PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2019] The long-sustained image of India as a leader of the oppressed and marginalised Nations has disappeared on account of its new found role in the emerging global order”. Elaborate.
Linkage: India’s historical role as a voice for the “Global South” and how its current global positioning might be perceived differently. This article argues for the Global South to take a leading role, which resonates with India’s past image. |
Mentor’s Comment: As the Ukraine war moves toward a fragile ceasefire, the big question is who will ensure lasting peace. Western countries suggest a European-led peacekeeping force, but Russia rejects NATO troops. Instead, nations from the Global South—Africa, Asia, and Latin America—could lead a neutral UN mission, showing they can help maintain global peace and stability.
Today’s editorial looks at how countries from the Global South could lead a peacekeeping mission in the Ukraine war. This topic is useful for General Studies Paper 2 in the UPSC mains exam.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The war in Ukraine gives the Global South a chance to show it can be a fair and trusted force in bringing peace and stability to the world.
Why is a Global South-led peacekeeping mission preferred over a European-led one in Ukraine?
- Neutrality and Trustworthiness: Global South countries are not directly involved in the Ukraine war and have largely remained neutral, making them more acceptable to both parties Example: India maintains diplomatic ties with both Russia and Ukraine — PM Modi met both leaders within weeks, signalling impartiality.
- Avoiding NATO-Russia Tensions: European-led missions are viewed by Russia as NATO extensions, which could escalate rather than resolve the conflict. Example: Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov warned that European troops would “fuel the conflict,” not ease it.
- Strong UN Peacekeeping Experience: Global South nations have a proven record in UN peacekeeping across various conflict zones. Example: The African Union has led missions in Somalia and Sudan; India has contributed over 2,90,000 peacekeepers to UN missions.
- Public Opposition in Europe: European populations are reluctant to support troop deployments in Ukraine, limiting the viability of a European-led mission. Example: French citizens largely opposed Macron’s suggestion to send French troops for peacekeeping earlier this year.
- Symbol of Multipolar Global Order: A Global South-led mission would demonstrate their growing role in global governance and diplomacy. Example: Countries like Brazil, Indonesia, and South Africa are part of BRICS and actively engage in UN initiatives, signalling rising influence.
Why does Russia oppose European or NATO-led peacekeeping forces in Ukraine?
- Perceived NATO Expansion: Russia sees any European-led force as a cover for NATO expansion, violating its red lines on NATO’s eastward movement. Example: Moscow described a European-led mission as a “NATO Trojan horse” — a disguised attempt to increase NATO’s footprint in Ukraine.
- Threat to Russian Security: A European or NATO presence near Russian borders is seen as a direct security threat, escalating tensions. Example: Russia strongly reacted when NATO troops were deployed in Eastern Europe after 2014, citing encirclement fears.
- Lack of Impartiality: Russia considers NATO countries partial and hostile, incapable of mediating fairly between Ukraine and Russia. Example: NATO nations have supplied Ukraine with weapons and intelligence, eroding their neutrality in Russia’s view.
- Potential for Escalation: Deploying NATO-aligned forces could turn peacekeepers into targets, risking direct confrontation between Russia and NATO. Example: Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov warned that NATO troops in Ukraine would “further fuel the conflict.”
- Undermining Diplomatic Efforts: Russia believes a NATO role in peacekeeping would delegitimize any ceasefire, making negotiations harder. Example: Russia has supported talks in neutral venues like Riyadh, avoiding NATO-influenced settings for peace discussions.
Which Global South countries are suited for peacekeeping in Ukraine, and what proves their capability?
- India has vast experience in UN peacekeeping, having contributed over 2,90,000 troops to 50+ UN missions. Example: In 2007, India deployed the first all-women peacekeeping contingent to Liberia, showcasing professionalism and inclusivity.
- Brazil has led several UN missions, especially in Latin America and Africa, and is known for diplomatic balance. Example: Brazil commanded the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) from 2004 to 2017, showing leadership in volatile environments.
