Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cities Coalition for Circularity (C-3)
Why in the News?
India launched the Cities Coalition for Circularity (C-3), a multi-nation alliance for city-to-city collaboration, knowledge-sharing, and private sector partnerships for sustainable urban development.
What is the Cities Coalition for Circularity (C-3)?
- The C-3 is a multi-nation alliance launched by India at the 12th Regional 3R and Circular Economy Forum in Asia and the Pacific in Jaipur.
- It aims to facilitate city-to-city collaboration, knowledge-sharing, and private sector partnerships to promote circular economy principles and sustainable urban development.
- It is led by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (India), United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD), and the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES).
- The forum will adopt the Jaipur Declaration (2025-2034), which is a non-political, non-binding commitment that will guide efforts towards resource efficiency and sustainable urban growth in the next decade.
Key Features of C-3:
- Supported by International Organizations: Backed by UNESCAP, Japan’s Ministry of Environment, and other global partners.
- Circular Economy Focus: Encourages reuse, recycling, remanufacturing, and composting to reduce waste.
- Global Collaboration: Involves local governments, private sector actors, and academia to drive policy and innovation.
- Integration with SDGs: Aligns with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to climate action and responsible consumption.
PYQ:
[2018] “Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)”. Comment on the progress made in India in this regard. |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Marbled Cat
Why in the News?
The elusive marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata) has been spotted in Dehing Patkai National Park in Assam’s Tinsukia district.
About Marbled Cat
- The marbled cat is a small wild cat species native to South and Southeast Asia.
- It belongs to the Felidae family and is closely related to the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) and the bay cat (Catopuma badia).
- The species was first described in 1836 by British zoologist William Charles Linnaeus Martin.
- It is characterised by brown, gray, or yellowish fur with distinctive black spots, marbled patterns, and stripes for camouflage.
- It is found in dense tropical and subtropical forests at elevations up to 2,500 meters.
- It primarily inhabits rainforests, evergreen forests, and mountainous terrain.
- It is arboreal, spending a significant amount of time in trees.
- It is nocturnal and crepuscular, meaning it is most active at dawn and dusk.
-
- IUCN Red List Status: Near Threatened (NT) due to habitat loss and fragmentation.
- CITES: Appendix I
About Dehing Patkai National Park
- Dehing Patkai NP is located in the Dibrugarh and Tinsukia districts of Assam, India, near the border with Arunachal Pradesh.
- It spans an area of 231.65 km² and is part of the Dehing Patkai Elephant Reserve. It was upgraded to a national park in 2020 and officially notified in 2021.
- The park features the largest stretch of lowland rainforests in India, including Dipterocarp trees, orchids, and medicinal plants like Rauvolfia serpentina and Acorus calamus.
- The park is home to diverse wildlife, including Bengal tigers, leopards, clouded leopards, Asian elephants, and Hoolock gibbons.
- It is unique for hosting seven species of wild cats.
- The Dehing River flows through the park, nourishing its forests and contributing to the biodiversity.
- Indigenous communities such as the Tai Phake, Khamti, and Singpho tribes have lived in the area for generations, maintaining a close relationship with the forest.
- The park is situated in the Patkai Hills region, part of the Indo-Myanmar biodiversity hotspot, known for its rich biodiversity.
- Known as the Amazon of the East, Dehing Patkai National Park is famous for its pristine rainforest ecosystems and significant biodiversity.
|
PYQ:
[2015] Which one of the following National Parks has a climate that varies from tropical to subtropical, temperate and arctic?
(a) Khangchendzonga National Park
(b) Nandadevi National Park
(c) Neora Valley National Park
(d) Namdapha National Park |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
PYQ Relevance:
Q) ‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor. (UPSC CSE 2017) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ (2018) and China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus (2017).
Recently, Chinese Ambassador Xu Feihong said that India-China relations are entering a “phase of recovery” and called their relationship “one of the most important” in the world. He also mentioned that recent talks between Special Representatives (SR) and discussions under the ‘Foreign Secretary-Vice Minister’ mechanism helped both countries reach common ground on the border issue and opened the door to improving their ties.
Today’s editorial discusses China’s main decision-making bodies and its policies toward India. This content is useful for GS Paper 2 under International Relations.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
On Monday, January 27, 2025, Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri, during his official visit to Beijing, met with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi. He is also scheduled to meet his counterpart.
Which are the two main decision-making bodies with respect to China’s foreign policy?
- Politburo Standing Committee (PBSC): The highest decision-making body in China, which sets the overall direction for both domestic and foreign policies. Example: Xi Jinping, as General Secretary of the CPC and head of the PBSC, plays a central role in shaping China’s stance on key issues like the U.S.-China rivalry and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
- CPC Central Committee’s Foreign Affairs Commission (FAC): Manages policy coordination, inter-departmental communication, and foreign policy execution, with Xi Jinping as the head and Li Qiang as deputy. Example: The FAC oversees China’s border negotiations with India and guides its diplomatic strategy in multilateral forums like BRICS and SCO.
What is the role of the International Department of the Communist Party of China (IDCPC)?
- Party-to-Party Diplomacy: Facilitates direct engagement between the CPC and political parties across the ideological spectrum in over 150 countries. Example: The IDCPC hosts delegations from major Indian political parties to strengthen ties beyond official state-level diplomacy.
- Influencing Global Perception: Aims to enhance the CPC’s international legitimacy by building relationships and promoting China’s political model globally. Example: The IDCPC engages with political elites in Africa and Southeast Asia to align their policies with China’s strategic interests.
- Policy Research and Intelligence Gathering: Conducts political research on foreign countries to inform CPC leadership and guide China’s diplomatic strategy. Example: The “South and Southeast Asian Affairs” bureau analyzes political trends in India to shape China’s regional engagement policies.
Has the Ministry of Foreign Affairs been increasing in stature in China?
- Greater Policy Coordination with the CPC: The MFA now works more closely with the CPC’s Foreign Affairs Commission (FAC), which oversees foreign policy decisions. Example: Wang Yi, China’s Foreign Minister, also serves as the head of the Office of the FAC, reflecting the MFA’s growing role in executing party-led foreign policy.
- Expanded Global Diplomatic Presence: China has increased its diplomatic footprint by opening new embassies and consulates worldwide, with MFA officials leading key initiatives. Example: The MFA has played a crucial role in advancing the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) through global negotiations and partnerships.
- Active Role in Multilateral Forums: The MFA has taken a more assertive position in international organizations to shape global norms and policies. Example: China’s active participation in the United Nations Human Rights Council and WTO reflects the MFA’s rising influence in global governance.
- Diplomatic Visibility of Key Officials: High-ranking MFA officials now engage more directly with global leaders and the media to articulate China’s foreign policy. Example: Wang Yi’s prominent role in mediating the Saudi-Iran peace deal (2023) highlighted the MFA’s expanding diplomatic authority.
- Increased Role in Crisis Management: The MFA is increasingly tasked with managing international crises and shaping China’s narrative during global conflicts. Example: The MFA led China’s diplomatic response during the U.S.-China trade war, organizing global outreach to counteract U.S. policies.
What is the policy for India?
- Managing Border Disputes While Maintaining Dialogue: China aims to manage tensions along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) while keeping communication channels open through diplomatic and military talks. Example: Since the Galwan Valley clash (2020), both countries have held corps commander-level talks to de-escalate border tensions, although some areas remain contentious.
- Economic Cooperation with Strategic Caution: While promoting trade relations, China remains cautious about India’s growing economic nationalism and supply chain diversification. Example: Despite border tensions, China remains one of India’s largest trading partners, with bilateral trade exceeding $136 billion in 2022, though India has increased scrutiny on Chinese investments.
