Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Current Account Deficit (CAD)

Mains level: Read the attached story

Central Idea

Data released by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) reveals that India’s Current Account Deficit (CAD) expanded significantly to $9.2 billion, equivalent to 1.1% of GDP, during the April-June quarter.
This represents a substantial increase from the preceding three months when it stood at $1.3 billion, or 0.2% of GDP.
Contrasting with the year-earlier quarter of fiscal 2022-23, where the CAD was $17.9 billion (2.1% of GDP), the current scenario reflects evolving economic dynamics.

What is Current Account Deficit (CAD)?

A current account is a key component of balance of payments, which is the account of transactions or exchanges made between entities in a country and the rest of the world.
This includes a nation’s net trade in products and services, its net earnings on cross border investments including interest and dividends, and its net transfer payments such as remittances and foreign aid.
A CAD arises when the value of goods and services imported exceeds the value of exports, while the trade balance refers to the net balance of export and import of goods or merchandise trade.

Current Account Deficit (CAD) = Trade Deficit + Net Income + Net Transfers

Trade Deficit = Imports – Exports
A Country is said to have a trade deficit when it imports more goods and services than it exports.
Trade deficit is an economic measure of a negative balance of trade in which a country’s imports exceeds its exports.
A trade deficit represents an outflow of domestic currency to foreign markets.

Net Income = Income Earned by MNCs from their investments in India.
When foreign investment income exceeds the savings of the country’s residents, then the country has net income deficit.
This foreign investment can help a country’s economy grow. But if foreign investors worry they won’t get a return in a reasonable amount of time, they will cut off funding.
Net income is measured by the following things:

In Net Transfers, foreign residents send back money to their home countries. It also includes government grants to foreigners.
It Includes Remittances, Gifts, Donation etc

While understanding the Current Account Deficit in detail, it is important to understand what the current account transactions are.
Current account transactions are transactions that require foreign currency.
Following transactions with from which component these transactions belong to :

Component 1 : Payments connection with Foreign trade – Import & Export
Component 2 : Interest on loans to other countries and Net income from investments in other countries
Component 3 : Remittances for living expenses of parents, spouse and children residing abroad, and Expenses in connection with Foreign travel, Education and Medical care of parents, spouse and children

Intensifying geopolitical tensions and supply chain disruptions leading to crude oil and commodity prices soaring globally have been exerting upward pressure on the import bill.
A rise in prices of coal, natural gas, fertilizers, and edible oils have added to the pressure on trade deficit.
However, with global demand picking up, merchandise exports have also been rising.

A large CAD will result in the demand for foreign currency rising, thus leading to depreciation of the home currency.
Nations balance CAD by attracting capital inflows and running a surplus in capital accounts through increased foreign direct investments (FDI).
However, worsening CAD will put pressure on the inflow under the capital account.
Nevertheless, if an increase in the import bill is because of imports for technological upgradation it would help in long-term development.