- South Africa: With deep regional peacekeeping experience via the African Union and UN, South Africa balances diplomacy with force. Example: South Africa has contributed troops to peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO) under challenging conditions.
- Indonesia has a consistent record of contributing troops and police to UN missions, emphasizing neutrality and professionalism. Example: It currently contributes forces to UN missions in Lebanon (UNIFIL) and the Central African Republic (MINUSCA).
- Chile specializes in demining and post-conflict reconstruction, vital for Ukraine’s recovery. Example: Chilean experts have worked with UN missions on landmine removal in post-war zones, a skill urgently needed in Ukraine.
How can India’s peacekeeping legacy support a UN mission in Ukraine?
- Reputation for Neutrality: India maintains balanced diplomatic relations with Russia, Ukraine, and the West, making it a credible and neutral peacekeeping leader. Example: PM Modi’s meetings with both President Putin and President Zelenskyy within weeks reflect India’s impartial diplomatic posture.
- Extensive Peacekeeping Experience: India is one of the largest contributors to UN peacekeeping, with over 2,90,000 troops having served in 50+ missions worldwide. Example: India’s leadership in UN missions in South Sudan (UNMISS) and Congo (MONUSCO) shows operational effectiveness in complex conflict zones.
- Pioneering Gender-Inclusive Peacekeeping: India was the first country to deploy an all-women police contingent in a UN mission. Example: In 2007, Indian women peacekeepers served in Liberia, enhancing community trust and addressing gender-based issues in post-conflict societies.
Way forward:
- Leverage India’s Neutral Diplomatic Standing: India can lead or coordinate a Global South-led mission due to its balanced ties with Russia, Ukraine, and the West — ensuring credibility and acceptance by all parties. e.g. India’s PM meetings with both Putin and Zelenskyy show diplomatic neutrality.
- Utilize India’s Peacekeeping Expertise:
India should offer experienced troops, including women contingents, to promote trust, inclusivity, and effectiveness in conflict zones. e.g. India’s success in UNMISS and the all-women unit in Liberia reflect its capability.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Major key Amendments;
Why in the News?
After over 12 hours of debate and late-night voting, tensions rose over ministers taking a break and Congress faced criticism from INDI allies over supporting a government-backed Bill.
What are the key provisions of the Waqf (Amendment) Bill?
- Inclusion of Non-Muslim Members: The Bill makes it mandatory to have at least two non-Muslim members in both the Central Waqf Council and State Waqf Boards. Eg: A State Waqf Board in Uttar Pradesh will now include two non-Muslim members to ensure diversity and broader oversight.
- Enhanced Transparency and Accountability: The bill mandates the digitization of all Waqf records on a centralized portal, ensuring real-time monitoring and preventing unauthorized transactions. Eg: Waqf institutions earning over ₹1 lakh annually must undergo audits by state-sponsored auditors.
- Women Must Receive Inheritance Before Waqf: Before any property is dedicated as Waqf, women must receive their rightful share of inheritance under Islamic law. Eg: A man cannot donate ancestral property to a mosque as Waqf unless his daughters have first received their inheritance portion.
- Waqf Boards Cannot Arbitrarily Declare: The amendment removes the Waqf Board’s earlier power to unilaterally declare any property as Waqf without due process. Eg: If there’s a dispute about a piece of land, the Waqf Board must now legally verify ownership instead of directly labeling it as Waqf land.
- Restructuring of Waqf Tribunals: The structure of Waqf Tribunals is changed to include a district judge, a joint secretary-level government officer, and an expert in Muslim law. Appeals can go to the High Court within 90 days. Eg: A property dispute handled by the Waqf Tribunal in Delhi can now be appealed in the Delhi High Court within three months.
Why did the Opposition criticize the Bill?
