PYQ Relevance:
Q) What are the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space? (UPSC CSE 2019) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space (2019) and middle-class working women in India (2019).
Recently, the world celebrated International Women’s Day, with companies highlighting their efforts toward including more women in the workforce. However, the reality is different. The rollback of DEI programs in the U.S. threatens women’s participation in corporate America, where they make up 48% of the workforce, raising concerns about identity erasure.
Today’s editorial talks about issues faced by women. This content is useful for writing answers in GS Paper 1 and GS Paper 2 of the UPSC Mains exam.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
International Women’s Day will be celebrated worldwide on March 8, 2025.
What challenges do women face in entering and advancing in the corporate workforce?
- Gender Bias and Stereotyping: Women often face assumptions that they are less competent or less committed due to gender-based stereotypes. Example: A 2023 McKinsey report found that women are 18% less likely to be promoted from entry-level to managerial roles compared to men, despite similar qualifications.
- Glass Ceiling Effect: Systemic barriers prevent women from advancing to senior leadership and executive positions. Example: As of 2023, only 8% of CEOs in Fortune 500 companies were women, reflecting limited upward mobility for women in corporate hierarchies.
- Work-Life Balance and Caregiving Responsibilities: Women are disproportionately responsible for family and household duties, making it harder to manage demanding corporate roles. Example: During the COVID-19 pandemic, 1 in 4 women considered downshifting or leaving their jobs due to increased caregiving burdens.
- Unequal Pay and Compensation Disparities: Women consistently earn less than their male counterparts for performing similar work. Example: In India, the gender pay gap remains around 19%, with women earning significantly less than men for equivalent roles (Monster Salary Index Report, 2022).
- Lack of Mentorship and Sponsorship: Women often lack access to influential mentors who can advocate for their promotion and career growth. Example: A Harvard Business Review study (2021) revealed that 64% of women reported not having a senior leader to sponsor their career advancement, limiting their growth opportunities.
Why are legal mandates like the Companies Act, 2013, and SEBI regulations crucial for increasing women’s representation in corporate leadership?
- Ensuring Minimum Representation: Legal mandates create a compulsory framework requiring companies to appoint women to leadership positions, ensuring basic gender diversity. Example: The Companies Act, 2013 mandates at least one woman director on the board of certain public companies, increasing female representation in leadership roles.
- Driving Structural Change: Regulations push companies to institutionalize policies that promote gender diversity, fostering long-term cultural and organizational transformation. Example: SEBI’s 2015 directive for India’s top 1,000 listed companies to have at least one independent woman director has led to a threefold increase in women’s participation on NSE 500 boards (from 5% in 2011 to 18% in 2023).
- Reducing Gender Bias: Legal mandates act as a corrective mechanism against gender-based discrimination by ensuring that women receive leadership opportunities based on merit. Example: Following SEBI’s mandate, companies actively seek to identify and groom qualified women for board positions, reducing biases in corporate hiring practices.
- Enhancing Corporate Governance: Women in leadership roles bring diverse perspectives that strengthen decision-making, risk management, and accountability. Example: Research by Credit Suisse (2021) found that companies with at least one woman board member show better financial performance and stronger governance frameworks.
- Setting Industry Benchmarks: Legal frameworks establish a baseline for gender inclusion, encouraging other companies and sectors to adopt similar diversity policies. Example: The Companies Act and SEBI regulations have inspired several Indian private firms to adopt voluntary policies promoting gender-balanced leadership, creating a ripple effect across industries.
How does the presence of women in leadership roles benefit corporate governance?
- Diverse Perspectives and Better Decision-Making: Women leaders bring varied experiences and viewpoints, leading to more comprehensive discussions and well-rounded decisions. Example: A Harvard Business Review (2021) study found that boards with at least 30% women make better strategic decisions and are more likely to consider stakeholder interests.
