various ethnic groups and newly formed resistance forces, creating a state of civil war.
- Human Rights Violations and Humanitarian Crisis: The military’s brutal crackdowns have led to widespread human rights abuses, including killings and arbitrary detentions. Millions have been displaced, exacerbating existing ethnic conflicts, particularly affecting the Rohingya population. The international response has largely failed to hold the military accountable.
What are the prospects for Myanmar’s economy in 2025 considering the current socio political turmoil?
- The World Bank forecasts a 1% contraction in Myanmar’s GDP for the fiscal year ending in March 2025, marking a significant downgrade from earlier growth expectations.
- By 2025, around 19.9 million people—one-third of the population—are expected to require humanitarian aid, including 6.3 million children.
- Since the military coup in February 2021, armed conflicts and natural disasters have disrupted production across sectors like agriculture and manufacturing. Recent floods have further damaged infrastructure.
- About 25% of the population faces acute food insecurity, driven by high inflation rates projected at 26% annually. Many households struggle to afford basic necessities due to rising food prices.
- The long-term economic outlook remains grim, with subdued growth expected even if conflict levels stabilize. Further violence or natural disasters could worsen economic conditions.
|
How has the role of ASEAN evolved in addressing the Myanmar crisis?
- Five-Point Consensus: In April 2021, ASEAN introduced a Five-Point Consensus calling for an end to violence, dialogue, humanitarian aid, and a special envoy to mediate. However, its effectiveness has been limited due to lack of inclusivity and pressure on the military junta.
- Trioka Mechanism: ASEAN created the Trioka Mechanism to monitor the implementation of the Five-Point Consensus. This group includes Indonesia, Laos, and Malaysia but faces concerns about its ability to address Myanmar’s complex issues.
- Humanitarian Response: ASEAN has held meetings to improve humanitarian aid delivery but struggles with implementation challenges.
- International Engagement: External influences, like those from the EU and UN, have shaped ASEAN’s approach. Critics argue that ASEAN’s preference for dialogue over sanctions has not produced significant results.
Way Forward:
- The UN and ASEAN have struggled to resolve the Myanmar crisis, prompting experts to call on neighboring countries—China, India, Thailand, Bangladesh, and Laos—to take action, as the situation threatens their interests.
- However, challenges persist: borders with India and Bangladesh are controlled by ethnic armed organizations (EAOs), trust issues exist between India and China, and India-Bangladesh relations are strained.
- This makes it difficult for these nations to reach a consensus on how to encourage peace.
- Thailand, as a significant ASEAN member, could play a crucial role but faces its own limitations.
- Meanwhile, China’s influence has grown since the coup, and experts suggest that Myanmar’s people should not rely on external help; instead, their leaders must prioritize dialogue over violence to avoid further suffering.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
The Budget session of Parliament has started at a time when India’s economic situation is shifting. After four years of strong growth following the pandemic, the economy is slowing down.
What are the key projections for India’s economic growth in FY 2024-25?
- Projected GDP Growth: The National Statistical Office (NSO) has estimated that India’s GDP will grow by 6.4% in FY 2024-25. This figure marks a decline from the 8.2% growth recorded in FY 2023-24 and is lower than earlier forecasts which ranged from 6.5% to 7%.
- Sectoral Performance: The slowdown is attributed to weaker performance in sectors such as manufacturing and services. The first half of FY 2024-25 is expected to see a growth rate of around 6%, necessitating a stronger performance of 6.8% in the second half to meet the annual target.
- Comparative Estimates: While the NSO’s estimate stands at 6.4%, other organizations like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) have projected a slightly higher growth rate of 7%, reflecting differing outlooks on economic recovery and consumer demand.
How does the Economic Survey address challenges such as inflation and global uncertainties?
- Food Inflation Concerns: Despite the overall decline in inflation, food inflation remains a challenge, rising from 7.5% in FY24 to 8.4% in the same period due to supply chain disruptions and adverse weather conditions.
- The survey emphasizes the need for improved agricultural practices and climate-resilient crops to manage these risks effectively.
- Inflation Trends: The survey reports a reduction in retail inflation from 5.4% in FY24 to 4.9% during April-December 2024, indicating a positive trend towards achieving the RBI’s target of around 4% by FY26, contingent on stable global commodity prices and favorable domestic agricultural output.
