Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

Geroscience: the Science related to Ageing

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields
Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Geroscience, DNA Methylation

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

  • Dr. Daniel Belsky from Columbia University introduced the concept of “Geroscience” and develops a blood test, termed “gerozyme,” to measure aging pace by studying DNA methylation.
  • Various research groups explore drugs like Metformin and Rapamycin to target aging and enhance immunity in the elderly.

What is Geroscience?

  • Geroscience refers to the interdisciplinary field focused on understanding the biological mechanisms of ageing and age-related diseases.
  • It involves studying various factors, including DNA methylation, enzyme activity (such as the gerozyme), socio-economic influences, and lifestyle interventions like nutrition, exercise, and music therapy.
  • It aims to develop strategies, such as drug interventions targeting specific ageing-related processes, to promote healthy ageing and combat age-related conditions like dementia.

What is DNA Methylation?

  • DNA Methylation is a process in which methyl groups (CH3) are added to the DNA molecule.
  • This modification typically occurs at cytosine bases within the DNA sequence, often in the context of CpG dinucleotides (where cytosine is followed by guanine).
  • DNA methylation plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression and maintaining genome stability.
  • It can affect various cellular processes, including embryonic development, X-chromosome inactivation, genomic imprinting, and silencing of repetitive DNA elements.
  • Aberrant DNA methylation patterns have been implicated in various diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders.

Drug Interventions in Geroscience

  • Metformin and TORC1 inhibitors show promise in targeting aging and improving immune response in seniors.
  • Research proposes rapamycin’s potential in extending longevity and combating age-related diseases.

Impact of Socio-Economic Factors in Ageing

  • Dr. Belsky’s research reveals the influence of socioeconomic status on DNA methylation levels, highlighting the role of disadvantage in ageing.
  • Columbia Aging Centre emphasizes the role of a balanced diet in supporting brain health and reducing inflammation.
  • Healthline.com advocates for proteins, healthy fats, and antioxidant-rich foods to promote healthy ageing, crucial for India’s ageing population.

PYQ:

[2011] At present, scientists can determine the arrangement or relative positions of genes or DNA sequences on a chromosome. How does this knowledge benefit us?

  1. It is possible to know the pedigree of livestock.
  2. It is possible to understand the causes of all human diseases.
  3. It is possible to develop disease-resistant animal breeds.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

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