- Enhanced Risk Management: Women leaders tend to adopt a more cautious and analytical approach, improving risk assessment and mitigation strategies. Example: A 2019 MSCI report showed that companies with three or more women on their boards experienced lower risk of governance-related controversies and better compliance practices.
- Improved Corporate Transparency and Accountability: Women in leadership roles advocate for ethical practices, ensuring greater transparency and stronger corporate governance frameworks. Example: In Norway, where a 40% quota for women on corporate boards exists, studies have shown increased reporting standards and improved financial disclosures.
- Stronger Stakeholder Engagement: Women leaders prioritize relationship-building and stakeholder communication, fostering trust and long-term value creation. Example: Indian companies with women independent directors are more likely to engage with diverse stakeholders and prioritize corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives (SEBI Report, 2023).
- Higher Corporate Performance and Reputation: Companies with gender-diverse leadership are often recognized as more ethical, responsible, and attractive to investors. Example: A Credit Suisse (2021) analysis found that companies with at least one woman on their board had higher return on equity (ROE) and better market performance over a five-year period.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
- Legislative Mandates for Board Diversity: The Companies Act, 2013 mandates that certain public companies must appoint at least one woman director on their boards.
- SEBI Regulations for Independent Women Directors: In 2015, SEBI mandated India’s top 1,000 listed companies have at least one independent woman director to ensure greater gender diversity in decision-making roles.
- Gender-Specific Schemes and Incentives: Programs like Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) and MUDRA Yojana provide financial support and capacity-building to encourage women’s participation in corporate and entrepreneurial spaces.
- Awareness and Capacity-Building Initiatives: The National Commission for Women (NCW) conducts training programs to prepare women for leadership roles and works to address workplace discrimination and harassment under the POSH Act, 2013.
|
Way forward:
- Strengthening Policy Implementation and Accountability: Ensure strict enforcement of existing legal mandates (e.g., Companies Act, 2013 and SEBI regulations) with regular audits and penalties for non-compliance. Example: Introduce progressive targets for gender diversity, such as mandating at least 30% women in leadership roles by a specified timeline.
- Promoting Inclusive Workplace Culture and Leadership Development: Implement gender-sensitive policies like flexible work arrangements, parental leave, and on-site childcare to support work-life balance. Example: Establish mentorship and sponsorship programs targeting women, ensuring equal access to leadership pipelines and executive training.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India-Nepal relations;
Why in the News?
On February 16, a third-year female student from Nepal died by suicide at Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) in Bhubaneswar.
What were the reasons behind the protests by Nepali students at KIIT, Bhubaneswar?
- Harassment and University Inaction: Nepali students protested after a third-year Nepali woman student died by suicide, allegedly due to harassment by a male student. Despite multiple complaints, the university failed to take action. Example: The deceased student had repeatedly reported the harassment to university authorities, but no substantial steps were taken to address her concerns.
- Forced Campus Eviction: KIIT ordered Nepali students to vacate the campus following the protests, which was viewed as an unjust punishment against the entire community. Example: Instead of addressing the harassment claims, the university’s eviction order further alienated Nepali students, leading to greater unrest.
- Demand for Justice and Fair Treatment: Students sought accountability for the harassment and fair treatment under the Indo-Nepal Peace Treaty of 1950, which ensures equal rights for Nepali citizens in India. Example: Protesters argued that the eviction violated Articles 6 and 7 of the treaty, which guarantee the right to residence and fair treatment.
Why is Nepal’s education system being influenced by the colonial legacy of British India?
- Affiliation with Indian Universities: Nepal’s first college, Tri-Chandra College (established in 1918), was affiliated with Indian universities (Calcutta and later Patna University), controlling courses, pedagogy, and examinations.
- Dependence on Indian Instructors: Early instructors in Nepal’s education system were trained in Indian universities, leading to the adoption of Indian academic frameworks.
- Limited Domestic Higher Education: Until Tribhuvan University was established in 1959, Nepal lacked postgraduate education, forcing students to seek higher education in India.