- Global Economic Uncertainties: The survey highlights that ongoing geopolitical tensions and global trade risks pose significant challenges to inflation management, necessitating careful policy interventions to mitigate potential impacts on the domestic economy.
- Policy Recommendations: To address these challenges, the Economic Survey advocates for strategic policy measures, including enhancing supply chain resilience, improving data collection for better price monitoring, and fostering an environment conducive to investment and growth.
What structural reforms are recommended to enhance long-term economic stability?
- Deregulation and Ease of Doing Business: The Economic Survey advocates for significant deregulation to foster a more conducive business environment. It stresses that the government should “get out of the way” of businesses by minimizing micro-management and enhancing accountability among regulators.
- Empowering Small Firms: Recommendations include empowering small enterprises, enhancing economic freedom, and ensuring a level playing field across sectors to stimulate growth and investment.
- Focus on Domestic Demand: The budget is expected to prioritize boosting domestic demand through increased government spending, particularly in infrastructure and capital projects, as a countermeasure against global uncertainties and inflationary pressures.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Domestic Resilience – Focus on boosting domestic consumption and investment through targeted fiscal measures, infrastructure expansion, and support for MSMEs to counter global uncertainties.
- Enhance Inflation Management – Implement climate-resilient agricultural policies, improve supply chain efficiency, and strengthen monetary-fiscal coordination to maintain stable inflation and ensure sustainable growth.
Mains PYQ:
Q Is inclusive growth possible under market economy? State the significance of financial inclusion in achieving economic growth in India.(UPSC IAS/2022)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Middle-income trap;
Why in the News?
Ahead of the Union Budget, the Congress released a report on January 30, 2025, saying that India is at risk of getting stuck in the middle-income trap.
What is the classification of Countries given by the World Bank?
The World Bank classifies countries into four income groups based on their Gross National Income (GNI) per capita.
- Low-Income Countries: These are nations with a GNI per capita of $1,145 or less. This group typically includes countries facing significant economic challenges and lower levels of development.
- Lower-Middle-Income Countries: Countries in this category have a GNI per capita ranging from $1,146 to $4,515. This group often includes emerging economies that are in the process of development but still face various socio-economic issues.
- Upper-Middle-Income Countries: This classification includes countries with a GNI per capita between $4,516 and $14,005. These nations generally have more developed economies and better infrastructure compared to lower-middle-income countries.
- High-Income Countries: These are countries with a GNI per capita exceeding $14,005. This group includes the most developed economies with high standards of living and advanced infrastructure.
|
What factors contribute to India being at risk of falling into a middle-income trap?
- Low GDP Growth: India’s projected GDP growth rate for 2024-25 is around 6.4%, significantly lower than the 8% needed to leverage its demographic dividend effectively, indicating a slowdown in economic momentum.
- Food Inflation Concerns: Despite the overall decline in inflation, food inflation remains a challenge, rising from 7.5% in FY24 to 8.4% in the same period due to supply chain disruptions and adverse weather conditions.
- Private Sector Investment: Despite corporate tax cuts, private sector investment has not significantly increased. The Economic Survey 2024-25 indicates that Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF), a crucial indicator of investment activity, slowed to 5.4% in the recent quarter, reflecting a decline in private capital expenditure.
- Government Capital Expenditure: The survey notes that government capital expenditure utilization was only 37.3% in the first half of FY25, down from 49% the previous year, which has contributed to the overall slowdown in investments.
- Low Incomes: A significant portion of India’s population lives on extremely low incomes, with estimates suggesting that about 50% of the population earns between ₹100 and ₹150 per day. This level of income severely limits consumer spending capacity and economic growth potential.
How does the current economic policy framework address the challenges? (Way forward)
- Next-Generation Reforms: The Union Budget 2024-25 emphasizes “Next Generation Reforms” aimed at enhancing productivity and market efficiency across various sectors.
- This includes a comprehensive Economic Policy Framework that focuses on improving factors of production land, labour, capital, and entrepreneurship while leveraging technology to reduce inequality and boost economic growth.
- Deregulation and Economic Freedom: The Economic Survey highlights the need for deregulation and grassroots reforms to enhance the competitiveness of the economy. It advocates for greater economic freedom, allowing individuals and organizations to pursue legitimate economic activities without excessive regulatory burdens.