- Countering India’s Regional and Global Influence: China seeks to limit India’s influence in South Asia and multilateral forums while opposing India’s bid for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council. Example: China has increased investments in India’s neighbors through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), particularly in Pakistan (CPEC) and Sri Lanka (Colombo Port City).
- Balancing Competition with Cooperation in Multilateral Platforms: China engages with India through organizations like BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) while countering India’s role in the Quad alliance. Example: Both nations cooperate in BRICS development projects but differ on strategic matters like Indo-Pacific security, where China opposes the Quad’s expansion.
- Diplomatic Outreach through Party-to-Party Engagement: The International Liaison Department (IDCPC) of the CPC engages with India’s political parties to strengthen ties and understand domestic political dynamics. Example: China has hosted delegations from major Indian political parties to foster people-to-people diplomacy and influence policy perspectives.
What should India do?
- Enhance Border Security and Infrastructure: Strengthen border surveillance, improve infrastructure along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), and ensure rapid troop deployment capabilities. Example: Accelerate projects like the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) to enhance logistical support in sensitive areas.
- Strengthen Multilateral Engagement: Deepen ties with like-minded countries in regional and global forums while maintaining dialogue with China. Example: Actively participate in Quad, BRICS, and SCO to balance China’s regional influence while promoting India’s strategic interests.
- Promote Economic Self-Reliance and Diversification: Reduce reliance on Chinese imports by boosting domestic manufacturing and seeking alternative trade partners. Example: Strengthen the Make in India and PLI (Production-Linked Incentive) schemes to reduce import dependency in critical sectors like electronics and telecom.
- Engage in Strategic Communication: Maintain open diplomatic channels to resolve disputes while clearly articulating India’s red lines and security concerns. Example: Continue high-level talks through special representatives and corps commander-level discussions to de-escalate border tensions.
- Invest in Technological and Defense Capabilities: Enhance technological innovation, defense modernization, and cybersecurity to counterbalance China’s growing capabilities. Example: Increase investment in indigenous defense programs and space-based surveillance to ensure strategic autonomy.
|
Way forward:
- Sustained Diplomatic Engagement: Prioritize regular high-level dialogues to resolve border disputes and foster mutual trust while maintaining strategic clarity on core interests.
- Strategic Autonomy with Regional Cooperation: Strengthen regional partnerships through forums like Quad and ASEAN, while maintaining an independent foreign policy to balance China’s influence.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of vulgar humour;
Why in the News?
Recently, the Supreme Court of India asked Solicitor General Tushar Mehta, representing the Central Government, to suggest regulatory measures to control the use of filthy language and vulgarity in online programmes.
What did the Supreme Court ask the Solicitor General to suggest regarding online programmes?
- The Supreme Court asked Solicitor General Tushar Mehta to propose “regulatory measures” to control the use of “filthy language” and “vulgarity” in online programmes.
- The regulatory framework should ensure that programmes adhere to the “known moral standards” of Indian society while maintaining freedom of speech and expression.
- These measures are intended to function as reasonable restrictions on free speech, focusing on decency and morality without imposing outright censorship. The court also sought input from stakeholders to facilitate a healthy debate on the issue.
|
Why did the court emphasize the need for regulatory measures on humour and vulgarity?
- To Maintain Public Decency and Morality: The court stressed the need to uphold societal moral standards and prevent the spread of indecent content under the guise of humour. Example: The Supreme Court remarked that humour should be family-friendly and using filthy language is not a demonstration of talent.
- To Prevent Misuse of Free Speech: While protecting freedom of expression, the court emphasized reasonable restrictions to curb vulgarity and perversity in public content. Example: The court modified restrictions on YouTuber Ranveer Allahbadia, allowing him to broadcast but warned him to adhere to decency norms.
- To Protect Vulnerable Audiences: The court highlighted the need to shield minors and impressionable viewers from offensive and inappropriate humour. Example: The Solicitor General noted that the content of “India Got Latent” was unsuitable for public viewing due to its perverse nature.
- To Strike a Balance Between Creativity and Responsibility: The court underlined the fine line between creative humour and offensive language, ensuring content creators remain responsible. Example: Justice Surya Kant noted that talented comedians in India use ordinary words to produce humour without crossing moral limits.
- To Ensure Accountability of Online Platforms: The court called for regulatory oversight to ensure online platforms are held accountable for the content they broadcast. Example: The Bench urged the Solicitor General to suggest mechanisms to regulate vulgar content while respecting freedom of speech.
What impact does vulgar humour have on society?
- Erosion of Social and Moral Values: Frequent exposure to vulgar humour desensitizes people to offensive language and inappropriate behavior, weakening social norms. Example: Shows that rely on sexual innuendos or crude jokes may normalize disrespectful behavior towards women and marginalized groups.
- Negative Influence on Youth: Young audiences imitate vulgar humour, leading to disrespect, bullying, and a casual attitude toward serious issues. Example: Viral videos promoting explicit jokes can shape adolescent speech patterns, fostering insensitivity in social interactions.
- Public Backlash and Social Division: Vulgar humour offends religious, cultural, or social groups, causing outrage and polarization in society. Example: Comedians making derogatory remarks about religious practices have faced protests, legal action, and censorship demands.
- Undermining Respect for Institutions: Crude jokes about public figures or institutions diminish trust and disrespect toward authorities and legal systems. Example: Vulgar portrayals of political leaders can foster cynicism and weaken public faith in governance.
- Legal and Regulatory Consequences: Vulgar content violates decency laws and leads to legal penalties or censorship under frameworks ensuring public morality. Example: YouTuber Ranveer Allahbadia faced legal scrutiny and temporary broadcast bans due to vulgar content on his show.
Way forward:
- Establish a Clear Regulatory Framework: Develop a transparent and balanced regulatory mechanism that sets clear guidelines for online content, ensuring decency and morality while protecting freedom of speech. Example: The government can establish a self-regulatory body for digital content, similar to the Broadcasting Content Complaints Council (BCCC) for television.
- Promote Responsible Content Creation: Encourage content creators to adopt ethical standards and self-regulation through awareness campaigns and guidelines that differentiate between humour and vulgarity. Example: Platforms like YouTube and OTT services can implement content advisories and age-appropriate ratings to safeguard vulnerable audiences.
Mains PYQ:
Q How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the functioning of the education system in the country? Elaborate your answer (UPSC IAS/2020)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India vs Australia;
Why in the News?
Australia is confident in India’s promising economic future, anticipating it will become the world’s third-largest economy by 2030.
What are the key sectors identified as the “Superhighways of growth” in the new Roadmap for Australia’s Economic Engagement with India?
- Clean Energy: Focus on renewable energy and critical minerals to support India’s green transition. Example: Australia, as the largest producer of lithium, supplies essential materials for India’s electric vehicle (EV) manufacturing goals.
- Education and Skills: Collaboration on skill development and higher education to equip India’s workforce. Example: Australian universities have opened campuses in Gujarat’s GIFT City and are expanding to Noida to offer advanced training programs.
- Agribusiness and Tourism: Enhancing agricultural trade and food security and fostering tourism between the two countries. Example: Australia’s advanced agritech supports India’s agricultural modernization while increased bilateral tourism strengthens cultural ties.
Why does Australia consider itself a natural partner for India’s economic growth?
- Complementary Economies: Australia produces resources that India needs, and India provides services that Australia requires. Example: Australia supplies critical minerals (like lithium and cobalt) essential for India’s electric vehicle (EV) manufacturing.
- Strategic Alignment: Both nations share common regional and global strategic interests, including maritime security in the Indo-Pacific region. Example: Regular participation in Quad (with the U.S. and Japan) strengthens defense and economic cooperation.
- Geographic Proximity: Australia and India are geographically close across the Indian Ocean, facilitating easier trade and collaboration. Example: The Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA) has significantly increased bilateral trade.