- Violation of Religious Freedom and Philanthropy Rights: The Opposition argued that banning non-Muslims from creating Waqf violates their freedom to donate or support causes of other religions. Eg: If a Hindu philanthropist wishes to donate land to a mosque for educational purposes, the law now prohibits it from being treated as Waqf.
- Interference in Personal and Religious Affairs: Critics said the Bill marks excessive state interference in the religious practices of Muslims, especially by restructuring Waqf Tribunals and mandating non-Muslim representation in Waqf Boards. Eg: The inclusion of non-Muslims in bodies managing Islamic religious endowments is seen by some as an imposition on community autonomy.
- Lack of Consultation and Political Targeting: Opposition parties claimed the Bill was introduced without adequate consultation with stakeholders, including Muslim scholars, religious leaders, or civil society groups. It was viewed as part of a broader political narrative targeting minorities. Eg: The sudden change in who can create Waqf (only Muslims with 5+ years of practice) was criticized as being done without meaningful dialogue with the affected community.
How much property is currently recorded under Waqf in India?
- Registered properties: As of March 2025, Waqf boards in India manage approximately 8.72 lakh (872,000) registered properties, encompassing over 38 lakh (3.8 million) acres of land. Eg: Uttar Pradesh: Approximately 2.1 lakh Waqf properties, West Bengal: Around 78,000 properties and Kerala: About 55,000 properties.
- Spread Across Prime Urban and Rural Areas: Waqf land is spread across prime locations in cities and fertile lands in villages, often facing issues of encroachment and poor management. Eg: In Delhi and Mumbai, many Waqf lands are located in commercial hubs, but are underutilized or illegally occupied.
Who can donate to Waqf under the new law?
Under the Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2025, only practicing Muslims who have been adhering to their faith for at least five years are eligible to donate property as Waqf. This provision aims to ensure that donations are genuine and voluntary, reinstating a pre-2013 rule |
How has this changed from the 2013 Waqf Act?
| Aspect |
Waqf Act, 2013 |
Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2025 |
| Who can create Waqf |
Any person (including non-Muslims) could create a Waqf |
Only practicing Muslims (for at least 5 years) can create Waqf |
| Inclusion of non-Muslims in Waqf Boards |
Only Muslims were members of Waqf Boards and the Central Waqf Council |
At least 2 non-Muslim members must be included in both Boards and Council |
| Waqf Board’s power to declare property |
Waqf Boards could unilaterally declare any property as Waqf (Section 40) |
This power is removed; Boards cannot declare any property Waqf without due process |
| Women’s inheritance rights in family Waqf |
Not clearly defined or enforced |
Ensures women receive inheritance before family property is converted into Waqf |
| Composition of Waqf Tribunals |
Tribunals had members appointed by the state, often lacking legal or religious expertise |
Must include a district judge, joint secretary-level officer, and Muslim law expert |
| Appeal Mechanism |
Appeals were limited and unclear in some cases |
Clear provision for appeal to the High Court within 90 days |
Way forward:
- Promote Inclusive Dialogue and Trust-building: Establish structured consultations with religious leaders, civil society, and legal experts to address concerns and foster transparency.
- Strengthen Implementation with Oversight: Ensure effective digitization, fair dispute resolution, and regular audits through independent oversight bodies to prevent misuse and encroachment.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2019] What are the challenges to our cultural practices in the name of secularism.
Linkage: Potential conflicts between secular principles and the freedom to practice cultural and religious traditions in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Gender issues;
Why in the News?
International Transgender Day of Visibility, held on March 31, brings attention to the problems transgender people still face, like unfair treatment in schools, jobs, and healthcare.
What challenges do transgender individuals face despite the 2019 Transgender Rights Act?
- Delays in Legal Recognition and ID Issuance: The certification process for transgender identity is slow and bureaucratic. e.g. As of December 2023, over 3,200 applications on the National Portal were pending beyond the 30-day limit.