- Public-Private Partnerships and Infrastructure Investment: The framework encourages public-private partnerships (PPPs) in infrastructure projects, facilitating greater collaboration between the government and private sector.
- By removing policy hurdles and providing upfront support for long-term projects, the government aims to attract patient capital necessary for sustainable development, which is critical for addressing current economic challenges
Mains PYQ:
Q Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments. (UPSC IAS/2019)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Social Problem; Manual scavenging;
Why in the News?
Recently, the Supreme Court ordered a complete ban on manual scavenging and unsafe cleaning of sewers and septic tanks in major cities across India.
What measures will be implemented to ensure compliance with the ban?
- Affidavit Submission: The court has directed the Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) of the six metropolitan cities—Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, and Hyderabad to file detailed affidavits by February 13, 2025.
- These affidavits must outline how and when manual scavenging and sewer cleaning will cease in their respective cities.
- Monitoring Progress: The court is actively monitoring compliance with its previous judgments, particularly the one from October 2023, which mandated actions to eliminate manual scavenging practices.
- Implementation of Technology: The court noted that modern machinery and technology are available for sewer cleaning, suggesting that human involvement should no longer be necessary.
Why is Manual scavenging banned in India?
- Severe Health Risks: Manual scavengers are exposed to hazardous conditions that pose significant health risks, including exposure to harmful pathogens and toxic gases. This can lead to a range of serious health issues, such as respiratory problems, gastrointestinal diseases, and skin infections.
- Social Stigma and Discrimination: Individuals engaged in manual scavenging often face severe social stigma and discrimination due to the nature of their work, which is viewed as “unclean” and tied to lower castes in the Indian caste system.
- This stigma affects not only the workers but also their families, perpetuating cycles of poverty and limiting access to education and better employment opportunities for their children.
|
What consequences will officials face for failing to comply with the court’s order?
- Judicial Displeasure: The court expressed frustration over past non-compliance with its orders, indicating that failure to adhere to this latest directive could lead to serious repercussions. The justices stated, “Either do it or face consequences,” emphasizing their determination to enforce compliance.
- Potential Legal Action: While specific penalties were not outlined in this order, the strong language used by the court suggests that further legal action could be pursued against officials who fail to comply with the ban on manual scavenging and sewer cleaning.
What are the significance of this action?
- Human Rights Protection: This ruling is a critical step towards protecting the rights and dignity of marginalized communities who have historically been forced into manual scavenging. The court’s actions highlight the ongoing struggle against inhumane labour practices that violate basic human rights.
- Public Health Improvement: By banning hazardous practices such as manual sewer cleaning, the court aims to reduce health risks associated with exposure to toxic gases and pathogens that affect workers in this field.
- Legal Enforcement of Existing Laws: This action reinforces existing legislation aimed at prohibiting manual scavenging, including the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and the Rehabilitation Act of 2013. It underscores the need for effective implementation of laws designed to protect vulnerable populations.
Way forward:
- Strict Law Enforcement & Accountability: The government must establish a robust monitoring mechanism with regular audits, strict penalties for violations, and legal action against officials failing to comply with the Supreme Court’s order.
- Technological Adoption & Worker Rehabilitation: Municipal bodies should prioritize mechanized cleaning solutions while ensuring alternative employment, skill training, and financial support for former manual scavengers to facilitate their reintegration into society.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ramsar Wetland sites in India
Why in the News?
Ahead of World Wetlands Day (February 2nd), the Environment Ministry announced the inclusion of four new Ramsar sites, bringing India’s total to 89.
The newly designated sites are Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary and Therthangal Bird Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu, Khecheopalri Wetland in Sikkim, and Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary in Jharkhand. With this, Tamil Nadu now has 20 Ramsar sites, the highest in the country, followed by Uttar Pradesh with 10 sites.
About the Newly Added Ramsar Sites:
|
Description |
| Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu |
- Location: Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu.
- Originally an irrigation tank, now a designated bird sanctuary.
- Recharged by northeast monsoon (Oct-Jan).
- Supports 42+ bird species, including Spot-billed Pelican, Grey Heron, Little Cormorant, and Black Kite.
|
| Therthangal Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu |
- Location: Theerthangal Village, Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu.
- A freshwater ecosystem and an important breeding ground for waterbirds.
- Recorded 96 bird species across 18 orders and 44 families.