- Shared Democratic Values: Both countries are committed to democracy, rule of law, and a rules-based international order, fostering mutual trust. Example: Australia supports India’s bid for a United Nations Security Council (UNSC) permanent seat.
- Strong People-to-People Ties: A large and growing Indian diaspora in Australia acts as a bridge for cultural and economic collaboration. Example: Australia’s Maitri grants program supports Indian diaspora-led initiatives to boost bilateral engagement.
How has the Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA) impacted trade between India and Australia?
- Increased Bilateral Trade Volume: ECTA has accelerated trade growth between the two countries by reducing tariffs and improving market access. Example: India’s exports to Australia have grown by 66% in the past five years, nearly twice as fast as India’s exports to the rest of the world.
- Tariff Reductions and Market Access: ECTA has eliminated or reduced custom duties on a wide range of products, enhancing the competitiveness of Indian and Australian goods. Example: Australia removed tariffs on 96.4% of Indian exports, including textiles, jewelry, and pharmaceuticals.
- Boost to Key Sectors: The agreement has strengthened trade in minerals, energy, and education—areas where both countries have complementary strengths. Example: Australia’s exports of critical minerals like lithium support India’s electric vehicle (EV) manufacturing ambitions.
- Enhanced Services Trade and Mobility: ECTA facilitates greater cooperation in education, IT, and professional services, including easier movement of skilled workers. Example: Indian professionals in IT and engineering benefit from streamlined visa processes for work in Australia.
- Foundation for a Comprehensive Agreement: ECTA serves as a stepping stone toward a broader Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) to further deepen economic ties. Example: Negotiations for CECA are ongoing to expand trade in technology, healthcare, and defense collaboration.
What steps is Australia taking to support India’s ambition for manufacturing electric vehicles and addressing its skill development needs?
- Supplying Critical Minerals for EV Manufacturing: Australia is leveraging its position as a leading producer of critical minerals essential for EV production. Example: Australia, the largest producer of lithium and with significant reserves of nickel and cobalt, supplies these key raw materials to support India’s goal of increasing EV adoption eight-fold by 2030.
- Collaborating on Skill Development and Education: Australian universities are providing high-quality technical education to equip the Indian workforce with advanced skills. Example: Australian universities have established campuses in GIFT City (Gujarat) and soon in Noida (Uttar Pradesh) to train Indian professionals in emerging technologies, including EV and clean energy sectors.
- Investing in Training and Workforce Mobility: Australia is investing in initiatives to improve vocational training and enhance workforce mobility between the two nations. Example: Through its Maitri grants program, Australia is fostering collaboration in technical training to meet India’s aim of skilling two crore people annually.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Critical Supply Chains: Deepen collaboration on critical minerals by establishing long-term supply agreements and joint ventures to support India’s EV and renewable energy ambitions.
- Expand Education and Workforce Partnerships: Enhance mutual recognition of qualifications and dual-degree programs to address India’s skill gaps in advanced manufacturing, clean energy, and digital sectors.
Mains PYQ:
Q Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2020)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: River Dolphins in India
Why in the News?
India’s first-ever comprehensive river dolphin survey conducted under Project Dolphin (2020) has estimated a population of 6,327 dolphins, primarily across the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Indus River basins.
River Dolphins in India:
| Species |
Habitat |
Conservation Status |
Key Features & Threats |
| Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica)
|
Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna & Karnaphuli river systems (India, Bangladesh, Nepal) |
IUCN: Endangered
WPA, 1972: Schedule I |
Known as “Susu”, India’s National Aquatic Animal in 2009. Faces threats from pollution, habitat fragmentation, and accidental bycatch.
Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (Bihar) – Only dolphin sanctuary in India. |
| Indus River Dolphin (Platanista minor)
|
Indus River (Pakistan) & Beas River (India) |
IUCN: Endangered
WPA, 1972: Schedule I |
One of the rarest dolphins, facing population decline due to water diversion, dam construction, and habitat degradation.
Beas Conservation Reserve (Punjab) – Focused on Indus River Dolphin protection. |
| Irrawaddy Dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris)
|
Chilika Lake (India) & rivers of South & Southeast Asia |
IUCN: Endangered
WPA, 1972: Schedule I |
Known for “spy-hopping” behavior (rising vertically to observe surroundings). Threatened by fishing nets and habitat destruction. |
Key Highlights of the Survey
- The survey estimated the Ganges River dolphin population at 6,324, with Uttar Pradesh (2,397) and Bihar (2,220) recording the highest numbers, while the Brahmaputra basin had 635 dolphins, indicating a stable population.
- The Indus River dolphin population was found to be critically low, with only 3 individuals recorded in the Beas River in Punjab, highlighting the urgent need for conservation efforts.
- Key habitats were identified, with the highest dolphin concentrations observed in the Bhind-Pachnada stretch of the Chambal River and the Chausa-Manihari stretch of the Ganga.
- Dolphins were found to prefer deep water zones, confluences, mid-channel islands, and meandering sections of rivers, indicating specific habitat requirements.
PYQ:
[2015] Which one of the following is the national aquatic animal of India?
(a) Saltwater crocodile
(b) Olive ridley turtle
(c) Gangetic dolphin
(d) Gharial |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MISHTI Scheme
Why in the News?
Gujarat has emerged as the national leader in mangrove afforestation, covering 19,020 hectares in just two years under the Central Government’s MISHTI (Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats and Tangible Incomes) scheme.
About the MISHTI Scheme
- The MISHTI scheme was launched on June 5, 2023, to restore 540 sq. km of mangrove forests.
- It aims to restore and expand 540 sq. km mangrove forests across 9 states and 3 union territories over a 5-year period (2023–28).
- It aligns with India’s commitment to the Mangrove Alliance for Climate (MAC) at COP27 (2022, Egypt).
- The scheme is funded through MGNREGS, CAMPA Fund, and other sources, ensuring community participation.
- It focuses on Sundarbans (West Bengal), Hooghly Estuary, and other coastal and wetland ecosystems.
Gujarat’s Leadership in Mangrove Afforestation
- Gujarat has emerged as India’s top state in mangrove afforestation, covering 19,020 hectares (190 sq. km) in just two years under MISHTI.
- The Gulf of Kutch (799 sq. km) leads in coverage, followed by the Gulf of Khambhat and Dumas-Ubhrat belt (134 sq. km).
- Gujarat’s 1,650 km-long coastline is home to mangroves, coral reefs, and seagrasses, making it an
- It aims to expand mangrove cover by an additional 350 sq. km, strengthening climate resilience and coastal biodiversity.
PYQ:
[2015] Which one of the following regions of India has a combination of mangrove forest, evergreen forest and deciduous forest?
(a) North Coastal Andhra Pradesh
(b) South-West Bengal
(c) Southern Saurashtra
(d) Andaman and Nicobar Islands |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Planetary Alignment
Why in the News?
On February 29, 2024, skywatchers worldwide witnessed a rare planetary alignment (parade) with seven planets—Mars, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune, Mercury, Saturn, and Venus—lining up in the night sky.
What is Planetary Alignment?
- A planetary alignment occurs when multiple planets in the Solar System appear to line up in the sky as seen from Earth.
- This phenomenon happens because planets orbit the Sun in a flat, disc-shaped plane called the ecliptic.
- Although planets remain millions of kilometers apart, they seem to form a straight line from Earth’s perspective due to optical illusion and perspective.
- The term “planet parade” is also used to describe this occurrence when multiple planets become visible in the sky at the same time.
- Types of Planetary Alignments:
- Conjunction: Two or more planets appear close to each other in the sky.
- Small Alignment: Three planets align in a visible line.
- Large Alignment: Four or more planets appear aligned from Earth’s perspective.
- Full Alignment: All eight planets of the Solar System appear in a single line (very rare).