- Colonial Curriculum: The content of education remained heavily influenced by British India’s system, limiting the development of Nepal-centric academic discourse.
- Post-1950 Reforms: Efforts like the National Educational Planning Commission (1954) and New Education System Plan (1971) aimed to “Nepalise” the system, yet the intellectual field continued to be shaped by Indian education.
In what way is the KIIT incident linked to the Indo-Nepal Peace Treaty of 1950, especially Articles 6 and 7?
- Violation of Equal Treatment (Article 6): Article 6 of the Indo-Nepal Peace Treaty ensures that citizens of Nepal and India receive “national treatment” in each other’s territories. The directive for Nepali students to vacate the KIIT campus violated this provision by treating them differently based on their nationality.
- Infringement on the Right to Residence (Article 7): Article 7 grants Nepali citizens the right to reside in India without discrimination. KIIT’s order to vacate the premises directly infringed on this right, as it targeted Nepali students exclusively.
- Impact on Educational Access (Article 7): The Treaty allows Nepali citizens to pursue education in India without barriers. The disruption of academic activities and the evacuation order restricted their educational access, breaching this provision.
|
Way forward:
- Strengthening Institutional Accountability: Ensure universities establish robust grievance redressal mechanisms to address harassment complaints promptly and impartially. Independent inquiry committees should be set up to investigate incidents, ensuring transparency and justice.
- Upholding Treaty Commitments: Indian institutions must align their policies with the Indo-Nepal Peace Treaty, guaranteeing equal treatment and the right to residence for Nepali students. Regular dialogue between Indian and Nepali authorities can help prevent future violations.
Mains PYQ:
Q Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to the appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India.(UPSC IAS/2017)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Implication of AI;
Why in the News?
Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools are being used more and more in classrooms worldwide.In India, a study by TeamLease EdTech last year found that over 61% of educators are using AI tools.
What are the key findings as per the TeamLease EdTech?
A study by TeamLease EdTech titled “Revolutionising Classrooms: The Impact of Generative AI on the Future of Education” surveyed over 6,000 educators across India, including school teachers and university professors.
- Widespread Adoption of AI Tools: Approximately 61.60% of educators are utilizing AI tools for teaching, preparation, and student engagement.
- Recognition of AI’s Transformative Potential: Around 64.87% of educators acknowledge that AI has the potential to transform learning experiences and personalize education.
- Preparation for an AI-Dominated Future: About 63.61% of educators believe that integrating AI is crucial for preparing students for a future where AI is prevalent.
- Advocacy for AI Regulation: A significant 87.85% of educators support government regulation and monitoring of AI development and application to address ethical implications.
- Need for Teacher Training in AI: Approximately 54.92% of educators express the need for AI training to ensure teachers are prepared for AI integration in education.
|
What are the key concerns regarding the use of AI in education?
- Over-Reliance on AI and Reduced Critical Thinking: Students may become dependent on AI-generated responses, leading to a decline in their ability to critically analyze information. Example: If students use AI tools like ChatGPT for essay writing without verification, they may accept biased or inaccurate information without questioning it.
- Ethical and Privacy Issues: AI tools collect and store user data, raising questions about the privacy and security of sensitive academic information. Example: Using AI-powered platforms without adequate security may expose student data to third parties, violating privacy regulations like GDPR.
- Unequal Access and Digital Divide: Not all students and institutions have equal access to advanced AI tools, widening the educational inequality gap. Example: Rural schools with limited technological infrastructure may struggle to implement AI-based learning.
Why is it important for educational institutions to develop their own AI usage policies?
- Ensuring Ethical and Responsible AI Use: Clear policies guide the ethical use of AI, preventing misuse, plagiarism, and data breaches. Example: A university policy on AI-assisted research can outline acceptable use, ensuring students disclose AI-generated content in academic work.
