Central Idea

Since the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, the global community has struggled to secure adequate funding for biodiversity conservation.
However, on August 27, 2023, a significant step was taken as countries established the Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF).

GBFF: A New Hope for Biodiversity Funding

Inception: The GBFF was officially established on August 27, 2023, at the 7th Assembly of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) in Vancouver, Canada.
KMGBF Integration: The GBFF’s primary objective is to support countries in achieving the 23 targets outlined in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF), which was adopted at the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP15) to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity.
Funding Needs: COP15 determined that at least $200 billion per year until 2030 is required to fund biodiversity protection programs worldwide.

1990: GEF launched with ~US$1 billion; 46% funds for biodiversity.

1996: GEF becomes financial mechanism for the Convention at COP3, Argentina.

2002: GEF’s 3rd replenishment: $3 billion, 30% for biodiversity (2002-06).

2010: COP10 in Japan sets Aichi targets; 5th GEF replenishment: $4.34 billion, $1.15 billion for biodiversity.

2014: GEF’s 6th cycle: $4.43 billion, 6.3% for biodiversity.

2019: IPBES report shows 1 million species at extinction risk.

2023: 7th GEF Assembly ratifies GBFF with $200 million seed capital; $1.92 billion for biodiversity in 8th cycle.

1992: CBD signed at Earth Summit, effective 1993; COP1 in Bahamas.

1998: First GEF Assembly in New Delhi; $418 million allocated for biodiversity.

2006: 4th GEF replenishment: $3.13 billion, 26% for biodiversity.

2012: COP11 in India; IPBES to assess biodiversity status.

2018: COP14 in Egypt assesses Aichi targets; GEF’s 7th cycle: $4.1 billion, 21.8% for biodiversity.

2022: COP15 in Montreal adopts Kunming-Montreal Framework; $200 billion/year needed, Global Biodiversity Framework Fund proposed.

Diverse Funding Sources: Unlike the GEF, which relied on a limited number of donors, the GBFF will source funds from private, philanthropic, and government investments.
GEF’s Role: The GEF will manage the GBFF, making it a more robust and versatile funding mechanism.
Budget Allocation: The GBFF has a cumulative budget of $5.25 billion for 2022-26, with 36% allocated for biodiversity. The remaining funds are dedicated to projects addressing climate change, pollution, land, and ocean health.
Enhanced Impact: Carlos Manuel Rodríguez, Chairperson of GEF, emphasizes the need not only for increased funds but also for strategic utilization to maximize impact.
Multilateral Fund Potential: GBFF might receive contributions from a proposed multilateral fund generated from fees related to digital genetic sequence information, potentially generating over $15 billion annually.

Funding Gap Persists: Despite GBFF’s establishment, the financial gap for biodiversity conservation remains significant. In 2019, global spending on biodiversity conservation was far below the estimated need.
Domestic Financing Struggles: Relying on domestic funds has been challenging, especially for developing countries.
Long-Term Funding Concerns: The world faces a projected financing gap of $4.1 trillion for biodiversity by 2050, underscoring the need for sustainable funding mechanisms.

Diverse Solutions: KMGBF’s Target 19 suggests various nature-based solutions such as payment for ecosystem services, green bonds, and benefit-sharing mechanisms to mobilize domestic funding.
Challenges of Blended Finance: Blended financing, where public resources catalyze private investment, may not be an ideal solution and takes time to implement.
Biodiversity Credits: Similar to carbon credits, biodiversity credits (biocredits) have gained popularity. They have the potential to generate the funds needed to meet KMGBF targets.
Biocredits Challenges: Biocredits are in their infancy, and their implementation, including regulation, certification schemes, and policy systems, is still being discussed.

Protecting 30% of Land and Waters: Achieving the 30×30 target faces challenges, considering existing protected areas’ effectiveness and the inclusion of OECMs (other effective area-based conservation measures).
Data Gap: The effectiveness of existing protected areas is unclear due to limited available data.
Debate over OECMs: OECMs are not fully understood, and there are concerns that they might be designated without proper evaluation.

Inclusion in KMGBF Targets: Indigenous peoples and local communities play a crucial role in conservation. KMGBF explicitly emphasizes the need to respect their rights in achieving targets.
Funding Allocation: The GEF Assembly has allocated up to 20% of donor funds to support indigenous communities in conservation efforts.
Capacity Building: To avoid human rights violations, there is a need for substantial investment in building the capacity of indigenous communities.
Strict Norms: Stricter norms should ensure that biodiversity-rich areas are not diverted for other purposes, such as plantations, which cannot replace old-growth forests.

The establishment of the GBFF represents a significant step towards addressing the long-standing financial challenges in biodiversity conservation.
However, challenges, such as securing adequate funds and ensuring equitable conservation practices, persist.