How often do Planetary Alignments occur?
- Planetary alignments are not uncommon, but their rarity depends on the number of planets involved.
- Two- or Three-Planet Alignments: Occur multiple times a year.
- Four- or Five-Planet Alignments: Visible every few years.
- Six- or Seven-Planet Alignments: Appear every few decades.
- Full Alignment (All Eight Planets): Extremely rare, occurs once every 170–200 years.
- Recent & Upcoming Alignments:
-
- August 2025: Expected four-planet alignment.
- May 2492: The next predicted full planetary alignment of all eight planets.
PYQ:
[2019] On 21st June, the Sun:
(a) does not set below the horizon at the Arctic Circle
(b) does not set below the horizon at Antarctic Circle
(c) shines vertically overhead at noon on the Equator
(d) shines vertically overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bose Metal
Why in the News?
Researchers have recently discovered a potential new state of matter, the Bose metal, found between a regular metal and a superconductor, with evidence of this phase in Niobium Diselenide (NbSe₂) by a team of Chinese and Japanese scientists.
What is a Bose Metal?
- A Bose metal is a hypothetical anomalous metallic state where Cooper pairs (electron pairs) form but do not transition into a superconducting state.
- This state exists between a normal metal and a superconductor, challenging traditional theories of condensed matter physics.
- In simple terms, a Bose metal is a material where:
- Electrons pair up into Cooper pairs (like in superconductors).
- However, these Cooper pairs fail to achieve long-range coherence, meaning the material remains metallic instead of becoming superconducting.
- This results in partial electrical resistance, unlike superconductors that have zero resistance.
- Recent experimental studies suggest their existence in materials like Niobium Diselenide (NbSe₂) when subjected to specific conditions, such as thin layers and applied magnetic fields.
Key Features:
- Intermediate State: Exists between a metal and a superconductor.
- Cooper Pair Formation: Electrons form pairs, but they don’t condense into superconductivity.
- Anomalous Conductivity: Higher than normal metals but not infinite like superconductors.
- Quantum Fluctuations: Strong phase fluctuations disrupt Cooper pair coherence.
- Hall Resistance Vanishing: Indicates charge transport by Cooper pairs rather than individual electrons.
- Observed in Thin 2D Materials: Seen in ultra-thin films of superconductors under specific conditions.
PYQ:
[2013] Due to improper/indiscriminate disposal of old and used computers or their parts, which of the following are released into the environment as e-waste?
- Beryllium
- Cadmium
- Chromium
- Heptachlor
- Mercury
- Lead
- Plutonium
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only
(b) 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 only
(c) 2, 4, 5 and 7 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
PYQ Relevance:
Q) Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (UPSC CSE 2021) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the main objectives of Population Education (2021) and National Education Policy 2020 (2020).
The main focus of this debate should be the public school students—they make up 55% of school enrolment in Tamil Nadu. Unlike children in private schools, who often get extra coaching or tuition, public school students cannot afford such support. The key question is: Does learning three languages instead of two really help public school students compete with wealthier peers in the job market and become productive citizens?
Today’s editorial discusses the introduction of a third language in academics and its potential impact. This topic is relevant for GS Papers 1 and 2 in the UPSC Mains examination.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Forcing students to learn a third language has no academic benefit and may create a generation unable to compete at the national level.
What is the Three-Language Formula?
- The third language typically refers to an additional language that students learn in school beyond their mother tongue (first language) and English (second language).
- In India, the Three-Language Formula was introduced under the National Education Policy (NEP) to promote multilingualism and national integration.
|
Does learning three languages instead of two really help public school students compete with wealthier peers in the job market and become productive citizens?
- Limited Practical Advantage: Learning a third language may not directly improve job prospects if core skills like English proficiency and technical knowledge are weak. Example: In national-level exams like UPSC or banking tests, fluency in English is more valuable than knowing a third language like Hindi.
- Unequal Access to Resources: Public school students often lack access to quality teaching and extra coaching for a third language, unlike wealthier peers in private schools.
Example: A private school student can afford Hindi tuition, while a public school student relying only on classroom instruction may fall behind.
- Diverts Focus from Essential Skills: Adding a third language may reduce time spent on improving critical subjects like math, science, and literacy, which are key for future employment.
Example: According to ASER 2024, 88% of Class 3 students in Tamil Nadu lack basic literacy—introducing a third language could widen this gap.
What is the primary concern regarding the three-language formula for public school students in Tamil Nadu?
- Increased Educational Burden: Public school students, who lack access to private coaching, face added pressure from learning a third language. Example: A child from a rural public school struggling with basic literacy in Tamil and English may find learning Hindi an additional challenge, reducing focus on core subjects.
- Inequality in Educational Access: Privileged students from private schools can afford supplemental learning (e.g., tuition), while public school students cannot. Example: A private school student can attend Hindi tuition, but a public school student relying solely on classroom instruction may fall behind.
- Poor Educational Infrastructure: Public schools lack qualified teachers to effectively teach a third language, which may lower educational quality. Example: Despite Tamil Nadu’s high education budget, 80-90% is spent on teacher salaries, leaving minimal funds for hiring new Hindi teachers or improving resources.
- Impact on Learning Outcomes: Introducing a third language diverts time from improving essential skills like literacy and numeracy, especially when foundational learning is weak. Example: According to ASER 2024, 88% of Class 3 students in Tamil Nadu lack basic literacy skills—adding a third language may further dilute learning time.
- Reduced National Competitiveness: Without strong English proficiency, public school students may struggle in national-level exams and job markets where English is dominant. Example: Tamil Nadu students competing for central services exams (UPSC) or jobs requiring English proficiency may be at a disadvantage if the focus shifts to Hindi instead of improving English skills.
Could learning a third language fail to improve cognitive abilities?
Arguments in favour:
- Cognitive Overload: Introducing a third language can overwhelm students, especially when basic literacy in the first and second languages is weak. Example: Public school students struggling with Tamil and English may face cognitive strain, reducing their ability to master essential subjects.
- Weak Foundation in Mother Tongue: Research suggests that proficiency in the mother tongue is crucial for cognitive development before introducing additional languages. Example: A child who lacks fluency in Tamil may struggle to grasp complex concepts in Hindi, leading to weaker overall comprehension.
- Limited Evidence of Cognitive Gains: While bilingualism enhances cognitive skills, there is no conclusive evidence that learning a third language improves cognitive abilities proportionately. Example: Studies show that depth of understanding in one or two languages is more beneficial than surface-level knowledge of multiple languages.
Arguments against:
- Cognitive Overload: Introducing a third language can overwhelm students, especially when basic literacy in the first and second languages is weak. Example: Public school students struggling with Tamil and English may face cognitive strain, reducing their ability to master essential subjects.
- Weak Foundation in Mother Tongue: Research suggests that proficiency in the mother tongue is crucial for cognitive development before introducing additional languages. Example: A child who lacks fluency in Tamil may struggle to grasp complex concepts in Hindi, leading to weaker overall comprehension.
- Limited Evidence of Cognitive Gains: While bilingualism enhances cognitive skills, there is no conclusive evidence that learning a third language improves cognitive abilities proportionately. Example: Studies show that depth of understanding in one or two languages is more beneficial than surface-level knowledge of multiple languages.
How can child development be balanced with political concerns about language education?
- Optional Third Language Policy: Offer the third language as an optional subject rather than making it mandatory, allowing students to choose based on their interests and future needs. Example: Tamil Nadu could introduce Hindi as an optional third language from middle school, especially in urban areas where demand is higher.
- Focus on Core Language Proficiency: Prioritize strong literacy in the mother tongue and English to ensure foundational learning before adding an additional language. Example: Strengthening Tamil and English instruction in public schools will help students succeed in national-level competitive exams.