- Protecting Student Privacy and Data Security: Policies help safeguard sensitive student information and comply with legal standards like GDPR or India’s DPDP Act. Example: Schools can restrict AI tools from accessing personal data by enforcing guidelines on how and when these technologies are used.
- Maintaining Academic Integrity and Fair Assessment: AI policies uphold the integrity of learning by defining appropriate AI use in assignments and assessments. Example: A school policy may allow AI for research assistance but prohibit its use in writing final exam essays to ensure fair evaluation.
When should AI tools be integrated into the curriculum?
- When Enhancing Personalized Learning: AI tools should be introduced when they can tailor educational content to individual student needs, improving learning outcomes. Example: Adaptive learning platforms like Khan Academy or Duolingo can adjust the difficulty of lessons based on a student’s progress, offering personalized learning paths.
- When Supporting Skill Development for the Future: AI should be integrated when it helps students develop critical skills like data analysis, problem-solving, and digital literacy, which are essential for future careers. Example: Teaching AI programming using platforms like TensorFlow or Scratch can prepare students for careers in technology and data science.
- When Facilitating Innovative Teaching Methods: AI tools should be included when they enhance creative and interactive teaching approaches that traditional methods cannot achieve. Example: Virtual labs using AI simulations in subjects like biology or physics allow students to conduct experiments safely and repeatedly, improving comprehension.
How can educators balance the use of AI while fostering critical thinking and analytical skills in students?
- Aligning AI Tools with Specific Learning Outcomes: AI should be used when it directly supports and enhances the achievement of clearly defined educational goals. Example: If the objective is to improve analytical reasoning, AI-powered data visualization tools like Tableau can help students interpret complex datasets and draw meaningful insights.
- Enhancing Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving Skills: AI should be integrated when it fosters deeper learning by encouraging inquiry, creativity, and solution-oriented thinking. Example: AI-driven coding platforms like Scratch or Python Tutor can promote computational thinking and logical reasoning through hands-on programming tasks.
- Supporting Assessment and Feedback Mechanisms: AI should be used to provide timely, personalized feedback that aligns with the learning objectives and helps track student progress. Example: Automated grading systems like Grammarly or Turnitin can assist in assessing writing skills and offer constructive feedback to improve academic writing.
Way forward:
- Develop Comprehensive AI Literacy Programs: Equip educators and students with the skills to critically evaluate AI outputs, ensuring responsible and informed use.
- Establish Clear, Adaptive AI Governance Frameworks: Implement dynamic policies that balance innovation with ethical standards, ensuring equitable access and academic integrity.
Mains PYQ:
Q Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to the appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India.(UPSC IAS/2017)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Successful PHTA Test of ISRO's Semi-Cryogenic Engine
Why in the News?
ISRO successfully conducted a hot test on the semi-cryogenic engine (SE2000), a key step towards finalizing the cryogenic stage for future launch vehicles. This Power Head Test Article (PHTA) is the first hardware test for semi-cryogenic engines.
About the SE2000 Engine
- The SE2000 engine is a semi-cryogenic rocket engine developed by ISRO to enhance propulsion for future heavy-lift launch vehicles.
- It is designed to power the booster stages of rockets, increasing payload capacity and efficiency.
- The engine operates on a Liquid Oxygen (LOX) and Refined Kerosene (RP-1) combination, unlike traditional cryogenic engines that use LOX and Liquid Hydrogen (LH2).
- Key features of the SE2000 engine:
- Thrust capability: 2000 kN (kilonewtons), making it one of ISRO’s most powerful engines.
- Higher density impulse: Provides better efficiency than LOX-LH2 combinations.
- Cost-effective: Kerosene is cheaper and easier to handle than liquid hydrogen.
- Storage advantages: Kerosene can be stored at ambient temperatures, unlike liquid hydrogen, which requires -253°C for storage.
- The engine is expected to enhance the performance of LVM3 and will be used in ISRO’s Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV).
