PYQ Relevance:
Q) Appropriate local community level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve ‘Health for All’ in India. Explain. (UPSC CSE 2018) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the ‘Health for All’ (2018) and primary health structure is a necessary precondition (2021).
No students enrolled in postgraduate (PG) medical pre-clinical courses like anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, forensic medicine, microbiology, and pharmacology at Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre (VIMS), Bengaluru, until the second round of PG-NEET counselling.
Today’s editorial discusses the issues related to postgraduate medical seats. This content would help in GS Paper 2 and 3 in the mains paper.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Many postgraduate medical seats are vacant this year because students are choosing pre-clinical courses.
Why are postgraduate medical students reluctant to choose pre-clinical courses in Karnataka?
- Lack of Job Opportunities: Pre-clinical graduates cannot practice as doctors and are limited to working in laboratories, diagnostic centers, or as faculty. Example: Despite reducing tuition fees and offering job guarantees, private institutions like the Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences struggle to fill pre-clinical seats due to limited employment avenues.
- Lower Salary Compared to Clinical Courses: Pre-clinical roles offer significantly lower remuneration than clinical practice, making them financially unattractive. Example: A clinical doctor can earn a higher salary working in hospitals or private practice, while pre-clinical graduates face salary stagnation in academic or lab-based roles.
- Limited Career Progression and Mobility: Clinical course graduates have the flexibility to work globally and in various healthcare sectors, while pre-clinical graduates are restricted to teaching or research roles. Example: An MD in General Medicine can practice as a physician anywhere, whereas an MD in Anatomy primarily qualifies for academic positions.
- High Capital Requirement for Self-Employment: Establishing independent diagnostic centers requires significant investment, which deters pre-clinical graduates from entrepreneurial ventures. Example: Diagnostic centers with advanced technology demand substantial startup costs, making it challenging for pre-clinical graduates to become self-employed.
- Persistent Seat Vacancies Reflect Low Demand: Consistent under-enrollment over the years signals a long-term disinterest in these courses. Example: In 2024-25, only 6 out of 104 MD Anatomy seats were filled in Karnataka, despite five rounds of counselling and reduced cut-off percentages.
What is the trend of student enrollment in PG medical courses at the all-India level?
- Substantial Increase in PG Medical Seats: The number of PG medical seats has risen from 31,185 before 2014 to 70,645 by the 2023-24 academic year, marking a 127% increase.
- Growth in Medical Colleges: The total number of medical colleges has expanded by 82%, from 387 before 2014 to 704 in 2023. This expansion has contributed to the increased availability of both undergraduate (UG) and PG medical seats.
- Rising Demand for Medical Education: The number of candidates aspiring to study MBBS grew from 16 lakh in 2019 to 24 lakh in 2024, reflecting a heightened interest in medical education.
- Improved UG to PG Seat Ratio: The ratio of UG to PG medical seats improved from 2.1:1 in 2018-19 to 1.9:1 in 2022-23, indicating better alignment between the number of medical graduates and available PG training opportunities.
- Emerging Challenges: Despite the increase in seats, challenges such as geographic disparities in seat distribution and concerns about the quality of education persist.
- For example, Karnataka has the highest number of PG medical seats, totaling 5,984, with a significant contribution from private institutions, but States like Arunachal Pradesh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Mizoram, and Nagaland currently do not offer PG medical seats.
What is the significance of pre-clinical courses?
- Foundation for Advanced Medical Practice: Pre-clinical courses (Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry) provide the scientific basis for understanding human biology and disease mechanisms. Example: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of biochemistry in vaccine development and understanding viral behavior.
- Essential for Medical Education and Training: These courses are crucial for training future doctors, ensuring they understand the human body before clinical practice. Example: Medical schools worldwide adopted virtual anatomy labs during the pandemic, enhancing remote learning and maintaining education continuity.
- Innovation in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques: Pre-clinical research drives advancements in diagnostic tools and medical treatments. Example: Advances in physiology have contributed to wearable health devices like continuous glucose monitors for diabetic patients.
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How has the National Medical Commission (NMC) addressed the issue of unfilled PG medical seats in Karnataka?
- Reduction of NEET-PG Cut-off Scores: In an unprecedented move, the NEET-PG 2023 cut-off was reduced to zero, making all candidates who appeared for the exam eligible for PG medical programs. This decision aimed to expand the pool of eligible candidates and fill vacant seats across various specialties.
- Guidelines for Interstate Posting Under District Residency Programme: The NMC issued directives emphasizing strict adherence to the Post-Graduate Medical Education Regulations, 2023.
- These guidelines facilitate the interstate posting of PG medical students under the District Residency Programme, ensuring a more even distribution of medical professionals and addressing regional disparities in seat occupancy.
- Monitoring and Rectifying Seat Allocation Discrepancies: The NMC has been proactive in addressing discrepancies between its records and those of state authorities. For instance, admissions to 23 PG medical seats in Bengaluru were put on hold due to mismatches between NMC and Directorate of Medical Education (DME) lists. Such actions ensure that seat allocations are transparent and accurate.
- Annual Increase of PG Seats: The NMC has facilitated the process for medical institutions to apply for an increase in PG seats for the academic year 2025-26. By inviting applications and setting clear guidelines, the commission aims to enhance the availability of PG medical seats, thereby reducing the likelihood of vacancies.
Way forward:
- Enhance Pre-Clinical Career Prospects: Introduce incentives like research grants, industry collaborations, and fellowship programs to improve career progression and salary prospects for pre-clinical graduates.
- Targeted Seat Distribution and Quality Monitoring: Implement region-specific seat allocation policies and strengthen regulatory oversight to ensure quality education and equitable access across underserved states.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Natural disaster;
Why in the News?
Earlier this week, the Indian Army and Indo-Tibetan Border Police rescued 23 workers trapped under snow and ice after an avalanche in Mana village, Uttarakhand.
What were the key challenges faced by the rescue teams during the avalanche operation in Mana Village?
- Harsh Weather Conditions: The rescue teams operated under heavy snowfall and extreme cold at an elevation of 10,500 feet above mean sea level.
- Blocked Access Routes: Snow-blocked roads required the use of helicopters for evacuation, complicating logistics and delaying rescue efforts.
- Physical Exhaustion: Rescuers worked in near-continuous 60-hour shifts, demanding immense physical and mental stamina.
- Buried Structures: Containers housing workers were buried under several feet of snow, ice, and rock, making detection and extraction challenging.
- Limited Visibility and Navigation: Poor weather conditions hindered visibility, requiring the use of advanced technology like drone-based detection systems.
Why is Mana village particularly vulnerable to avalanches and other natural disasters?
- High-Altitude Location: Situated at 10,500 feet above sea level in the upper Himalayas, the village experiences heavy snowfall and extreme weather, increasing the risk of avalanches. Example: The recent avalanche buried containers under several feet of snow, making rescue operations challenging.
- Geological Instability: The Himalayan region is tectonically active, making the terrain prone to landslides, avalanches, and other natural hazards. Example: Frequent landslides during the monsoon season disrupt roads and infrastructure in Uttarakhand.
- Seasonal Climate Extremes: Harsh winters with severe snow accumulation create unstable snowpacks that can trigger avalanches. Example: Villagers traditionally migrate to lower areas like Gopeshwar during winter to avoid extreme weather risks.
- Construction and Human Activity: Ongoing infrastructure projects, such as road-building by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO), disturb the fragile environment and increase disaster risks. Example: Workers were caught in an avalanche while working on a BRO construction site.
- Proximity to Glacial Zones: Close to glacial areas where melting ice and shifting snowpacks heighten the probability of snow slides. Example: Melting glaciers in the region have previously triggered flash floods, like the 2021 Chamoli disaster.
What lessons can be learned from other hazardous environments?
- Enhanced Shelter Design for Safety: Use reinforced, insulated shelters designed to withstand extreme weather and heavy snow loads, similar to Antarctic research stations. Example: Antarctic research bases like the Amundsen-Scott Station use elevated, modular designs to prevent snow burial and provide long-term safety.
- Advanced Early Warning Systems: Implement real-time monitoring using satellite imaging, drones, and weather forecasting to detect potential avalanches and other hazards. Example: Switzerland’s avalanche warning system uses advanced sensors and weather models to alert communities and workers in mountainous areas.
- Comprehensive Safety Protocols and Training: Provide specialized safety training, emergency drills, and evacuation plans to workers in high-risk zones. Example: Oil platforms in the Arctic conduct regular safety drills and have rapid-response systems for extreme weather emergencies.