- Context-Sensitive Implementation: Implement language policies that reflect local realities and employment trends without compromising cultural identity. Example: In Tamil Nadu, where most job opportunities are available locally, bilingual education (Tamil and English) may be more practical than adding a third language.
- Equity in Language Resources: Ensure adequate teacher training and educational materials for any third language to avoid disadvantaging public school students. Example: Hiring qualified Hindi teachers and providing multilingual textbooks can ensure that students receive quality education if they choose a third language.
- Flexible Language Learning Pathways: Allow regional flexibility in adopting the three-language formula, adapting to the socio-political landscape while prioritizing student welfare. Example: Tamil Nadu could adopt a phased approach, starting with voluntary third-language instruction in district headquarters and expanding based on demand.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Bilingual Education First: Focus on improving Tamil and English proficiency in public schools to ensure students develop strong foundational skills before introducing a third language.
- Flexible and Inclusive Language Policy: Implement a voluntary third-language framework, allowing students the choice to learn an additional language based on regional needs and career aspirations.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Gender Budgeting;
Why in the News?
The Union Budget for 2025 allocated ₹4,49,028.68 crore to the Gender Budget (GB), which is 37.3% more than the previous year and makes up 8.86% of the total Budget.
What is the primary reason for the significant increase in the Gender Budget (GB) for 2025?
- Inclusion of PM Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY): This welfare scheme accounts for 24% of the total Gender Budget. Example: The free food grain distribution under PMGKAY, aimed at ensuring food security for vulnerable women-led households, significantly inflated the Gender Budget.
- Broadening the Definition of Gender-Responsive Schemes: The inclusion of non-traditional gender-related welfare programs increases the allocation. Example: Programs like Poshan Abhiyaan (nutrition for women and children) and Ujjwala Yojana (LPG subsidies) are now categorized under the Gender Budget.
- Increased Focus on Welfare Distribution Over Structural Investments: The rise is driven by consumption-based welfare rather than care infrastructure. Example: Higher allocations for schemes providing direct benefits like the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (maternity support) rather than investment in childcare centers.
- Political Commitment to “Nari Shakti”: Emphasis on women’s empowerment as a core pillar of economic growth. Example: The Budget’s narrative aligns with promoting women-led development under the “Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam” (Women’s Reservation Bill).
- Inclusion of Large-Scale Social Security Programs: Integrating social protection schemes under the Gender Budget increases the total value. Example: Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) allocations, where a significant portion targets women beneficiaries, contribute to the budget rise.
How does it impact investments in care infrastructure?
- Limited Direct Investment in Care Services: Despite the rise in overall allocation, no substantial funding is directed toward expanding childcare, eldercare, or healthcare services. Example: There is no new budgetary provision for increasing anganwadi centers or community-based eldercare facilities.
- Invisibility of Unpaid Care Work: The focus on consumption-based schemes overlooks the need to reduce and redistribute unpaid care responsibilities. Example: While food security programs like PMGKAY provide relief, they do not alleviate the physical and time-intensive care work that women perform daily.
- Missed Opportunity for Systemic Reform: The absence of targeted funding means there is no structural change in care-related infrastructure despite policy acknowledgments. Example: The Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM), which could reduce women’s water-fetching burden, faced a 4.51% budget cut, limiting its expansion.
- Inadequate Support for Working Women: Without investments in affordable care services, women’s participation in the formal workforce remains restricted. Example: Lack of childcare facilities prevents many women from rejoining the labor market after childbirth.
- Uneven Urban-Rural Access: Existing care infrastructure investments are urban-centric, leaving rural women without essential support systems. Example: The Urban Challenge Fund focuses on urban care models, while rural areas lack similar investments, exacerbating time poverty for women in low-income households.
Why do a majority of Indian women remain outside the labour force?
- Unpaid Care and Domestic Work (UCDW) Burden: Indian women perform a disproportionate share of unpaid care work, limiting their time and ability to engage in paid employment. Example: According to the ILO, 53% of Indian women remain outside the labour force due to care responsibilities, compared to just 1.1% of men.
- Lack of Care Infrastructure: Inadequate access to childcare, eldercare, and basic services increases women’s household workload, preventing workforce participation. Example: Less than half of Indian villages have functional tap water under the Jal Jeevan Mission, requiring women to spend hours fetching water.
- Gendered Social Norms and Stereotypes: Deep-rooted cultural expectations frame women as primary caregivers, discouraging their entry or return to the workforce. Example: Women in low-income households juggle 17-19 hours of unpaid and paid work, reinforcing time poverty and limiting job opportunities.
- Lack of Formal Sector Opportunities: There are limited job options offering flexible work and safe working conditions suited to women’s needs, particularly in rural areas. Example: Women’s participation in India’s formal economy remains low due to insecure jobs and a lack of family-friendly policies.
Which measures does the Economic Survey 2023-24 propose to reduce the unpaid care work burden?
- Increased Public Investment in Care Infrastructure: Advocates for direct public investment equivalent to 2% of GDP to expand care services and reduce the unpaid care burden. Example: This investment could create 11 million jobs while providing essential care support like childcare and eldercare facilities.
- Integration of Time-Use Surveys in Policy Planning: Recommends integrating Time-Use modules into existing household surveys to recognise and measure the extent of unpaid care work. Example: Data from India’s 2019 Time Use Survey revealed that women spend an average of 7 hours daily on unpaid care tasks.
- Expanding Access to Time-Saving Technologies: Emphasizes improving access to time-saving infrastructure like clean water, sanitation, and energy to reduce the physical burden on women. Example: Extending the Jal Jeevan Mission aims to achieve 100% potable water coverage by 2028, easing the water-fetching burden.
|
Way forward:
- Enhance Care Infrastructure Investment: Prioritize increased funding for community-based childcare, eldercare, and healthcare services, especially in rural areas, to reduce women’s unpaid care burden and improve workforce participation.
- Implement Gender-Sensitive Policy Planning: Institutionalize time-use surveys for evidence-based policymaking and integrate care responsibilities into labor policies to promote equitable access to formal employment for women.
Mains PYQ:
Q Women empowerment in India needs gender budgeting. What are requirements and status of gender budgeting in the Indian context? (UPSC IAS/2016)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to health;
Why in the News?
About 25% of men and women in India were overweight or obese in 2019-21, a 4% increase from 2015-16. Obesity is more common among women in South Indian states, Delhi, and Punjab, but it is rising faster among men.
What is the definition of “overweight” and “obese” based on BMI measurements in the National Family Health Survey?
- Overweight: BMI between 25.0 and 29.9. Example: A person who is 1.65 m (5’5″) tall and weighs 70 kg would have a BMI of 25.7, categorizing them as overweight.
- Obese: BMI of 30.0 or above. Example: A person who is 1.70 m (5’7″) tall and weighs 90 kg would have a BMI of 31.1, classifying them as obese.
- Calculation Formula: BMI = Weight (kg) ÷ (Height in meters)². Example: If a person is 1.60 m tall and weighs 60 kg, their BMI would be: BMI=601.6×1.6=23.4\text{BMI} = \frac{60}{1.6 \times 1.6} = 23.4BMI=1.6×1.660=23.4 (Healthy range).
When did the share of overweight and obese individuals in India significantly increase?
- Period of Increase (2015-16 to 2019-21): The National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) recorded a significant rise in the share of overweight and obese individuals between 2015-16 (NFHS-4) and 2019-21 (NFHS-5).
- Increase in Overweight Individuals: Women: Increased from 15.5% in 2015-16 to 17.6% in 2019-21 (a rise of 2.1 percentage points). Men: Increased from 15.9% in 2015-16 to 18.9% in 2019-21 (a rise of 3 percentage points).
- Example: In Delhi, the proportion of overweight men and women was among the highest in the country during 2019-21.