- Applications of the SE2000 engine:
- Heavy-lift launch missions with increased payload capacity.
- Future space exploration programs, including human spaceflight missions like Gaganyaan.
- Reusable launch vehicles, contributing to cost-effective and sustainable space travel.
What is the PHTA Test?
- The PHTA test is a crucial hardware test conducted as part of the SE2000 semi-cryogenic engine development process.
- It is designed to validate key engine subsystems before full-scale integration and testing.
- Purpose of the PHTA test:
- Ensure subsystems perform as expected under operational conditions.
- Evaluate pressure, temperature, thrust efficiency, and fuel combustion.
- Identify potential technical issues before moving to full engine testing.
- A previous attempt in July 2023 was aborted due to technical issues at ISRO’s Mahendragiri facility.
Back2Basics: Semi-Cryogenic vs. Cryogenic Engines
- A semi-cryogenic engine uses liquid oxygen (LOX) and kerosene as propellants, making it easier to handle and store than the cryogenic engine, which uses liquid hydrogen (LH2).
- Semi-cryogenic engines are less efficient but more cost-effective and practical for Earth-orbit missions.
- Cryogenic engines offer higher performance due to the higher specific impulse of liquid hydrogen but are more complex to store and manage.
- Semi-cryogenic engines strike a balance between cost, efficiency, and simplicity.
|
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements:
1. PSLVs launch the satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.
2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
3. GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch l vehicle with the first and third stages l using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 2
(d) 3 only |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: COPUOS
Why in the News?
In December 2024, a 500 kg metal object crashed in Makueni County, Kenya, highlighting the growing concern over uncontrolled satellite re-entries, for which the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) remains accountable.
It has yet to implement binding regulations on space debris disposal and re-entry control.
About the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS)
- The COPUOS was established in 1958 to promote international cooperation in the peaceful use of outer space and address legal issues related to space exploration.
- The committee currently has 102 member states (as of 2022) and meets annually in Vienna, Austria.
- COPUOS plays a key role in preventing the militarization of space and ensuring responsible space activity.
- Historical Context:
- Established following the launch of Sputnik in 1957, COPUOS was instrumental in preventing space from becoming a new conflict zone.
- Resolution 1721 (1961) declared that international law applies in outer space and directed states to report all space launches to the UN public registry.
- Subcommittees:
- Scientific and Technical Subcommittee (meets in February).
- Legal Subcommittee (meets in April).
Space Treaties overseen by COPUOS:
- COPUOS oversees five key UN treaties and agreements related to space activities:
- Outer Space Treaty (1967): Establishes principles for space exploration and prohibits national sovereignty over celestial bodies.
- Rescue Agreement (1968): Governs the rescue and return of astronauts and space objects.
- Liability Convention (1972): Defines responsibility for damage caused by space objects, introducing absolute liability for damages on Earth.
- Registration Convention (1976): Requires states to register launched space objects with the UN.
- Moon Treaty (1984): Regulates activities on the Moon and other celestial bodies.
Defining Space Debris in Law
- Space debris has no universally accepted legal definition in international treaties.
- The UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) defines it as non-functional man-made objects in Earth orbit or re-entering the atmosphere.
- Legal disputes arise over whether a piece of debris qualifies as a “space object” under the 1972 Liability Convention.
Liability Under International Space Law
- Outer Space Treaty (1967), Article VI: States bear responsibility for national space activities, including those by private companies.
- Liability Convention (1972): Introduced “absolute liability”, meaning launching states are automatically responsible for damage caused by space objects.
- However, liability enforcement remains weak, and affected nations often struggle to claim full compensation.
|
PYQ:
[2014] International civil aviation laws provide all countries complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above their territory. What do you understand by ‘airspace’? What are the implications of these laws on the space above this airspace? Discuss the challenges which this poses and suggest ways to contain the threat. |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Wolly Mammoth
Why in the News?