How could better infrastructure and safety measures reduce the risks faced by workers in high-altitude, disaster-prone areas? (Way forward)
- Improved Worker Shelters and Living Conditions: Construct insulated, avalanche-resistant shelters with emergency exits and heating systems to protect workers from harsh weather. Example: The Siachen Glacier military base uses reinforced prefabricated shelters designed to withstand extreme snow and sub-zero temperatures.
- Deployment of Real-Time Monitoring and Early Warning Systems: Use geospatial technology, drones, and automated weather stations to track snow accumulation and predict avalanches. Example: Japan’s snow monitoring system uses remote sensors to provide early warnings, reducing avalanche risks in mountainous areas.
- Enhanced Emergency Response Infrastructure: Establish permanent rescue facilities with specialized equipment (e.g., thermal detectors and rapid evacuation routes) for quicker disaster response. Example: The Alps region in Europe maintains well-equipped avalanche rescue stations, ensuring faster response times and reducing casualties.
Mains PYQ:
Q Differentiate the causes of landslides in the Himalayan region and Western Ghats. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Manufacturing sector;
Why in the News?
The rise in the services Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) to 59 in February has brought relief to investors and policymakers.
What is the Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI)?
- The Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) is an economic indicator that measures the business activity in manufacturing and services sectors, indicating expansion if above 50 and contraction if below 50.
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What is the significance of the sharp rise in the services Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI)?
- Indicator of Economic Expansion: A PMI reading above 50 signifies sectoral growth. The rise to 59 in February reflects a strong rebound in the services sector. Example: Increased demand for financial services and hospitality indicates higher consumer spending and business confidence.
- Boost to Investor Confidence: A higher PMI suggests a positive business environment, encouraging domestic and foreign investments. Example: Global investors may increase FDI in India’s technology and telecommunication sectors due to sustained growth signals.
- Job Creation and Income Growth: Growth in the services sector leads to higher employment opportunities and better wages. Example: The rise in IT services and healthcare sectors can create new jobs in software development and medical support.
- Balancing Manufacturing Weakness: A strong services PMI can offset slowdowns in manufacturing, ensuring overall economic stability. Example: Despite the manufacturing PMI falling to a 14-month low, growth in financial services has maintained economic resilience.
- Improved Fiscal Outlook: Higher activity in services increases tax revenues, improving the government’s ability to fund infrastructure and social programs. Example: Growth in e-commerce and logistics boosts GST collections, strengthening public finances.
Which major challenges do India’s services and manufacturing sectors face according to industry leaders and NASSCOM’s 2025 Strategic Review report?
- Technological Disruption from Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI-driven solutions are transforming traditional business models, reducing revenue from new contracts, and reshaping hiring and training practices. Example: Automation in IT services is reducing the need for entry-level jobs, impacting employment growth.
- Global Protectionism and Rising Tariffs: Increasing reciprocal tariffs and trade barriers, particularly from major economies like the United States, pose a threat to export-oriented industries. Example: U.S. tariffs on Indian textiles and pharmaceuticals may reduce market competitiveness and profit margins.
- Slowdown in IT Sector Growth: India’s IT sector growth is expected to be 5.1% in FY25, a decline from its historical 16% CAGR, due to reduced demand and shifting client priorities. Example: Major IT firms report fewer large-scale outsourcing contracts as clients adopt in-house AI solutions.
- Geopolitical Uncertainty: Geopolitical tensions and supply chain disruptions increase business risks and operational costs. Example: Disruptions in the Red Sea trade route affect electronics and automotive supply chains.
- Potential U.S. Recession Risk: A U.S. economic slowdown could reduce export demand, significantly impacting both manufacturing and services, as the U.S. is India’s largest trading partner. Example: A U.S. recession may lead to fewer orders for Indian IT services, pharmaceuticals, and automotive components.
How could the reciprocal tariffs announced by the U.S. impact India’s manufacturing sector?
- Reduced Export Competitiveness: Higher import duties on Indian goods will increase prices in the U.S. market, making Indian products less competitive against local and other global manufacturers. Example: Indian textile exports to the U.S. could decline as higher tariffs make them more expensive compared to those from Vietnam or Bangladesh.
- Disruption of Supply Chains: Tariff barriers may affect cross-border supply chains, increasing production costs and causing delays in delivery. Example: Indian automotive components exported to U.S. manufacturers may face disruptions, affecting just-in-time production systems.
- Reduced Investment and Market Access: Tariffs create uncertainty, discouraging foreign direct investment (FDI) and limiting India’s access to the lucrative U.S. market. Example: Electronics manufacturers considering India as a production hub may shift investments to low-tariff countries to maintain U.S. market access.
Way forward:
- Diversify Export Markets: Strengthen trade ties with emerging economies (e.g., Africa, Southeast Asia) and regional blocs to reduce dependence on the U.S. market.
- Enhance Domestic Manufacturing Competitiveness: Promote Make in India, invest in advanced technologies, and offer export incentives to reduce costs and improve global market access.
Mains PYQ:
Q Do you agree that the Indian economy has recently experienced V-shaped recovery? Give reasons in support of your answer. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)
Why in the News?
Researchers have found that the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is slowing due to melting ice sheets. By 2050, it may weaken by 20%, affecting global climate, ocean circulation, and marine ecosystems.
What is the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)?
- The ACC is the strongest and largest ocean current on Earth.
- It flows continuously from west to east around Antarctica, acting as a boundary between the Southern Ocean and the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.
- It flows from west to east, driven by the westerly winds and the Coriolis effect, creating a loop that completely encircles Antarctica.
- The ACC interacts with several regional currents, such as the Brazil Current, East Australian Current, and Agulhas Current.
- It is influenced by both westerly winds and polar easterlies, which affect its strength and flow patterns.
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- It is five times stronger than the Gulf Stream and transports 130 million cubic meters of water per second.
- It plays a crucial role in global heat and nutrient distribution, influencing climate patterns worldwide.
- It prevents warmer northern waters from reaching Antarctica, helping to preserve the region’s ice sheets.
- The ACC drives the global conveyor belt, regulating deep ocean currents and heat flow.
- Its upwelling of nutrient-rich waters sustains Antarctic marine life, including krill, whales, and penguins.
Why does Antarctic Ice Melt affect ACC?
- Freshwater Dilution: Melting ice lowers salinity, weakening ocean density gradients that drive the ACC.
- Slower Heat Exchange: Reduced current strength disrupts global heat distribution, leading to stronger storms and rising sea levels.
Key Findings of the New Research
A study by the University of Melbourne and NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, published in Environmental Research Letters, reveals:
- ACC could slow by 20% by 2050 due to melting ice sheets.
- Disrupted global climate as a weaker ACC reduces heat distribution, carbon absorption, and weather stability.
- Antarctic ecosystem at risk, with invasive species threatening penguins, krill, and whales.
- Supercomputer simulations confirm that deep ocean circulation is slowing, worsening climate instability.
- Reducing carbon emissions is crucial to prevent further ice melting and ACC weakening.
PYQ:
[2012] Consider the following factors:
1. Rotation of the Earth
2. Air pressure and wind
3. Density of ocean water
4. Revolution of the Earth
Which of the above factors influence the ocean currents?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1, 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 4
(d) 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Read the attached story
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court has acknowledged a serious issue regarding the lack of disabled-friendly infrastructure in prisons, following a petition citing the trauma and inhumane conditions faced by Professor G. Saibaba and Stan Swamy.
A bench comprising Justices Vikram Nath and Sandeep Mehta noted that even the Persons with Disabilities Act (2016) lacks a legal framework to safeguard the rights of disabled prisoners.
Challenges Faced by Disabled Prisoners:
- Inaccessible Infrastructure: Most prisons lack ramps, handrails, wheelchair-accessible cells, and essential assistive devices.
- Denial of Medical Care: Many disabled prisoners do not receive necessary medical treatment, physiotherapy, or even basic aids like hearing devices or walking supports.
- Psychological Distress: Isolation, lack of facilities, and mistreatment lead to anxiety, depression, and deteriorating mental health among disabled prisoners.
- Data Deficiency: No official records track the number or condition of disabled prisoners, making policy implementation difficult.
Rights of Persons with Disabilities (in Prisons)
- Article 14 guarantees equality before the law, ensuring that prisoners are not discriminated against based on disability.
- Article 21 upholds the right to life and dignity, including humane treatment for prisoners.
- Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 mandates accessible public spaces, medical care, and assistive devices for persons with disabilities, but implementation in prisons remains inadequate.
- Model Prison Manual, 2016 recommends disability-friendly infrastructure such as ramps and medical care provisions, yet many states have not adopted these reforms.
- Supreme Court Judgments:
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- In Upendra Baxi vs. State of U.P. (1983), the Supreme Court reaffirmed that prisoners are entitled to humane treatment.
- In Rama Murthy vs. State of Karnataka (1996), the Court highlighted the urgent need for prison reform, including facilities for disabled inmates.
- The Stan Swamy Case (2021) brought attention to the denial of essential assistive tools such as straws and sippers for Parkinson’s patients.
Past Committees on Prison Reform:
- Mulla Committee (1983):
- Recommended improved prison infrastructure, special provisions for disabled inmates, and measures to reduce overcrowding.
- Suggested protection against abuse and better training for prison staff.
- Krishna Iyer Committee (1987): Focused on the welfare of women prisoners, recommending separate facilities, healthcare, and special provisions for pregnant inmates.
- Justice A.N. Mulla Committee (1993): Emphasized the need for humane treatment and rehabilitation, along with stricter measures against custodial torture.
- Justice Krishna Iyer Report (2000): Called for legal aid for undertrial prisoners and mandatory inspections to monitor prison conditions.
- Model Prison Manual (2016):
- Provided guidelines for standardized prison reforms, including healthcare, accessibility, and rehabilitation programs.
- Despite being issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs, many states have failed to adopt its recommendations.
PYQ:
[2016] Does the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 ensure effective mechanism for empowerment and inclusion of the intended beneficiaries in the society? Discuss. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ‘AI Kosha’ Platform
Why in the News?
The Union Government has launched AI Kosha, a platform dedicated to non-personal datasets, marking a major step in India’s AI research and development efforts.
What is AI Kosha?
- AI Kosha is a government-backed platform for non-personal datasets to support Artificial Intelligence (AI) R&D in India.
- It serves as a centralized repository of structured datasets aimed at training AI models, particularly for Indian languages.
- The platform is a key part of the IndiaAI Datasets Platform, one of the seven pillars of the ₹10,370 crore IndiaAI Mission, which aims to democratize AI access and innovation.
- At launch, it hosts 316 datasets, with a significant portion focused on language translation tools for Indian languages.
- The government has commissioned 14,000 GPUs for AI research, up from 10,000 earlier this year.
- More computing power will be added quarterly to support advanced AI research and training.
Key Features of AI Kosha:
- AI Kosha aims to support India’s first foundational AI model, similar to China’s DeepSeek.
- Works alongside the Open Governance Data Platform (data.gov.in), which already hosts 12,000 datasets from various government agencies.
- Focuses on Indian languages, ensuring regional language AI development.
- Includes health records, satellite imagery, Census 2011 data, meteorological and pollution data.
- Supports AI development with access to high-performance computing (HPC) resources.
- Equipped with secure API access, data encryption, and real-time filtering for data protection.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ongole Cows
Why in the News?
India’s indigenous cattle breed from Ongole is experiencing a sharp decline domestically, even as it has become one of the most prized and expensive cattle breeds in Brazil.
About Ongole Cows
- Ongole cattle, also known as Ongolu Gitta, are a native Indian breed originating from Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh.
- This Bos indicus breed is historically renowned for its strength, resilience, and disease resistance.
- It has been widely used for draught power, milk production, and breeding programs.
- The breed has gained global prominence, especially in Brazil, where it forms the foundation of several superior cattle breeds used for beef production.
- Though declining in India, they thrive in Brazil, where they form 80% of the cattle population and are used extensively for beef production.
- LAM Farm, Guntur, is using IVF and embryo transfer for preservation.
Distinct Features of Ongole Cattle:
- Heat & Disease Resistance: Naturally adapted to high temperatures and immune to foot-and-mouth and mad cow disease.
- Strength & Draught Power: Historically used for ploughing, transport, and bull races.
- A2 Milk Production: Produces high-quality A2 milk, fetching ₹150+ per litre in premium markets.
- Global Demand & Genetic Superiority: Exported to Brazil, USA, Argentina, and Australia. Used to develop breeds like Brahmana (USA) and Santa Gertrudis (USA).
- Efficient Feed Conversion: Survives on minimal fodder, ideal for drought-prone regions.
- High Fertility & Longevity: Strong reproductive lifespan, producing robust calves.
- Cultural & Historical Importance: Revered in Indian scriptures and associated with prosperity.
PYQ:
[2011] What is/are unique about ‘Kharai camel’, a breed found in India?
1. It is capable of swimming up to three kilometres in seawater.
2. It survives by grazing on mangroves.
3. It lives in the wild and cannot be domesticated.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) What are the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space? (UPSC CSE 2019) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space (2019) and middle-class working women in India (2019).
Recently, the world celebrated International Women’s Day, with companies highlighting their efforts toward including more women in the workforce. However, the reality is different. The rollback of DEI programs in the U.S. threatens women’s participation in corporate America, where they make up 48% of the workforce, raising concerns about identity erasure.
Today’s editorial talks about issues faced by women. This content is useful for writing answers in GS Paper 1 and GS Paper 2 of the UPSC Mains exam.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
International Women’s Day will be celebrated worldwide on March 8, 2025.
What challenges do women face in entering and advancing in the corporate workforce?
- Gender Bias and Stereotyping: Women often face assumptions that they are less competent or less committed due to gender-based stereotypes. Example: A 2023 McKinsey report found that women are 18% less likely to be promoted from entry-level to managerial roles compared to men, despite similar qualifications.
- Glass Ceiling Effect: Systemic barriers prevent women from advancing to senior leadership and executive positions. Example: As of 2023, only 8% of CEOs in Fortune 500 companies were women, reflecting limited upward mobility for women in corporate hierarchies.
- Work-Life Balance and Caregiving Responsibilities: Women are disproportionately responsible for family and household duties, making it harder to manage demanding corporate roles. Example: During the COVID-19 pandemic, 1 in 4 women considered downshifting or leaving their jobs due to increased caregiving burdens.
- Unequal Pay and Compensation Disparities: Women consistently earn less than their male counterparts for performing similar work. Example: In India, the gender pay gap remains around 19%, with women earning significantly less than men for equivalent roles (Monster Salary Index Report, 2022).
- Lack of Mentorship and Sponsorship: Women often lack access to influential mentors who can advocate for their promotion and career growth. Example: A Harvard Business Review study (2021) revealed that 64% of women reported not having a senior leader to sponsor their career advancement, limiting their growth opportunities.
Why are legal mandates like the Companies Act, 2013, and SEBI regulations crucial for increasing women’s representation in corporate leadership?
- Ensuring Minimum Representation: Legal mandates create a compulsory framework requiring companies to appoint women to leadership positions, ensuring basic gender diversity. Example: The Companies Act, 2013 mandates at least one woman director on the board of certain public companies, increasing female representation in leadership roles.
- Driving Structural Change: Regulations push companies to institutionalize policies that promote gender diversity, fostering long-term cultural and organizational transformation. Example: SEBI’s 2015 directive for India’s top 1,000 listed companies to have at least one independent woman director has led to a threefold increase in women’s participation on NSE 500 boards (from 5% in 2011 to 18% in 2023).
- Reducing Gender Bias: Legal mandates act as a corrective mechanism against gender-based discrimination by ensuring that women receive leadership opportunities based on merit. Example: Following SEBI’s mandate, companies actively seek to identify and groom qualified women for board positions, reducing biases in corporate hiring practices.
- Enhancing Corporate Governance: Women in leadership roles bring diverse perspectives that strengthen decision-making, risk management, and accountability. Example: Research by Credit Suisse (2021) found that companies with at least one woman board member show better financial performance and stronger governance frameworks.
- Setting Industry Benchmarks: Legal frameworks establish a baseline for gender inclusion, encouraging other companies and sectors to adopt similar diversity policies. Example: The Companies Act and SEBI regulations have inspired several Indian private firms to adopt voluntary policies promoting gender-balanced leadership, creating a ripple effect across industries.
How does the presence of women in leadership roles benefit corporate governance?
- Diverse Perspectives and Better Decision-Making: Women leaders bring varied experiences and viewpoints, leading to more comprehensive discussions and well-rounded decisions. Example: A Harvard Business Review (2021) study found that boards with at least 30% women make better strategic decisions and are more likely to consider stakeholder interests.