- Increase in Obese Individuals: Women: Increased from 5.1% in 2015-16 to 6.4% in 2019-21. Men: Increased from 3% in 2015-16 to 4% in 2019-21. Example: Punjab recorded one of the sharpest increases in obesity among women during this period.
Which Indian states reported the highest increase in obesity levels?
- Northern States with Sharp Increases: Delhi and Punjab recorded the highest increase in obesity levels for both men and women between 2015-16 and 2019-21. Example: Delhi had the largest proportion of obese and overweight men in the country by 2019-21.
- Southern States with Persistent High Obesity Rates: Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Karnataka consistently reported high obesity levels, with a notable rise over the survey period. Example: In Kerala, a significant portion of the population—both men and women—crossed the obesity threshold by 2019-21.
- States with Accelerated Growth in Obesity: States in the South and North-West witnessed faster increases in obesity, reflecting a shift toward unhealthy dietary habits like increased consumption of fried foods and aerated drinks. Example: Punjab experienced a sharp increase in the share of obese women, making it one of the top states for rising obesity.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
- Public Awareness Campaigns: The government promotes healthy lifestyle choices through initiatives like “Eat Right India” and “Fit India Movement” to encourage balanced diets and physical activity. Example: In Mann Ki Baat, Prime Minister advised reducing oil consumption by 10% monthly to combat obesity.
- School-Based Interventions: Implement nutrition guidelines in midday meal programs and ban junk food in and around school premises to promote healthy eating habits among children. Example: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) issued regulations to restrict high-fat, salt, and sugar (HFSS) food sales in schools.
- Policy and Regulation of Processed Foods: Introducing front-of-pack labeling for processed and packaged foods to inform consumers about high sugar, salt, and fat content. Example: FSSAI’s Eat Right Logo helps consumers identify healthier food options.
- Lifestyle Disease Control Programs: The National Programme for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NP-NCD) targets obesity, diabetes, and hypertension through screening and lifestyle modification programs. Example: Community health workers under Ayushman Bharat conduct health screenings for BMI and other risk factors.
- Promotion of Traditional Wellness Practices: Encouraging the adoption of Yoga and Ayurveda through programs like International Yoga Day to promote holistic health and weight management. Example: The AYUSH Ministry organizes free Yoga sessions to spread awareness about natural ways to maintain healthy BMI levels.
|
Way forward:
- Strengthen Multi-Sectoral Collaboration: Enhance coordination between health, education, and food regulatory bodies to implement comprehensive obesity prevention programs. Example: Integrate nutrition education in school curricula and expand community-based health screenings.
- Promote Sustainable Food Systems: Encourage the availability of affordable, nutritious foods and regulate ultra-processed foods through taxation and clear labeling. Example: Introduce subsidies for healthy food options and enforce strict advertising regulations for unhealthy products.
Mains PYQ:
Q The increase in life expectancy in the country has led to newer health challenges in the community. What are those challenges and what steps need to be taken to meet them? (UPSC IAS/2022)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PM 2.5
Why in the News?
A recent study published in Nature Communications has analyzed the sources and health impacts of PM2.5 pollution in Northern India, particularly in the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
About PM2.5
- PM2.5 (Particulate Matter ≤2.5 microns) refers to tiny air pollutants small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream.
- These fine particles come from both natural sources (like dust storms and wildfires) and human activities (like burning fossil fuels and industrial emissions).
- PM2.5 poses severe health risks, contributing to respiratory diseases, heart conditions, and reduced lung function.
- The oxidative potential of PM2.5 is an important indicator of its toxicity and ability to cause cellular damage.
Key Findings of the Study
- Major Sources of PM2.5 in Northern India:
- The study analyzed PM2.5 pollution across five locations in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, including Delhi and Kanpur.
- Delhi: PM2.5 is mainly from vehicular emissions, fossil fuel burning, and residential heating.
- Outside Delhi: It consists of ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and biomass-burning aerosols.
- PM2.5 Toxicity and Health Risks:
- PM2.5 toxicity is linked to organic aerosols from inefficient combustion of biomass and fossil fuels.
- Traffic emissions and residential fuel burning significantly contribute to PM2.5-related health risks.
- Traffic as a Major Contributor:
- Hydrocarbon-like organic aerosols (HOA) from vehicular emissions were highest at urban roadside sites in Delhi (8 μg/m³).
- HOA accounts for 50% of fossil fuel-derived aerosols, increasing to 40% in warmer months.
- Winter Pollution Due to Residential Heating and Cooking:
- Cow dung combustion for heating and cooking in winter increases organic aerosols, with levels 10 times higher than in summer due to biomass burning and shallow boundary layers.
- India’s PM2.5 Toxicity Among the Highest Globally:
- The study found that PM2.5 oxidative potential (toxicity) in Indian cities is up to 5 times higher than in Chinese and European cities.
PYQ:
[2016] In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of the Air Quality Index?
- Carbon dioxide
- Carbon monoxide
- Nitrogen dioxide
- Sulphur dioxide
- Methane
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Amir Khusrau
Why in the News?
Recently, PM Modi inaugurated the 25th edition of Jahaan-e-Khusrau, a Sufi music festival held at Sunder Nursery, New Delhi, in Khusrau’s honor.
Who was Amir Khusrau?
- Amir Khusrau was born in Patiyali, Uttar Pradesh, to a Turkish father and an Indian mother.
- He served as a court poet to five Delhi Sultans:
- Muiz ud din Qaiqabad of Mamluk Dynasty (1287–1290)
- Jalaluddin Khalji (1290–1296)
- Alauddin Khalji (1296–1316)
- Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah (1316–1320)
- Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320–1325)
- He was deeply influenced by Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya, whose teachings shaped his spiritual and poetic journey.
- He is fondly remembered as “The Parrot of India” (Tuti-e-Hind) for his eloquence.
Literary Contributions:
- Wrote in Persian and Hindavi, pioneering Khari Boli, the precursor to Hindi and Urdu.
- Created the first Hindi lexicon (Khalikbari), blending Sanskrit, Persian, and Arabic words.
-
- Tughlaq Nama (historical epic)
- Nuh Sipihr (Nine Skies)
- In the Bazaar of Love (ghazals and poetry)
- Invented the qawwali tradition, merging Indian and Persian musical elements.
- Composed Chhap Tilak Sab Chheeni Re, Zehal-e-Miskeen, and Sakal Ban Phool Rahi Sarson.
- Credited with developing the sitar and tabla, though debated by historians.
- Most devoted disciple of Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya.
- Upon his master’s death in 1325, Khusrau followed within 6 months.
- His tomb lies beside Nizamuddin’s dargah in Delhi, symbolizing their eternal bond.
- Pioneered Hindavi poetry and laid the foundation for Hindi and Urdu literature.
- Inspired generations of ghazal and qawwali singers, including Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and Abida Parveen.
- Festivals like Jahaan-e-Khusrau continue to honor his enduring cultural legacy.
PYQ:
[2012] With reference to the religious history of medieval India, the Sufi mystics were known to pursue which of the following practices?
1. Meditation and control of breath
2. Severe ascetic exercises in a lonely place
3. Recitation of holy songs to arouse a state of ecstasy in their audience
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dramatic Performances Act, 1876
Why in the News?
PM Modi recently questioned why the colonial-era Dramatic Performances Act, 1876, which allowed authorities to ban plays deemed seditious, defamatory, or obscene, remained in force 75 years after independence.
What is the Dramatic Performances Act, 1876?
- The Dramatic Performances Act, 1876, was a colonial-era law enacted by the British to suppress nationalist and anti-government sentiments in public performances.
- The Act empowered the government to ban, regulate, or censor public plays, pantomimes, and dramas that were deemed:
- Scandalous or defamatory
- Seditious or inciting disaffection against the government
- Obscene or corrupting to public morality
- It also allowed magistrates to search, seize, and arrest performers and organizers without a warrant.