Recently, Colossal Biosciences has created a “Woolly Mouse” by editing seven genes in mice embryos to mimic the cold-adaptive traits of woolly mammoths.
What are Woolly Mammoths?
- The Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) was a large, Ice Age herbivore that roamed Eurasia and North America, thriving in cold tundra environments.
- It had a thick woolly coat, a fat layer for insulation, and small ears to minimize heat loss.
- Mammoths lived in herds and primarily fed on grasses and shrubs.
- They went extinct around 4,000 years ago, likely due to climate change, habitat loss, and human hunting.
- Scientists believe reviving mammoth-like elephants could help restore Arctic ecosystems and slow permafrost thawing.
|
About Woolly Mice
- The Woolly Mouse is a genetically modified laboratory mouse developed by Colossal Biosciences to test their de-extinction research.
- Scientists successfully edited seven genes, resulting in mice with thick, woolly fur, mimicking the coat of a woolly mammoth.
- Key Features of Woolly Mice:
-
- Genetically engineered for cold-resistant traits using DNA modifications.
- Long, thick, wavy fur and curled whiskers, resembling mammoth adaptations.
- Created by combining multiple genetic variants into a single organism.
- Serves as a model organism to test gene-editing techniques before applying them to Asian elephants, the closest living relatives of woolly mammoths.
Technology Used in Woolly Mouse Development:
- The CRISPR-Cas9 system was used to precisely modify DNA.
- Scientists identified genes responsible for fur texture, length, and body fat metabolism, allowing them to engineer cold-resistant traits.
- Scientists edited seven genes simultaneously, an unprecedented feat in genetic engineering.
- Key genes modified included:
- FGF5: regulates hair growth, making it longer and thicker.
- MC1R: controls hair color, giving the mice a golden hue similar to mammoth fur.
- Hair follicle structure genes: induced woolly hair texture, wavy coats, and curled whiskers.
PYQ:
[2013] Recombinant DNA technology (Genetic Engineering) allows genes to be transferred:
1. across different species of plants
2. from animals to plants
3. from microorganisms to higher organisms
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bangus Valley
Why in the News?
The Jammu and Kashmir government has announced new ecotourism policies for Bangus Valley, a scenic yet lesser-known destination near the Line of Control (LoC) in North Kashmir.
About Bangus Valley
- It is situated in Kupwara district, Jammu & Kashmir, about 100 km from Srinagar in the Pir Panjal range, close to the Line of Control (LoC).
- It consists of 2 valleys:
- Boud Bangus (Big Bangus): ~300 sq km, surrounded by Rajwar, Mawar, and Shamasbury ranges.
- Lokut Bangus (Small Bangus): A smaller valley northeast of Big Bangus, known for trekking routes.
- Its name is derived from Sanskrit words “Van” (forest) and “Gus” (grass), meaning “Forest of Grass.”
- Connectivity:
- Handwara via Reshwari Mawer (shortest and most preferred route).
- Handwara via Rajwar (trekking route).
- Kupwara via Chowkibal (under development, expected completion by 2025).
- Road connectivity via Handwara is complete (June 2022).
Ecological Importance of Bangus Valley:
- Biodiversity: Home to 50+ animal species and 10+ bird species.
- Key Mammals: Musk deer, antelope, snow leopard, brown bear, black bear, red fox, monkeys.
- Bird Species: Tragopan, monal pheasant, black partridge, bush quail, wild fowl.
- Flora: Rich in medicinal plants and wildflowers, supporting traditional herbal medicine.
- Water Conservation: 14 tributaries, including Roshan Kul, Tillwan Kul, Douda Kul, feed the Pohru River.
- Climate Sensitivity: Threatened by glacial melt and changing precipitation patterns.
PYQ:
[2019] Siachen Glacier is situated to the:
(a) East of Aksai Chin
(b) East of Leh
(c) North of Gilgit
(d) North of Nubra Valley |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now