- Enhanced Risk Management: Women leaders tend to adopt a more cautious and analytical approach, improving risk assessment and mitigation strategies. Example: A 2019 MSCI report showed that companies with three or more women on their boards experienced lower risk of governance-related controversies and better compliance practices.
- Improved Corporate Transparency and Accountability: Women in leadership roles advocate for ethical practices, ensuring greater transparency and stronger corporate governance frameworks. Example: In Norway, where a 40% quota for women on corporate boards exists, studies have shown increased reporting standards and improved financial disclosures.
- Stronger Stakeholder Engagement: Women leaders prioritize relationship-building and stakeholder communication, fostering trust and long-term value creation. Example: Indian companies with women independent directors are more likely to engage with diverse stakeholders and prioritize corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives (SEBI Report, 2023).
- Higher Corporate Performance and Reputation: Companies with gender-diverse leadership are often recognized as more ethical, responsible, and attractive to investors. Example: A Credit Suisse (2021) analysis found that companies with at least one woman on their board had higher return on equity (ROE) and better market performance over a five-year period.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
- Legislative Mandates for Board Diversity: The Companies Act, 2013 mandates that certain public companies must appoint at least one woman director on their boards.
- SEBI Regulations for Independent Women Directors: In 2015, SEBI mandated India’s top 1,000 listed companies have at least one independent woman director to ensure greater gender diversity in decision-making roles.
- Gender-Specific Schemes and Incentives: Programs like Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) and MUDRA Yojana provide financial support and capacity-building to encourage women’s participation in corporate and entrepreneurial spaces.
- Awareness and Capacity-Building Initiatives: The National Commission for Women (NCW) conducts training programs to prepare women for leadership roles and works to address workplace discrimination and harassment under the POSH Act, 2013.
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Way forward:
- Strengthening Policy Implementation and Accountability: Ensure strict enforcement of existing legal mandates (e.g., Companies Act, 2013 and SEBI regulations) with regular audits and penalties for non-compliance. Example: Introduce progressive targets for gender diversity, such as mandating at least 30% women in leadership roles by a specified timeline.
- Promoting Inclusive Workplace Culture and Leadership Development: Implement gender-sensitive policies like flexible work arrangements, parental leave, and on-site childcare to support work-life balance. Example: Establish mentorship and sponsorship programs targeting women, ensuring equal access to leadership pipelines and executive training.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India-Nepal relations;
Why in the News?
On February 16, a third-year female student from Nepal died by suicide at Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) in Bhubaneswar.
What were the reasons behind the protests by Nepali students at KIIT, Bhubaneswar?
- Harassment and University Inaction: Nepali students protested after a third-year Nepali woman student died by suicide, allegedly due to harassment by a male student. Despite multiple complaints, the university failed to take action. Example: The deceased student had repeatedly reported the harassment to university authorities, but no substantial steps were taken to address her concerns.
- Forced Campus Eviction: KIIT ordered Nepali students to vacate the campus following the protests, which was viewed as an unjust punishment against the entire community. Example: Instead of addressing the harassment claims, the university’s eviction order further alienated Nepali students, leading to greater unrest.
- Demand for Justice and Fair Treatment: Students sought accountability for the harassment and fair treatment under the Indo-Nepal Peace Treaty of 1950, which ensures equal rights for Nepali citizens in India. Example: Protesters argued that the eviction violated Articles 6 and 7 of the treaty, which guarantee the right to residence and fair treatment.
Why is Nepal’s education system being influenced by the colonial legacy of British India?
- Affiliation with Indian Universities: Nepal’s first college, Tri-Chandra College (established in 1918), was affiliated with Indian universities (Calcutta and later Patna University), controlling courses, pedagogy, and examinations.
- Dependence on Indian Instructors: Early instructors in Nepal’s education system were trained in Indian universities, leading to the adoption of Indian academic frameworks.
- Limited Domestic Higher Education: Until Tribhuvan University was established in 1959, Nepal lacked postgraduate education, forcing students to seek higher education in India.
- Colonial Curriculum: The content of education remained heavily influenced by British India’s system, limiting the development of Nepal-centric academic discourse.
- Post-1950 Reforms: Efforts like the National Educational Planning Commission (1954) and New Education System Plan (1971) aimed to “Nepalise” the system, yet the intellectual field continued to be shaped by Indian education.
In what way is the KIIT incident linked to the Indo-Nepal Peace Treaty of 1950, especially Articles 6 and 7?
- Violation of Equal Treatment (Article 6): Article 6 of the Indo-Nepal Peace Treaty ensures that citizens of Nepal and India receive “national treatment” in each other’s territories. The directive for Nepali students to vacate the KIIT campus violated this provision by treating them differently based on their nationality.
- Infringement on the Right to Residence (Article 7): Article 7 grants Nepali citizens the right to reside in India without discrimination. KIIT’s order to vacate the premises directly infringed on this right, as it targeted Nepali students exclusively.
- Impact on Educational Access (Article 7): The Treaty allows Nepali citizens to pursue education in India without barriers. The disruption of academic activities and the evacuation order restricted their educational access, breaching this provision.
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Way forward:
- Strengthening Institutional Accountability: Ensure universities establish robust grievance redressal mechanisms to address harassment complaints promptly and impartially. Independent inquiry committees should be set up to investigate incidents, ensuring transparency and justice.
- Upholding Treaty Commitments: Indian institutions must align their policies with the Indo-Nepal Peace Treaty, guaranteeing equal treatment and the right to residence for Nepali students. Regular dialogue between Indian and Nepali authorities can help prevent future violations.
Mains PYQ:
Q Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to the appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India.(UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Implication of AI;
Why in the News?
Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools are being used more and more in classrooms worldwide.In India, a study by TeamLease EdTech last year found that over 61% of educators are using AI tools.
What are the key findings as per the TeamLease EdTech?
A study by TeamLease EdTech titled “Revolutionising Classrooms: The Impact of Generative AI on the Future of Education” surveyed over 6,000 educators across India, including school teachers and university professors.
- Widespread Adoption of AI Tools: Approximately 61.60% of educators are utilizing AI tools for teaching, preparation, and student engagement.
- Recognition of AI’s Transformative Potential: Around 64.87% of educators acknowledge that AI has the potential to transform learning experiences and personalize education.
- Preparation for an AI-Dominated Future: About 63.61% of educators believe that integrating AI is crucial for preparing students for a future where AI is prevalent.
- Advocacy for AI Regulation: A significant 87.85% of educators support government regulation and monitoring of AI development and application to address ethical implications.
- Need for Teacher Training in AI: Approximately 54.92% of educators express the need for AI training to ensure teachers are prepared for AI integration in education.
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What are the key concerns regarding the use of AI in education?
- Over-Reliance on AI and Reduced Critical Thinking: Students may become dependent on AI-generated responses, leading to a decline in their ability to critically analyze information. Example: If students use AI tools like ChatGPT for essay writing without verification, they may accept biased or inaccurate information without questioning it.
- Ethical and Privacy Issues: AI tools collect and store user data, raising questions about the privacy and security of sensitive academic information. Example: Using AI-powered platforms without adequate security may expose student data to third parties, violating privacy regulations like GDPR.
- Unequal Access and Digital Divide: Not all students and institutions have equal access to advanced AI tools, widening the educational inequality gap. Example: Rural schools with limited technological infrastructure may struggle to implement AI-based learning.
Why is it important for educational institutions to develop their own AI usage policies?
- Ensuring Ethical and Responsible AI Use: Clear policies guide the ethical use of AI, preventing misuse, plagiarism, and data breaches. Example: A university policy on AI-assisted research can outline acceptable use, ensuring students disclose AI-generated content in academic work.
- Protecting Student Privacy and Data Security: Policies help safeguard sensitive student information and comply with legal standards like GDPR or India’s DPDP Act. Example: Schools can restrict AI tools from accessing personal data by enforcing guidelines on how and when these technologies are used.
- Maintaining Academic Integrity and Fair Assessment: AI policies uphold the integrity of learning by defining appropriate AI use in assignments and assessments. Example: A school policy may allow AI for research assistance but prohibit its use in writing final exam essays to ensure fair evaluation.
When should AI tools be integrated into the curriculum?
- When Enhancing Personalized Learning: AI tools should be introduced when they can tailor educational content to individual student needs, improving learning outcomes. Example: Adaptive learning platforms like Khan Academy or Duolingo can adjust the difficulty of lessons based on a student’s progress, offering personalized learning paths.