- The law prescribed up to three months of imprisonment and/or a fine for violations.
References to Article 19 and Article 372
- Conflict with Article 19(1)(a) – Right to Free Speech:
-
- After independence, freedom of speech and expression was guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a).
- The Allahabad High Court (1956) ruled the Act unconstitutional, stating it restricted free speech beyond reasonable limits.
- Exceptions Under Article 19(2):
-
- Article 19(2) allows reasonable restrictions on free speech for: Security of the state, public order, morality, and defamation.
- The court ruled that the Dramatic Performances Act exceeded these limits.
- Article 372 and Colonial Laws:
-
- Article 372(1) of the Constitution states that laws in force before independence shall continue to be in effect unless repealed or modified by the Parliament.
- Though invalidated in 1956, the law was formally repealed in 2018 under the Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2017.
PYQ:
[2014] What do you understand by the concept of “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss.
[2021] A legislation which confers on the executive or administrative authority an unguided and uncontrolled discretionary power in the matter of application of law violates which one of the following Articles of the Constitution of India?
(a) Article 14
(b) Article 28
(c) Article 32
(d) Article 44 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 136 of the Indian Constitution
Why in the News?
Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar recently raised concerns over the wide usage of Special Leave Petitions (SLPs) under Article 136 of the Indian Constitution, stating that what was meant to be a “narrow slit” has now turned into a wide judicial intervention.
What is a Special Leave Petition (SLP) under Article 136?
- A SLP is an extraordinary appeal mechanism that allows the Supreme Court (SC) to intervene in any judgment, decree, or order passed by a lower court or tribunal, except in matters related to the Armed Forces Tribunal.
- SLP is discretionary, meaning the SC is NOT obligated to hear every petition filed under Article 136.
- The concept of SLP originates from the Government of India Act, 1935, which gave a similar power to the Privy Council in colonial times.
Key Features of SLP:
- Jurisdiction of Article 136:
- The SC has the power to grant special leave to appeal against judgments of High Courts, tribunals, or other judicial bodies.
- This allows the SC to examine cases that may not have a direct appeal provision under law.
- Scope of Application:
- SLPs can be filed in both civil and criminal cases.
- It can be used even in cases where a High Court refuses to grant a certificate of appeal to the Supreme Court.
- The SC may accept or reject an SLP without providing reasons.
- Time Limit for Filing:
- 90 days from the date of the High Court’s judgment.
- 60 days if the High Court refuses to certify an appeal.
- Judicial Discretion:
- SLP is not an automatic right of appeal but is granted only in cases where the SC finds that a substantial question of law or injustice is involved.
- Even if an SLP is accepted, the SC may later decline to interfere in the final decision.
- Conversion into a Formal Appeal: If the SC grants leave under an SLP, the case turns into a full-fledged appeal, allowing both parties to present their arguments.
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to the Indian judiciary, consider the following statements:
- Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India can be called back to sit and act as a Supreme Court judge by the Chief Justice of India with the prior permission of the President of India.
- A High Court in India has the power to review its own judgement as the Supreme Court does.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither I nor 2 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ‘Blue Ghost’ Mission 1
Why in the News?
US’s Firefly Aerospace’s Blue Ghost Mission 1 successfully landed on the Moon, becoming the second private mission to do so and the first to land upright.
What is ‘Blue Ghost’ Mission 1?
- Blue Ghost Mission 1 is a private lunar landing mission by Firefly Aerospace under NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program.
- It was launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9.
- It successfully landed on the Moon, at Mons Latreille, Mare Crisium.
- The mission is designed to operate for 14 Earth days (one lunar day).
Key Features of Blue Ghost Mission 1:
- Carries 10 scientific instruments, including a lunar soil analyzer, a radiation-tolerant computer, and a GPS-based navigation experiment to test satellite navigation on the Moon.
- Equipped with a high-definition imaging system to capture a lunar eclipse (March 14, 2024) and lunar sunset (March 16, 2024).
- Successfully navigated a rocky and cratered surface using hazard-avoidance technology, slowing from thousands of miles per hour to just two mph before touchdown.
- The lander is golden in color and about the size of a hippopotamus.
- It supports Artemis missions by testing lunar technologies and reducing costs for future human exploration.
PYQ:
[2016] What is ‘Greased Lightning-10 (GL-10)’, recently in the news?
(a) Electric plane tested by NASA
(b) Solar-powered two-seater aircraft designed by Japan
(c) Space observatory launched by China
(d) Reusable rocket designed by ISRO |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
PYQ Relevance:
Q) The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2020) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) (2020) and the development of IT industries (2021).
Despite a skilled workforce, Indian firms often lose AI deals due to capability gaps. In the intense AI race against Silicon Valley, China, and Southeast Asia, India must focus on fostering innovation and ensuring market regulations do not hinder its progress.
Today’s editorial talks about the AI-related challenges in India. This content would help in GS Paper 3 mains.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
In Bengaluru, Indian developers face tough competition from China for AI projects. To lead the AI race, India must focus on supportive regulations and enhancing technological capabilities.
What are the key issues related to Artificial Intelligence (AI) in India?
- Job Displacement and Skill Gap: Increased AI adoption threatens to automate routine jobs, leading to large-scale unemployment and requiring a workforce with advanced digital skills. Example: The NASSCOM report (2023) highlighted that 69% of Indian tech workers need to upskill in AI and machine learning to remain employable as automation rises.
- Algorithmic Bias and Ethical Concerns: AI systems can reflect and amplify societal biases, leading to discriminatory outcomes in hiring, lending, and public services. Example: In 2023, the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) faced criticism when its AI-based screening system allegedly disadvantaged candidates from marginalized backgrounds during preliminary evaluations.
- Misinformation and Deepfake Threats: AI-generated misinformation and deepfakes undermine public trust, pose security risks, and impact democratic processes. Example: During the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, deepfake videos impersonating political leaders circulated widely on social media, raising concerns about election manipulation.
- Regulatory Uncertainty and Compliance Costs: The lack of a unified AI policy and fragmented regulations create legal ambiguity, increasing compliance burdens for Indian startups. Example: In 2023, Indian app developers filed a complaint with the Competition Commission of India (CCI) against Google for restrictive AI-related practices on the Play Store, citing unfair competition.
- Global Competitiveness and Innovation Lag: Over-regulation and high compliance costs could hinder AI innovation, making India less competitive against global leaders like the U.S. and China. Example: India’s AI startup investments lag behind China and the U.S., with China attracting four times more AI funding in 2023, according to a Stanford AI Index report.
Where does India stand in the global Artificial Intelligence (AI) race?
- Emerging AI Hub with Growing Investments: India is positioning itself as an emerging AI hub with increasing investments in AI research and development, but it still lags behind global leaders like the U.S. and China. Example: According to the Stanford AI Index Report 2023, India ranked fifth globally in AI research output but attracted significantly less AI funding compared to China and the U.S.
- Government Initiatives to Boost AI Innovation: India has launched several initiatives to promote AI adoption, such as the “National Program on AI” and the establishment of AI research centers to enhance innovation and application. Example: In 2023, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) introduced the “IndiaAI” mission to promote AI-based solutions in healthcare, agriculture, and education.
- Challenges in Global Competitiveness: Despite having a large talent pool, India faces challenges in scaling AI innovation due to fragmented regulations, limited high-performance computing resources, and competition from advanced economies. Example: While India produced over 20,000 AI and machine learning professionals in 2023, its AI exports remain limited compared to China’s dominance in AI-driven hardware and cloud solutions.
What is the current regulatory framework for Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
- Existing Laws Governing AI Use: India does not have a dedicated AI law but regulates AI through existing legal frameworks like the Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000, which governs data protection, cybersecurity, and intermediary liability.
