Central Idea

Electric batteries have become an integral part of modern life, enabling the widespread use of motorization and wireless technology.
These devices store and release electrical energy, acquired by converting other forms of energy, primarily through chemical reactions.

Historical Roots of Electric Batteries

Galvani’s Experiment: In 1780, Luigi Galvani conducted an experiment involving two metal plates and a frog’s leg, marking an early exploration of electricity’s effects on biological systems.
Volta’s Voltaic Pile: Alessandro Volta’s voltaic pile in 1800 consisted of alternating copper and zinc plates separated by electrolyte-soaked paper. It produced a steady current but lacked a comprehensive explanation.
John Daniel’s Innovation: British chemist John Daniel improved on Volta’s design with a more efficient cell that generated electric current for extended periods.
Faraday’s Insights: In the early 19th century, Michael Faraday elucidated the principles of electrochemical cells, including naming components like anode, cathode, and electrolyte.

Voltaic Cells: Electric batteries, also known as voltaic or galvanic cells, utilize redox reactions to produce an electric current. They consist of two half-cells, each with a metal electrode immersed in an electrolyte of the same metal.
Electron Transfer: In one half-cell, metal ions dissolve into the electrolyte, releasing electrons. In the other half-cell, the reverse occurs, as metal ions deposit onto the electrode and require electrons.
External Circuit: A wire connects the two electrodes, allowing electron flow from the anode to the cathode. A salt bridge connects the two electrolytes, enabling ion exchange.
Components: Key components include the cathode (positive electrode), anode (negative electrode), and the electrolyte. The source voltage and terminal voltage are important concepts.
Source Voltage: It represents the energy imparted to electrons and is equal to the terminal voltage in ideal conditions.
Issues: Corrosion is a common issue in electrochemical cells, caused by factors like moisture and galvanic corrosion.

Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Batteries: Li-ion batteries are rechargeable and have revolutionized technology. They consist of a cathode, anode, and an electrolyte. During discharge, lithium ions move between electrodes, facilitating energy storage.
Electric Vehicle (EV) Batteries: EV batteries, such as those used in Tesla’s Model S, are composed of numerous Li-ion cells and are critical for powering electric vehicles.
Hydrogen Fuel Cells: Hydrogen fuel cells are gaining interest, especially in the context of green energy. They use hydrogen as a fuel source and produce electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen, emitting water as a byproduct.

Ongoing Research: Li-ion batteries and hydrogen fuel cells continue to be areas of extensive research, with diverse configurations and advantages.
Hydrogen Economy: Hydrogen fuel cells are expected to play a pivotal role in the emerging hydrogen economy, and countries like India are investing in green hydrogen production.

Electric batteries, rooted in the principles of electrochemistry, have undergone significant evolution, transforming the way we live and utilize energy.
Their development and improvement remain central to advancing convenience and sustainability in industrialized societies, shaping the future of technology and transportation.