- Notable species include Oriental Darter, Black-headed Ibis, Asian Woolly-necked Stork, and Spot-billed Pelican.
|
| Khecheopalri Wetland, Sikkim |
- Location: West Sikkim, near Khecheopalri Village.
- A sacred lake revered by Buddhists and Hindus.
- Part of a temperate Himalayan peatland ecosystem, surrounded by broad-leaved mixed temperate forests.
- Flora: Rich in macrophytes, phytoplankton, and zooplankton.
- Fauna: Supports fish species like Cyprinus carpio, Danio aequipinnatus, and various migratory birds (Common Merganser, Tufted Duck).
|
| Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary, Jharkhand |
- Location: Sahebganj District, Jharkhand.
- Comprises two interconnected lakes: Pataura (155 ha) and Berhale (410 ha).
- Connected to the Ganga River via the Udhuwa Nala (25 km stretch).
- Pataura Lake depth: ~2 meters; Berhale Lake depth: ~70 cm, covered with aquatic vegetation.
- Flora: Home to 42 algae species and 36 aquatic macrophytes.
- Fauna: Habitat for 83 bird species, including the Near Threatened Black-necked Stork and 22 commercially valuable fish species.
|
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following statements:
- Under Ramsar Convention, it is mandatory on the part of the Government of India to protect and conserve all the wetlands in the territory of India.
- The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 were framed by the Government of India based on the recommendations of Ramsar Convention.
- The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 also encompass the drainage area or catchment regions of the wetlands as determined by the authority.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 3 and 3 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Legal status of Cannabis
Why in the News?
The Himachal Pradesh Cabinet has approved a pilot study for the controlled cultivation of cannabis for medicinal and industrial purposes.
Legal Status of Cannabis Cultivation in India:
- Prohibited for recreational use under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985.
- Section 2 of the NDPS Act bans the cultivation, production, and sale of cannabis resin and flowers.
- Section 10 allows state governments to regulate cannabis cultivation for medicinal and scientific purposes.
- Section 14 grants the Central Government authority to permit cultivation for industrial uses (fiber and seed extraction).
|
Why Himachal Pradesh Could Soon Allow Controlled Cannabis Cultivation?
- The Himalayan region’s soil and climate are ideal for cultivating low-THC hemp varieties, making Himachal Pradesh a prime location for controlled cannabis farming.
- The government sees controlled cultivation as a way to generate revenue, create employment opportunities, and support local farmers, particularly in Kullu, Chamba, Mandi, Solan, Kangra, and Sirmaur.
- Cannabis cultivation will be restricted to industrial and pharmaceutical uses, such as:
- Pain relief medications
- Textile and paper production
- Biofuel and cosmetics
- Hemp-based food products
- The Kullu and Malana regions are known for illegal narcotic cannabis cultivation. Regulating the sector could reduce illegal activities and ensure legal trade.
- The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985 allows state governments to permit and regulate cannabis cultivation for scientific, medicinal, and industrial purposes under strict conditions.
Which are the other States to allow Controlled Cannabis Cultivation in India?
- Uttarakhand (2018):
- First state to legalize industrial hemp cultivation.
- Managed by the Centre for Aromatic Plants (CAP), Selaqui.
- Challenges include maintaining THC levels below 0.3% and seed availability.
- Madhya Pradesh (2023):
- Approved medicinal cannabis research but commercial cultivation is yet to start.
- Sai Phytoceuticals (Pvt. Ltd.) received the first license for cannabis-based medicine production.
- Jammu & Kashmir (2021):
- India’s first medicinal cannabis pilot project launched by CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Jammu.
- Conducted in Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode with a Canadian firm.
- Research focuses on cannabis-based cancer and epilepsy treatments.
PYQ:
[2018] India’s proximity to the two of the world’s biggest illicit opium-growing states has enhanced her internal security concerns. Explain the linkages between drug trafficking and other illicit activities such as gunrunning, money laundering and human trafficking. What counter-measures should be taken to prevent the same? |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: EAST Project; Artificial Sun
Why in the News?
China’s Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), commonly referred to as the Artificial Sun, has set a new world record by sustaining a high-confinement plasma operation for 1066 seconds. The artificial sun reached an extreme temperature of 100 million degrees Celsius, surpassing its own previous record of 403 seconds.
What is the EAST Project?
- EAST is a nuclear fusion research facility developed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP) in 2006.