- Sector-Specific Guidelines: Various government bodies have issued guidelines for AI applications in specific sectors. For example: RBI Guidelines for AI in financial services (e.g., credit scoring) and Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) recommendations on AI in data privacy and telecommunications.
- National Strategy on AI: The government launched the National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (NITI Aayog, 2018) to guide AI research, ethical standards, and public-sector AI deployment. Example: Under the IndiaAI Mission (2023), the government aims to promote responsible AI use while fostering innovation across industries.
- Competition and Data Protection Framework: The Competition Commission of India (CCI) monitors anti-competitive practices by tech firms using AI algorithms. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 regulates how AI systems process personal data. Example: In 2023, the CCI investigated Google for alleged AI-related anti-competitive practices on the Play Store.
- AI Ethics and Responsible Use: Guidelines on the ethical use of AI emphasize transparency, fairness, and accountability without imposing ex-ante (preemptive) regulation. Example: In 2023, the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) released advisory notes on preventing algorithmic bias and ensuring explainability in AI decisions.
Way forward:
- Comprehensive AI Policy Framework: Establish a unified and adaptive AI policy focusing on ethical guidelines, data privacy, and accountability to balance innovation with public interest.
- Investment in AI Infrastructure and Skill Development: Enhance funding for AI research, expand high-performance computing resources, and implement large-scale reskilling programs to bridge the skill gap and improve global competitiveness.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Hague Service Convention;
Why in the News?
On February 18, 2025, the U.S. Secuirty and Exchange commission asked the Indian government under the Hague Service Convention, to serve summons on Gautam Adani and Sagar Adani in a securities and wire fraud case.
What is the Hague Service Convention?
- The Hague Service Convention, formally known as the Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters (1965), is a multilateral treaty that facilitates the service of legal documents across international borders in civil and commercial cases.
How does it function?
- The Hague Service Convention standardizes the process for serving legal documents across borders in civil and commercial matters.
- It operates through Central Authorities in member countries, ensuring efficient service, protecting defendants’ rights, and allowing alternative methods like postal service if permitted. It excludes criminal cases and non-signatory nations.
|
How is the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission attempting to serve summons on the Adanis?
- Invoking the Hague Service Convention: The SEC has requested assistance from India’s Ministry of Law and Justice under Article 5(a) of the Hague Service Convention to officially deliver the summons to Gautam Adani and Sagar Adani.
- Exploring Alternative Service Methods: The SEC is considering alternative methods under Rule 4(f) of the U.S. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which allows service through means like email or social media, if conventional methods face delays.
- Proceeding Despite FCPA Suspension: Although the Trump administration has temporarily paused the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) enforcement for 180 days, the SEC argues that the pause does not apply retroactively, allowing their investigation into the Adanis to continue.
What are India’s reservations under the Convention?
- Opposition to Alternative Service Methods: India rejects all alternative service methods under Article 10 of the Convention, including postal service, diplomatic channels, and direct service by foreign judicial officers.
- Example: A U.S. court cannot serve legal documents in India via U.S. consular channels unless the recipient is a U.S. national residing in India.
- Mandatory Use of Central Authority: All service requests must go through India’s Ministry of Law and Justice, which is the designated central authority for processing foreign summons. Requests must be in English or include an English translation.
- Example: In Punjab National Bank (International) Ltd. v. Boris Shipping Ltd. (2019), a U.K. court ruled that service through alternative methods was invalid due to India’s reservations.
|
How long does the service process typically take?
- The service process under the Hague Service Convention in India typically takes six to eight months.
- After receiving a request, India’s Ministry of Law and Justice verifies and forwards it to the appropriate authority.
- Upon completion, an acknowledgement is issued to the requesting country, confirming successful service.
Way forward:
- Expedite Processing Mechanisms: Implement digital tracking and streamlined workflows within the Ministry of Law and Justice to reduce delays in handling service requests.
- Strengthen Bilateral Cooperation: Enhance legal cooperation with key countries through bilateral agreements to complement the Hague Service Convention and facilitate faster document service.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of delimitation exercise;
Why in the News?
Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Stalin has called for an all-party meeting on March 5 to discuss the delimitation exercise, aiming to start a national discussion on the issue.
What is the primary concern of Tamil Nadu regarding the delimitation exercise?
- Loss of Parliamentary Representation: Tamil Nadu fears that if delimitation is based solely on population size, it may lose Lok Sabha seats due to its lower population growth compared to northern States. For instance, while Tamil Nadu’s electorate grew by 171% (1971-2024), undivided Bihar’s grew by 233%, which could lead to a reduction in Tamil Nadu’s political influence.
- Penalty for Population Control Success: Tamil Nadu is concerned that its effective population control measures will be penalized. States with higher fertility rates (e.g., Uttar Pradesh, Bihar) might gain seats, while those with lower growth like Tamil Nadu and Kerala could lose out, despite their better health and development indicators.
What are the potential impacts of the delimitation exercise?
- Shift in Political Power Dynamics: Delimitation could increase the number of representatives from northern States with higher populations (e.g., Uttar Pradesh and Bihar), thereby shifting political influence away from southern and western States that have implemented effective population control measures.
- Federal Imbalance and Regional Inequality: Southern states that perform better in terms of health, education, and population control may feel penalized. For example, Kerala’s successful population policies could lead to fewer seats despite its contributions to national development, undermining the principle of cooperative federalism.
- Resource Allocation Disparities: More seats for northern States could lead to greater influence over Union Budget allocations and central schemes, potentially reducing the share of resources to States with fewer representatives like Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
- Political Tensions and Regional Discontent: Perceived favoritism towards northern States could increase regional tensions. For example, Tamil Nadu’s call for an all-party meeting reflects concerns that their voices will be marginalized, which may fuel political agitation and demands for policy reassessment.
Why was the delimitation exercise frozen based on the 1971 Census?
- To Ensure Fairness Among States with Varying Population Growth: This aimed to protect the political representation of States that successfully implemented population control policies.
- Example: Southern States like Tamil Nadu and Kerala have lower population growth but would lose seats if delimitation were updated, while Uttar Pradesh and Bihar would gain due to their higher population increases.
- To Maintain the Balance of Power in Federal Governance: The freeze ensured that the distribution of parliamentary seats did not disrupt the federal structure by over-representing certain regions. This preserved a geographical balance in national decision-making.
- Example: Despite Tamil Nadu’s slower population growth, its 39 Lok Sabha seats remain unchanged since 1971, allowing it to maintain a significant voice in national policies.
What steps has the Union government taken to clarify its position on maintaining proportional representation for Southern States?
- Delimitation Freeze Extension: The government extended the freeze on parliamentary seat allocation based on population through the 42nd Amendment (1976) until 2001, and later extended it to 2026 through the 84th Amendment (2001).
- Equitable Resource Allocation: The 15th Finance Commission (2021-26) used a balanced approach by including both population (2011 Census) and demographic performance to ensure fair distribution of resources, addressing concerns of Southern states.
- Example: The Commission allocated 12.5% weightage for demographic performance, rewarding states with better population control.
- Consultative Processes: The Union government engages with Southern states through inter-state council meetings and Finance Commission consultations to address their concerns about fair representation and resource distribution.
- Example: In 2023, the government held deliberations on the implications of delimitation and reassured Southern states of equitable consideration in future seat revisions.
Way forward:
- Balanced Delimitation Framework: Implement a hybrid approach that considers both population size and demographic performance to ensure fair representation without penalizing states with successful population control policies.
- Strengthen Federal Dialogue: Regular consultative mechanisms through Inter-State Councils and Finance Commissions to address regional concerns, ensuring equitable resource allocation and preserving the spirit of cooperative federalism.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now