- Lack of Self-Determination in Identity Recognition: The Act mandates a certification process rather than allowing self-identification, unlike global best practices. e.g. Transgender persons must get approval from a district magistrate instead of simply self-declaring their identity.
- Poor Implementation of Welfare Schemes: Many government schemes meant for transgender individuals are poorly implemented or inaccessible. e.g. In Delhi, out of about 4,200 transgender people (2011 Census), only 23 ID cards were issued by April 2022.
- No Provisions for Protection from Family Rejection or Police Harassment: The Act does not address key social challenges like violence, rejection, or abuse. e.g. Transgender persons facing domestic violence or harassment by authorities have little legal recourse under the Act.
- Continued Social Exclusion and Stigma: Despite legal recognition, social acceptance remains low, leading to discrimination in daily life. e.g. Many transgender individuals are still denied housing, employment, and public services due to prejudice.
Why does economic exclusion persist for the transgender community in India?
- Hiring Discrimination and Workplace Bias: Transgender individuals face exclusion during recruitment and hostility at work. e.g. A 2022 study reported a 48% unemployment rate among transgender people, far higher than the national average of 7-8%.
- Limited Industry Adoption of Inclusive Policies: Only a few companies have adopted transgender-inclusive hiring and workplace practices. e.g. while Tata Steel hired over 100 transgender employees, such initiatives are not widely adopted across industries.
- Barriers to Financial Inclusion: Many transgender individuals face hurdles in opening bank accounts or accessing credit. e.g. Despite a 2024 clarification allowing LGBTQ+ individuals to open joint bank accounts, broader financial exclusion still persists.
How do barriers in education and healthcare impact transgender inclusion?
- High Dropout Rates Due to Bullying and Harassment: Discrimination in schools leads to low retention and poor educational outcomes. e.g. In Kerala, 58% of transgender students dropped out due to bullying and lack of support.
- Low Literacy Levels Limit Opportunities: Inadequate access to quality education restricts upward mobility. e.g. The 2011 Census reported a transgender literacy rate of 56.1%, compared to the national average of 74.04%.
- Lack of Gender-Sensitive Infrastructure in Schools and Colleges: The absence of gender-neutral toilets and inclusive curricula creates an unwelcoming environment. e.g. Few institutions offer facilities like separate hostel rooms or transgender cells; Maharashtra is among the few states addressing this.
- Denial of Basic Healthcare Services: Transgender individuals are often refused treatment or face discrimination in hospitals. e.g. A National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) survey found that 27% were denied healthcare due to their gender identity.
- Limited Access to Gender-Affirming Treatments: High costs and lack of insurance make crucial medical procedures unaffordable. e.g. Gender-affirming surgeries cost between ₹2 lakh to ₹5 lakh, and despite the launch of Ayushman Bharat TG Plus, implementation is patchy.
Which state-level initiatives support transgender students in education?
- Maharashtra – Transgender Cells in Colleges: The state has established dedicated support cells in colleges to address the needs of transgender students. e.g. These cells help create a more inclusive academic environment by offering counseling and redressal mechanisms.
- Kerala – Reservation and Hostel Facilities: Kerala has introduced reserved seats for transgender students in universities and provided separate hostel facilities. e.g. The University of Kerala reserves seats for transgender individuals in postgraduate courses and provides dedicated accommodations.
- Tamil Nadu – Scholarships and Welfare Schemes: Tamil Nadu provides scholarships and educational assistance specifically for transgender students. e.g. The Third Gender Welfare Board supports education, skill training, and financial aid for transgender persons.
What measures can ensure genuine inclusion beyond symbolic visibility days?
- Enforce Anti-Discrimination Laws and Policies: Strong legal enforcement is needed to protect transgender rights in workplaces, schools, and public spaces. e.g. Implementing mandatory anti-discrimination clauses in employment policies can reduce workplace bias and ensure accountability.