- When Supporting Skill Development for the Future: AI should be integrated when it helps students develop critical skills like data analysis, problem-solving, and digital literacy, which are essential for future careers. Example: Teaching AI programming using platforms like TensorFlow or Scratch can prepare students for careers in technology and data science.
- When Facilitating Innovative Teaching Methods: AI tools should be included when they enhance creative and interactive teaching approaches that traditional methods cannot achieve. Example: Virtual labs using AI simulations in subjects like biology or physics allow students to conduct experiments safely and repeatedly, improving comprehension.
How can educators balance the use of AI while fostering critical thinking and analytical skills in students?
- Aligning AI Tools with Specific Learning Outcomes: AI should be used when it directly supports and enhances the achievement of clearly defined educational goals. Example: If the objective is to improve analytical reasoning, AI-powered data visualization tools like Tableau can help students interpret complex datasets and draw meaningful insights.
- Enhancing Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving Skills: AI should be integrated when it fosters deeper learning by encouraging inquiry, creativity, and solution-oriented thinking. Example: AI-driven coding platforms like Scratch or Python Tutor can promote computational thinking and logical reasoning through hands-on programming tasks.
- Supporting Assessment and Feedback Mechanisms: AI should be used to provide timely, personalized feedback that aligns with the learning objectives and helps track student progress. Example: Automated grading systems like Grammarly or Turnitin can assist in assessing writing skills and offer constructive feedback to improve academic writing.
Way forward:
- Develop Comprehensive AI Literacy Programs: Equip educators and students with the skills to critically evaluate AI outputs, ensuring responsible and informed use.
- Establish Clear, Adaptive AI Governance Frameworks: Implement dynamic policies that balance innovation with ethical standards, ensuring equitable access and academic integrity.
Mains PYQ:
Q Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to the appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India.(UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Successful PHTA Test of ISRO's Semi-Cryogenic Engine
Why in the News?
ISRO successfully conducted a hot test on the semi-cryogenic engine (SE2000), a key step towards finalizing the cryogenic stage for future launch vehicles. This Power Head Test Article (PHTA) is the first hardware test for semi-cryogenic engines.
About the SE2000 Engine
- The SE2000 engine is a semi-cryogenic rocket engine developed by ISRO to enhance propulsion for future heavy-lift launch vehicles.
- It is designed to power the booster stages of rockets, increasing payload capacity and efficiency.
- The engine operates on a Liquid Oxygen (LOX) and Refined Kerosene (RP-1) combination, unlike traditional cryogenic engines that use LOX and Liquid Hydrogen (LH2).
- Key features of the SE2000 engine:
- Thrust capability: 2000 kN (kilonewtons), making it one of ISRO’s most powerful engines.
- Higher density impulse: Provides better efficiency than LOX-LH2 combinations.
- Cost-effective: Kerosene is cheaper and easier to handle than liquid hydrogen.
- Storage advantages: Kerosene can be stored at ambient temperatures, unlike liquid hydrogen, which requires -253°C for storage.
- The engine is expected to enhance the performance of LVM3 and will be used in ISRO’s Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV).
- Applications of the SE2000 engine:
- Heavy-lift launch missions with increased payload capacity.
- Future space exploration programs, including human spaceflight missions like Gaganyaan.
- Reusable launch vehicles, contributing to cost-effective and sustainable space travel.
What is the PHTA Test?
- The PHTA test is a crucial hardware test conducted as part of the SE2000 semi-cryogenic engine development process.
- It is designed to validate key engine subsystems before full-scale integration and testing.
- Purpose of the PHTA test:
- Ensure subsystems perform as expected under operational conditions.
- Evaluate pressure, temperature, thrust efficiency, and fuel combustion.
- Identify potential technical issues before moving to full engine testing.
- A previous attempt in July 2023 was aborted due to technical issues at ISRO’s Mahendragiri facility.
Back2Basics: Semi-Cryogenic vs. Cryogenic Engines
- A semi-cryogenic engine uses liquid oxygen (LOX) and kerosene as propellants, making it easier to handle and store than the cryogenic engine, which uses liquid hydrogen (LH2).
- Semi-cryogenic engines are less efficient but more cost-effective and practical for Earth-orbit missions.
- Cryogenic engines offer higher performance due to the higher specific impulse of liquid hydrogen but are more complex to store and manage.
- Semi-cryogenic engines strike a balance between cost, efficiency, and simplicity.
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PYQ:
[2018] With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements:
1. PSLVs launch the satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.
2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
3. GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch l vehicle with the first and third stages l using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 2
(d) 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: COPUOS
Why in the News?
In December 2024, a 500 kg metal object crashed in Makueni County, Kenya, highlighting the growing concern over uncontrolled satellite re-entries, for which the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) remains accountable.
It has yet to implement binding regulations on space debris disposal and re-entry control.
About the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS)
- The COPUOS was established in 1958 to promote international cooperation in the peaceful use of outer space and address legal issues related to space exploration.
- The committee currently has 102 member states (as of 2022) and meets annually in Vienna, Austria.
- COPUOS plays a key role in preventing the militarization of space and ensuring responsible space activity.
- Historical Context:
- Established following the launch of Sputnik in 1957, COPUOS was instrumental in preventing space from becoming a new conflict zone.
- Resolution 1721 (1961) declared that international law applies in outer space and directed states to report all space launches to the UN public registry.
- Subcommittees:
- Scientific and Technical Subcommittee (meets in February).
- Legal Subcommittee (meets in April).
Space Treaties overseen by COPUOS:
- COPUOS oversees five key UN treaties and agreements related to space activities:
- Outer Space Treaty (1967): Establishes principles for space exploration and prohibits national sovereignty over celestial bodies.
- Rescue Agreement (1968): Governs the rescue and return of astronauts and space objects.
- Liability Convention (1972): Defines responsibility for damage caused by space objects, introducing absolute liability for damages on Earth.
- Registration Convention (1976): Requires states to register launched space objects with the UN.
- Moon Treaty (1984): Regulates activities on the Moon and other celestial bodies.
Defining Space Debris in Law
- Space debris has no universally accepted legal definition in international treaties.
- The UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) defines it as non-functional man-made objects in Earth orbit or re-entering the atmosphere.
- Legal disputes arise over whether a piece of debris qualifies as a “space object” under the 1972 Liability Convention.
Liability Under International Space Law
- Outer Space Treaty (1967), Article VI: States bear responsibility for national space activities, including those by private companies.
- Liability Convention (1972): Introduced “absolute liability”, meaning launching states are automatically responsible for damage caused by space objects.
- However, liability enforcement remains weak, and affected nations often struggle to claim full compensation.
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PYQ:
[2014] International civil aviation laws provide all countries complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above their territory. What do you understand by ‘airspace’? What are the implications of these laws on the space above this airspace? Discuss the challenges which this poses and suggest ways to contain the threat. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Wolly Mammoth
Why in the News?
Recently, Colossal Biosciences has created a “Woolly Mouse” by editing seven genes in mice embryos to mimic the cold-adaptive traits of woolly mammoths.
What are Woolly Mammoths?
- The Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) was a large, Ice Age herbivore that roamed Eurasia and North America, thriving in cold tundra environments.
- It had a thick woolly coat, a fat layer for insulation, and small ears to minimize heat loss.
- Mammoths lived in herds and primarily fed on grasses and shrubs.
- They went extinct around 4,000 years ago, likely due to climate change, habitat loss, and human hunting.
- Scientists believe reviving mammoth-like elephants could help restore Arctic ecosystems and slow permafrost thawing.
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About Woolly Mice
- The Woolly Mouse is a genetically modified laboratory mouse developed by Colossal Biosciences to test their de-extinction research.
- Scientists successfully edited seven genes, resulting in mice with thick, woolly fur, mimicking the coat of a woolly mammoth.
- Key Features of Woolly Mice:
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- Genetically engineered for cold-resistant traits using DNA modifications.
- Long, thick, wavy fur and curled whiskers, resembling mammoth adaptations.
- Created by combining multiple genetic variants into a single organism.
- Serves as a model organism to test gene-editing techniques before applying them to Asian elephants, the closest living relatives of woolly mammoths.
Technology Used in Woolly Mouse Development:
- The CRISPR-Cas9 system was used to precisely modify DNA.
- Scientists identified genes responsible for fur texture, length, and body fat metabolism, allowing them to engineer cold-resistant traits.
