Context

• The Indian economy’s slowdown during 2018 and 2019 is becoming much worse in 2020 with the spread of COVID-19 and the stalling of almost all economic activity.
• Like most other central banks in the world, the RBI, too, has tried to cut interest rates to boost the economy.
• However, unlike in the past, when the RBI used its repo rate as the main instrument to tweak the interest rates, today, it is the reverse repo rate that is effectively setting the benchmark.

We can expect a straight forward question based on this newscard.  For example:  “Critically examine the efficacy of reverse repo rate as benchmark interest rate in the Indian economy. “

What are repo and reverse repo rates?

• The repo rate is the rate at which the RBI lends money to the banking system (or banks) for short durations.
• The reverse repo rate is the rate at which banks can park their money with the RBI.
• With both kinds of the repo, which is short for repurchase agreement, transactions happen via bonds — one party sells bonds to the other with the promise to buy them back (or repurchase them) at a later specified date.
• In a growing economy, commercial banks need funds to lend to businesses.
• One source of funds for such lending is the money they receive from common people who maintain savings deposits with the banks. Repo is another option.

Repo as benchmark

• Under normal circumstances, that is when the economy is growing; the repo rate is the benchmark interest rate in the economy.
• This is because it is the lowest rate of interest at which funds can be borrowed and, as such, it forms the floor rate for all other interest rates in the economy.
• For instance, the interest rate consumers would have to pay on a car loan or the interest rate they will earn from a fixed deposit etc.

What has changed now?

• Over the last couple of years, India’s economic growth has decelerated sharply.
• This has happened for a variety of reasons and has essentially manifested in lower consumer demand.
• In response, businesses held back from making fresh investments and, as such, do not ask for as many new loans.
• Add to this, the pre-existing incidence of high non-performing assets (NPAs) within the banking system.
• Thus, the banks’ demand for fresh funds from the RBI has also diminished. This whole cycle has acutely intensified with the ongoing lockdown.

Consequences: Rise in Liquidity

• As such, the banking system is now flush with liquidity for two broad reasons.
• On the one hand, the RBI is cutting repo rates and other policy variables like the Cash Reserve Ratio to release additional and cheaper funds into the banking system so that banks could lend.
• On the other, banks are not lending to businesses, partly because banks are too risk-averse to lend and partly because the overall demand from the businesses has also come down.

So, how has reverse repo become the benchmark rate?

• The excess liquidity in the banking system has meant that banks have been using only the reverse repo (to park funds with the RBI) instead of the repo (to borrow funds).
• As of April 15, RBI had close to Rs 7 lakh crore of banks’ money parked with it.
• In other words, the reverse repo rate has become the most influential rate in the economy.

What has the RBI done?

• Recognising this, the RBI has cut the reverse repo rate more than the repo (see graph) twice in the spate of the last three weeks.
• The idea is to make it less attractive for banks to do nothing with their funds because their doing so hurts the economy and starves the businesses that genuinely need funds.

Will the move to cut reverse repo, work?

• It all depends on the revival of consumer demand in India.
• If the disruptions induced by the outbreak of novel coronavirus continue for a long time, consumer demand, which was already quite weak, is likely to stay muted.
• Businesses, in turn, would feel no need to borrow heavily to make fresh investments.
• If consumer demand revives quickly, the demand for credit will build up as well.

Concerns of lower reverse repo

• From the banks’ perspective, it is also important for them to be confident about new loans not turning into NPAs, and adding to their already high levels of bad loans.
• Until banks feel confident about the prospects of an economic turnaround, cuts in reverse repo rates may have little impact.

Back2Basics: Long Term Repo Operations (LTRO)

• The LTRO is a tool under which the RBI provides 1-3 year money to banks at the prevailing repo rate, accepting government securities with matching or higher tenure as the collateral.
• Funds through LTRO are provided at the repo rate.
• But usually, loans with higher maturity period (here like 1 year and 3 years) will have a higher interest rate compared to short term (repo) loans.
• According to the RBI, the LTRO scheme will be in addition to the existing Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) and the Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) operations.
• The LAF and MSF are the two sets of liquidity operations by the RBI with the LAF having a number of tools like repo, reverse repo, term repo etc.

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