- Promote Gender Sensitisation in Institutions: Regular awareness and training programs in schools, universities, and offices can change attitudes. e.g. Including transgender awareness in school curricula and conducting sensitisation workshops in workplaces helps reduce stigma and foster inclusion.
- Support Transgender Economic Empowerment: Inclusive hiring, access to credit, and government-backed entrepreneurship programs can boost livelihoods. e.g. Initiatives like targeted financial schemes and diversity hiring programs can help transgender entrepreneurs start businesses and gain financial independence.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] Despite comprehensive policies for equity and social justice, underprivileged sections are not yet getting the full benefits of affirmative action envisaged by the Constitution. Comment.
Linkage: Lack of progress for underprivileged sections despite policy efforts.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Heard and McDonald Islands
Why in the News?
Donald Trump imposed a 10% tariff on imports from the Heard and McDonald Islands, despite no human presence there for nearly a decade.
About the Heard and McDonald Islands
- The Heard and McDonald Islands are located in the Southern Ocean, approximately 4,100 km south-west of Perth, Australia, and 1,600 km to the north of the Antarctic coast.
- The islands are unincorporated external territories of Australia, meaning they are not part of any Australian state but are directly administered by the Australian government.
- The islands are home to seals, penguins, and albatrosses, and serve as crucial breeding grounds for these species.
- The islands have been designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites due to their ecological significance, particularly their rich biodiversity.
- Heard Island:
- Heard Island spans an area of approximately 368 square kilometers.
- The island’s highest point is Mawson Peak, an active volcano standing 2,745 meters (9,006 feet) above sea level.
- Mawson Peak is one of the most active volcanoes in the southern hemisphere, with eruptions as recent as 2016.
- McDonald Islands:
- It is much smaller, covering only 2.5 square kilometers.
- Geological Nature: These islands are volcanic and part of the same volcanic chain as Heard Island.
- Climate
- Both islands experience an extremely cold subantarctic climate, with heavy winds, snow, and ice for much of the year.
- Temperatures rarely exceed 5°C (41°F) even in summer.
Strategic Significance
- The islands are strategically located between Australia and Antarctica, important for monitoring the Southern Ocean, vital for global biodiversity and climate studies.
- They play a key role in scientific research, particularly in volcanology, glaciology, and climate change, with Australia operating a research station on Heard Island.
- The islands are protected under the Antarctic Treaty System, ensuring no military activity or commercial exploitation in the region.
- Rich in marine resources, the surrounding waters are also safeguarded to prevent overfishing and environmental harm.
- Their geopolitical importance grows as international competition and territorial claims around Antarctica and the Southern Ocean increase.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Undersea Cables
Why in the news?
India is gradually expanding its undersea cable infrastructure, with new systems like Airtel’s 2Africa Pearls and SEA-ME-WE-6 boosting its international internet bandwidth.
What are Undersea Cables?
- Undersea cables are fiber optic cables laid on the ocean floor that connect internet networks between countries.
- These cables are heavily insulated and contain fiber optic strands for transmitting data.
- They surface at landing points, connect to landing stations, and then link to broader terrestrial networks.
- Approximately 600 undersea cables exist globally.
- These cables handle 90% of global data, 80% of world trade, and $10 trillion in financial transactions.
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India’s Current Undersea Cable Ecosystem:
- India’s two main hubs for subsea cables are Mumbai and Chennai.
- 17 international cables land in India, with 95% of subsea cables concentrated in a 6-km stretch in Versova, Mumbai.
- India has two domestic cable systems:
- Chennai–Andaman–Nicobar Islands (CANI)
- Kochi–Lakshadweep Islands
- While current bandwidth is considered sufficient, rising data traffic may soon outpace available capacity.
- Experts warn that India’s current capacity may become inadequate in the near future.
- India contributes only 1% of global cable landing stations and 3% of subsea cable systems, highlighting its underrepresentation in the global network.