- Scientists edited seven genes simultaneously, an unprecedented feat in genetic engineering.
- Key genes modified included:
- FGF5: regulates hair growth, making it longer and thicker.
- MC1R: controls hair color, giving the mice a golden hue similar to mammoth fur.
- Hair follicle structure genes: induced woolly hair texture, wavy coats, and curled whiskers.
PYQ:
[2013] Recombinant DNA technology (Genetic Engineering) allows genes to be transferred:
1. across different species of plants
2. from animals to plants
3. from microorganisms to higher organisms
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bangus Valley
Why in the News?
The Jammu and Kashmir government has announced new ecotourism policies for Bangus Valley, a scenic yet lesser-known destination near the Line of Control (LoC) in North Kashmir.
About Bangus Valley
- It is situated in Kupwara district, Jammu & Kashmir, about 100 km from Srinagar in the Pir Panjal range, close to the Line of Control (LoC).
- It consists of 2 valleys:
- Boud Bangus (Big Bangus): ~300 sq km, surrounded by Rajwar, Mawar, and Shamasbury ranges.
- Lokut Bangus (Small Bangus): A smaller valley northeast of Big Bangus, known for trekking routes.
- Its name is derived from Sanskrit words “Van” (forest) and “Gus” (grass), meaning “Forest of Grass.”
- Connectivity:
- Handwara via Reshwari Mawer (shortest and most preferred route).
- Handwara via Rajwar (trekking route).
- Kupwara via Chowkibal (under development, expected completion by 2025).
- Road connectivity via Handwara is complete (June 2022).
Ecological Importance of Bangus Valley:
- Biodiversity: Home to 50+ animal species and 10+ bird species.
- Key Mammals: Musk deer, antelope, snow leopard, brown bear, black bear, red fox, monkeys.
- Bird Species: Tragopan, monal pheasant, black partridge, bush quail, wild fowl.
- Flora: Rich in medicinal plants and wildflowers, supporting traditional herbal medicine.
- Water Conservation: 14 tributaries, including Roshan Kul, Tillwan Kul, Douda Kul, feed the Pohru River.
- Climate Sensitivity: Threatened by glacial melt and changing precipitation patterns.
PYQ:
[2019] Siachen Glacier is situated to the:
(a) East of Aksai Chin
(b) East of Leh
(c) North of Gilgit
(d) North of Nubra Valley |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q)Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse. (UPSC CSE 2021) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the Welfare State, primary health structure (2021), and Public health system (2015).
The Supreme Court’s judgment in Dr. Tanvi Behl vs Shrey Goyal (2025), striking down domicile-based reservations in post-graduate medical admissions, changes India’s medical education policy. While promoting merit, it overlooks how these reservations support State public health needs and may discourage States from investing in government medical colleges, weakening their healthcare systems.
Today’s editorial discusses domicile-based reservations, which is useful for writing answers in UPSC Mains GS Paper 2 on Governance, especially regarding State policies and public health challenges.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The ruling that ended domicile-based reservations in post-graduate medical admissions ignores the practical challenges of managing public health.
What are Domicile-based reservations?
- Domicile-based reservations are quotas in educational institutions or government jobs reserved for individuals who are permanent residents of a particular State or region. These reservations aim to address local needs, ensure regional representation, and retain skilled professionals within the State.
- For example, in Tamil Nadu, a portion of post-graduate medical seats is reserved for candidates who have completed their medical education in the State.
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What are the key arguments made by the Supreme Court in striking down domicile-based reservations?
- Violation of Article 14 (Right to Equality): The Court held that domicile-based reservations in post-graduate medical admissions violate Article 14 of the Constitution, which guarantees equality before the law. Example: It argued that restricting access to medical seats based on domicile status is discriminatory against equally qualified non-local candidates.
- Primacy of Meritocracy in Higher Education: The judgment emphasized that merit should be the primary criterion for post-graduate medical admissions to ensure the best candidates receive specialist training. Example: It relied on Pradeep Jain vs Union of India (1984), where the Court discouraged domicile-based quotas, stating that such policies dilute academic standards in advanced medical training.
- Uniform and Centralized Medical Education Framework: The Court favored a national, merit-based system to maintain uniformity in medical admissions across States and prevent fragmentation. Example: It pointed to central institutions like AIIMS and PGIMER, which follow a centralized selection process without domicile reservations, ensuring open competition for all candidates.
Why is domicile-based reservation considered crucial for State-level?
- Retention of Specialist Doctors in Public Health Systems: Domicile quotas ensure that medical graduates trained in State institutions are more likely to serve within the State, addressing local health-care needs. Example: States with severe specialist shortages (e.g., rural Bihar or Odisha) rely on domicile-based reservations to retain medical professionals and improve health outcomes.
- Alignment of State Investment with Local Workforce Needs: States invest substantial resources in medical education and expect returns through a local medical workforce. Domicile quotas ensure these investments benefit the State’s health infrastructure. Example: Tamil Nadu links domicile-based quotas to mandatory public service, ensuring that doctors trained using State funds serve in government hospitals.
- Addressing Regional Health Disparities: Domicile reservations help in reducing regional imbalances by ensuring that underserved areas have access to medical specialists who understand local challenges. Example: Northeastern States with limited access to advanced medical care use domicile quotas to maintain a local pool of doctors familiar with tribal and rural health needs.
- Predictable Medical Workforce Supply: States depend on domicile quotas to create a steady pipeline of medical specialists who can fulfill long-term public health needs. Example: Maharashtra implements domicile-based reservations to ensure consistent recruitment for rural health centers and district hospitals.
- Incentivizing State Investment in Medical Education: If States cannot ensure that their medical graduates remain local, they may reduce funding for medical colleges, weakening health infrastructure. Example: Without domicile quotas, smaller States like Goa risk losing locally trained doctors to other regions, discouraging future investment in medical education.
How does the ruling impact State incentives to invest in government medical colleges and public health infrastructure?
- Reduced Motivation to Fund Medical Education: Without domicile-based reservations, States cannot ensure that doctors trained in government-funded colleges will stay and serve locally. This may discourage future investments in medical education. Example: Odisha may be less inclined to invest in new medical colleges if graduates move to other States for better opportunities.
- Weaker Public Health Infrastructure: States depend on locally trained doctors to staff public hospitals. Without a guaranteed local workforce, rural and underserved areas may face doctor shortages, weakening health services. Example: Bihar, already struggling with a lack of specialists, could face further shortages in district hospitals due to reduced local retention.
- Increased Dependence on External Recruitment: The ruling forces States to rely on recruiting doctors from outside, which can be costly, inefficient, and unpredictable, especially in remote regions. Example: Himachal Pradesh may need to import specialists, increasing costs and reducing long-term staffing stability in rural clinics.
- Discouragement of Regional Policy Innovation: States using service-linked quotas to address local health needs lose a valuable tool to customize their medical education policies. Example: Tamil Nadu’s model, which ties post-graduate seats to public service, could be undermined, reducing the State’s ability to ensure healthcare delivery.
- Widening Regional Health Inequalities: States with fewer resources will struggle to compete with wealthier regions in attracting and retaining medical professionals, increasing healthcare gaps. Example: Northeastern States like Assam may face a brain drain, making it harder to deliver essential medical care in rural areas.
Way forward:
- Balanced Policy Framework: Introduce a hybrid model combining merit-based admissions with incentives (e.g., service bonds or rural postings) to retain doctors in underserved areas while upholding constitutional equality.
- Strengthening National and State Collaboration: Foster State-Centre cooperation to create region-specific policies under the National Medical Commission (NMC) that address local health needs without violating merit-based norms.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India-USA relation;
Why in the News?
U.S. President Donald Trump criticised the high tariffs imposed by India and other countries, calling them “very unfair,” and announced that reciprocal tariffs would be implemented from April 2 on nations that levy duties on American goods.
What are the main reasons for imposing reciprocal tariffs on countries like India and China?
- High Import Tariffs Imposed by These Countries: The U.S. administration has expressed concerns over the substantial tariffs that nations such as India and China impose on American goods. For instance, India charges auto tariffs exceeding 100%.
- Trade Imbalances: The U.S. aims to address significant trade deficits with countries like China. By imposing reciprocal tariffs, the U.S. seeks to encourage these nations to reduce their tariffs and open their markets to American products, thereby promoting fairer trade practices.