- It aims to replicate solar fusion reactions to create a sustainable, clean energy source for future power generation.
- The project serves as a global research platform for fusion experiments and advancing magnetic confinement technology.
- It uses superconducting magnets to contain ultra-hot plasma, necessary for fusion.
Comparison with Other Fusion Projects
- China’s EAST (Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak):
- Record: 1066 seconds at 100 million degrees Celsius (2025).
- Previous Record: 403 seconds at high confinement mode.
- Goal: Develop a commercial fusion power plant.
- Korea’s KSTAR (Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research):
- Record: 100 million degrees Celsius for 20 seconds (2020).
- Goal: Sustain a longer plasma confinement period.
- France’s ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor):
- Largest global fusion project, involving 35 nations.
- Expected to achieve plasma ignition by 2035.
- Focuses on demonstrating large-scale fusion feasibility.
|
Significance of This Achievement
- Record-Breaking Fusion Operation: EAST sustained plasma at 100 million°C for 1066 seconds, surpassing its previous record of 403 seconds.
- Progress Toward Fusion Power Plants: Prolonged plasma confinement is crucial for achieving continuous, self-sustaining fusion reactions.
- Potential for Clean Energy: Fusion produces zero carbon emissions and could serve as an unlimited energy source once commercially viable.
- Global Competition: Other projects like ITER (France) and KSTAR (Korea) are also advancing fusion research, aiming for similar breakthroughs.
Challenges in Nuclear Fusion
- Extreme Temperatures: Plasma must be sustained at over 100 million°C, requiring high-energy input.
- Material Limitations: Reactor components must withstand intense heat and radiation, yet no material can do so indefinitely.
- Energy Input vs. Output: Current reactors consume more energy than they generate, preventing commercial viability.
- Magnetic Confinement Issues: Plasma instability can disrupt reactions, making sustained fusion difficult.
- High Costs: Fusion research requires expensive superconductors, cryogenics, and containment systems.
Difference between Nuclear Fusion and Fission
|
Nuclear Fusion |
Nuclear Fission |
| Process |
Combines atomic nuclei to release energy. |
Splits heavy nuclei to release energy. |
| Energy Output |
Much higher than fission. |
Comparatively lower. |
| Fuel Source |
Hydrogen isotopes (Deuterium, Tritium)—abundant in seawater. |
Uranium-235, Plutonium-239—limited supply. |
| Waste Production |
Minimal radioactive waste (helium byproduct). |
Produces long-lived radioactive waste. |
| Environmental Risk |
No meltdown risk, completely safe. |
Risk of radiation leaks (e.g., Chernobyl, Fukushima). |
| Current Feasibility |
Still experimental, not yet commercially viable. |
Commercially used in nuclear power plants. |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Palar River
Why in the News?
The British-era Palar River Anaicut, a masonry check dam built in 1858, is undergoing a major restoration following severe structural damage caused by the 2021 floods.
Supreme Court’s Directives:
- The Supreme Court (SC) has directed that all restoration activities must adhere to environmental protection laws and sustainable development principles.
- The WRD must ensure that the restored structure can withstand future floods and water releases.
- The SC emphasized local farmers’ involvement in decision-making, considering the impact on irrigation and water availability.
|
About Palar River
- The Palar River originates in the Nandi Hills of Karnataka, at an altitude of 1,400 meters above sea level.
- It flows through Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, covering a total length of 348 km before emptying into the Bay of Bengal near Vayalur, Tamil Nadu.
- Important tributaries include Cheyyar, Ponnai, Malattar, and Kosasthalaiyar rivers.
- The river has been a lifeline for agriculture, supporting ancient civilizations and irrigation networks in South India.
- Geographical Features:
- It is rain-fed, experiencing seasonal variations—it remains dry for most of the year but carries heavy flows during monsoons.
- Its basin consists of alluvial, red, and black soil, supporting paddy, sugarcane, and groundnut cultivation.
- It is heavily dammed, leading to reduced flow, sand mining concerns, and groundwater depletion.
- The Palar Anaicut and various reservoirs distribute water to agricultural lands in Tamil Nadu, ensuring water security for farmers.
PYQ:
[2016] Recently, which of the following States has explored the possibility of constructing an artificial inland port to be connected to sea by a long navigational channel?
(a) Andhra Pradesh
(b) Chhattisgarh
(c) Karnataka
(d) Rajasthan |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now