Challenges in Undersea Cable Deployment in India
- India faces high risks from cuts, especially at chokepoints like the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait in the Red Sea, where past disruptions, such as Houthi attacks in 2024, have affected cables.
- Many cables follow traditional shipping routes, limiting redundancy and increasing the risk of large-scale outages. Disruptions could affect 25% of India’s internet.
- Deploying subsea cables requires navigating about 51 permissions from various departments, such as the Department of Telecom, Ministry of Environment, and Ministry of Home Affairs.
- Meta reports that 80% of project time is spent dealing with regulatory requirements in territorial waters.
- India lacks domestic repair capabilities and relies on foreign ships for cable repairs, making the system vulnerable to prolonged outages.
| [UPSC 2016] With reference to ‘LiFi’, recently in the news, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. It uses light as the medium for high speed data transmission.
2. It is wireless technology and is several times faster than ‘WiFi’.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise INDRA 2025
Why in the News?
The bilateral naval exercise INDRA 2025 between the Indian and Russian navies was held from 28 March to 02 April 2025.
About Exercise INDRA
- INDRA is a biennial joint military exercise that began in 2003.
- Over time, INDRA transformed into a tri-service exercise involving Army, Navy, and Air Force, making it more comprehensive and multifaceted.
- Recent Editions of INDRA:
- 2021 (12th Edition): Held in Volgograd, Russia; Focused on counter-terrorism operations and enhancing operational synergy.
- 2023 (13th Edition): Conducted in the Bay of Bengal, India; Involved naval forces from both countries, enhancing maritime cooperation and joint operations.
- 2025 (14th Edition): It is being conducted in two phases: Harbour phase at Chennai and Sea phase in the Bay of Bengal.
Strategic Importance
- The exercise reinforced jointmanship between the Indian and Russian forces, strengthening their ability to collaborate in maritime security operations.
- It highlighted the shared commitment to upholding maritime order and promoting global peace and stability.
- Best practices were exchanged, fostering a deeper understanding of each other’s operational doctrines and enhancing the capacity to respond effectively to contemporary maritime security challenges.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Central Sector Scheme for Promotion of International Cooperation for AYUSH
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Ayush is implementing the Central Sector Scheme for Promotion of International Cooperation for AYUSH to enhance global recognition and development of AYUSH systems, including Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy.
About the Scheme
- The scheme focuses on promoting AYUSH systems internationally, contributing to their global growth.
- The scheme is announced on the AYUSH website, and applications are invited through open advertisements.
- Proposals are screened by a committee and approved for financial assistance based on needs and activity limits.
- Key Components of the Scheme:
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- International Exchange of Experts & Officers: Facilitates deputation of AYUSH experts for international conferences and training.
- Incentives for Drug Manufacturers: Provides financial support for international propagation and product registration.
- Market Development Support: Supports exhibitions, conferences, and market surveys for international market development.
- Promotion through Young Postgraduates: Deploys young postgraduates to promote AYUSH abroad through NGOs.
- Translation and Publication: Funds the translation and publication of AYUSH literature in foreign languages.
- AYUSH Information Cells/Health Centres: Establishes AYUSH cells and health centers in foreign countries through Indian missions.
- International Fellowship Programme: Offers fellowships to foreign nationals to study AYUSH courses in India.
Significance of Yoga and AYUSH in India’s International Outreach
- The International Day of Yoga (IDY) was declared by the United Nations in 2014, with ₹161 crore spent on its promotion. IDY celebrations spread Yoga’s global message.
- Yoga is now part of the National Curriculum Framework (NCF), making it compulsory for students from Class I to Class X.
- The Yoga Certification Board (YCB) under the Ministry of Ayush certifies yoga professionals and accredits institutions, ensuring quality and standards in Yoga practice.
- The Ministry of Ayush has signed 24 Country-to-Country MoUs and 51 Institute-to-Institute MoUs to promote Indian traditional medicine systems globally.
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