- Protection of Domestic Industries: High tariffs from countries like China have adversely affected U.S. industries, particularly manufacturing and agriculture. The reciprocal tariffs are intended to protect these sectors from unfair competition and to support domestic employment.
Why did USA’s President emphasize that India “will not be spared” from the reciprocal tariff measures?
The U.S. President emphasized that India “will not be spared” from reciprocal tariff measures due to several key factors:
- High Tariffs Imposed by India on U.S. Goods: The U.S. argues that India imposes excessively high tariffs on American products, particularly in the automobile and agricultural sectors. Example: India levies over 100% import duty on U.S. motorcycles like Harley-Davidson, which the U.S. considers an unfair trade barrier.
- Trade Imbalance Between the U.S. and India: The U.S. has consistently faced a trade deficit with India, meaning India exports more to the U.S. than it imports. This imbalance is viewed as economically disadvantageous. Example: In 2023, the U.S. trade deficit with India was approximately $42 billion, prompting calls for more balanced trade relations.
- Market Access Restrictions: The U.S. claims India imposes non-tariff barriers and complex regulatory frameworks, limiting American companies’ access to the Indian market. Example: U.S. agricultural products such as dairy face strict Indian regulations on sourcing and labeling, restricting their market entry.
- Retaliation Against U.S. Tariff Policies: India has imposed retaliatory tariffs on several U.S. products in response to American tariffs on steel and aluminum. This reciprocal action has escalated trade tensions. Example: After the U.S. raised tariffs on Indian steel (25%) and aluminum (10%), India imposed tariffs on U.S. agricultural products like almonds and apples.
- Strategic Leverage in Trade Negotiations: By targeting major trading partners like India, the U.S. aims to pressure these countries into negotiating more favorable trade agreements. Example: The U.S. sought reduced tariffs on electric vehicles to facilitate the entry of companies like Tesla into the Indian market, using tariff threats as a bargaining tool.
What are the potential global trade implications of the U.S. imposing reciprocal tariffs?
- Escalation of Global Trade Wars: Reciprocal tariffs can trigger retaliatory measures from affected countries, leading to prolonged trade conflicts and increased global economic uncertainty. Example: After the U.S. imposed tariffs on Chinese goods under Section 301, China retaliated with tariffs on U.S. agricultural products, disrupting global supply chains and trade flows.
- Rising Costs for Consumers and Businesses: Increased tariffs raise the cost of imported goods, leading to higher prices for consumers and increased production costs for businesses reliant on global supply chains. Example: U.S. tariffs on Chinese electronics increased costs for American companies like Apple, which faced higher prices for components and devices.
- Disruption of Global Trade Agreements and Alliances: Imposing unilateral tariffs undermines multilateral trade frameworks like the World Trade Organization (WTO), weakening global cooperation and trade stability. Example: U.S. tariffs on European steel and aluminum strained transatlantic relations and led the EU to impose counter-tariffs on American motorcycles and bourbon.
How will it impact India?
- Widening of the Current Account Deficit (CAD): Higher U.S. tariffs on Indian exports can reduce foreign exchange earnings, leading to a wider CAD as export revenue declines while import costs remain unchanged or increase. Example: The U.S. withdrawal of GSP benefits in 2019 reduced India’s export competitiveness, contributing to a widened CAD of 2.1% of GDP in FY19 from 1.8% in FY18.
- Depreciation of the Indian Rupee: A higher CAD increases demand for foreign currency, putting pressure on the rupee’s value and causing depreciation, which raises the cost of imports like crude oil. Example: In 2018, after U.S. tariffs and India’s rising oil import bill, the rupee fell to ₹74 per USD, increasing inflation and making imported goods more expensive.
- Reduced Export Competitiveness: Higher tariffs on Indian goods in the U.S. market can make Indian products more expensive, reducing their competitiveness and affecting export-driven industries. Example: U.S. tariffs on Indian steel and aluminum (25% and 10%, respectively) in 2018 affected Indian exporters, leading to a decline in shipments and increased production costs.
- Disruption in Key Sectors: Industries such as pharmaceuticals, textiles, and auto parts—major contributors to India’s exports—could face higher barriers, impacting growth and employment. Example: U.S. withdrawal of Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) benefits in 2019 affected $6 billion worth of Indian exports, especially in textiles and jewelry.
Way forward:
- Bilateral Trade Negotiations: Strengthen diplomatic efforts to negotiate mutually beneficial trade agreements with the U.S., focusing on reducing tariffs and enhancing market access for key sectors like pharmaceuticals, textiles, and technology.
- Diversification of Export Markets: Reduce dependency on the U.S. by exploring new markets through regional trade agreements (e.g., Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreements) and expanding in regions like Africa and Southeast Asia.
Mains PYQ:
Q “What introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy, which would satisfy India’s National self-esteem. (UPSC IAS/2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of AI;
Why in the News?
DeepSeek has disrupted the global tech industry and stock markets with its affordable artificial intelligence (AI) model.
How does DeepSeek’s low-cost AI model pose a threat to India’s dominance in the global IT sector?
- Cost Efficiency and Competitive Pressure: DeepSeek’s AI models, developed at a fraction of the cost compared to traditional models, could pressure Indian IT firms to reduce their prices, potentially impacting profit margins. For example, DeepSeek’s R1 model was built using less-advanced Nvidia H800 chips, significantly lowering development costs.
- Acceleration of AI Adoption: The affordability of DeepSeek’s models may lead to faster AI adoption globally, compelling Indian IT companies to integrate AI rapidly into their services to remain competitive. This swift integration could strain resources and require substantial upskilling of the workforce.
- Shift in Client Expectations: Clients may begin to expect more cost-effective AI solutions, challenging Indian IT firms to innovate and offer similar value propositions. This shift could disrupt traditional business models that rely on higher-cost infrastructures.
- Increased Global Competition: DeepSeek’s success might inspire other low-cost AI entrants, intensifying competition in markets where Indian IT firms have traditionally held strong positions. This could lead to a more crowded marketplace, making differentiation more challenging.
What lessons can Indian IT firms learn from DeepSeek’s approach to research and development (R&D)?
- Prioritize Long-term Innovation Over Short-term Gains: DeepSeek treated AI development as a secondary initiative, yet its investment in long-term innovation led to groundbreaking success. Indian IT firms should allocate resources to explore emerging technologies beyond immediate client needs.
- Utilize Surplus Capital for Experimental Projects: DeepSeek leveraged excess resources from its financial trading operations to invest in AI research. Indian IT companies can similarly channel surplus funds into experimental R&D, such as advanced AI and quantum computing.
- Invest in Talent and Advanced Research: DeepSeek’s success was driven by advanced AI expertise. Indian IT firms should actively recruit and retain top researchers, particularly those with specialized skills (e.g., PhDs in machine learning), to drive future innovation.
Why is increasing Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) crucial for India?
- Enhances Technological Competitiveness: Higher R&D spending fosters innovation, enabling India to compete globally in emerging technologies like AI, quantum computing, and biotechnology. Without increased GERD, India risks falling behind nations like China, which invests over 2.43% of its GDP in R&D.
- Drives Economic Growth and Job Creation: Increased R&D investment stimulates industrial innovation, leading to the development of new products, industries, and high-value jobs. Countries with higher GERD, like South Korea (4.93% of GDP), have seen robust economic growth driven by technological advancements.
- Reduces Dependence on Foreign Technologies: Greater domestic R&D investment strengthens self-reliance in critical sectors such as defense, healthcare, and clean energy. For instance, India’s investment in space technology through ISRO’s R&D has reduced dependency on foreign satellite services while enhancing national security.
Why is increasing Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) crucial for India?
- Strategic National Security Advancement: Quantum technology can revolutionize secure communications through quantum encryption, making data virtually unhackable. Countries like China have already developed quantum communication satellites, enhancing their cybersecurity capabilities.
- Global Competitiveness in Emerging Industries: Investing in quantum computing enables breakthroughs in industries like pharmaceuticals, finance, and logistics. For instance, quantum simulations can accelerate drug discovery by accurately modeling complex molecules.
- Reducing Dependence on Foreign Technology: Developing indigenous quantum capabilities reduces reliance on global tech giants for advanced computing solutions. India’s National Quantum Mission (NQM) aims to build quantum computers and communication networks, promoting self-reliance.
- Strengthening Scientific Collaboration and Talent Development: Quantum research encourages interdisciplinary collaboration and advanced skill development, attracting top scientific talent. India’s initiatives like the Quantum-Enabled Science & Technology (QuEST) program aim to build a skilled workforce and global research partnerships.
How can India balance the growth of both manufacturing and services sectors to foster innovation and economic competitiveness? (Way Forward)
- Promoting Synergy Between Manufacturing and Digital Services: Encourage the integration of advanced digital technologies (e.g., AI, IoT) in manufacturing to enhance productivity and global competitiveness. For instance, initiatives like “Make in India” combined with “Digital India” promote smart manufacturing and digital service exports.
- Investing in Skill Development for Both Sectors: Develop a workforce equipped with technical and digital skills to meet the demands of both manufacturing and service industries. Programs like the Skill India Mission train workers in emerging technologies, bridging the gap between traditional manufacturing and modern services.
- Strengthening R&D and Innovation Ecosystems: Foster public-private collaboration to drive research and innovation across sectors, ensuring technological advancements benefit both industries. For example, the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme incentivizes domestic manufacturing while encouraging innovation in areas like electronics and pharmaceuticals.
Mains PYQ:
Q “The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) hasinitiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Scheme
Why in the News?
Punjab has fully utilized ₹4,713 crore allocated under the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF), making it the top-ranked state in India for implementing this scheme.
As a result, Punjab has been granted an additional ₹2,337 crore to further expand its agricultural infrastructure projects.
What is the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Scheme?
- The AIF is a ₹1 lakh crore financing facility launched by the Government of India in July 2020 to support post-harvest agricultural infrastructure and community farming assets.
- AIF provides medium- to long-term debt financing at subsidized interest rates, along with credit guarantee support, to eligible beneficiaries.
Key Features of the AIF Scheme:
- Total Corpus & Disbursement: ₹1 lakh crore, disbursed over 10 years (2020-21 to 2029-30).
- Interest Subvention & Loan Benefits:
- 3% interest subvention on loans up to ₹2 crore.
- Credit guarantee support through CGTMSE and NABSanrakshan.
- Maximum interest rate capped at 9% for a 7-year tenure.
- Eligible Projects:
- Post-harvest infrastructure: Warehouses, cold storage, silos, drying yards, sorting, and packaging units.
- Processing & Value Addition: Food processing plants, oil mills, flour mills, kinnow and cashew processing.
- Technology-driven solutions: Drone projects, hi-tech farm equipment rental centers.
- Renewable energy: Solar-powered irrigation and cold storage units.
- Integration with Other Government Schemes: Can be combined with State & Central subsidies for maximum benefit.
- Implementation & Monitoring:
- Managed via online MIS platform for real-time tracking.
- National, State & District-level monitoring committees ensure effective execution.
Eligible Beneficiaries Under AIF:
- Individual Farmers: Seeking on-farm storage or processing units.
- Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs): For community-based infrastructure.
- Self-Help Groups (SHGs) & Joint Liability Groups (JLGs): Engaged in agricultural activities.
- Cooperative Societies & Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS): For collective farming and value addition.
- Startups & Agri-Tech Companies: Developing post-harvest management solutions.
- State Agencies & PPP Projects: Government-backed rural infrastructure projects.
- Entrepreneurs & Agripreneurs: Working in food processing and value addition.
PYQ:
[2017] Which of the following is/are the advantage/advantages of implementing the ‘National Agriculture Market’ scheme?
1. It is a pan-India electronic trading portal for agricultural commodities.
2. It provides the farmers access to nationwide market, with prices commensurate with the quality of their produce.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Suspension of MLAs
Why in the News?
An MLA was suspended from the Maharashtra Assembly for praising and justifying the actions of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. This incident has sparked a debate on the rules and constitutional provisions governing the suspension of MLAs in India.
What is the Suspension of MLAs?
- Suspension of MLAs is a disciplinary measure imposed by the Speaker to maintain order and decorum in the House.
- It is used when members engage in unruly behavior, disrupt proceedings, or violate parliamentary rules.
- Duration can range from a single day to the remainder of the session.
Rules Governing Suspension of MLAs:
| Rule 53 of Maharashtra Assembly |
- The Speaker can order a member to withdraw for grossly disorderly conduct.
- If repeated, they can be suspended for the remainder of the session.
|
| “Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business” in Lok Sabha |
- Template for most state assemblies allows suspension for obstructing House business.
- Suspension should not exceed the session.
|
| Maharashtra’s Suspension Practices vs Other States |
Maharashtra has no upper limit on suspension duration, unlike states like Odisha where it is capped at 7 days. |
| Article 212 (1) [Protection of Legislative Proceedings] |
- Prevents courts from questioning legislative proceedings on procedural grounds.
- Used to argue that courts have no jurisdiction over suspensions.
|
| Article 194 [Powers and Privileges of the Legislature] |
Grants legislative bodies the power to maintain order and discipline. Justifies suspensions beyond Rule 53. |
| Article 190 (4) [Absence from Legislative Proceedings] |
- If an MLA is absent for more than 60 days without permission, their seat can be declared vacant.
- Prolonged suspensions violate this provision.
|
| Representation of the People Act, 1951 – Section 151 (A) |
Mandates a by-election within six months if a seat becomes vacant. Supreme Court argues that suspensions beyond six months deprive constituencies of representation. |
Supreme Court Rulings on Suspension:
(a) 2022 Supreme Court Ruling on Maharashtra BJP MLAs
- In 2021, 12 BJP MLAs were suspended for one year for disrupting proceedings.
- Judgment:
- Suspensions beyond six months are unconstitutional.
- Prolonged suspensions deprive voters of representation.
- Governments could misuse suspensions to weaken the opposition.
- The Speaker’s discretion is subject to constitutional limits.
(b) Jambuwantrao Dhote Case (1964): Only Maharashtra MLA expelled for throwing a paperweight at the Speaker during Vasantrao Naik’s Government.
PYQ:
[2019] With reference to the Legislative Assembly of a State in India, consider the following statements:
1. The Governor makes a customary address to Members of the House at the commencement of the first session of the year.
2. When a State Legislature does not have a rule on a particular matter, it follows the Lok Sabha rule on that matter.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Livestock Health and Disease Control Scheme (LHDCS)
Why in the News?
The Union Cabinet has approved the revision of the Livestock Health and Disease Control Programme (LHDCP).
The revised scheme, with a total outlay of ₹3,880 crore for 2024-25 and 2025-26, includes a new component called “Pashu Aushadhi” to improve the availability of generic veterinary medicines.
What is LHDC Scheme?
| About |
- Government of India initiative launched in 2022.
- Aims to improve animal health, control livestock diseases, and enhance veterinary services.
- Revised with ₹3,880 crore outlay for 2024-25 and 2025-26.
- Includes “Pashu Aushadhi” for affordable veterinary medicines.
|
| Features of LHDC |
- Disease Control & Vaccination: Targets FMD, Brucellosis, PPR, CSF, Lumpy Skin Disease. Mass vaccination and eradication.
- Veterinary Healthcare: Expansion of veterinary hospitals and Mobile Veterinary Units (MVUs).
- Disease Surveillance: Strengthened disease reporting and monitoring systems.
- “Pashu Aushadhi”: Affordable, high-quality veterinary medicines with ₹75 crore allocation.
Sub-Components:
- Critical Animal Disease Control Programme (CADCP): Focuses on eradicating high-risk livestock diseases.
- Establishment & Strengthening of Veterinary Hospitals and Dispensaries (ESVHD-MVU): Expands mobile veterinary units (MVUs) for better access to veterinary care.
- Assistance to States for Control of Animal Diseases (ASCAD): Provides financial support to states for disease prevention and control.
- Economic Benefits: Prevents livestock mortality and improves milk, meat, and wool production.
|
| Implementation & Funding |
Strategy: Coordinated efforts by Central and State Governments; monitoring and assessment mechanisms.
Funding: ₹3,880 crore for 2024-25 and 2025-26:
- 100% central funding for CADCP and non-recurring ESVHD components.
- 60:40 share for other components and ASCAD.
- 90:10 funding for North Eastern and Himalayan States.
- 100% Central funding for Union Territories.
|
PYQ:
[2015] Livestock rearing has a big potential for providing non-farm employment and income in rural areas. Discuss suggesting suitable measures to promote this sector in India.
[2012] Which of the following is the chief characteristic of ‘mixed farming’?
(a) Cultivation of both cash crops and food crops
(b) Cultivation of two or more crops in the same field
(c) Rearing of animals and cultivation of crops together
(d) None of the above |
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